DEVELOPMENT OF

1 rrr1rT1 0000073627

SURAIN BINTI SAZALI AA08043

\BASE SYSTEM FOR

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources Universiti Malaysia Pahang

JUN 2012

vi

ABSTRACT

One of the vital works before a construction begin was a site investigation

which was the site exploration to gain the result for the soil characteristics at the

construction area. By undergo some necessary required test such as deep borehole

logs, water level measurement, JKR Probe, standard penetration test (SPT) and

others, the engineers able to design a suitable, safety and economic structures for the

building. Usually, the report for the site investigation was in a hard copy and it

required a lot of papers for one site investigation report. Other than that, it hard to

retrieve the data for site investigation report from all places in one time because of

the data was in different hard copy. To solve this matter, a database system for soil

characteristic was developed to make all the site investigation data report easily to

retrieve in one time and able to be updated from time to time if there was any new

result obtained. This database system was developed for Kuantan area only. There

were 16 site investigation report data was successfully collected and had been placed

in one database system. The tools that had been used to develop this database system

were Geographical Information System (GIS) and Visual basic 6.0 (VB6.0). GIS tool

was used to provide the map for Kuantan areas. Meanwhile, VB6.0 was used to make

the interface design and created the database system for the site investigation data

report. To ensure that the map from GIS tools were able to relate with the database

system from VB6.0, a hyperlink was created. So, by selecting the site investigation

point from the map in GIS, the result of the site investigation appeared easily without

used much time. Lastly, this database system would be one of the necessary database

systems in construction field because of it availability to retrieve data easily and all

the site investigation data was placed in one database system.

vii

ABSTRAK

Sebelum sesuatu kerja pembinaan dijalankan, salah satu kerja yang penting

adalah kerja-kerja penyiasatan tapak yakni dengan melakukan kerja-kerja

penyiasatan tapak ini, ciri-ciri tanah dapat diperoleh bagi kawasan pembinaan.

Beberapa ujian akan dilaksanakan dalam kerja-kerja penyiasatan tapak seperti ujian

kedalaman lubang jara, ujian paras air bawah tanah, JKR proba, ujian tusukan

piawaian dan lain-lain ujian. Dengan melaksanakan ujian-ujian ini, jurutera dapat

membuat reka bentuk struktur yang sesuai, selamat dan tidak melebihi kos

pembinaan. Laporan penyiasatan tapak biasanya dalam bentuk salinan kertas laporan

dan ia memerlukan penggunaan kertas yang banyak. Selain itu, ia juga sukar untuk

mendapatkan maklumat ujian penyiasatan tapak bagi kawasan yang berlainan dalam

satu masa. Bagi menyelesaikan masalah ini, satu sistem pangkalan data untuk ciri­

ciri tanah telah direka bagi memastikan semua laporan penyiasatan tanah mudah

dicapai dalam satu masa dan boleh diubah dari semasa ke semasa jika maklumat­

maklumat baru yang berkaitan dengan ujian penyiasatan tanah diperolehi. Sistem

pangkalan data ini direka untuk kawasan Kuantan sahaja. Terdapat 16 laporan ujian

penyiasatan tanah telah berjaya diperolehi dan telah diletakkan dalam satu sistem

pangkalan data. Kaedah yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan sistem pangkalan data

ini adalah dengan menggunakan sistem Geographical Information System (GIS) dan

Visual Basic 6.0 (VB6.0). Sistem GIS digunakan untuk menghasilkan peta bagi

kawasan Kuantan manakala sistem VB6.0 digunakan untuk mereka bentuk sistem

pangkalan data bagi semua laporan ujian penyiasatan tanah. Satu pautan direka untuk

mengaitkan sistem GIS dan sistem VB6.0. Titik laporan penyiasatan yang terdapat

dalam peta boleh dipilih dan keputusan laporan tapak penyiasatan akan dapat

diperolehi dengan mudah. Kesimpulannya, sistem pangkalan data ini sangat

diperlukan dan dapat membantu kerja-kerja pembinaan dengan lebih cekap.

