rural households and milk production - assam

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International Livestock Research Institute

May 2007

Comprehensive Study of the Assam Dairy Sector

Rural Households and Milk Production

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents...............................................................................................................2 Background of the study......................................................................................................5 Data and methodology ........................................................................................................8 Profile of surveyed household ............................................................................................12

General description...................................................................................................12 Household composition and gender .......................................................................14 Household income category and assets ..................................................................15

Profile of the dairy households- production...........................................................................18 Herd size and composition.....................................................................................18 Feed resources .......................................................................................................24 Milk production.....................................................................................................28 Inputs and services: use and availability.................................................................30

Profile of the dairy households- milk marketing .....................................................................31 Decision to sell milk ..............................................................................................31 Choice of Market outlets........................................................................................34 Farm gate prices ....................................................................................................36

Dairy and livelihoods.........................................................................................................37 Summary of major findings ................................................................................................38 Implications for dairy development in Assam ........................................................................40 References......................................................................................................................41

ENUMERATOR NAME ________________________________ ENUMERATOR CODE __________ .....................................................................................................1 Is it? ............................................................................................................................2 House type...................................................................................................................2

Cattle Local breed- ND............................................................................................7 Cattle- crossbred......................................................................................................7 Buffalos- local breed (ND) ......................................................................................7

Milk unit....................................................................................................................15

Table 1: Dairy stock, milk production and yield in Assam, 2004-05 ...........................................7 Table 2: Sample size by district ...........................................................................................8 Table 3: Distribution of indices ..........................................................................................10 Table 4: Number of households survey, percentage with agricultural activities and with cattle/ buffalo ............................................................................................................................12 Table 5: Percentages of cattle and buffalo owners, by caste..................................................12 Table 6: Percentage of households of different caste, by district ............................................13 Table 7: Percentage of households of different ethnic affiliation, by district ..............................13 Table 8: Average number of female and male members, dependent, total number of members and percentage of female-headed households, by district ............................................................14 Table 9: Income of non agricultural households, by district ....................................................15

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Table 10: Income of agricultural households (without cattle/ buffalo), by district........................16 Table 11: Income of agricultural households (with cattle/ buffalo), by district ............................16 Table 12: Land size (ha), by district ...................................................................................17 Table 13: education level of the household head (in years), by district ....................................17 Table 14: Percentage of households with various type of house, by district .............................18 Table 15: Percentage of households with only cattle, only buffalo and both cattle and buffalo ....19 Table 16: Number of households keeping cattle/ buffalos, number of heads of cattle and buffalo (average and SD), by type and species/breed ......................................................................21 Table 17: Number of households keeping cattle/ buffalo, and TLU (mean and SD), by district....22 Table 18: Household characteristics by breed kept ..............................................................23 Table 19: Breeds kept (cross bred cattle), number of farmers and average number of cows and heifers ............................................................................................................................23 Table 20: Percentage of local cattle keepers practicing various feeding systems, by district.......26 Table 21: Number of farmers with cattle and percentage purchasing fodder or crop residues (mean and SD), by district .................................................................................................26 Table 22: Number of cattle keepers and average percentage purchasing fodder or crop residues (mean and SD) ................................................................................................................27 Table 23: Number of farmers with cattle and percentage feeding concentrates (mean and SD), by district.............................................................................................................................27 Table 24: Percentage of farmers with access to, and using, services......................................30 Table 25: Percentage of cattle/ buffalo keepers who used veterinary services in the last 12 months, by source ............................................................................................................31 Table 26: Source of last service for cows............................................................................31 Table 27: Household characteristics by milk marketing orientation .........................................34 Table 28: Average quantities sold on various channels (number of transactions, average and SD) in liters............................................................................................................................35 Table 29: Average price on various channels (number of transactions, average and SD) in Rs/liter......................................................................................................................................36 Table 30: Price and percentage of transactions to individual customers (mean and SD), by district......................................................................................................................................36

Figure 1: Map of the surveyed households and districts..........................................................9 Figure 2 Percentage of cows in the herd, by district .............................................................20 Figure 3: Map of percentage of farmers keeping crossbred cattle (by tashil) ............................24 Figure 4: Feeding systems and market orientation for farmers keeping local breed cattle ..........25 Figure 5: Feeding systems and market orientation for farmers keeping cross breed cattle .........25 Figure 6: Average milk production for local breed cow (kg/day), by district...............................28 Figure 7 Percentage of cows in the herd, by district .............................................................28 Figure 8: Household milk production (kg/day/household) ......................................................29 Figure 9: Percentages of farmers with at least 1 visit to different services in the last 12 months, by district.............................................................................................................................30 Figure 10: Map of percentage of cattle milk sold over production ...........................................33 Figure 11: Percentage of farmers selling cow milk, by market outlet and type of producers........35 Figure 12: Map of milk surplus deficit (2007).......................................................................37 Figure 13: Household milk production (kg/day) and percentage of milk sold, by ethnic affiliation.38

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Background of the study

The International Livestock Research Institute is working closely with the Department of Dairy

Development of Assam in the implementation of a comprehensive study of the dairy sector in

Assam. The comprehensive study of the dairy sector consists of three main study components,

namely the study of consumers, milk market agents, and milk producers. Livestock rearing is an

important and non-separable component of agricultural system in Assam. Traditionally, milk

production has only been incidental to provision of draught power by cattle but it is an important

source of supplementary income and nutrition to the farm family. Milk productivity is low and only a

small percentage of the milk is marketed. This project aims to generate empirical information as a

way of joint learning that will allow the subsequent preparation of a Pro-Poor Dairy Development

Plan for Assam incorporating various complementary interventions at the farm, market and

consumers levels. At the farm level, some of the interventions to support smallholder dairy

producers are Improving access to milk markets, Increasing the availability of more dairy crossbred

cows, Increasing the capacity of milk producers to manage the breeding, feeding and health of

their dairy cows; and Facilitating public and private support-services to satisfy the needs of their

clients, small-scale dairy producers.

The study of producers that is being reported here has the following specific objectives:

o To identify farm level constraints for increasing production and productivity of milk and

milch animal respectively and potential intervention required for sustainable development

of the same.

o To study the socio-economic circumstances of smallholder to understand poverty and

equity implication.

o To give specific recommendation for increasing the farm inputs and decreasing the cost of

production.

o To give location specific action plan in order to overcome the constraints and utilize the

opportunities of dairy farming.

o To identify the constraints of milk production and marketing in difficult areas like river

islands and hilly terrains and specific recommendation to overcome the same.

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Agriculture is the prime source of livelihoods for a majority of the rural population (72%) in Assam.

Agriculture in the region is characterized by subsistence, and low input-low output farming

systems, and is dominated by smallholders. Although cereals dominate the cropping patterns in

Assam, livestock are an important component of mixed farming systems and dependence on

livestock as an alternative source of income is significant. During the last several decades the

contribution to GDP of the agriculture and allied sectors overall has declined at national level in

India, but at the same time the contribution of the livestock sector to the AgGDP has been

consistently increasing. However, this trend was not witnessed in Assam and the share of livestock

in agriculture in Assam hovered around 16-18 percent against the national average of 28 percent.

Dairying is the major contributor to the total value of livestock (TVOL) in Assam and its share in

TVOL in Assam has slightly improved from 52 percent in TE 1992 to 56 percent in TE 2004.

However dairy production in Assam is characterized by mostly rural smallholder production using

indigenous cattle and buffalo, with pockets of more specialized dairy production using improved

dairy cattle in peri-urban areas and in certain rural zones having better market access. Further,

dairying mainly revolves around cattle with 84% of total milk production in Assam in 2005 produced

by cattle (see Table 1). Buffalo accounted for 12-13% of total milk and the remaining 3-4% of milk

came from goats. This contrasts markedly with the national picture, in which buffalo accounted for

more than 55 percent of total milk production.

Assam accounted for only 2 % of India’s milch animals in milk and contributed even less than 1%

of national milk production. This indicates in part the low productivity levels of milch animals in

Assam. The average milk yield of indigenous cattle, crossbred cattle and buffalo is not comparable

to the all-India average. The milk yield of crossbred cattle in Assam is about 55 % of the national

average for crossbred cattle. The milk yield of indigenous cattle and buffaloes is even less than

half (about 40 to 42%) of the average milk yield of these species at the national level. Thus the

productivity of all species of milch animal is significantly lower than that at the national level. Within

the State there is also considerable variation in milk yield of different major milch species. The milk

yield of crossbred cattle and buffalo is significantly higher than that of local or indigenous cattle.

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Table 1: Dairy stock, milk production and yield in Assam, 2004-05 States Assam India

Av-Animals in milk ( in 000')

Crossbred cows 122 (6.0)

7012 (7.2)

Indigenous cows 1395 (68.8)

27733 (28.6)

Buffaloes 145 (7.1)

31621 (32.6)

Goats 367 (18.1)

30758 (31.7)

Total 2029 (100.0)

97124 (100)

Milk Production (000 MT)

Crossbred cows 155 (21.0)

16461 (18.4)

Indigenous cows 464 (62.9)

19690 (22.1)

Buffaloes 93 (12.6)

49485 (55.4)

Goats 26 (3.5)

3654 (4.1)

Total 738 (100.0)

89290 (100.0)

Average Yld/day (kg.)

Crossbred cows 3.5 6.4

Indigenous cows 0.9 1.9

Buffaloes 1.8 4.3

Goats 0.2 0.3 #Figures in brackets show percentage to total;

Source: Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Government of India

Further, the rate of growth in milk production in Assam has been slow, and as a result per capita

milk availability has declined in the State. The selected indicators of dairy development clearly

exhibit that dairy development in Assam has not kept pace with the national trends, nor with the

local potential given access to fodder resources. There are likely to be both technological as well

as socio-economic constraints that contribute to this outcome. But there are some bright spots.

The proportion of crossbred cattle in milk in the State in 2005 was about 6% but its share in total

cattle milk production was 22% which suggests that the increased adoption of crossbred cattle can

enhance milk production in the state substantially. The district wise trends in milk production reveal

that during the last decade (1996-97 to 2005-06), 10 out of 23 districts in Assam registered an

annual compound growth rate of 3 to 5 percent in milk production, which is comparable to the

growth trends in milk production achieved at the national level. Milk production in another 7 districts

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has grown at 1.5 to 2.8 percent per annum. In the remaining 6 districts the milk production has

either stagnated or declined. The positive trends in some districts suggest that the State has the

potential to increase milk production substantially if constraints can be overcome. Access to

reliable and remunerative milk marketing channels in particular is a major issue, which is discussed

in the milk market report. This report will focus on farm- level constraints, relative to improved

animals, improved fodder/feed technology, and access to livestock services.

Data and methodology

The producers’ survey has been conducted in nine districts of Assam, i.e. Kamrup, Barpeta,

Morigaon, Nagaon, Sonitpur, Jorhat, Tinsukia, Cachar and some pockets of N.C. Hills. The districts

included in the study have been pre-selected by the World Bank ARIASP Society (present AACP).

Therefore, districts selected for the study may rightly be termed as AACP districts of Assam. The

selected districts assumed to be represented the whole of Assam (Figure 1). A minimum of 3,000

farmers was to be surveyed. The number of households to be surveyed by district is proportional to

the total rural population in each district. Table 2 presents the sample size by district.

