rural and regional settlement issues paper€¦ · rural and regional settlement issues paper...
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1
Rural and Regional Settlement
Issues Paper
Submitted to the Department of
Immigration and Citizenship
April 2012
Federation of Ethnic Communities’ Councils of
Australia (FECCA)
2
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary .................................................................................................... 3
2. Employment .............................................................................................................. 8
3. Healthcare .................................................................................................................11
4. Education ................................................................................................................. 13
5. Family and Child Services ........................................................................................ 15
6. Transport ................................................................................................................. 17
7. Policing and Safety ................................................................................................... 18
8. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 20
9. References ................................................................................................................ 21
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1. Executive Summary
FECCA is the national peak body representing Australians from culturally and
linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. FECCA provides advocacy, develops
policy and promotes issues on behalf of its constituency to government and the
broader community. FECCA supports multiculturalism, community harmony, social
justice and the rejection of all forms of discrimination and racism so as to build a
productive and culturally rich Australian society. FECCA’s policies are designed
around the concepts of empowerment and inclusion, and are formulated with the
common good of all Australians in mind.
FECCA welcomes this opportunity to submit to the Department of Immigration and
Citizenship (DIAC) an Issues Paper that presents and discusses the current barriers
to sustainable rural and regional settlement faced by migrant, refugees, and the wider
community. This paper also puts forward key and crucial recommendations premised
on fostering regional communities that are welcoming and supportive of, and as such
can benefit from and provide equal opportunities to, immigrants and refugees. With
new immigrants and refugees increasingly being settled in rural and regional areas
due to economic incentives and, at times, existing CALD ties in such areas, it is
imperative that structures, systems, and supports be put and kept in place to ensure
social cohesion and equality for all Australians in rural and regional areas.
In this Issues Paper, FECCA draws on the results of our annual consultations with
community members and workers as part of our Access and Equity reports, as well as
the themes and issues raised at FECCA’s 2011 National Conference Regional and
Rural Workshop. Furthermore, FECCA thanks its Rural and Regional Development
Advisory Committee for its valued input into this important paper. Our consultations
and research indicate that Australia’s rural and regional areas are currently facing
tough economic, environmental, and social issues and conditions, and that it is
thereby imperative that systems and structures be put in place to ensure that the
benefits of Australia’s cultural diversity are experienced by all.
Through focusing on the key areas of employment, healthcare, education, family and
child services, transport, and policing and safety, FECCA presents targeted
recommendations for the purpose of fostering rural and regional communities that
are welcoming of and are sustainable to immigrant and refugee settlement. To this
end, FECCA argues for more and better resourced support services in rural and
regional areas, the employment and training of culturally competent staff able to
assist new immigrants and refugees in such areas as initial and ongoing settlement,
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employment, health, education, and rights knowledge, greater levels of service
coordination at local, state, and national levels, and an across-the-board recognition
of the diversity of Australia’s growing population at policy and community levels.
These recommendations, when implemented at policy, service, and community
levels, will provide a strong framework for creating sustainable communities and
lifestyles for immigrants, refugees, and the general populace of rural and regional
areas.
FECCA would like to first present several key and overarching recommendations that
should be factored into any future strategies aimed at creating and maintaining
sustainable rural and regional communities.
FECCA recommends:
1. the sustainment and fostering of welcoming strategies, including volunteer
language assistance, particularly within the first 12 months of regional
settlement;
2. the provision of additional support to people with low English proficiency and
low literacy levels, especially in relation to interpreter access;
3. greater coordination of local services to achieve better, more timely and cost
effective outcomes for the community;
4. a move of the telecommunications industry towards a more culturally
competent approach to sales, gaining informed consent and information
provision and engaging in community outreach to ensure refugees and
immigrants in rural and regional settings are not disadvantaged through lack
of understanding of, for example, the upcoming NBN. Information regarding
the NBN must be provided in a multilingual format;
5. greater recognition of the different experiences and needs of immigrant and
refugee communities in regional Australia;
6. the establishment of a government population and multicultural research
body to address population, environment and sustainability;
7. the provision of rural and regional settlement services with sufficient prior
notification, adequate information and resources to accommodate new
arrivals in their area; and
8. higher levels of coordination and cooperation of services in rural and regional
areas, as this is crucial to both overall sustainability and the provision of
equitably services to all.
