1 www.rti.orgRTI International is a registered trademark and a trade name of Research Triangle Institute. www.rti.orgRTI International is a registered trademark and a trade name of Research Triangle Institute.

RTI Warm Syngas Cleanup Technology Demonstration

Gasification India 2016 Conference

Raghubir Gupta (speaker),

David L. Denton, Markus Lesemann, and Brian Turk

Feb 12, 2016

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What Is RTI International

RTI is an independent, nonprofit

institute that provides research,

development, and technical

services to government and

commercial clients worldwide.

Our mission is to improve the

human condition by turning

knowledge into practice.

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Global Presence – Workforce

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Multidisciplinary Expertise

More than 250 disciplines

Statistics

Survey methodology

Public health and epidemiology

Economics

Environmental science

Engineering

Chemistry

Biology

Computer science

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Energy Technology Development with RTI

RTI develops advanced process

technologies in partnership with

leaders in energy

From concept to large scale

demonstration

Full alignment with industry objectives

– Defined commercialization

pathways

– Flexible intellectual property

arrangements

– Potential leveraging of industrial

R&D funding with government

provided funding

Syngas / Clean Coal

Biomass & Biofuels

Natural GasCarbon Capture

Industrial Water

Emerging Sustainable

Energy

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Value Drivers of RTI Warm Syngas Cleanup Technology

Syngas Cleanup is a Major Cost Driver

Graphics Source:

Eastman Chemical Co.

Efficiency Improvements Reduce All Elements of Cost

Conversion to

clean power, DRI,

or chemicals/fuels

Typical Capital Cost Breakdown

RTI Technology Reduces Cost and Improves Efficiency!

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RTI Warm Syngas Cleanup Technology Platform

Flexible modular approach enables specific syngas purity needs to be met

Systems tested on actual coal-based syngas

Warm desulfurization process (WDP) now tested through pre-commercial demo scale

Increase efficiency and lower costs

Operate at 250-600ºC

Pressure independent

Effective for all forms of sulfur

Fully compatible with all CO2 capture

RTI PILOT PLANT TEST UNITS AT

EASTMAN COAL GASIFICATION PLANT

PRE-COMMERCIAL DEMO PROJECT w/CC

UNDERWAY AT TAMPA ELECTRIC SITE

Hg adsorbents (disposable)

As adsorbents (disposable)

Regenerable CO2 sorbents

Sulfur

Regenerable

ZnO sorbents

Transport

reactor

Direct Sulfur Recovery

Process

Regenerable NH3/HCN adsorbents

HCl adsorbents (disposable)

Se adsorbents (disposable)

RTI has developed a platform of warm syngas cleanup technologies:

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RTI Warm Gas Desulfurization Process (WDP)

A unique process technology based on dual transport

reactor loops (similar to FCC reactor designs)…… and on the development of a highly

active, attrition-resistant sorbent.

REGENERATED SORBENT

TO ADSORBER MIXING ZONE

REGENERATED

SORBENT

RAW SYNGAS

CLEAN SYNGAS

N2/O2

(Air)

SO2 / N2

TO SULFUR

RECOVERY

RTI Warm Gas Desulfurization Process (WDP)

250-650°C

ADSORBER

(REACTOR)

650-750°C

REGENERATOR

(REACTOR)

Enables high removal of total sulfur (>99.9%) from syngas at temperatures as high as 650°C.

RTI Proprietary

Desulfurization Sorbent

R&D 100 Award

Unique highly-dispersed

nanostructures

Developed in long-term

cooperation with Clariant

(~100 tons to date)

Covered by extensive US

& International patents,

including several recent

improvements

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Successful Scale-up from Lab to Large-Scale Demonstration

Invention (2001) • Proprietary RTI sorbent

• High attrition resistance

Lab/bench testing (2001-2003)• RTI International, NC

• Concept proven & modeled

Pilot testing (2006-2008)• Eastman Chemical Co., TN

• 3000 hr, coal-derived syngas

Demonstration – Syngas Cleanup & CO2 Capture (2010-2016)• Tampa Electric Co., Polk 1 IGCC Plant, FL

• Testing underway, 50-MWequiv scale, coal/petcoke-derived syngas

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RTI Warm Desulfurization Process (WDP) Pilot Plant Testing at Eastman Chemical Company Coal Gasification Plant (2006-2008)

Observed attrition rate was lower than commercial FCC catalysts.