Table 2: Sample size by district

district nb of rural hhs

No of farmers to be surveyed

based on rural nb of hhs

Total number of

hhs surveyed

Barpeta 266,524 398 416

Cachar 234,326 350 386

Jorhat 159,215 238 246

Kamrup 287,176 429 438

Marigaon 125,531 187 188

Nagaon 357,383 534 549

North Cachar Hills 24,892 37 71

Sonitpur 280,000 418 445

Tinsukia 173,888 260 267

Total 1,908,935 2850 3006

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Figure 1: Map of the surveyed households and districts

The first step consisted in identifying the blocks to be sampled in each district. To avoid selecting

atypical areas, blocks were first classified on an index from 1 to 8, based on three criteria that were

assumed to capture most of the variability within districts: human population density (total

population over area), distance to nearest town and percentage of scheduled tribes and castes

(over total population) (see Table 3.) Climatic characteristics were not included as these are

relatively homogenous within a district. There are 104 blocks in the selected 9 districts, for example

11 of them have relatively low population density, low population of scheduled people and are near

an urban area. A third of the blocks were selected within each district and index, ensuring that

selected areas were “representative” of the entire district.

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#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

Sonitpur

Kamrup

Jorhat

Nagaon

Cachar

Barpeta

Tinsukia

North Cachar Hills

Marigaon

Hojai

Jorhat

Tezpur

Nagaon

Silchar

Haflong

Sarbhog

Barpeta

Guwahati

Umrangso

Tinsukia

Lido Town

Barpeta Road

0 100 20050 Kilometers

Legend

Households surveyed

# Towns

Districts surveyed

District boundaries

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Table 3: Distribution of indices

Index Population density % scheduled tribes and casts

Distance to nearest urban

centre Freq.

1 low low low 11

2 low low high 12

3 low high low 11

4 low high high 18

5 high low low 20

6 high low high 9

7 high high low 10

8 high high high 13

Total 104

Low indicates below median for the whole sample, high indicates above median

The next step is to randomly select villages in each block: a total of 3 villages per block were

sampled based on the list of villages from the census data. Very small or large villages were not

considered. Since the number of households to be surveyed by district is known, the number of

households to be surveyed by village is proportional to the total number of households in each

village. If the calculated village sample size was found to be less than 10, the sample size was

increased to 10, so as to get enough observations to generate meaningful village-level indicators.

Due to these adjustments, the total sample size was 3,006 households.

Within each village, households were randomly selected, meaning that any household in a village

has an equal chance of being selected, be he a cattle/buffalo keeper, a crop farmer or a household

without any agricultural or livestock activities. In practise, village boundaries, roads and landmarks

(temple, masjid, church, market, school etc.) were drawn and pairs of landmarks randomly picked.

Lines between these pairs indicate the roads the enumerators should use the select the

households. Households are then selected on both sides of the roads at regular interval.

The survey was conducted by a team led by AAU. The survey instrument was developed by AAU

and ILRI and pre-tested before the start of the data collection. The questionnaire is in Annex 1.

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A team of 16 enumerators and 4 supervisory staff were appointed for data collection. They were

given 4 days training to impart them how to approach the respondent, how to judge the authenticity

of information and to acquaint them with the objective of the study.

For proper identification of the household GPS (Global positioning system) has been used. The

supervisors were trained up during the training programme regarding handle of GPS set and

recording.

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Profile of surveyed household

General description

The survey data is consistent with what we know about Assam: most of the households in rural

areas have some agricultural activities (either crop farming or livestock rearing) as a means of

livelihood (see Table 4). In fact above 80% of the surveyed households have some agricultural

activities. This percentage is very high in some districts (in particular NC Hills-although data for this

area need to be treated with caution due to the small sample size-, and also Jorhat and Tinsukia).

Among the agricultural households, about 82% keep cattle and/or buffalos. Interestingly, the

percentage of households with cattle/buffalo is relatively similar among districts (minimum is 76%

in NC Hills and maximum is 89% in Tinsukia), suggesting that livestock keeping is deeply rooted in

Assam agricultural activities, irrespective of the district.

Table 4: Number of households survey, percentage with agricultural activities and with cattle/ buffalo

district

Nb of surveyed

households

% with agricultural

activities

% with cattle and/or buffalo (among

agricultural hhs)

Barpeta 416 79.09 79.57

Cachar 386 68.13 85.55

Jorhat 246 91.46 84.82

Kamrup 438 83.33 77.96

Marigaon 188 81.91 80.00

NCHills 71 100.00 76.06

Nagaon 549 80.51 79.77

Sonitpur 445 77.30 86.84

Tinsukia 267 89.14 88.61

Total 3006 80.87 82.34

Table 5 shows that buffalo herds are mostly kept by scheduled tribe households.

Table 5: Percentages of cattle and buffalo owners, by caste

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% cattle owners

% buffalo

owners

Scheduled tribe 65.70 19.09

Scheduled caste 79.85 1.49

Other backward class 81.40 2.42

General 81.60 3.79

Data on land ownership show that most surveyed households own land, with only 24 households

(or about 1%) being landless. This result is relatively unexpected, given that official sources

indicate that 8% landless households in Assam (GOI, 2003).

Percentage of scheduled tribe households varies a lot between districts, with a large number in NC

Hills, Marigaon and Tinsukia (Table 6). In terms of ethnic affiliation, Assamese households are the

majority in seven out of the nine districts, with the exception of Cachar and Marigaon where

Bengali form the majority among the surveyed households (Table 7).

Table 6: Percentage of households of different caste, by district

District

Scheduled

tribe

scheduled

tribe

Other

backward

class General

Barpeta 2.16 16.11 13.94 67.79

Cachar 1.04 9.33 31.09 58.55

Jorhat 9.35 2.44 21.54 66.67

Kamrup 10.78 12.61 8.72 67.89

Marigaon 22.12 37.79 13.82 26.27

Nagaon 7.51 17.53 8.67 66.28

North Cachar Hills 94.29 1.43 4.29 0.00

Sonitpur 14.45 3.61 34.09 47.86

Tinsukia 20.97 3.37 22.10 53.56

Total 11.87 12.10 18.57 57.47

Table 7: Percentage of households of different ethnic affiliation, by district District Assamese Bengali Nepali Other

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Barpeta 97.12 2.64 0.00 0.24

Cachar 5.97 75.58 1.04 17.40

Jorhat 92.68 0.00 0.00 7.32

Kamrup 67.66 15.60 7.80 8.94

Marigaon 39.57 57.22 2.67 0.53


Nagaon 40.07 33.52 0.55 25.87

Sonitpur 61.12 6.97 10.34 21.57

Tinsukia 55.81 1.87 34.46 7.87

Total 57.73 23.22 6.13 12.92

Household composition and gender Average number of household members is about 5.2 members per household, with relatively little

variability between districts. Few households are female-headed, an average 5% for the whole

sample. A high 10% is observed in Cachar district while in Kamrup and North Cachar Hills districts,

all surveyed households are male-headed. Dependents are defined as members below 18 or

above 60. About half of the members are dependent and may not contribute much to farm

activities. This suggests that labour availability on these farms is actually relatively low (Table 8).

Table 8: Average number of female and male members, dependent, total number of members and percentage of female-headed households, by district

female

members

Male

members

household

members

Percentage of

dependents

% of female

headed

Barpeta 2.54 3.11 5.65 47.96 6.97

Cachar 2.52 3.00 5.54 44.51 9.87

Jorhat 2.15 2.69 4.87 40.43 2.45

Kamrup 2.02 2.48 4.52 48.63

Marigaon 2.34 2.71 5.05 42.28 5.12

Nagaon 2.57 3.07 5.65 48.16 8.3


Sonitpur 2.47 2.86 5.35 44.05 3.85

Tinsukia 2.06 2.42 4.49 44.07 1.53

2.36 2.82 5.19 45.55 4.95

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Household income category and assets The next set of tables present information regarding total monthly household income level for

different categories of households. Four income categories were considered: below 1,000

Rs/month (very poor); between 1,000 and 2,000 Rs/month (poor); between 2,000 and 5,000

Rs/month (less poor); and above 5,000 Rs/month (well-off). Income relates to cash income (from

farm activities, wages, business income, pensions and remittances) and home consumption of

farm produce is not taken into account. It is therefore not possible to relate this indicator to the

general poverty line (US$1/day/person) that is based on expenditures.

Table 9 shows the percentage of non agricultural households in each income category, by district.

Most of the non agricultural households are either in the poor and less poor categories, with

percentage of very poor households higher in Marigaon and Nagaon.

Table 10 presents the same information, but for agricultural households without cattle/ buffalo,

while Table 11 for these with cattle/ buffalo. Considering all the districts together, the majority of

agricultural households, irrespective of cattle/ buffalo ownership, are in the less-poor category.

There is some important difference between districts, but there is no clear difference between

those with and without cattle/ buffalo.

Table 9: Income of non agricultural households, by district

District

Nb of

observations

Below

1000 RS

Per

month

Between

1000 and

2000 RS./

MONTH

Between

2000 and

5000 RS./

MONTH

Above

5000

RS per

month

Barpeta 3.49 55.81 30.23 10.47

Cachar 8.20 34.43 34.43 22.95

Jorhat 0.00 28.57 57.14 14.29

Kamrup 0.00 25.71 65.71 8.57

Marigaon 27.03 45.95 27.03 0.00

Nagaon 33.65 35.58 25.96 4.81

Sonitpur 9.90 35.64 41.58 12.87

Tinsukia 0.00 55.17 34.48 10.34

Total 11.93 38.6 37.72 11.75

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Table 10: Income of agricultural households (without cattle/ buffalo), by district

District

Nb of

observations

Below

1000

RS

Per

month

Between 1000 and

2000 RS./ MONTH

Between 2000 and

5000 RS./ MONTH

Above

5000

RS

per

month

Barpeta 10.77 46.15 26.15 16.92

Cachar 5.71 31.43 31.43 31.43

Jorhat 0.00 14.81 70.37 14.81

Kamrup 0.00 26.03 63.01 10.96

Marigaon 8.33 38.89 36.11 16.67

Nagaon 19.48 32.47 40.26 7.79


Sonitpur 0.00 50.00 41.18 8.82

Tinsukia 0.00 23.08 65.38 11.54

Total 6.92 33.08 45.13 14.87

Table 11: Income of agricultural households (with cattle/ buffalo), by district

District

Nb of

observations

Below

1000

RS

Per

month

Between 1000 and

2000 RS./ MONTH

Between 2000 and

5000 RS./ MONTH

Above

5000

RS

per

month

Barpeta 2.33 41.86 36.05 19.77

Cachar 11.43 27.14 32.86 28.57

Jorhat 8.74 30.60 39.89 20.77

Kamrup 0.37 31.02 49.64 18.98

Marigaon 3.03 33.33 46.97 16.67

Nagaon 5.90 37.89 47.21 9.01


Sonitpur 3.31 29.78 48.53 18.38

Tinsukia 0.00 34.13 52.88 12.98

Total 4.13 32.79 44.98 18.10

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Land size is about 1 ha on average for the nine districts, with large variability between households

as the high standard deviation figures show (Table 12). Land size is, on average, larger in the less

populated district of NC Hills (42 inh/km2 compared to an average of 367 inh/km2 for Assam (own

computations based on GoI census and GIS data).

Table 12: Land size (ha), by district n mean sd

Barpeta 328 0.92 1.19

Cachar 259 0.83 0.97

Jorhat 224 1.23 0.91

Kamrup 365 1.04 0.52

Marigaon 180 1.13 1.01

Nagaon 416 1.04 1.39

North Cachar Hills 71 1.53 0.90

Sonitpur 342 1.16 1.37

Tinsukia 238 1.38 0.82

Total 2423 1.09 1.09

Average number of years of education is slightly below 6 years, with some variability between

districts as Table 13 shows.