5
The following recommendations relate to the Issues Paper’s following discrete
sections and focus areas. The discussion below provides further detail. FECCA
recommends that:
9. resourcing of JSA and other employment support services in rural and
regional areas be increased, including the employment of bilingual and
bicultural workers who can outreach to the smaller communities that often
exist in rural and regional areas. The provision of culturally sensitive and
linguistically appropriate interpreters and materials, as well as an emphasis
on upskilling, are critical issues in these areas;
10. CALD-specific education and training about employee rights, workplace
requirements and expectations, avenues for reporting racism and
discrimination, and the distinct benefits and obstacles related to employment
in rural and regional areas be developed and provided;
11. settlement service providers, regional ethno-specific organisations, JSA, and
employment contractors invested in relocating immigrants to rural and
regional areas work collaboratively to ensure that immigrants and refugees
who are settled in rural and regional areas are provided with sufficient
support to be welcomed by, find employment in, and contribute to, the
community;
12. rural and regional areas with a significant intake of refugees be resourced
with appropriate health services and professionals to cope with the complex
health conditions of these communities. This includes refugee health nurses
and trauma and torture counsellors;
13. cultural competence training be implemented as requisite throughout rural
and regional health services and health professions;
14. GP surgeries and specialist health services in rural and regional areas be
encouraged to utilise translating and interpreting services, such as TIS where
possible, to facilitate more productive healthcare for immigrants and
refugees. FECCA supports and recommends further implementation and use
of Telehealth’s video consultations to facilitate three-way interpreting services
in rural and regional areas for consultations between patients and GPs, aged
are services, specialist, physicians or psychiatrists;
15. settlement services coordinate with mental health services to ensure
appropriate support can be offered to refugees and immigrants in rural and
regional areas who may have suffered trauma in their pre-migration
experience;
6
16. cultural competence training be implemented across the school system, with
particular emphasis given to rural and regional areas with geographic
dispersal of CALD communities;
17. non-European languages be taught based on the location of the school and
population context, with bilingualism supported as an educational base;
18. implementation and resourcing of specialist English language services for
students in rural and regional areas be increased;
19. education facilities be supported to become involved with local CALD
communities through outreach, providing language-appropriate information
to families with limited English proficiency, and engaging with community
members in the school setting;
20. English language education be supported beyond the initial settlement
period, with adult education taking a life course approach and recognising
that language acquisition involves understanding a new and often alien
culture, belief system, and customs;
21. new arrivals be able to commence schooling as soon as possible upon arriving
in the community, rather than being forced to wait for a new term to
commence;
22. more domestic violence prevention and support programs be offered in
regional areas, with women’s refuges and support service workers being
trained in cultural competence as well as offering on-site access to
interpreters for legal and health issues;
23. resourcing of cultural competence training be provided within child and
family services, as well as community outreach into CALD communities to
educate about the Australian legal system and norms relating to childcare;
24. support and funding be made available for research and data-building on
violence against CALD women in rural and regional areas, as well as rates and
causes of conflicts between CALD communities and Child Protection services,
in order to create an evidence base to facilitate prevention and culturally-
appropriate intervention;
25. funding and support be given to language and culturally appropriate driver
training programs in rural and regional areas, with particular consideration
given to the distinct time- and financial issues faced by CALD women who
may have to juggle employment, childcare, and care for older members of
their community with driver training;
26. public transport infrastructure be a key focus of town planning in rural and
regional areas;
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27. awareness-raising and education via community outreach about the role of
the police in Australian society, as well as the individual’s right interpreting
assistance during legal proceedings;
28. resourcing of interpreters and translators for court proceedings as well as
cultural competence training within the police force be increased.
29. culturally-appropriate and non-threatening engagement between CALD
communities and policy and emergency services be strengthened, to break
down barriers and myths between the two groups; and
30. funding and support for culturally-appropriate vocational education and
education opportunities for CALD youth in rural and regional areas, such as
in industrial and agricultural field which may offer sustainable and
economically-beneficial employment opportunities, be increased.
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2. Employment
Employment is a crucial factor in engendering the empowerment and successful
social integration of refugees and immigrants into broader Australian society and is,
thereby, one of the most effective means of creating social cohesion in Australia.
Employment is intrinsically tied to health and well-being, independence, dignity, the
ability to rent or own a home and subsequently settle into a local community, and it
also facilitates a sense of participation in and belonging to the community. In rural
and regional areas of Australia, where communities are often smaller and more
tightly-knit than in larger cities, it is acutely important that refugees and immigrants
be supported to contribute and belong through such means as steady employment.