* Same pilot unit was tested to 80 bar at ChevronTexaco R&D site with similar (~99.9%) S removal.

Demonstrates pressure independent performance.

More than 3,000 hours of total syngas operation.

Consistent high performance across a wide pressure range.

Pressure 20 bar 30 bar 40 bar *

Inlet Sulfur Concentration (avg.) 8,700 ppmv 7,000 ppmv 8,400 ppmv

Effluent Sulfur Concentration

(avg.)5.9 ppmv 10.7 ppmv 5.7 ppmv

% Total Sulfur Removal (avg.) 99.9% 99.8% 99.9%

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Demonstration

Project TeamRole

RTI Project management; technology developer

Tampa Electric (TEC) Host site, feed, utilities, operations support

Shaw Group, AMEC Engineering (Shaw - FEED, AMEC - EPC)

CH2M Hill Owner’s engineer

BASF Technology (aMDEA® ) for CO2 capture

Clariant Supply of sulfur sorbent & WGS catalysts

DOE/NETL Funding agency; project consultation

Eastman Chemical Development partner; early tech support

CO2 Capture

WGS Reactors

RTI Warm Syngas Desulfurization 50-MWe Demonstration Project

Project Detail: Combined syngas cleanup / water-gas-shift /

carbon capture demonstration

• DOE ARRA funding to support design, construct, operate

• 50 MWe equivalent scale - 20% slipstream of syngas from

TECO Polk 1 IGCC unit; captures > 90% of CO2

Project Objective: Mitigate the technical risks associated

with the scale up and integration of the warm syngas cleaning

and carbon dioxide (CO2) capture technologies, enabling

subsequent commercial demonstration.

Desulfurization System

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Integration of Syngas Cleaning and Carbon Capture Systems at Tampa Electric Company Polk 1 IGCC Site

Air

Air

Separation

GE Gasifier

(~400 psig)

Syngas

CoolingScrubbers

COS

Hydrolysis

Oxygen

Coal/Petcoke

Char

Syngas

CoolingMDEA

Sulfuric

Acid Plant Sulfuric

Acid

Process Condensate

Reheat/

Humidify

Clean Fuel Gas

Slag

Acid Gas

Syngas Diluent (N2)

128 Mwe

(122 Mwe)

8% H2OExtraction Air

~

~

Sweet WGS

ReactorsWDP

Syngas

CoolingaMDEA® CO2

Recovery

Regenerator Gas

Demonstration

Project Scope

Clean

Fuel Gas

Process

Water

Raw Syngas

20% slipstream test (~50 MWe) enables direct commercial scale-up from this demonstration scale.

The demonstration plant cleans ~2MMscfh (~70,000 Nm3/hr) of raw syngas from the TECO gasifier.

Currently vented, but

could be sequestered or

used or recycled

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RTI Warm Gas Cleanup (WDP) Demonstration Project Performance to Date

Construction was achieved on schedule and under budget.

>500,000 total labor hours with no injury other than minor first aid.

Unit performing as expected to date.

RTI WDP unit has consistently been able to reduce inlet total

sulfur content from as much as 14,000 ppmv to ~10 ppmv

(~99.9% total sulfur removal).

Downstream clean syngas exiting the carbon capture block has

consistently been < 0.5 ppmv (>99.99% total sulfur removal).

Sorbent attrition rate has been in line with design expectations.

Sorbent sulfur capacity has been steady - no sign of deactivation.

Unit has successfully operated both below and above design rate.

We have now achieved ~2500 total syngas operation hours and

expect to achieve ~4,000 total hours by the time the planned

demonstration testing ends in late April, 2016.

RTI is in discussions with potential partners to offer the technology

(license) and sorbent commercially later this year.

WDP Unit

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Pre-commercial Demonstration Test Plant Results: Consistently High Total Sulfur Removal and Stable Operation

Represents one full month of WDP operations

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Comparison of Technologies for Syngas Sulfur Removal and CO2 Capture

Characteristics Rectisol® Selexol™ RTI + aMDEA®

Capture Mechanism Physical absorption Physical absorptionSolid adsorbent +

chemical absorption

Pressure Dependent? Yes Yes No (for S removal)

COS Hydrolysis Needed? No Yes (most applications) No

Operating Temperature -40°F to -80°F 30°F to 100°FS removal: > 600°F

CO2 capture: ~110°F

Sulfur Removal< 0.1 ppmv

H2S + COS

< a few ppmv

H2S + COS

~ 0.1-0.5 ppmv

H2S + COS

(< 0.1 ppmv w/guard bed)

CO2 Capture 97-99% 90-99% > 97%

Relative Efficiency w/CO2

Capture

< X%

(due to refrigeration)X% Can be up to 10% higher

Relative Capital Costs> Y

(pressure dependent)Y 20-50% lower

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RTI WDP Provides Significantly Lower Capex and Opex !