Table 13: education level of the household head (in years), by district n mean SD

Barpeta 416 5.06 4.95

Cachar 384 5.83 4.51

Jorhat 246 8.95 4.03

Kamrup 436 7.22 4.42

Marigaon 217 5.58 4.53

Nagaon 518 4.58 4.64

North Cachar Hills 71 4.85 4.61

Sonitpur 442 5.65 4.94

Tinsukia 264 6.43 4.16

Total 2994 5.95 4.74

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Most surveyed households live in poor houses and a minority in permanent ones (Table14); type of

house is a relatively good indicator of wealth and these results are consistent with the income

figures presented above.

Table 14: Percentage of households with various type of house, by district

district_name Kachha (poor)

Semi

pucca

Pucca

(permanent)

Barpeta 82.37 8.94 8.70

Cachar 60.88 23.32 15.80

Jorhat 56.50 32.93 10.57

Kamrup 45.08 53.78 1.14

Marigaon 67.02 22.87 10.11

NCHills 70.42 9.86 19.72

Nagaon 82.30 9.67 8.03

Sonitpur 67.12 17.58 15.30

Tinsukia 66.17 30.45 3.38

Total 67.10 23.51 9.39

Profile of the dairy households- production

In this section, we concentrate on households with either cattle or buffalo and look at the

constraints and opportunities at the farm level.

Herd size and composition Table 15 presents the percentage of households with only cattle, only buffalo, and both species

(over households with either cattle and or buffalo). With the exception of North Cachar Hills where

above 90% keep buffalo, the majority of farmers in the other districts keep cattle. In Cachar, about

25% of the farmers keep buffalos. Buffalo are mainly kept by tribals in NC Hills while those keeping

buffalo in Cachar are mainly from the general caste.

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Table 15: Percentage of households with only cattle, only buffalo and both cattle and buffalo Cattle keepers buffalo keepers Both

Barpeta 99.23 0.38 0.38

Cachar 74.11 13.39 12.50

Jorhat 98.95 0.00 1.05

Kamrup 100.00 0.00 0.00

Marigaon 95.74 2.84 1.42

Nagaon 99.70 0.00 0.30

North Cachar Hills 8.93 66.07 25.00

Sonitpur 97.30 1.69 1.01

Tinsukia 100.00 0.00 0.00

Total 93.58 3.86 2.56

Table 16 presents the number of heads of cattle and buffalo, by type and species or breed for all

the surveyed districts. The animal type that is kept by the highest number of households is local

cows (kept by 1,390 households). On average, households with a local cow keep 1.8 cows (with

large variability as the standard deviation shows). Castrated adult males, or oxen, are also kept by

a large number of households (901) with an average of 2.4 oxen. These results reflect the

traditional importance of cattle for draft power but also for milk production. Because adult males are

castrated for draft power, a smaller proportion of households keep bulls.

It is worth noting that about one quarter (27%) of cattle/ buffalo owners don’t keep any cows. In

fact, on average, only 1 animal in 3 is a cow. The percentage of cows in total herd (cattle/ buffalo

TLU) is slightly higher in Cachar and Kamrup districts at around 40% (see Figure 2).

20

Figure 2 Percentage of cows in the herd, by district

05

1015202530354045

Barpeta

Cachar

Jorh

at

Kamru

p

Mar

igao

n

NCHills

Nagaon

Sonitp

ur

Tinsuk

ia

Table 16 shows clearly that very few households keep cross breed cattle. As these breeds

(Holstein, Jersey and Indian crosses) are dairy animals, all the household keep females, and no

adult males was recorded. Herd sizes for cross breed cows and heifers are similar to those for

local breed cattle (although the variability for cows is much lower).

Buffalo are kept mostly by households in North Cachar Hills and Cachar districts. Table 16 shows

that, among households keeping buffalo, most of them keep cows and heifers, with fewer

households keeping bulls for breeding. The number of female buffalo kept is higher than the

number of cows, meaning that buffalo keepers have larger herd size than cattle keepers. To be

able to compare herd size, number of animals by type were combined using standard weights for

tropical livestock unit (TLU1).

1 Weights used are: 1 for bulls and castrated adult males; 0.7 for cows; 0.5 for immature males and heifers and 0.2 for pre-weaning males and females.

21

Table 16: Number of households keeping cattle/ buffalos, number of heads of cattle and buffalo (average and SD), by type and species/breed Cattle local breed Cattle cross breed Buffalo

N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD

Bulls 222 2.00 0.94 0 . . 50 2.72 2.50

Castrated adult males 901 2.40 1.01 0 . . 37 1.76 0.89

Immature males 258 1.29 0.61 4 1.25 0.50 14 1.29 0.61

Cows 1390 1.81 3.26 50 1.66 1.00 74 2.74 4.35

Heifers 936 1.27 0.87 27 1.22 0.58 51 1.82 1.81

Pre-weaning males 755 1.20 0.76 19 1.47 0.96 34 1.38 0.85

Pre weaning females 758 1.47 1.41 28 1.25 0.65 46 1.59 1.48

Table 17 presents number of households per district keeping cattle/ buffalo as well as average

TLU. Total herd size (in TLU) for the complete sample is 2.9 for local cattle, 1.3 for cross breed

cattle and 3.3 for buffalo. Local breed herd sizes vary between 1.6 in Cachar and 12.7 in NC Hills

(although the sample is small in this district).

Sample sizes by district are very small for cross breed cattle. The median is 1.1, meaning that most

farmers have about 1.1 TLU of cross breed cattle (keeping in mind that a cow “weights” 0.8).

22

Table 17: Number of households keeping cattle/ buffalo, and TLU (mean and SD), by district

local breed TLU cross breed cattle TLU Buffalo TLU

district_name N mean sd N mean sd N mean sd

Barpeta 256 2.3 1.6 13 0.8 0.5 2 2.0 0.7

Cachar 187 1.6 1.2 13 1.1 0.6 58 1.1 0.4

Jorhat 190 3.3 2.3 4 1.3 0.9 2 2.0 0.0

Kamrup 282 3.3 1.3 4 1.6 0.5 0 . .

Marigaon 114 2.7 1.6 6 1.4 0.8 6 3.7 2.6

NCHills 19 12.7 22.3 0 . . 49 4.8 2.8

Nagaon 348 2.4 1.6 6 1.1 0.4 1 26.2 .

Sonitpur 286 3.0 3.2 16 1.5 1.1 8 7.6 9.4

Tinsukia 208 3.8 1.6 3 2.9 2.5 0 . .

Total 1890 2.9 3.1 65 1.3 0.9 126 3.3 4.1

Cross bred cattle technology is not widespread in Assam, yet cross bred cattle can potentially

produce significantly more milk than local breed cattle. To better understand the low rate of

adoption of this technology, Table 18 presents some key household characteristics, differentiating

between those with and without cross bred cattle. Results show that household with cross bred

cattle are older than those without, which may indicate that experience is needed. As expected with

a technology that requires some level of expertise, those with cross bred cattle are slightly more

educated; they also have more family members, suggesting that labour availability may be a

constraint to the uptake of grade cattle. Also, adopters have better market access (in terms of

lower distance to urban centres), but distance to nearest DCS does not differ significantly between

the two groups of farmers.

As expected, farmers with cross bred animals produce more milk (7.8 l per household per lactation

day versus 1.7) and they also sell a higher proportion of milk (51% versus 20%). They have larger

land size and a higher percentage live in permanent houses (68% versus 35%). At this stage, it is

not possible to conclude whether farmers who succeeded in acquiring cross bred animals were

able to increase their living conditions through sale of milk; or whether those who are better off are

also those able to start cross bred dairying.

23

Table 18: Household characteristics by breed kept no cross bred cattle with cross bred cattle diff?

nb obs mean sd nb obs mean sd

% male headed households 1916 96.19 19.15 65 93.85 24.22

age 1926 48.08 11.97 65 53.62 15.11 0.01

education 1923 6.21 4.71 65 7.35 4.88 0.05

% dependant 1926 43.72 19.75 65 44.62 20.03

% female members 1926 45.30 17.11 65 43.49 14.50

household size 1926 5.35 1.76 65 5.94 2.15 0.01

travel time to nearest large urban centre 1926 0.39 0.23 65 0.33 0.21 0.05

travel time to Guwahati 1926 2.40 1.99 65 2.38 1.87

travel time to nearest DCS 1926 2.52 2.01 65 2.41 1.83

moisture availability index 1917 1.08 0.20 65 1.11 0.21

human population density 1926 469.52 331.80 65 450.26 217.24

household milk production/lactation day 1926 1.69 5.43 65 7.81 13.47 0.01

% milk sold over total production 1150 19.90 34.67 46 50.90 40.14 0.01

% households with (semi) permanent house 1921 35.40 47.83 65 67.69 47.13 0.01

land size (ha) 1920 1.13 1.14 65 1.56 1.45 0.01

Figure 3 presents the geographical distribution of farmers keeping crossbred cattle. The

percentage is higher near some district towns, like Jorhat, Tezpur and Barpeta Road, but

surprisingly low near Guwahati. There are no farmers with cross bred cattle in NC Hills and the

percentage is very low in Cachar and Tinsukia.

In terms of breed choice, majority of the cross breed cattle kept are Jersey crosses followed by

Holstein Friesian (Table 19).

Table 19: Breeds kept (cross bred cattle), number of farmers and average number of cows and heifers

Cattle breed

Nb of

farmers Mean nb of cows

Nb of

farmers

Mean nb of

heifers

HF CROSS 9 1.44 2 1

INDIAN CROSS 4 1.75 2 1

JR CROSS 35 1.6 20 1.05

24

Figure 3: Map of percentage of farmers keeping crossbred cattle (by tashil)

Feed resources Feed resources are the most important input needed for cattle and buffalo rearing. In terms of

feeding systems, most farmers practise extensive grazing as the majority of the farmers either only

or mainly graze cattle. This is particularly the case for local breed cattle: only about 23% of the

farmers stall feed their cattle (either mainly or only) during the rainy season; this percentage is 7%

during the dry season (see Figure 4). A higher percentage of farmers stall feed cross breed cattle:

64% during the dry season and 43% during the rainy season (see Figure 5). Types of feeding

systems are good indicators of dairy intensification: in fact, farmers who either mainly or only stall

feed cattle market a higher percentage of their milk (for example 52% for households who stall feed

local breed cattle during the rainy season versus 22% for those who practise grazing). Moreover,

farmers who stall feed cross breed cows during rainy season have higher household milk

production (12.8 liters) than those who graze (2.8) and they market a significantly higher

percentage of their milk (59% versus 25%). This suggests that increase in milk production can be

achieved by providing farmers with the appropriate set of technologies.

Diphu

JorhatTezpur

Nagaon

Silchar

Haflong

Sarbhog

Barpeta Guwahati

Umrangso

Tinsukia

LakhipurBarpathar

Lido Town

Kampur Town

Barpeta Rd

Percentage farmers keeping crossbred cattle

½0 100 20050 Kilometers

Legend

% farmers with crossbred cattle

District boundaries

Towns

0

1 - 10

11 - 30

31 - 50

25

Figure 4: Feeding systems and market orientation for farmers keeping local breed cattle

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Only grazing Mainly grazing Mainly stallfeeding

Only stallfeeding

% fa

rmer

s ke

epin

g lo

cal

bree

d ca

ttle

01020304050607080

% m

ilk s

old

in to

tal

prod

uctio

n

dry season rainy season % milk sold

Figure 5: Feeding systems and market orientation for farmers keeping cross breed cattle

0

10

20

30

40

50

Only grazing Mainly grazing Mainly stallfeeding

Only stallfeeding

% fa

rmer

s ke

epin

g cr

oss

bred

cat

tle

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

% m

ilk s

old

in to

tal

prod

uctio

n

dry season rainy season % milk sold

N.B. average should be taken with caution due to small sample size

In terms of geographical distribution, Table 20 shows the percentage of local cattle keepers

practicing various feeding systems by district. In NC Hills, only extensive systems exist with all

farmers practicing pure grazing systems. At the other end of the intensification spectrum, Barpeta

has the highest number of farmers stall feeding local bred cattle, but even in this district, about

40% graze their animals.