Moreover, the participation in community life that employment enables can decrease
experiences of racism and exclusion, as racism often arises where social divisions
lead communities to focus on their differences rather than commonalities, while also
ignoring the economic and social benefits that accompany diversity.
Refugees and immigrants in rural and regional areas face distinct disadvantages in
the labour market, both in and beyond the initial settlement period. Significant
employment barriers include a lack of English language skills, lack of systems
knowledge, limited cultural competence in organisations aimed at helping job
seekers, discrimination and racism among employers, and a lack of available or
adequate support services in rural and regional areas which may not have, or not
previously have had, large enough numbers of CALD individuals in the area to
support full-time and culturally-competent workers.
FECCA’s consultations and research into employment issues that negatively affect the
ability of refugees and immigrants to fully participate and be welcomed in rural and
regional committees have found that several key problem areas are consistently
raised. These include limited employment options, particularly in skilled vocations,
for CALD jobseekers; limited training and professional development opportunities;
difficulty in engaging with local Job Services Australia (JSA) services; and inability of
local services to adequately cope with refugees and immigrants who have arrived
without warning as a result of secondary settlement.
Moreover, an increasingly problematic issue in rural and regional areas is the
relocation of CALD jobseekers to regional areas by employment companies that must
be repaid for airfares and expenses by the jobseekers, who often find themselves on
reduced rates of pay due to a percentage of their salary being paid to the employment
companies. This issue is intrinsically tied to CALD jobseekers’ lack of rights
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knowledge as well as language difficulties, as many do not fully understand the
details of the contracts they sign with employment companies. Awareness-raising
and education around the area of rights, as well as increased availability of
interpreters and translators for refugees and immigrants, are needed to ensure that
vulnerable immigrants and refugees are not taken advantage of in, or through being
relocated to, rural and regional communities that may not have the resources to
support them.
While some refugees require more intensive assistance in developing their
employability, other refugees and immigrants are strongly positioned to fill existing
workforce gaps in agricultural and related industries in rural and regional Australia1.
In many rural and regional areas, immigrants have proven instrumental in
establishing whole industries, while others, who may be lacking in English language
proficiency at initial settlement, contribute generously through accepting the hard
and physical labour that many Australian-born workers are not willing to do2. That
said, work must be rewarding and interesting as much as possible for all people,
including refugees and immigrants, which is why it is important for professional
training, upskilling, and recognition of overseas qualifications to be given primacy in
the employment sphere.
Many CALD communities, particularly refugees, have rural backgrounds in farming
and agriculture, which enable them to contribute strongly to the economic and social
life and growth of rural and regional areas. By channeling such experience into
related skilled employment positions, rural and regional areas will benefit
economically, jobseekers will have their skills validated, and the community itself will
experience the benefits of cultural diversity and thereby be more welcoming of rural
and regional settlement.
FECCA recommends that:
9. resourcing of JSA and other employment support services in rural and
regional areas be increased, including the employment of bilingual and
bicultural workers who can outreach to the smaller communities that often
exist in rural and regional areas. The provision of culturally sensitive and
linguistically appropriate interpreters and materials, as well as an emphasis
on upskilling, are critical issues in these areas;
1 FECCA (2011a) FECCA Submission to DIAC’s Inquiry into Australia’s Humanitarian Program 2011-2012 and Beyond, FECCA: Canberra, available at: http://fecca.org.au/images/stories/documents/Submissions/2011/submissions_2011012.pdf 2 Peter Ppiros (2011) Presentation at FECCA 2011 National Conference Regional and Rural Workshop
10
10. CALD-specific education and training about employee rights, workplace
requirements and expectations, avenues for reporting racism and
discrimination, and the distinct benefits and obstacles related to employment
in rural and regional areas be developed and provided; and
11. settlement service providers, regional ethno-specific organisations, JSA, and
employment contractors invested in relocating immigrants to rural and
regional areas work collaboratively to ensure that immigrants and refugees
who are settled in rural and regional areas are provided with sufficient
support to be welcomed by, find employment in, and contribute to, the
community.