Technology used

in RTI Demo Plant

NOTES:

• Cost savings are across the entire block from raw warm syngas exiting the gasifier through

cleaned syngas feed to the methanol conversion step, including the sulfur recovery unit.

• These analyses do not include additional benefits to the entire plant that might occur from

overall efficiency savings.

Non-labor, non-feedstock operating costs

RTI WDP

improves

economics for

all carbon

capture options,

but best when

coupled with

activated amine.

Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA): Coal to Methanol Case (2 x 300-MWequiv Shell-type solids-fed gasifiers with Shenhua Mix or PRB coal)

OPEX

reduced

>50%

Rectisol®

Base Case

RTI WDP +

Rectisol®RTI WDP +

Selexol™RTI WDP +

aMDEA®

CAPEX

reduced ~50%

Rectisol®

Base Case

RTI WDP +

Rectisol®RTI WDP +

Selexol™RTI WDP +

aMDEA®

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100%

-500%

Single-Stage Selexol™

RTI WDP reduces AGR OPEX*

RTI WDP

100%

55%

Dual-Stage Selexol™ RTI WDP + aMDEA®

RTI WDP reduces AGR OPEX*

100%

67%

Dual-Stage Selexol™ RTI WDP + aMDEA®

RTI WDP reduces AGR CAPEX

100%

79%

Single-Stage Selexol™ RTI WDP

RTI WDP reduces AGR CAPEX

WDP Economic Benefits for IGCC Power Generation Cases (2 x 300 MWe Shell-type gasifiers w/PRB or Shenhua Mix coal)

* Non-labor,

non-

feedstock

OPEX

IGCC w/o

Carbon

Capture

IGCC with

Carbon

Capture

CAPEX and

OPEX are for

AGR + WGS

+ LTGC +

SRU blocks

Note:The capex savings

shown here are for

the entire syngas

cleanup block, but

do not include

additional savings

for the overall IGCC

due to improved

efficiency. The

overall IGCC capex

savings can more

than offset all WDP

cleanup capital

costs for IGCC w/o

carbon capture or

for IGCC with a

warm carbon

capture process.

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Benefits of RTI WDP Technology

Rectisol® and Selexol™ (solvent-based systems that operate at sub-ambient

temperatures) dominate the current coal to chemicals market.

RTI WDP is a unique differentiated warm-temperature, solid-sorbent based

syngas cleanup system that simultaneously offers:

– Lower capital costs (20-50% less),

– Lower non-labor, non-feedstock operating costs (up to 30-50+% less),

– Improved overall process efficiency (up to 10+% better),

– Improved process flexibility by decoupling sulfur removal and CO2 capture, and

– A capable and economic syngas cleanup option for all applications:

CC = Carbon Capture

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Summary

RTI’s warm syngas cleanup technology offers opportunities to both improve efficiency and

significantly reduce capex/opex costs of gasification for power generation and chemicals/fuels.

RTI’s WDP has potential to integrate with most CO2 capture technologies (e.g., amines,

activated amines, Selexol®, Rectisol®, sorbents) to enable them to meet syngas purities for

chemicals/fuels.

RTI WDP has been integrated with an aMDEA® system for carbon capture and total sulfur

levels dropped to sub-ppmv (>99.99% total S removal), performance levels needed for many

chemicals/fuels applications.

RTI WDP technology performance has now been consistently proven at lab, bench, pilot plant,

and pre-commercial demonstration scales (>2500 operation hours).

The RTI WDP demonstration plant is expected to run through at least late April 2016 and will

provide critical data to support rapid full-scale commercial deployment.

RTI is in discussions with potential partners to offer the technology (via license) and sorbent

commercially later this year.

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Energy Technology Division 2015Talented staff produce

novel technologies from

ideation to pilot-scale to

commercial systems

State of the art

facilities, capabilities

and resources

Innovation focused

R&D for solving

clients’ problems

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QUESTIONS?

Contact: Raghubir GuptaVice PresidentEnergy Technology DivisionRTI Internationalgupta@rti.org919-541-8023

RTI Warm Syngas Demonstration Project