26

Table 20: Percentage of local cattle keepers practicing various feeding systems, by district

district Only Grazing Mainly Grazing

Mainly Stall feeding

Only Staal feeding

Barpeta 2 37 13 47

Cachar 10 65 1 25

Jorhat 31 62 7 0

Kamrup 39 48 13 0

Marigaon 35 44 19 2

NCHills 100 0 0 0

Nagaon 20 55 13 11

Sonitpur 19 63 15 3

Tinsukia 35 62 2 0

Total 23 54 11 12

Feed can be available on farm and obtained from off-farm. Table 21 shows the percentage of cattle

keepers purchasing fodder or crop residues. Purchase of feed is another indicator of intensification

and shows farmers’ market orientation. Overall, only 11% of cattle keepers purchase feed from off

farm, but the variability between districts is important. About one third of the farmers surveyed in

Barpeta complement on farm feed with off farm sources while in Kamrup, NC Hills, Jorhat and

Tinsukia, none or very few of the surveyed farmers purchase any green fodder. Variability within

district in high as well as the high values of standard deviation show. Table 20 showed that the

percentage of cattle keepers in Barpeta practising stall feeding is high, and the figure in Table 21 is

consistent with this fact, as most intensive systems need to import feed resources from off farm.

Table 21: Number of farmers with cattle and percentage purchasing fodder or crop residues (mean and SD), by district

district N mean sd

Barpeta 261 35 48

Cachar 225 10 30

Jorhat 188 2 14

Kamrup 280 0 6

Marigaon 120 6 24

NCHills 54 0 0

Nagaon 352 15 36

Sonitpur 297 14 35

Tinsukia 209 3 17

27

Total 1986 11 32

As expected, more cattle keepers with cross bred animals purchase green fodder (31% versus

11% for cattle keepers with only local breed).

Table 22: Number of cattle keepers and average percentage purchasing fodder or crop residues (mean and SD)

N mean sd

only local cattle 1912 11 31

at least 1 cross bred cattle head 65 31 47

Total 1977 11 32

Another important source of feed is concentrates, which can either be available on farm (e.g. rice

bran) or purchased (minerals and ready made concentrates). Concentrates can be fed to cows at

any stage of the lactation to increase milk production. All cattle keepers with cross bred animals

report to feed concentrates, while a bit less than half of farmers with only local breed cattle feed

concentrates. In terms of difference between districts (Table 23), as expected, very few cattle

keepers feed concentrates in NC Hills while for the other districts, the variability is not very

important. As expected, a high percentage of cattle keepers feed concentrates in Barpeta. The

variability within district is however very high.

Table 23: Number of farmers with cattle and percentage feeding concentrates (mean and SD), by district district N mean sd

Barpeta 261 60 49

Cachar 225 40 49

Jorhat 188 54 50

Kamrup 280 50 50

Marigaon 120 31 46

NCHills 54 17 38

Nagaon 352 43 50

Sonitpur 297 62 49

Tinsukia 210 56 50

Total 1987 50 50

28

Most farmers feed rice polish. The other types of concentrates (wheat bran, salt, rice bran and

ready made concentrates) are fed by fewer farmers.

Milk production Milk productivity is very low, with an average of 1 liter per day of lactation for local breed cattle (or

ND cattle), 3.6 liters for cross bred cattle and 1.6 liters for buffalo. Average productivity per day for

local breed cow ranges from 0.8 liters per lactation day in Jorhat district to 1.4 liters in both Barpeta

and NC Hills (see Figure 6).

Figure 6: Average milk production for local breed cow (kg/day), by district

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

1.25

1.5

Barpeta

Cachar

Jorh

at

Kamru

p

Mar

igao

n

NCHills

Nagaon

Sonitp

ur

Tinsuk

ia

Total milk production per household is therefore low. Not only is milk productivity per cow low, but

about one quarter of cattle/ buffalo owners don’t keep any cows. In fact, on average, only 1 animal

in 3 is a cow. The percentage of cows in total herd (cattle/ buffalo TLU) is slightly higher in Cachar

and Kamrup districts at around 40% (see Figure 7).

Figure 7 Percentage of cows in the herd, by district

29

05

1015202530354045

Barpeta

Cachar

Jorh

at

Kamru

p

Mar

igao

n

NCHills

Nagaon

Sonitp

ur

Tinsuk

ia

Household average milk production is therefore low, given the low cow productivity and the limited

number of milking animals kept on farm. On average, household with cattle and buffalo produce

1.9 liters of milk per day. There are important differences between areas, as Figure 8 shows, with

relatively high levels near the capital city Guwahati and in the southern parts of the state.

Figure 8: Household milk production (kg/day/household)

Diphu

JorhatTezpur

Nagaon

Silchar

Haflong

Sarbhog

Barpeta Guwahati

Umrangso

Tinsukia

LakhipurBarpathar

Lido Town

Kampur Town

Barpeta Rd

Milk production at Tahsil level

½0 100 20050 Kilometers

Legend

Milk production (Kg/day/hh)

District boundaries

Towns

0 - 0.5

0.5 - 1

1 - 5

> 5

30

Inputs and services: use and availability To boost milk production, access to services will have to be improved. Only 8% of cattle/buffalo

keepers declare that the extension services are available (all sources considered, public and

private) while 60% declare that AI services are available and 61% about veterinary services (see

Table 24). Although most farmers have access to AI and veterinary services, only 7% and 38%

respectively used these services. Extension services is quasi-inexistent, with only 3% of the

farmers with a least one extensionist’s visit in the last 12 months.

Table 24: Percentage of farmers with access to, and using, services

Types of services % farmers with access

to services

% farmers with at least one visit last 12 months

Average nb of visits for those with at least 1

visit

artificial insemination services 60.5 7.0 2.3

extension services 8.3 3.1 1.5

veterinary services 61.4 38.2 2.5

There are some important differences between districts as Figure 9 shows. Extension services are

only used in Tinsukia and Jorhat, while none or very few surveyed farmers in the other district

having reported use of such services. The source of extension services is mostly government.

Figure 9: Percentages of farmers with at least 1 visit to different services in the last 12 months, by district

010203040506070

Barpeta

Cachar

Jorh

at

Kamru

p

Mar

igao

n

NCHills

Nagaon

Sonitp

ur

Tinsuk

ia

% fa

rmer

s

% with at least 1 visit to veterinary services

% with at least 1 visit to AI services

% with at least 1 visit to extension services

In terms of veterinary services, the main source is government with about 26% of the cattle/ buffalo

keepers having used at least once these services in the last 12 months.

31

Table 25: Percentage of cattle/ buffalo keepers who used veterinary services in the last 12 months, by source Source of veterinary services % of cattle/ buff keepers

Government 25.68

Private 16.30

Other 1.46

Other are self (with or without professional advice; NGO and other). No farmer mentioned using

services from cooperative unions.

In terms of breeding services and despite the relatively high availability of AI services, only about

11% of the farmers report having used AI as the source of the last service. The main source of

service for cows and buffalo is other farmer’s bull (see Table 26). Government AI is the second

most important source of services for cows, followed by own bull and private AI.

Table 26: Source of last service for cows Cattle Buffalo

Freq. Percent Freq. Percent

own bull 96 5.57 50 40.00

other farmer's bull 1,423 82.54 75 60.00

government AI 170 9.86

private AI 35 2.03

1,724 100 125 100

Profile of the dairy households- milk marketing

Decision to sell milk Due to very low levels of milk production, few households sell milk. About 65% of the surveyed

farmers don’t sell milk at any time of the year. Moreover, less than a quarter of the farmers who sell

milk do so for 6 or more months per year. The main constraint does not seem to be availability of

milk marketing outlets since only 6% declare having difficulties selling their milk and almost half of

them recently searched new buyers. The major issue seems to be the low marketable surplus,

although it is likely to be site specific. Figure 10 shows the percentage of milk sold in total

production, with higher levels near Guwahati, but also in other parts of the state. The geographical

32

spread resembles the household milk production one (see Figure 8), suggesting that low milk

availability of milk on farm is a major constraint.

33

Figure 10: Map of percentage of cattle milk sold over production

To better understand household decision to sell milk, some key household characteristics are

presented in Table 27, differentiating households selling cow milk from those not selling.

Households who sell milk are closer to urban centres, suggesting that access to market outlet is a

key constraint for dairy producers. Those selling are also closer to a DCS, so proximity to a formal

collection point is also important, although very few farmers are members of any cooperative or

self-help-group (less than 1% of the surveyed farmers), meaning that areas where DCS are located

are likely to be milk-surplus areas. Milk being a highly perishable and bulky product, physical

access to either collection centre or urban centre is an important factor in understanding farmers’

decision to market their milk. Obviously, given the low levels of production, only those with

marketable surplus are able to sell milk, and interventions at the farm level aimed at increasing milk

production need to be accompanied by interventions at the market level. Households selling milk

have much higher level of milk production, around 5 times those of households not selling.

Diphu

Jorhat

Tezpur

Nagaon

Silchar

Haflong

Sarbhog

Barpeta

Guwahati

Umrangso

Lakhipur

Tinsukia

LakhipurBarpathar

Lido Town

Kampur Town

Barpeta Road

Proportion of milk sold in total production


¾Legend

% milk sold

Towns

District boundaries

0 -10

10 - 20

20 - 30

30 - 50

50 - 100

34

Table 27: Household characteristics by milk marketing orientation do not sell milk sell milk Diff?

nb obs mean sd nb obs mean sd

% male headed households 1622 96.24 19.03 359 95.54 20.66

age 1630 48.12 11.99 361 48.89 12.68

education 1627 6.32 4.76 361 5.96 4.51 0.10

% dependent 1630 43.57 19.93 361 44.55 18.96

% female 1630 45.15 17.19 361 45.63 16.35

household size 1630 5.33 1.78 361 5.54 1.78 0.05

travel time to nearest large urban centre 1630 0.40 0.23 361 0.37 0.23 0.10

travel time to Guwahati 1630 2.49 2.01 361 2.02 1.83 0.01

travel time to nearest DCS 1630 2.60 2.01 361 2.16 1.92 0.01

moisture availability index 1627 1.09 0.20 355 1.03 0.15 0.01

human population density 1630 457.14 324.77 361 521.97 341.18 0.01

household milk production/lactation day 1630 1.04 1.85 361 5.72 12.76 0.01

% milk sold over total production n/a 349 72.28 24.26 0.01

% households with (semi) permanent house 1625 36.37 48.12 361 36.84 48.30

land size (ha) 1626 1.08 1.06 359 1.42 1.51 0.01

Choice of Market outlets As for milk outlets, like in other Developing Countries, most milk sales are directly from producer to

consumers, with 64% of the producers selling their milk to individual customers (see Figure 11).

About 31% sell to traders while less than 3% of the surveyed producers sell to organised dairy

cooperative. Although the sample size for cross bred cattle keepers is small, it is worth noting that

these farmers sell more to traders than to individual customers, certainly because of the higher milk

volume. This suggests that as milk production expands, other types of marketing arrangements

(besides the producer to final consumer type) will need to be used, with required change in

contractual arrangements.