CHAPTER

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE

TITLE PAGE

THESIS STATUS DECLARATION FORM

SUPERVISOR'S DECLARATION

STUDENT'S DECLARATION

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

1.2 Problem Statements

1.3 Objectives

1.4 Scope of Study

1.5 Significant of the Proposed Research

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PAGE

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111

lV

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Vll

Vlll

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1

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3

4

5

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2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 6

2.2 The Site Investigation 7

2.2.1 The Site Investigation Phase 9

2.3 Field Exploration in Site Investigation (SI) Work 10

2.3.l Boring 10

2.3.2 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 13

2.3.3 Termination Criteria 15

2.3.4 Soil Sampling 16

2.3.5 The JKR Probe/Mackintosh Probe 17

2.3.6 Ground Water Level Measurement 19

2.4 Laboratory Testing 19

2.4.l Liquid Limit (LL) 20

2.4.2 Plastic Limit (PL) and Plasticity Index (PI) 21

2.4.3 Linear Shrinkage (LS) 22

2.4.4 Moisture Content 22

2.4.5 Sieve Analysis 23

2.5 Soils 25

2.6 Soil Formation 26

2.7 Shear Strength of Soil 27

2.8 Lateral Earth Pressure 28

2.9 Consolidation 28

2.10 Bearing Capacity 29

2.11 Slope Stability 29

2.12 Permeability and Seepage 30

2.13 Geographical Information System 31

2.14 Visual Basic 6.0 32

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Identify Issues

3.3 Identify Objectives

3.4 Literature Review

3.5 Data Collection

3.6 Pre-Processing

3.7 Processing

3.8 Writing Report

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Data Collection

4.3 The Map and Site Investigation Points

4.4 The Design of Database Interface

4.5 The Soil Characteristics Database System

4.6 Discussion

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1

5.2

5.3

REFERENCES

Introduction

Conclusion

Recommendation

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Information and activity flow chart for geotechnical 9

site investigation

2.2 Helical auger 11

2.3 Boring work process (JKR) 12

2.4 Multi-speed rotary wash boring machine (JKR) 12

2.5 Standard dimension of SPT split-spoon sampler 13

2.6 Component of SPT split-spoon sampler 13

2.7 JKR probe/Mackintosh Probe procedure 17

2.8 Summary of geometry and general arrangement of JKR Probe 18

2.9 Atterberg limits and indices 20

2.10 Sieve size 23

2.11 The dimension of sieves 24

2.12 Components for GIS-based geotechnical information system 32

2.13 Tools and the actions 33

3.1 Flow chart of methodology 35

3.2 The eye level setting location 37

3.3 The Map Window table 38

3.4 Shape to Earth for capturing images 38

3.5 Add icon location 39

3.6 Add data table 40

3.7 Combine images in Arc Map 40

xii

3.8 Location of tools button 41

3.9 ArcCatalog and file button 42

3.10 Feature class table 42

3.11 The layer of the points and points 43

3.12 The attribute table 44

3.13 The new project form in VB6.0 45

3.14 Process to put the name of project 46

3.15 The process to create the parameters button 47

3.16 The main interface of the database 48

3.17 Select the add form icon 48

3.18 Add form table 49

3.19 New form created 49

3.20 The code command for form one 50

3.21 The code command for form 2 51

3.22 Code of command for exit and home button. 51

3.23 The address or object name of the project 53

3.24 The step to create link between ArcMap and VB6.0 54

3.25 The link icon in identify table 55

4.1 The example of deep borehole logs result. 58

4.2 The example of soil properties result 59

4.3 The example of laboratory test result 59

4.4 The example of SPT versus N graph 60

4.5 The boundary of Kuan tan area 63

4.6 The example of front interface for database system 64

4.7 The site plan interface design in database system 64

4.8 The example for deep borehole logs interface in database system 65

4.9 The example for laboratory test result interface in database system 65

4.10 The example for geotechnical report interface in database system 66

xi ii

4.11 The location of Identify icon ( 0 ) in ArcMap 67

4.12 The identify table 67

4.13 The link icon ( fl ) in identify table 68

4.14 The site plan parameter chosen 69

4.15 The site plan interface 69

4.16 The result of site plan 70

4.17 The geotechnical report parameter chosen 70

4.18 The result of geotechnical report 71

4.19 The SPT versus N graph parameter chosen 71

4.20 The SPT versus N graph interface design 72

4.21 The SPT versus N graph result 72

4.22 The deep borehole logs result chosen 73

4.23 The deep borehole logs interface design 73

4.24 The example of deep borehole logs result 74

4.25 The laboratory test parameter chosen 74

4.26 The laboratory test result interface design 75

4.27 The example of Atterberg limit test result 75

4.28 The example of sieve analysis test result 76

xiv

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 The termination criteria 15

2.2 The type of soil samples 16

2.3 Basic properties of particle size of soil 26

2.4 Slope stability - probability of failure 30

3.1 The example code of command for all forms 52

4.1 The lists of SI report 61

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

One of the challenging and popular work fields that attract many companies

all over the world is construction industry. This field also contribute to the economy

development for a country such as Malaysia. There are many parties involved in this

field such as geotechnical engineers, structural engineers, technicians, contractors,

labourer and others. All of them work together as a team to produce a great

construction works. In order to produce a great construction works which can fulfil

the customers need, a good plan and project management is very necessary.