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3. Healthcare
Refugees and immigrants can face distinctive health issues that can be exacerbated
by inequity of access to health information and assessment services, limited English
language, lack of transport options to public health services, and being treated by
health professionals untrained in cultural sensitivity matters. Each of these barriers
to equal healthcare and, ultimately, good health, is further problematised by the
limited availability of specialist services in rural and regional areas, many of which
refuse to use translating and interpreting services. Other barriers include already-
overloaded GPs unable to take on new clients, difficulty in sourcing face-to-face
interpreters, particularly when confidentiality matters prohibit the use of interpreters
from within the community, lack of torture and trauma counselling services for
refugees, and lack of availability of or access to culturally-competence aged care
facilities for older refugees and immigrants.
Rural and regional areas also report facing distinct and significant shortages in
equitable and accessible CALD health service provision in the following areas:
dialysis, maternity, dentistry, and male and female sexual and reproductive services3.
Shortages of GPs and nurses overall also contribute to the lower rates of quality
healthcare available in rural and regional areas.
Ensuring that rural and regional areas have sufficient and culturally-competent
mental health services for immigrants and refugees is imperative not only because
pre-migration torture and trauma can significantly impact on individuals’ ability to
sustain employment and participate in the community, but because making a living
off the land is difficult and fraught with stress, particularly in today’s climate of
globalisation, cheap food imports cutting down on farmers’ profits, and
environmental instability4. With suicide amongst young men in rural and regional
areas higher than in cities, we must ensure that support is in place not only for
Australia-born individuals but refugees and immigrants who may face additional
stressors related to settlement barriers, discrimination, and financial security.
FECCA recommends that:
12. rural and regional areas with a significant intake of refugees be resourced
with appropriate health services and professionals to cope with the complex
3 FECCA (2011b) The Quest for ‘a Level Playing Field’: FECCA Access and Equity Report 2010-2011, FECCA: Canberra, available at: http://fecca.org.au/images/stories/documents/Submissions/2011/submissions_2011060.pdf 4 Peter Ppiros, op.cit.
12
health conditions of these communities. This includes refugee health nurses
and trauma and torture counsellors;
13. cultural competence training be implemented as requisite throughout rural
and regional health services and health professions;
14. GP surgeries and specialist health services in rural and regional areas be
encouraged to utilise translating and interpreting services, such as TIS where
possible, to facilitate more productive healthcare for immigrants and
refugees. FECCA supports and recommends further implementation and use
of Telehealth’s video consultations to facilitate three-way interpreting services
in rural and regional areas for consultations between patients and GPs, aged
are services, specialist, physicians or psychiatrists; and
15. settlement services coordinate with mental health services to ensure
appropriate support can be offered to refugees and immigrants in rural and
regional areas who may have suffered trauma in their pre-migration
experience.
13
4. Education
Education is not only instrumental in facilitating employment opportunities but, for
refugee and immigrant youth, plays a key role in fostering social inclusion. In order
for rural and regional areas to be welcoming of and supportive to refugees and
immigrants, schooling and the education system must be able to support and assist
CALD students to participate in and achieve throughout and beyond their academic
lives.
Refugees and immigrants often have literacy levels below that of their age from the
perspective of the Western schooling curriculum. If refugee youth are placed in class
according to their age rather than ability, they are more likely to fail, which leads to
higher rates of dropping-out and isolation from both their own and the wider
community. However, being placed in a class commensurate to their schooling level
but which is populated by younger students can lead refugee youth to feel humiliated.
This, again, can lead to acting out at school, dropping out, exclusion, and isolation5.
The complexities of this issue illustrate how important it is for teachers and staff at
schools to be trained in cultural competency, for the curriculum to involve cultural
awareness, and for support services to be in place to assist CALD students who may
be struggling with aspects of Western education. This should include specialist
English language classes for primary and high school students, which are frequently
lacking in regional areas.
English language training and other forms of training for adults in rural and regional
areas must also be resourced to ensure that refugees and immigrants are able to
participate fully in local community life. Such educational opportunities will also help
adult refugees and immigrants develop the skills to foster sustainable employment
opportunities.
FECCA’s Rural and Regional Development Advisory Committee has flagged the issue
of AMEP contracts not allowing new students to enroll more than two weeks into a
new school term. This can result in new arrivals being unable to commence education
for up to ten weeks after arriving in the community, which poses significant barriers
to social inclusion and cohesion from the perspective both of the new arrivals and the
established communities. Moreover, not being a student prohibits individuals from
gaining concession travel, can increase the cost of utilities as more family members
5 FECCA (2011c) Settlement is a Life-Long Process: Achieving social inclusion and participation for new and emerging communities beyond the immediate settlement period, FECCA: Canberra, available at: http://fecca.org.au/images/stories/documents/Submissions/2011/submissions_2011026.pdf
14
are home during the day and, most significantly, delays settlement and increases
social isolation.