35

Figure 11: Percentage of farmers selling cow milk, by market outlet and type of producers

010203040506070

other dairy coop traders individualcustomers

% farmers using this channel to sell cow milk- all farmers

% farmers using this channel to sell cow milk- cross bred cattle farmers only

Quantities sold to individual customers are lower than those sold to other agents (difference

statistically different at 1%), but too few farmers reported selling to dairy cooperative to be able to

test for statistical significance (see Table 28). In terms of price paid, sales to individual customers

fetch a higher price at around 17 Rs/l while milk traders pay at an average of 13 Rs/l (difference

statistically different at 1%) (seeTable 29)

Table 28: Average quantities sold on various channels (number of transactions, average and SD) in liters buyer type N mean sd

individual customers 326 2.27 1.99

private milk traders 122 3.94 5.41

dairy cooperative collection centre 14 4.20 4.39

other 8 1.81 1.19

Total 470 2.75 3.38

Table 29: Average price on various channels (number of transactions, average and SD) in Rs/liter buyer type N mean sd

individual customers 328 17.0 3.7

private milk traders 117 13.4 3.4

dairy cooperative collection centre 13 15.2 2.2

other 8 16.5 1.3

Total 466 16.0 3.9

Farm gate prices Table 30 presents price paid and importance of sales to individual customers by district. There are

important differences between districts: as the positive relationship between price and sale to

individual customers has already been noted, it is not surprising to note that the three districts

where farmers sell a very high proportion to individual customers are also those with the highest

price (Kamrup, Jorhat and Tinsukia). At the same time, prices in Cachar are relatively high, yet

fewer farmers sell to other households. There are obviously other factors at play, in particular

whether the area is in milk deficit or surplus. Figure 12 presents the milk surplus/ deficit map. The

only surveyed district which is in surplus (meaning that there’s more milk produced than milk

consumed- either liquid or transformed) is NC Hills, due to the high milk production and low

population density. Milk prices are therefore expected to be low, as seen on Table 30). On the

other hand, Kamrup is in very high deficit (above 250 thousands tons per year), which tend to push

the prices up.

Table 30: Price and percentage of transactions to individual customers (mean and SD), by district price % transactions to ind customers

district N (price) mean sd mean sd

Barpeta 73 15.1 2.4 61.4 49.0

Cachar 17 18.1 4.8 64.7 49.3

Jorhat 39 19.3 2.5 95.0 22.1

Kamrup 91 19.9 1.3 87.9 32.8

Marigaon 45 13.8 2.9 75.7 43.5

NCHills 10 12.6 2.7 70.0 48.3

Nagaon 75 11.8 2.3 63.0 48.6

Sonitpur 56 13.9 1.8 41.5 49.7

Tinsukia 61 18.1 3.5 90.2 30.0

37

Total 467 16.0 3.9 73.0 44.4

Figure 12: Map of milk surplus deficit (2007)

Dairy and livelihoods

A good indicator of household wealth is the type of house. About 64% of the surveyed cattle/buffalo

keepers live in a “kachha” house and can be described as “poor” households (as opposed to a

pucca or semi pucca house, or non-poor households). Total milk production per household does

not differ significantly between poor and non-poor; on the other hand, poor households sell a

significantly lower proportion of the milk they produce (23%) than the non-poor households (31%).

Also, a higher percentage of non poor people (34%) sell milk during at least 6 months in a year

than poor people (21%). These results suggest that market-oriented dairy is a way to lift people out

of poverty.

About 23% of the households rank dairy as their first or second source of farm income, with food

crops being the most important source of farm income. This reflects the fact that milk production is

¾

Diphu

JorhatTezpur

Nagaon

Silchar

Haflong

Sarbhog

Barpeta

Guwahati

Umrangso

Lakhipur

Tinsukia

LakhipurBarpathar

Lido Town

Kampur Town

Barpeta Road

Legend

Surplus/Deficit ('000 tons)

Year 2005 - 2006

Towns

District boundaries

Deficit above 250

Deficit above 100

Deficit 0 - 100

Surplus above 0


38

traditionally not the main reason for keeping cattle. However, this varies between ethnic affiliations

as Figure 13 shows. Members of the Assamese community have higher levels of milk production

(2.6 litres per day) than the other communities.

Figure 13: Household milk production (kg/day) and percentage of milk sold, by ethnic affiliation

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

Bengali Other Nepali Assamese0

5

10

15

20

25

30

household milk production % milk sold

Summary of major findings

The majority of agricultural households in the surveyed districts keep cattle

About 82 % of agricultural households in Assam keep cattle or buffalo. Predominance is for cattle,

with only 5% of the households keeping buffalo (mainly in Cachar and NC Hills districts) and 79%

keeping cattle. Cattle are used traditionally as draught power, and this explains the importance of

the species in the rural communities, with milk production being incidental to the provision of

draught power. Mixed farming (crop and livestock) is the main form of livelihood in rural Assam.

Milk productivity (milk production per cow) is however very low

Milk productivity is very low, with an average of 1 liter per day of lactation for local breed cattle (or

ND cattle), 3.6 liters for cross bred cattle and 1.6 liters for buffalo. Average productivity per day for

local breed cow ranges from 0.8 liters per lactation day in Jorhat district to 1.4 liters in both Barpeta

and NC Hills.

39

Total milk production per household is therefore low

Not only is milk productivity per cow low, but about one quarter of cattle/ buffalo owners don’t keep

any cows. In fact, on average, only 1 animal in 3 is a cow. The percentage of cows in total herd

(cattle/ buffalo TLU) is slightly higher in Cachar and Kamrup districts at around 40%.

Household average milk production is therefore low, given the low cow productivity and the limited

number of milking animals kept on farm. On average, household with cattle and buffalo produce

1.9 liters of milk per day. There are important differences between areas.

One way to achieve high milk production is to increase individual milk productivity through

crossbreeding. Currently, only about 3% of the surveyed cattle owners keep cross bred cattle, and

are located in specific areas. Even among these cross bred cattle, the average number of cows is

only about 1.6. Total milk production per day on these farms is about 7.8 liters (inclusive of milk

from local cows), in comparison with an average of 1.7 for households with only local cattle. This

suggests that there’s potentially a way to increase milk production as these “successful” producers

show.

Constraints to increase milk production are various and suggest the need for targeted

interventions

Despite the low level of milk production, less than half of the farmers want to increase milk

production. Reasons cited by farmers are lack of credit to buy animals (44%), the fact that the

animals currently kept can’t produce more (18%), and thirdly unavailability of buyer/ dairy coop in

the neighbourhood (12%). A fourth constraint is lack of labour (9%). This suggests that increase in

milk production will be achieved by a variety of targeted interventions, likely to be based on access

to improved animals, household land and labour availability and market access.

Also, to boost milk production, access to services will have to be improved. Only 8% of

cattle/buffalo keepers declare that the extension services are available (all sources considered,

public and private) while 60% declare that AI services are available and 61% about veterinary

services. Despite the relatively high availability of AI services, only about 11% of the farmers report

40

having used AI as the source of the last service. Also, only about half of the households feed

concentrates on a regular basis, and this may explain the low level of milk production per cow.

Due to very low levels of milk production, few households sell milk.

About 65% of the surveyed farmers don’t sell milk at any time of the year. Moreover, less than a

quarter of the farmers who sell milk do so for 6 or more months per year. The main constraint does

not seem to be availability of milk marketing outlets since only 6% declare having difficulties selling

their milk and almost half of them recently searched new buyers. The major issue seems to be the

low marketable surplus, although it is likely to be site specific.

Implications for dairy development in Assam

Milk production levels are very low in Assam, well below those at the national level. Milk

productivity of both cattle and buffalo is also below national level, but in some isolated areas, some

farmers started to use cross bred cattle as a means to improve productivity. Interventions targeted

at improving productivity should carefully look at the existing “success stories” that these farmers

may offer. In particular, farmers who keep cross bred cattle are usually better educated, have

larger family labour availability and are closer to major urban centres than other farmers. They also

are relatively richer (in terms of house status) and have larger land size. Interventions aiming at

introducing cross bred cattle should therefore pay attention to such factors, and provide training

facilities to ensure the sustainability of the project. Access to market is also a key factor, and farm-

level interventions should be closely accompanied by interventions at the market level.

Besides introducing cross bred animals, other important farm level technologies would benefit the

farmers, in the area of better feeding (concentrates feeding is very low) and access to services like

veterinary and extension.

41

References

Land and livestock holding survey report, 2003. National Sample Survey Organization, Central Statistical Organization,

Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, GOI, New Delhi.

VILLAGE CODE /___ ____ _____/ HOUSEHOLD CODE/__ _ ___ ____/

QUESTIONNAIRE CODE

ASSAM AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY &

INTERNATIONAL LIVESTOCK RESEARCH INSTITUTE

COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE DAIRY SECTOR IN ASSAM

PRODUCER SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

2006

ENUMERATOR NAME ________________________________ ENUMERATOR CODE __________

DATE OF INTERVIEW (DD/MM /YY) /___/___/2006 Try to interview the person in charge of the farm activities (and dairy activities if any). Are you interviewing this person? [___] = YES [___] = NO (tick) OWNER’S NAME _____________________________________________________________ RESPONDENT’S NAME _____________________________________________________ RESPONDENT’s POSITION IN THE HOUSEHOLD [_____](code)

1 = Head 3 = Daughter 5 = Hired manager 2 = Wife 4 = Son 6 = House help/ farm labourer

7 = Other (specify)_______

GPS COORDINATES: X _________________________ Y _________________________

Reviewed by: Supervisor name: _________________________Date:______

If sent back for verification/correction:

1. Date sent back to enumerator:________________________ 2. Date corrected and returned:_________________________ 3. Reviewed again by:_________________________________

Questionnaire Identification (to be filled by supervisor at time of issuing ques tionnaire to

enumerator) Name Code

District Block Village


2

2

SECTION A. HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION/ LABOUR AVAILABILITY

A/1. Provide the following details about the household head Sex 1 = Male 2 = Female

Age (years) Years of farming

experience (years)

Ethnic affiliation (code)

Caste (code)

Highest education level

completed (code)

Religion (code)

[ ___ ] [__ __] [ __ ___ ] [____] [ ___ ] [ ___ ] [ ___ ] ETHNIC AFFILIATION

CASTE EDUCATION LEVEL RELIGION

1= Assamese 1= Scheduled tribe 0 = Illiterate 1= Hindu 2= Bengali 2= Scheduled caste 1 = Primary (1 to 5) 2 = Muslim 3= Nepali 3= Other backward class 2 = High school (6 to 10) 3 = Christian 4= Tribal 4= General 3 = Secondary (11 to 12) 4= Buddhist 5= other 4 = University 5 = Other(specify)_____ (specify) 5=Technical Training 6 = Adult literacy education 7 = Other (specify)_____

A/2. Who is the farm owner ? [____] (code) Who is the farm manager ? [____] (code)

1 = Head 3 = Daughter 5 = Hired manager 2 = Wife 4 = Son 6 = House help/ farm labourer

7 = Other (specify)_______

A/3. Give details of all household members (including the HH head) living permanently on the compound

and their primary activities and/or occupations (on and off farm): BE SURE THAT ALL CHILDREN AND INFANTS ARE INCLUDED

Name (first name only)

Age (yrs) Sex 1= M 2 = F

Primary Activities AND/OR

Occupations (code)

Education Status

(code A1) 1 [ ___] [___] [ ___] [___]

2 [ ___] [___] [ ___] [___]

3 [ ___] [___] [ ___] [___]

4 [ ___] [___] [ ___] [___]

5 [ ___] [___] [ ___] [___]

6 [ ___] [___] [ ___] [___]

7 [ ___] [___] [ ___] [___]

8 [ ___] [___] [ ___] [___]

9 [ ___] [___] [ ___] [___]

10 [ ___] [___] [ ___] [___]

Primary activity codes

0 = None 4 = Employee in private enterprise 8 = Retired without pension 1 = Farm management/farmer 5 = Own enterprise 9 = In school/college 2 = Working on farm 6 = Labourer off farm 10 = Pre-school age 3 = Government service 7 = Retired with pension 11 = Other(specify)________

A/4. Provide the following details about the farmer’s house (tick): Is it? House type 1. Owned [____] 1. Pucca [___] 2. Rented [____] 2. Kachha [___] 3. Other (specify_________) [____] 3 Semi Pucca [___] IS THE HOUSEHOLD ENGAGED IN ANY AGRICULTURAL OR LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION? [___] = YES [___] = NO (tick) IF NO, SKIP EVERYTHING ELSE AND GO TO SECTION H (ON PAGE 19)


3

3

SECTION B - FARM ACTIVITIES AND FACILITIES

B/1 Does the household or farm have (tick): Electricity supply [___] Planter [___] TV [____] Mobile phone [___] Diesel Engine [___] Fridge[____] Piped public water supply [___] Electric Engine [___] Fan [____] Plough [___] Chaff Cutter [___] Radio [____] B/2 Which of the following means of transportation does the household or farm have? Bicycle [___] Handcart [___] Tractor [___] Car [___]

Motorcycle [___] Wheelbarrow [___] Bullock cart [___] Pick-up [___]

Other specify_____________ [___]

B/3 Do you currently employ any long-term labourers ? [___] = YES [___]= NO (a long term labourer is somebody hired for more than 1 month continuously) If Yes, list all those you have employed in the last 12 months: their first name, sex, their main activities on the farm, the percentage of time spent on cattle activities and their wages.