Construction works is not an ease works and it need to follow the right guidelines or

procedures. The guidelines or procedures can avoid any problems in the future. Some

of the critical works in construction process are geotechnical investigation and

structural design.

Geotechnical site investigation is the process where all the information and

evaluations of the condition of the site for the purpose of designing and constructing

the foundation for a structure such as building, bridge and plant. This process is very

important to examine the potential of the development site areas before the

construction work start, to explore the subsoil conditions, ground water table, soil

properties for the proposed areas and others. Geotechnical site investigation involved

many process such as boring test, Standard Penetration Test (SPT), soil sampling,

2

termination criteria, laboratory test and ground water level measurement. For the

government project, it may involve the Public Work Department (PWD) probe. Good

management and planning in geographical site investigation is the key to obtain

correct and sufficient information for designing a structure. Some of the key for

successful geographical site investigation are comprehensive planning, collection of

sufficient data, clear reporting and compliance with site investigation report data.

During the geographical site investigation process, all the utilities or equipments

needed should be provided in order to smooth the works progress and can reduce the

time and cost planning.

From day to day the construction technologies are updated such as

equipments, process in construction works or software system. One of the technology

or software systems that had been widely used all over the world is Geographical

information System or GIS. Geographical Information System (GIS) can be effective

tools for geotechnical engineers since many data in geotechnical work is in the types

of spatial data or geographical data. Thus, Geographical information System (GIS)

can be used to create better database for site investigation report which give benefit

to the geotechnical engineer and construction work progress. Moreover, the system is

expected can be connect to the other existing GIS applications for further

applications.

1.2 Problem Statements

From many years ago, before the technologies in construction industry had

been developed, the practical way to record the data for construction work is in

variety of hardcopy or paper formats from site works or referenced books. This way

require many sheet of papers, cannot update the latest information or collection data,

ease to lose if there is no proper facilities and asset management from the person in

charge and other peoples cannot access the data easily. This can affect the quality of

construction work. Moreover, it requires a lot of work space which is the suitable

3

place to keep all the collection data and ensure that the place can access easily by the

users.

Other than that, in site investigation data record, an effective data record such

as by developing the database for site investigation report is not practice widely in

this country. So, it may affect the cost of the project and the time consuming of the

construction project. These factors can burden the contractor and owner of a project.

They need to reschedule their progress work in order to make sure the project finish

on the planned time. Moreover, without effective and proper recording data, the

engineers will difficult to retrieve data they need easily. It also may exist a problem

where some important collection data for site investigation missing or lost. This

required them to do the same work in order to complete the data they needed.

In site investigation work, there are only some chosen points are taken to do

the test such as boring, soil sampling, water table measurement and other. For other

points or area which not having the tests, the soil properties is undefined. To

overcome this problem, the correlation between two points for the construction area

is important to identify the soil properties or characteristics for the area. This also can

make the engineer work easier without doing too many site explorations at same

places and can save the costs. This also can help the future project to identify the soil

properties at the nearer areas.

1.3 Objectives

The objectives of this study are:

a) To develop soil database system in Kuantan by using Geographical

Information System (GIS) and Visual Basic (VB).

b) To compile soil properties through soil investigation (SI) existing

data using GIS and VB database at Kuantan, Pahang.

4

1.4 Scope of Study

This study was conducted at Kuantan, Pahang. The data was taken from the

site investigation report of some construction project in Kuantan areas. All the data

required such as deep boreholes results, soil profile results, vane shear test results,

laboratory test results, and site plan were found in the site investigation report. These

data was taken from Public Work Department of Kuantan, Pahang and Kumpulan

Ikram Sdn. Bhd. All the collection data ware analysed and processed. Then, the

database system was developed based on the data information from site investigation

report. To obtain the database system, Geographical Information System (GIS) and

Visual Basic 6.0 were the tools that used as medium to analyse and process the data.