FECCA recommends that:
16. cultural competence training be implemented across the school system, with
particular emphasis given to rural and regional areas with geographic
dispersal of CALD communities;
17. non-European languages be taught based on the location of the school and
population context, with bilingualism supported as an educational base;
18. implementation and resourcing of specialist English language services for
students in rural and regional areas be increased;
19. education facilities be supported to become involved with local CALD
communities through outreach, providing language-appropriate information
to families with limited English proficiency, and engaging with community
members in the school setting;
20. English language education be supported beyond the initial settlement
period, with adult education taking a life course approach and recognising
that language acquisition involves understanding a new and often alien
culture, belief system, and customs; and
21. new arrivals be able to commence schooling as soon as possible upon arriving
in the community, rather than being forced to wait for a new term to
commence.
15
5. Family and Child Services
It is important to note when discussing issues around the family, child protection,
and domestic violence that these are neither unique to refugees and immigrants nor
are they generalisable to all refugees and immigrants. However, problems and
difficulties in the domestic sphere can prove particularly problematic and damaging
within CALD communities in rural and regional areas, as barriers such as language
difficulties, stigma, lack of knowledge of or access to support services, and limited
availability of culturally competent support may be disproportionately prevalent and
damaging in rural and regional Australia.
It is therefore crucial that more domestic violence prevention and support programs
be offered in regional areas, with women’s refuges and support service workers being
trained in cultural competence. There must also be an increase in on-site access to
interpreters for legal and health issues. Lack of systems knowledge about rights and
support can inhibit refugees and immigrants in rural and regional areas from
reporting family violence or accessing support. Furthermore, in rural and regional
areas there is often limited or no culturally competent support to begin with, which
severely limits CALD women from knowing of or accessing support. Family and
domestic violence is intrinsically tied to isolation and exclusion both within and
beyond the immediate community, which can prove devastating in rural and regional
areas that may already offer limited social engagement opportunities to newly settled
women. The Department of Human Services (DHS) has been identified as providing
a range of support services to CALD women, with social workers, some of whom are
bicultural and/or bilingual, giving assistance to and linking refugees and immigrants
in rural and regional areas with special support payments and local agencies6.
FECCA recommends community outreach regarding family and domestic violence
issues, as well as increased collaboration between communities and Child Protection
Services to increase cultural understanding. Conflicts between culture, community
and individual rights, ideas of family, and the Australian legal system can cause
distress for new refugees and immigrants. Different cultural understandings of what
constitutes appropriate childcare has led to children being removed from their
families, intergenerational conflicts, isolation of people from their own communities
and intra familial distress, all of which are antithetical to social inclusion and
participation in the wider Australian community. In rural and regional areas, where
culturally competent support services and workers are few and far between, the
6 Sam Campisi, (2011) Presentation at FECCA 2011 National Conference Regional and Rural Workshop
16
experiences of such conflict and its consequences can be devastating. There must be a
focus on increasing child and family services’ awareness of cultural differences in
child care in rural and regional CALD communities, while information about and
systems knowledge of the Australian legal child protection system must in turn be
clearly conveyed to refugees and immigrants. In this way, cultural diversity will not
become a source of misunderstandings and conflict. We must all work together to
create communities based on mutual understanding and support.
FECCA recommends that:
22. more domestic violence prevention and support programs be offered in
regional areas, with women’s refuges and support service workers being
trained in cultural competence as well as offering on-site access to
interpreters for legal and health issues;
23. resourcing of cultural competence training be provided within child and
family services, as well as community outreach into CALD communities to
educate about the Australian legal system and norms relating to childcare;
and
24. support and funding be made available for research and data-building on
violence against CALD women in rural and regional areas, as well as rates and
causes of conflicts between CALD communities and Child Protection services,
in order to create an evidence base to facilitate prevention and culturally-
appropriate intervention.
17
6. Transport
Transport is intrinsically tied to employment opportunities and the ability of refugees
and immigrants to engage in social activities in all areas of Australia. However, ability
to drive and access to driver’s training is particularly significant in rural and regional
areas where public transport is limited or non-existent, and towns may be spread
across a wide geographical area. Many refugees and new immigrants, particularly
women, arrive in Australia without driving ability or training. This proves a
significant barrier to sustainable settlement in rural and regional areas, where
driving may be necessary to get to workplaces, childcare, or social events, particularly
where public transport options are lacking. Being able to drive is frequently identified
as a key means of participating fully in society and employment. Language, time, and
financial restrictions hinder refugee and immigrant women’s ability to take part in
driver training programs.