Sex 1 = M 2 =F

Main activities

Wage (Rs/ unit)

Are lodging and meals also provided?

1=YES, 2=NO

Name (first

name) Code

% of total time spent on cattle

& buffalos activities Rs Unit

(code) Lodging Meals

[___] [___] [__ __%] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [__ __%] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [___] [__ __%] [___] [___] [___] [___]

Wage unit code: 1= week 2= month 3= other ______________

B/4 In the last 12 months, have you employed any ca sual labourers? [___] = YES [___]= NO If Yes: What activities did they carry out? (code) [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]

How much are they paid per day? Rs. [______] Did payment include lunch? [___] = YES [___]= NO (tick) Activities codes (B/3 and B/4)

1 = Grazing and providing water to animals 6 = Activities related to other livestock 2 = Activities related to cattle/ buffalo feeding 7 = Activities related to food or cash crops 3 = Activities related to fodder 8 = All activities related to cattle and buffalos 4 = Milking 9 = Other (specify)______________ 5 = Marketing milk


4

4

LAND TENURE/ LAND USE

When specifying land size, please use one unit- specify which one [_____]

1= lecha 2= katha 3= bigha

B/5 For how many years have you been engaged in farming? [__ __] (number of years) What was the land size when you established your farm? [ __ __. ___ ] Do you have some land that is usually affected by the floods ? [___] = YES [___]= NO B/6 What is the total land size you currently own [___ ___.___ ] What is the total land size you currently cultivate [___ ___.___ ] What is the area irrigated [__ __] area rainfed (cultivable) [__ __] Do you own most of the land you cultivate (title deeds)? [___] = YES [___]= NO Of the land you farm or graze but do not own, How much land do you rent from others ? [___ ___.___] Do you use any community/public land ? [___] = YES [___]= NO B/7 For each plot you cultivate, indicate what you grow (crop/ fodder/ tree), whether you usually use manure and/or fertilizer (tick if yes), whether it is irrigated and the land preparation (use code). Indicate the MAIN crop. Plot no

Area (same unit as B5)

Crops- Kharif (rainy) season

Crops- Rabi (dry) season

Crops- Autumn

Use organic manure? 1=yes, 2=no

Use inorganic fertilizer? 1=yes, 2=no

Irrigated? (code)

Land preparation (code)

1 2 3 4 5 Make sure that the sum of the different plot areas is the same as the area indicated in B/6 Cereals, pulses etc.. 18 reddish Trees 1. rice 19 Ladies finger 36 Mangoes 2. wheat 20 beans 37 Coconut 3. black gram 21 cabbage 38 Bettle nut 4. green gram 22 cauliflower 39 other trees 5. green pea 23 pumpkin Fodder and pasture 6. jute 24 gourd 40 Napier grass 7. rape and mustard 25 patal 41 Para grass 8. sugarcane 26 ginga/ jika 42 Fodder maize 9. potatoes 27 kumura 43 Kala Black gram 10. sweet potatoes 28 ginger 44 Local grass 1 11. other crop 1 (specify) 29 other vegetable 1 (specify) 45 Local grass 2 12. other crop 2 (specify) 30 other vegetable 2 (specify) 46 fallow and natural pasture 13. other crop 3 (specify) Fruits 47 Planted pasture Vegetables 31 bananas 48 other pasture/ forage 1 14 chilies 32 papaya 49 other pasture/ forage 2 15 carrots 33 pineapple 16 onions 34 Other fruit 1 17 tomatoes 35 Other fruit 2 Land preparation 1= hand 2= animal

3= tractor 4= other, specify

Source of irrigation

0= no irrigation 1= dug well 2= Tube well

3= Deep tune well 4= River/ canal 5= other (specify)


5

5

B/8 Are you a registered member of a dairy co-op or self-help group that collects milk? [___]=Dairy coop [___]=Self-help group [___]=Not member (tick)

If Yes, since which year? [__ __ __ __] (year) What is the name of the co-op or group? ___________________ If Yes, are you currently delivering milk to that co-op or group? [___]=YES[___]=NO (tick)

If you are not currently delivering milk, why not ? [___] (code)

0 = Don’t have any cows/ buffalos 1 = Immature cows/ buffalos 2 = Dry cows/ buffalos 3 = Sold all cows/ buffalos 4 = Cows/ buffalos died

5 = Selling milk elsewhere at a better price 6 = Consuming all the milk 7 = Dairy co-op collapsed / not taking milk any more 8 = Delayed payments 9 = Other (specify) ______________

If Yes, what services of the dairy co-op/Self Help Group do you use? Indicate with ticks.

Services Dairy co-op Self Help Group Milk collection Provider of veterinary services Selling of Inputs Provider of AI Credit for feeds Credit for AI Insurance Others (specify) ___________

B/9 Do you sell fodder or feed [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) If Yes, how much did you sell in the last 12 months and what was the unit price? (If quantity/unit is uncertain, record total income).

Feed types

Total Production

(kg)

Total quantity sold in last 12 months

(kgs)

Price per kg (Rs.)

Total income from sale

Rice straw Other __________ Other __________ B/10 Have you participated in a special project that promoted dairy farming ? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick)

If Yes, which type ? [_____] (code) To what level(s) have you participated 1st [____] 2nd [____] 3rd [____] (code)

Which project? Which level(s)?

1 = Government project 2 = NGO project, specify _______ 3 = Others (specify) ____________

1 = Training only 2 = Assisted with construction of cattle shed 3 = Obtained cow/ buffalos 4 = Obtained equipment/feeds 5 = Obtained support services (Veterinary, AI, Extension) 6 = Irrigation facilities 7 = Other (specify) _____

B/11. 10 years ago , did you have (cross-bred or pure) dairy animals (cattle and/ or buffalos)? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick)


6

6

Do you still have (cross-bred or pure) dairy animals ? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick)

If you no longer have , give reasons why you stopped dairying. [_____][_____][_____] (code)

1 = Low milk yield 7 = The price of milk was too low 2 = Dairy animals had poor health 8= Other profitable enterprises 3 = Dairy animals died 9 = Other cash needs (had to sell animals) 4 = Not enough feed available 10= Poor draft capacity 5 = Not enough reliable water available 11= Gave out the animals as gift/ dowry/ transfer 6 = I could not sell the milk 12 = Other (specify) ______________________

B/12 10 years ago, did you used to grow fodder? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) Do you still have fodder? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) If you no longer have fodder, give reasons why you stopped growing fodder [_____][_____][_____] (code) 1= I stopped keeping dairy cattle so no need to grow fodder

4= I can’t sell milk so I don’t need fodder

2= I don’t have enough land anymore 5= other, specify 3= I can’t get fodder seeds SECTION C. LIVESTOCK INVENTORY

C/1. Indicate the numbers of animals for the different species kept on the farm Number owned by the

household Number kept but not owned

Goats Local Dairy Sheep Poultry Local Layers (exotic) Broilers (exotic) Ducks (local) Ducks (exotic) Pigeons Donkeys/Horses Pigs Local/ traditional breed Cross-bred Exotic (indicate breed ---------------------------------------)

DOES THE HOUSEHOLD HAVE ANY CATTLE/BUFFALOES [___] = YES

[___] = NO (TICK) IF NO, SKIP EVERYTHING ELSE AND GO TO SECTION I (ON PAGE 20)


7

7

C/2. Cattle- local breed: Indicate the numbers of local breed cattle from each source kept on the farm (including those kept but not owned)

Cattle Local breed- ND Reared on farm

Kept but not owned

Bought from smallholder farm/ individual / trader

Gift from relatives/

others

Other (specify)

Bulls (> 3 yrs) Castrated adult males (oxen >3 yrs)

Immature males (<3 yrs) Cows (calved at least once) Heifers Pre-weaning males Pre-weaning females C/3. Cattle- crossbred: Indicate the numbers of crossbred cattle from each source

Cattle- crossbred

HF CROSS/JERSEY CROSS

Breed 1=HF cross 2= JR cross

3= Indian cross

Reared on farm

Kept but not owned

Bought from individual

Gift from relatives

Other (specify)

Bulls (> 3 yrs) Castrated adult males

(oxen, >3 yrs) Immature males (<3

yrs) Cows (calved at least

once) Heifers (post-weaned,

pre calving) Pre-weaning males Pre-weaning females

C/4. Buffalos: Indicate the numbers of buffalos from each source kept on the farm

Buffalos- local breed (ND)

Breed 1= swamp

2= river

Reared on farm

Kept but not owned

Bought from individual

Gift from relatives/

others

Other (specify)

Bulls (> 3 yrs) Castrated adult males

(oxen >3 yrs) Immature males (<3 yrs) Buffalo (calved at least

once) Heifers (post-weaned, pre

calving) Pre-weaning males Pre-weaning females


8

8

C/5. Have you purchased or obtained any cattle/ buffalos in the last 12 months? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) If Yes, give individual details on all cattle/buffalo that were purchased OR obtained.

Cattle or buffalo?

Breed Reasons for purchase

Cost (Rs.)

From whom Purchased where

[____] [____] [____][____] [____] [____] [____] [____][____] [____] [____] [____] [____][____] [____] [____] [____] [____][____] [____]

Have you sold (or given as gift) any cattle/ buffalos in the last 12 months? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) If Yes, indicate, for the last 12 months, individual details on all cattle/buffalo that were sold/ gifted

Cattle or buffalo?

Breed Reasons for sale/ gift

Price Received (Rs.)

Sold/ Given to whom

Where sold

[____] [____] [____][____] [____] [____] [____] [____] [____][____] [____] [____] [____] [____] [____][____] [____] [____] [____] [____] [____][____] [____] [____]

Has any cattle/ buffalos died in the last 12 months? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) If Yes, indicate, for the last 12 months, individual details on all cattle/buffalo that died .