The Geographical Information System (GIS) was the tool used to analyzed,

manipulated and processed the existing spatial data. This system also produces a

unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered by maps. The maps or

images of Kuan tan areas were needed to identify the coordinates of the selected area.

In order to get the images of Kuantan areas, Google earth, map window GIS and

shape to earth tools were used to capture the entire image in Kuantan areas. Other

method that can be used to produce the image of Kuantan area is by converting the

plan image from AutoCAD into the ArcMap. After that, the spatial data collected

will be processes by using ArcGIS which involved the uses of the ArcCatalog,

ArcGlobe, ArcMap, ArcReader and ArcScene. After all the procedures or steps

finish, the database system for site investigation report obtained.

So, this study was done to create an effective system or database for soil from

the site investigation report data by using Geographical Information System (GIS),

Google earth, map window GIS and shape to earth. This database system can easily

to update by time to time if there any new information about the soil properties.

Other than that, this study also made to provide correlation of site investigation

existing data between two points. This correlation is very important to know and

obtain the soil properties at the areas which not having the site investigation tests.

5

This can save the cost and time consuming for construction project and ease to

retrieve by the engineers that involve in a project.

1.5 Significance of the Proposed Research

To develop effective soil database system which can easily to retrieve the

data by the geotechnical engineer is very important in construction industry. This can

help the engineers to do their work easily without using much period of time. The

data collected in site investigation report were analyzed, organized and structured

into geographical database. Then it was turned to information system which can be

used by the engineers as a guide for the preliminary design in construction process.

The correlation of the site investigation report data between two points can produce

the characteristic of the soil around the two point's boundary. Correlation between

two points can help the geotechnical engineers obtain the soil properties at the point

which not having the soil investigation tests. All the data can be updated anytime.

This can reduce the cost and time of the project and ease the engineers work.

CHAPTER2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Before construction works begin, the exploration of the site area which is site

investigation was done first to identify the soil properties for the area. This is a

common step that was done in every construction project in order to do the

preliminary design which is foundation design. Identifying and collecting the data

information of the soil properties can help the geotechnical engineer to design the

most economical foundation, able to support maximum load and can resist any major

problems regarding to the soil sliding issues. This is important to avoid any

hazardous incident during the construction progress and after the project completed.

Site investigation works have its own phases that need do in order to get the

data information. There are many methods and devices can be use which is from

simple method to the complex method. Usually, some of the methods are applicable

in subject study. The tests that cover in site investigation work can be done in

laboratory or at the site or field area. The results from doing this site investigation

will be analysed and recorded for engineers uses. Other than that, the correlation at

the site area can be also obtained by doing some calculation.

7

2.2 The Site Investigation

Subsurface exploration program is one of the major and necessary works that

need to be implemented properly in civil engineering work. The processes of

subsurface exploration are to identify the layers of deposits and their physical

characteristics that underlie the proposed structured. Sometimes, it will be done for

project which are altering and additional of existing structure. There are many

purposes of subsurface exploration program such as to obtain information in

determining the location of the water table, estimate the probable settlement of a

structure, evaluate the load bearing capacity of the foundation and identify the

potential foundations problems (M. Das, 2011). Some steps are included in subsoil

exploration program which is collecting the preliminary or existing information data

for the subsoil condition, reconnaissance of the proposed construction site and

detailed site investigation (M. Das, 2010).

There are many definitions regarding to site investigation process. One of the

ations of the site investigation is the process whereby all relevant information

concerning the site of a proposed civil engineering or building development and its

surrounding area is gathered (Simons, et al., 2002). All the collected information is

obtain through some lab test and insitu test. After that, the result are recorded in a

report which also known as site investigation report. Standard Penetration Test (SPT),

boring, termination criteria, soil sampling, ground water level measurement and

laboratory testing are the scope of work that to be done in site investigation work.

Sometimes, if the client of the project is from government, the site investigation

work will include the Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) probe. These are the necessary

standard that had been used in Malaysia when doing the site investigation work.

The objectives of handling site investigation are to obtain geotechnical

information at the site, explore the subsoil condition at the proposed site by

exploratory boreholes, obtain disturbed and undisturbed soil samples for visual

examination, determine the parameters of the soil, obtain the shear strength values on

soft soil and measure the ground water table at the site (Kumpulan Ikram Sdn. Bhd.).