FECCA recommends that:
25. funding and support be given to language and culturally appropriate driver
training programs in rural and regional areas, with particular consideration
given to the distinct time- and financial issues faced by CALD women who
may have to juggle employment, childcare, and care for older members of
their community with driver training; and
26. public transport infrastructure be a key focus of town planning in rural and
regional areas.
18
7. Policing and Safety
Refugees and immigrants from countries experiencing internal political conflicts can
arrive in Australia with anxiety towards authority figures who, in country of origin,
may have been perpetrators of violence. This, along with cross-cultural conflict
perpetuated by negative stereotyping and community racism, can create significant
conflict between CALD individuals and the police in rural and regional areas, as well
as Australia overall. In regional areas, further difficulties between the legal system
and refugees and immigrants are compounded by a frequent lack of availability or
access to interpreters and translators during court proceedings or within court
support agencies. This relates both to a lack of available trained interpreters, and lack
of legal rights’ knowledge for many refugees and immigrants.
Negative interactions between CALD youth and the police have been linked to limited
vocation education and apprenticeship or employment opportunities for refugee and
immigrant youth. The latter is an increasing barrier in rural and regional areas,
where there is a noted lack of CALD-appropriate jobseeker support. To combat
involvement in crime and antisocial behaviour, and thereby contribute to social
cohesion in rural and regional communities, refugee and immigrant youth must be
supported to develop the tools, resources, and confidence necessary to becoming
contributing citizen of Australia. Emphasis needs to shift from punitive measures for
youth deviancy to rehabilitation, so that CALD youth can be supported in belonging
to, and being welcomed by, local communities.
On a more positive note, in some regional areas police and police and other
emergency services have engaged with CALD communities to break down barriers
and myths between the two groups. This has proven effective in strengthening the
relationship between refugees, immigrants, police, and emergency services.
FECCA recommends:
27. awareness-raising and education via community outreach about the role of
the police in Australian society, as well as the individual’s right interpreting
assistance during legal proceedings;
28. resourcing of interpreters and translators for court proceedings as well as
cultural competence training within the police force be increased.
29. culturally-appropriate and non-threatening engagement between CALD
communities and policy and emergency services be strengthened, to break
down barriers and myths between the two groups; and
19
30. funding and support for culturally-appropriate vocational education and
education opportunities for CALD youth in rural and regional areas, such as
in industrial and agricultural field which may offer sustainable and
economically-beneficial employment opportunities, be increased.
20
8. Conclusion
In this Issues Paper, FECCA provided a detailed discussion of and targeted
recommendations for the fostering of sustainable rural and regional communities
that are welcoming of and offer support to immigrants and refugees. Through both
overarching recommendations and specific points regarding employment, healthcare,
education, family and child services, transport, and policing and safety, FECCA
argued for stronger resourcing of support services, more cultural competence
training, education around employment and legal rights, greater access to healthcare
and family support, and a stronger recognition of the reality and benefits of
Australia’s growing cultural and linguistic diversity. These recommendations, when
implemented at policy, service, and community levels, will provide a strong
framework for creating sustainable communities and lifestyles for immigrants,
refugees, and the general populace of rural and regional areas.
21
9. References
Campisi, S (2011) Presentation at FECCA 2011 National Conference Regional and
Rural Workshop, Adelaide
FECCA (2011a) FECCA Submission to DIAC’s Inquiry into Australia’s Humanitarian
Program 2011-2012 and Beyond, FECCA: Canberra, available at:
http://fecca.org.au/images/stories/documents/Submissions/2011/submissions_201
1012.pdf
FECCA (2011b) The Quest for ‘a Level Playing Field’: FECCA Access and Equity
Report 2010-2011, FECCA: Canberra, available at:
http://fecca.org.au/images/stories/documents/Submissions/2011/submissions_201
1060.pdf
FECCA (2011c) Settlement is a Life-Long Process: Achieving social inclusion and
participation for new and emerging communities beyond the immediate settlement
period, FECCA: Canberra, available at:
http://fecca.org.au/images/stories/documents/Submissions/2011/submissions_201
1026.pdf
Ppiros, P. (2011) Presentation at FECCA 2011 National Conference Regional and
Rural Workshop, Adelaide