Cattle or buffalo? Breed Cause of death/loss [____] [____] [____][____] [____] [____] [____][____] [____] [____] [____][____] [____] [____] [____][____]

Cattle or Buffalo

Reason for purchase From whom

1= Cattle 1 = Replacement of old animal 1 = Bought from smallholder farm 2= Buffalo 2 = Obtain more manure 2 = Bought from individual trader/broker 3 = Increase social prestige 3 = Loan from project Cattle Breed 4 = Increased milk production 4 = Gift from relatives/ others 1= ND 5 = Replace animal that died suddenly 5 = Obtained as dowry 2= HF cross 6 = For animal draft 6 = Other (specify)___________ 3= Jersey cross 7 = Other (specify)_________ 4= Indian cross

Reason for selling Buffalo Breed Purchased where/ Sold where 1 = For cash or income

1= swamp 1 = Within the village 2 = Old age

2= river 2 = Within the block 3 = Disease

3 = Outside the district 4 = Poor performance 4= Outside the state 5 = Unwanted (e.g. bull calves) 6 = Ritual / ceremony 7 = Other__________ Cause of death/ loss Sold/ Given to whom 1 = Old age /natural death 1 = another farmer 2 = Died due to disease 2 = trader 3 = Died due to injury, accidents 3= other (specify) ______________ 4 = Died due to poisoning (acaricide, snake bite..) 5 = Other _______________


9

9

C/6 Do you plan to increase the amount of milk you produce? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) If yes , how do you plan to do it? First method [ ] Second method [ ] (codes)

1= improve the grade of cattle 2= improve the grade of buffalo 3= produce more feed 4= buy more feed 5= increase number of dairy cows 6= increase number of dairy buffalos

7= increase number of dairy goats 8 = spend more on controlling animal disease 9 = depends on extensionist’s advice 10 = better management and feeding practices 11 = don’t know 12 = Other________________

If NO, why not? Main constraint [ ] Second constraint [ ] (codes)

1= My animals cannot produce more 7 = Not enough feed available to increase production 2= Lack of credit to buy animals 8 = Buying more feed would be too expensive 3= Lack of credit to buy feed 9 = Dairy animals have poor health 4= I cannot use more milk 10 = No buyer/ dairy cooperative 5= The price of milk is too low 11= There is not enough reliable water available 6= Lack of labour 12= Other specify _____

C/7 Do you keep written records for your cattle/ buffalo enterprises? [___]=YES [___]=NO If yes , which one(s) [___] [___] [___] [___] (code)

1= Breeding records 5 = Deaths and births 2 = Production records 6 = Extension visitors book 3 = Veterinary (treatment) records 7 = Feeding records 4 = Sales and purchases 8 = Other (specify)_____________

C/8 What kind of animal identification system for cattle do you use in your farm ? [__] [___] [___] [___] (code)

What kind of animal identification system for buffalo do you use in your farm ? [__] [___] [___] [___] (code)

1 = None 4 = Branding/notching/tattooing 2 = Name 5 = Colour 3 = Tag number 6 = other (specify) _________

SECTION D: FEEDING

D/1. What is your main system for keeping cattle /buffalo now and what was it 10 years ago, if established then? (code)

Rainy season now Dry season now 10 years ago* Cattle ND [___] [___] [___] Cattle cross breed [___] [___] [___] Swamp buffalo [___] [___] [___] Murrah Buffalo [___] [___] [___] * skip if farm less than 10 yrs

1 = Only grazing (free-range or tethered) 2 = Mainly grazing with some stall feeding 3 = Mainly stall feeding with some grazing 4 = Only stall feeding (zero grazing)


10

10

D/2 Do you purchase fodder and crop residues ? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) If Yes, how much did you purchase in the last 12 months ? (If quantity/unit is uncertain record total cost ).

Feeds types Units (code)

Quantity Total no. of

units

Price per unit (Rs.)

Total cost of purchase*

Main Seller Type

(code) Paddy straw Wheat straw Grass Other ___________ Other ___________ Other ___________ * including transport costs if relevant Units 1 = Kgs 2 = Bundle / Bales 3 = Truck 4= bullock cart 5= Other (specify) ____________

Seller type 1 = Individual farmer (s) 2 = Co-op society or farmer group 3 = Trader 4 = Shop 5 = Feed company 6 = Other (specify) _____________

D/3 Do you feed your animals with concentrates? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick). If Yes, indicate which animals are fed concentrates , the type and amount of concentrate they receive per day. FILL ONE ROW PER FEED TYPE AND PER ANIMAL TYPE Concentrate Type

Animal

type Kgs PER DAY PER ANIMAL (Quantity)

Price per kg (Rs.)

Total cost of purchase per

year (Rs.)

Main Seller Type (see code D/2)

[____] [____] [__________]

[____] [____] [__________]

[____] [____] [__________]

[____] [____] [__________]

[____] [____] [__________]

Concentrate type

1= Rice polish 2= Rice bran 3= Wheat bran 4= Oilseed cake 5= Maize seeds 6= Minerals 7= Salt 8= Ready made dairy concentrate 9 = Other (specify)_______

Animal type 1= all cattle and buffalo 2= cows and buffalo cows 3= lactation cows and buffalo cows 4= other (specify) _____________________


11

11

D/4. Do you experience a shortage of feeds ? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) If Yes, when? Indicate the corresponding season and tick those when feed shortages are greatest.

Rainy season

Winter Autumn All Year

Now [__] [__] [__] [__]

10 years ago (Skip if farm not established then)

[__] [__] [__] [__]

D/5 Do you ever have difficulties buying feed? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) Have you recently searched for new feed sellers? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick

If Yes, why? ) [___][___][___] (code) 1 = Find a better price 2 = Find a single seller of larger quantity 3 = Want more sellers 4 = Find a more reliable seller

5 = Find a better quality 6 = Sellers stopped selling 7 = Other (specify) _________

SECTION E: MILK PRODUCTION AND MARKETING E/1. About cattle: When did you first get a ND cow ? [___ __ ] (no year) And how did you get it? [ __ ] (code) When did you first get a cross breed cow (Jersey, Friesian)? [___ __ ] (no year) And how did you get it? [ __ ] (code) When did you first start selling cow milk ? [___ __ __] (no year) About buffalos: When did you first get a buffalo (female) ? [___ __ ] (no year) And how did you get it? [ __ ] (code)

When did you first start selling buffalo milk ? [___ __ __] (no year)

1= Inherited 2= Purchased from neighbor farmer/ market 3= Obtained from a development project as gift 4= Obtained from a development project as loan 5= Through purchased bull on heifer (natural service) 6= Through AI on heifer/ cow/ buffalo

7= Through borrowed/rented bull on heifer (natural service) 8= As a gift from relatives /friends 9= As a loan from relative/friend/ neighbor 10 = Dowry payment 11 = Other (specify) ______

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E/3 Do you sell cow fresh milk ? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) If Yes, indicate how much of cow fresh milk you sell now to different types of buyers. Specify average amount to each type (for example, on an average day during the las t week). Distinguish morning milk from evening milk .

NOW Buyer Type 1 Buyer Type 2

PER DAY

Buyer Type 1 (code)

Price/ liter

(Rs.)

Liters sold per DAY (no. of units)

How many buyers of this type?

(avg. number)

Buyer Type 2 (code)

Price/ liter

(Rs.)



(avg. number)

Morning milk [___] [___] [___] [___] [__] [__ __.] Evening milk [___] [___] [___] [___] [__] [__ __.]

Types of buyers 1= Individual customers 2= Private milk-traders 3= Dairy co-operative collection center 4 = Other (specify)_________

Please give some information on the same buyers of cow fresh milk as listed in E/3:

SAME buyers as

above

Buyer type (samecode)

Distance to selling

point (km)

Who trans-

ported? (code)

Trans- port

mode (code)

Cost of transport

(Rs.)

Nature of milk

payment (code)

Other arrangement

(code)

How is

price fixed?

Type of milk

test (code)

MORNING Buyer Type 1

[____] [__ __] [____] [____] [_____] [____] [___] [___] [__]


[____] [__ __] [____] [____] [_____] [____] [___] [___] [__]

EVENING Buyer Type 1

[____] [__ __] [____] [____] [_____] [____] [___] [___] [__]


[____] [__ __] [____] [____] [_____] [____] [___] [___] [__]

Who transported? Nature of payment How is price fix ed

1 = Farmer 2 = Buyer 3 = Hired transport (farmer paid) 4 = Hired transport (buyer paid) 5 = Other (specify)_________

1 = buyer pays cash 2 = buyer pays end of month, verbal contract 3 = buyer pays end of month, written contract 4 = buyer pays in advance, verbal contract 5= buyer pays in advance, written contract 6 = Other (specify) ____________

1= market price 2= seller decides 3= buyer decides 4= based on fat 5=other (specify)

Transport mode 1= on- foot 2 = draft animals/ carts 3 = bicycle 4 = motorcycle 5 = public vehicle/ bus 6 = private pick-up, van, truck 7 = other (specify)____

Other arrangements 0= no other arrangement 1= buyer provides feeds on credit 2= buyer provides AI on credit 3= buyer provides loans 4= buyer gives deposit 5= other (specify)

Type of milk test 1 = Not checked 2 = Lactometer 3 = Smear test 4 = Smell test 5 = Colour check 6= visual test 7 = Other (specify)


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E/4 Do you sell buffalo fresh milk ? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) If Yes, indicate how much of buffalo fresh milk you sell now to different types of buyers. Specify average amount to each type (for example, on an average day during the las t week). Distinguish morning milk from evening milk .

NOW Buyer Type 1 Buyer Type 2

PER DAY

Buyer Type 1 (code)

Price/ liter

(Rs.)



(avg. number)

Buyer Type 2 (code)

Price/ liter

(Rs.)



(avg. number)

Morning milk [___] [___] [___] [___] [__] [__ __.] Evening milk [___] [___] [___] [___] [__] [__ __.]

Types of buyers 1= Individual customers 2= Private milk-traders 3= Dairy co-operative collection center 4 = Other (specify)_________

Please give some information on the same buyers of buffalo fresh milk as listed in E/4:

SAME buyers as

above

Buyer type (samecode)

Distance to selling

point (km)

Who trans-

ported? (code)

Trans- port

mode (code)

Cost of transport

(Rs.)

Nature of milk

payment (code)

Other arrangement

(code)

How is

price fixed?

Type of milk

test (code)


[____] [__ __] [____] [____] [_____] [____] [___] [___] [__]


[____] [__ __] [____] [____] [_____] [____] [___] [___] [__]


[____] [__ __] [____] [____] [_____] [____] [___] [___] [__]


[____] [__ __] [____] [____] [_____] [____] [___] [___] [__]

Who transported? Nature of payment How is price fix ed

1 = Farmer 2 = Buyer 3 = Hired transport (farmer paid) 4 = Hired transport (buyer paid) 5 = Other (specify)_________

1 = buyer pays cash 2 = buyer pays end of month, verbal contract 3 = buyer pays end of month, written contract 4 = buyer pays in advance, verbal contract 5= buyer pays in advance, written contract 6 = Other (specify) ____________

1= market price 2= seller decides 3= buyer decides 4= based on fat 5=other (specify)

Transport mode 1= on- foot 2 = draft animals/ carts 3 = bicycle 4 = motorcycle 5 = public vehicle/ bus 6 = private pick-up, van, truck 7 = other (specify)____

Other arrangements 0= no other arrangement 1= buyer provides feeds on credit 2= buyer provides AI on credit 3= buyer provides loans 4= buyer gives deposit 5= other (specify)

Type of milk test 1 = Not checked 2 = Lactometer 3 = Smear test 4 = Smell test 5 = Colour check 6= visual test 7 = Other (specify)


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E/5 Of the milk you produce, i ndicate how much milk is consumed and or given away now (average per day during the last week).

Quantity of milk (using same units indicated at lef t)

PER DAY Milk Unit

(code)

Consumed by own household

Given to relatives Given to labourers

Given to other _________

Morning cattle milk [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]

Evening cattle milk [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]

Morning buffalo milk [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]

Evening buffalo milk [___] [___] [___] [___] [___]

Milk unit: 1= liter 2= other ___________

E/6 During the previous rainy (summer) season How many liters of cow milk did you sell on an average day?[___] (liters/day) What was the price you received per litre of cow milk? [___] (Rs per litre) How many liters of buffalo milk did you sell on an average day?[___] (liters/day) What was the price you received per litre of buffalo milk? [___] (Rs per litre) E/7 In which months last year did you sell cow fresh milk ? (circle the months) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ALLYEAR NONE In which months last year did you sell buffalo fresh milk ? (circle the months) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ALLYEAR NONE E/8 Do you make milk products ? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick). If YES, please fill in the table

During which season (code)

Milk Product

do you make?

do you sell?

Buyer type 1 (code)

Unit (code)

Price outlet 1 (Rs./unit)

Buyer type 2 (code)

Unit (code)

Price outlet 2 (Rs/unit)

Ghee [___] [___] [___] [___] [___ ___] [___] [___] [__ ___] Chana [___] [___] [___] [___] [___ ___] [___] [___] [__ ___] Curd [___] [___] [___] [___] [___ ___] [___] [___] [__ ___] Paneer [___] [___] [___] [___] [___ ___] [___] [___] [__ ___] Cream [___] [___] [___] [___] [___ ___] [___] [___] [__ ___] Other ____ [___] [___] [___] [___] [___ ___] [___] [___] [__ ___] Season: 1= Rainy (summer) 2= Winter 3= all year long 4= during festivals

Types of buyers 1= Individual customers 2= Private milk

3= Relatives 4= Dairy co-operative collection center 5= Other (specify)_________

Milk unit 1= liter 2= kg 3= other ___________

E/9 Do you ever have difficulties selling your milk? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) In the last 12 months, have you searched for new milk buyers? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick

If Yes, why? [___][___][___] (code) 1 = Find a better price 2 = Find a single buyer of larger quantity 3 = Want more buyers

4 = Find a more reliable buyer 5 = Buyers stopped buying 6 = Other (specify) _____________________

E/10 Do you ever experience delays in getting paid for milk sold? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) If yes, on average, how long does it take to get paid after delivery? Indicate number of [___] weeks OR [___] months

How many times in the last 12 months have milk buyers not paid at all ? [___] no. of times


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E/11 Have you ever added water or other substances in your milk before selling? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick)

If yes, please fill in the table Substances Quantity added (per liter of

milk) How often in the last 12

months Any

penalties? Water (liter) Powdered milk (gram) Other (specify)_______ How often in the last 12 months 1= never 2= regularly all year long 3= regularly only when milk supply is low 4= other (specify)

Any penalties? 1= not applicable 2= milk rejected 3= other (specify)

E/12 Would you allow authorities to test milk directly in your farm?

[___]=YES [___]=NO [___]=don’t know (tick) SECTION F LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT AND HEALTH SERVICES F/1 Do you stall-feed/ thether your animals? [___]=YES [___]=NO

If Yes, where? [___][___] (code) 1 = Stall-Cattle shed 2 = Paddock 3 = Tethering 4 = Other (specify) __________

F/2. Is water always available to your animals throughout the day? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick)

If No, how frequently do you water your cows/buffalo? [___] (code)

1= Once a day 2= Twice a day

3= Three times a day 4= Other (specify) __________

Are all your cows/ buffalos provided water with the same frequency?[___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) F/3 What is the source of this water? : [___][___] (code)

1= Carted to farm 2= On-farm well / bore hole 3 = Rain catchment

4 = Piped public water supply 5 = Closest river/stream ____ 6 = Other (specify)__________

If you have to collect water what is the distance to the source? [__ __.__](kms)

F/4 What are the 3 worst animal health problems affecting your herd (in order)? Disease 1 Disease 2 Disease 3

Which disease? (in order) (code) [___] [___] [___]

If possible to assess, which one according to enumerator ? [___] [___] [___]

Outcome 1 = Died 2 = Survived 3= Slaughtered [_____] [_____] [_____]

Total number of disease events in last 12 months [_____] [_____] [_____] Diseases 1 = FMD (Foot & Mouth) 2 = HS 3 = BQ

4 = Anthrax 5 = Diarrhea 6 = Mastitis

7 = Pneumonia 8= Liver fluke 9 = Other (specify)__________

F/5. Have you used anthelmintics (deworming) in the last 12 months?

[___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) If Yes, how much did you spend in the last 12 months? [_____________]


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F/6. When your animals need health treatment, are services available? [___]=YES[___]=NO (tick) If Yes, how many times did you use the following treatments in the last 12 months, and what was the total cost including for treatments you administere d yourself?

Animal health treatment provider Number of yearly visits

Total cost (per year in Rs.)

Self/ Neighbour with professional advice [___] [_ _ _ _] Self/ Neighbour without professional advice [___] [_ _ _ _] Government veterinary hospital [___] [_ _ _ _] Co-operative unions [___] [_ _ _ _] NGO, specify name [___] [_ _ _ _] Private veterinarians [___] [_ _ _ _] Other, specify_______________ [___] [_ _ _ _]

Total cost includes all expenses, i.e. cost of drugs, professional fees, transport, etc

F/7 Have your cattle/ buffalo been vaccinated in the last 12 months? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) If YES against which disease(s) ? [___] [___] [___] (code) Who provided the vaccinations? [___] (code)

Codes for vaccinations Who vaccinated? 1= Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) 2= Anthrax 3= Black quarters (B.Q.) 4= Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) 5= Don’t know 6= Other (specify)____________

1 = Government veterinary hospital 2 = Co-operative unions 3 = NGO, specify name 4 = Private veterinarians 5= Other, specify_______________

What was your total expenditure during the last 12 months on vaccination services? [__________] (Rs.) F/8 What tick control practices do you use? [___][___][___] (codes)

1= None 2= Acaricide 3= Grazing restriction 4= Hand picking 5 = Other ______________

CREDIT AND LIVESTOCK SERVICES F/9 Have you ever obtained long term credit (loans) for your dairying activities? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) If Yes indicate for which needs credit was obtained, when and from what credit source ? (List each loan separately)

Credit needs (code)

Year obtained

Source of credit (code)

As Money (1) or Materials (2)

[___] [___ ___] [___] [___] [___] [___ ___] [___] [___] [___] [___ ___] [___] [___]

Credit needs 1= To purchase improved dairy animals 2= For purchase of feed 3 = For veterinary services 4= Other specify)_____________

Source of credit 1 = Government bank/agency 2 = Commercial bank 3 = Informal lenders 4 = Co-operative

5 = Project / NGO 6 = Self Help group or savings club 7= Relatives 8 = Other (specify)_________

If No credit was obtained , why not ? [___] (code)

1 = Credit required but didn't get 2 = Credit not available 3 = Credit was too costly

6 = Fear of being unable to pay 7 = Never thought of it 8 = Does not need credit


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4 = Lack of collateral (“mortgage”) 5 = Didn't know / not aware / do not have such information or advice

9 = Other (specify) _______________

F/10 Do you get feed on credit , which is deducted from the payment for the milk ? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick)

If Yes, from whom was feed on credit obtained? [___] (code)

1 = Co-operative or farmer group 2 = Shop

3 = Milk vendor 4 = Other (specify) _______________

F/11. Indicate the use and availability of the following services in your area Note: tick if available , even if not used.

Available in your area? (tick if available)

Number of visits in last 12 months

AI SERVICES by: Government [___] [___] Project or NGO’s [___] [___] Private Practitioners [___] [___] Cooperative/farmer group [___] [___] LIVESTOCK EXTENSION SERVICES by: Government [___] [___] Project or NGO’s [___] [___] Private Practitioners [___] [___] Cooperative/ farmer group [___] [___] F/12. What was your total expenditure during the last 12 months on: AI services [______] (Rs.) Bull services [______] (Rs.) F/13 How many times in the last 5 years have you attended a dairy meeting ? [ ___] (number) How many times in the last 5 years have you attended an extension meeting ? [ ___] (number) SECTION G- FOR HOUSEHOLDS REARING PIGS

G/1 In which type of production are you involved? [ ___] (code) 1= piglet production (farrow to wean) 2= complete cycle (farrow to finish) 3= pig fattening (grow to finish)

4= piglet production and complete cycle (1 and 2) 5= pig fattening and complete cycle (3 and 2) 6= other (specify)

G/2 What is the main source of your pigs? [ ___] [ ___] (code) 1= birth 2= reared on farm 3= purchased from state government 4= purchased from neighbor/market

5= purchased from commercial breeder 6= integrator 7= gifts 8= others (specify)______________________.

If pigs are bred on farm, what’s the source of genetics? [ ___] (code) 1= natural breeding 2= government AI

3= private AI 4= NGO AI

5= other (specify)

G/3 What are the main sources and types of feed? Feed types Source (1= own produced; 2= purchased) crop residues/by-products processed feed Other (specify) Other (specify) G/4 Are you involved in any type of production and marketing arrangements ? [ ___] (code)


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1= no arrangement 2= contract for feed supply, informal contract 3= contract for feed supply, formal contract 4= contract for sale of live pigs, informal contract 5= contract for sale of live pigs, formal contract

6= contract for pig meat sale, informal contract 7= contract for pig meat sale, formal contract 8= integrator 9= other (specify)

G/5 Where do you sell your live pigs or pig meat? Indicate percentage sold to each outlet Market outlet Live pigs Pig meat traders/collectors livestock markets slaughterhouse meat processors butchers grocery stores/supermarkets Other (specify) Other (specify) SECTION H - FOR NON-AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS

H/1. Do you own land? [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) If Yes, what is the total land owned by the household: [____] bigha H/2. What is the main use of that land [____]

1= homestead 3= rental 5= Other (specify)___________ 2= business 4= mortgage

--END OF SECTION FOR NON-AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS. G O TO SECTION I.


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SECTION I - TO BE ASKED OF ALL HOUSEHOLDS WHETHER A FARMER OR NOT

I/1 Do you purchase milk or dairy products [___]=YES [___]=NO (tick) If Yes, what is the average amount of these products purchased? (consider an average day during the last

week) Per day/ week/ month?

1=day 2=week 3= month 4= other

(specify)

Unit (code)

Quantity (number of units)

Number of months during the year

Cow fresh milk [___] [___] [___] [___] Buffalo fresh milk [___] [___] [___] [___] Ghee [___] [__] [___] [___] Chana [___] [___] [___] [___] Curd [___] [___] [___] [___] Paneer [___] [___] [___] [___] Sweets [___] [___] [___] [___] Butter [___] [___] [___] [___] Cream [___] [___] [___] [___] Other Specify_______ [___] [___] [___] [___] Units 1= Liter 2= Kg

3= Grams 4= Other (specify) _____________

I/2. Rank the different sources of income to the household For ranking: 1= main source of income, 2= 2nd , 3 = 3 rd ,4 = smallest source of income

RANK

Income from all crop and/or livestock activities [___]

Income from wages/salaries/non-farm, pension and business activities [___]

Income from remittances from absent family members and other external income [___]

Income from other sources, specify [___]

I/3: FOR FARM HOUSEHOLDS: rank the different sources of income from the farm activities : For ranking: 1= main source of income, 2= nd , 3= 3 rd , etc

RANK

Income from dairy activities [___]

Income from sale of cash crop products [___]

Income from sale of food crop products [___]

Income from sale of horticultural crops [___]

Income from other farm activities (including bee keeping, manure)________________

[___]

I/4. In which of the following categories do you estimate your total monthly household income , from

all farm activities, working members, business income, pensions and remittances from elsewhere (tick).

below 1000 Rs. / month [____] between 1000 and 2000 Rs./ month [____] between 2000 and 5000 Rs./ month[____] above 5000 Rs /month [____]

Thank you

rural households and milk production - assam

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