8

Other than that, by doing site investigation work, the access of general suitability of

the site with the environments can be obtained, enable adequate and economic design

to be prepared, and the best method of construction can be planned (Simons, et al.,

2002). There are some procedures that need to plan and manage properly for site

investigation works. Without proper planning, it may cause a problem such as delay

in time and error in the test results. It will also affect the future construction of the

building whether during or after construction completed.

The other two phase of subsurface exploration program which are collection

of preliminary information and reconnaissance of the proposed construction site will

be done first before starting the site investigation work. The collection of

preliminaries information can be divided into two which are compilation of the

existing information regarding the structure and collection of existing information for

the subsoil condition. This phase is important to obtain the information about the

type of structure that will be constructed and its general used. All the loads that

related to the structure, the important factors or characteristic required for the

structure, the topography and the types of soil involved at the site areas need to be

known. For the reconnaissance phase, the engineer should make visual inspection of

the site and surrounding area to obtain some information such as type of vegetation

at the site and general topography of the site (M. Das, 2011 ).

2.2.1 The Site Investigation Phase

A good planning and management of site investigation work will produce a

good result and information about the type of soil for the construction area. The site

investigation phase of the exploration program consist of planning, making test

boreholes and collecting soil samples at desired intervals for subsequent observation

and laboratory test (M. Das, 2010). Therefore, there many factors that needs to be

considered to obtain good quality result of site investigation work. There are some

critical success factors such as identification of ground hazard, provision for better

9

management of ground risk, provision for better value for clients and users, and

efficient processes which continually improved (Simons, et al., 2002). Figure 2.1

shows the information and activities flowchart for geotechnical site investigation.

Evaluate client's requirement

Jt Preliminary Conceptual Design

lt Desk study and walk-over survey

D Hazard identification _,

/ Risk register

y

Foundation YES lt contractor Conceptual design A Case study ::: /

' - "" appointed

~1 Parameters determination ) Write report

YES Jt ~

Final design I -Additional lt inspection testing

I Construction groundwork

~

Figure 2.1 : Information and activity flow chart for geotechnical site investigation

(Simons, et al., 2002).

10

2.3 Field Exploration in Site Investigation (SI) Work.

Field exploration is the exploration of the site to obtain the sample and result

for in-situ test. There are some test had been carried out at the construction site such

as boring, standard penetration test (SPT), termination criteria, soil sampling,

mackintosh probe and ground water level management. Basically, in Malaysia the SI

work was done by Kumpulan Ikram Sdn. Bhd. This organization usually carried out

all the field exploration and provides the complete SI report to the client such as

Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR). Only qualified person can perform the listed tests at the

site. In the SI report, there are also the stated the proposed recommendation type of

foundation for the site which is involve the size of the foundation, length (for the

purpose of the tendering process), the allowable bearing capacity, negative friction of

the pile and the loading test for the pile.

2.3.1 Boring

There are many types of boring test that carried out during field exploration.

The simplest method and usually used at site is auger boring. There many types of

auger boring which is depend on the deep of the boring and the size of the project

structure. First type of auger boring is hand auger. Hand auger can be divided into

two types of hand auger which are posthole auger and the helical auger.. This type of

auger boring can only used for advancing hole to depth exceeding 3m to Sm only.

Other type of boring which can deeper advancing hole is continuous-flight auger.

This type of auger was used when the power available. This type of boring is the

most common method that had been used for advancing hole. Boreholes up to about

60m to 70m can easily made by this method (M. Das, 2011 ).

In Malaysia, the most common boring method that had been carried out was

rotary boring or also known as rotary wash boring. This boring method was capable

11

to drill until lOOm depths. For this boring, a boring hole used a drilling fluid such as

water or mud pumped down a rod fitted at the bottom some sort of cutting bit. The

soil below the road caused by the cutting bit dislodged. This means the advancing

hole achieved. The drilling fluid under some pressure transported the cutting to the

surface. The multi-speed rotary wash boring machine was used for the field

exploration. The boreholes were drilled by trained driller. To circulating water

washed the boreholes and the disturbed samples were collected for visual

examination. The rotary drilling had been used as the procedure because this kind of

procedure can be used in sand, clay and rock (M. Das, 2010). This technique can

make the diameters of the boreholes ranging from 50mm to 200mm.

Figure 2.2 shows one of the examples of hand auger which id helical auger.

Meanwhile, in Figure 2.3 and Figure 2.4 show the rotary-wash boring machine. The

process of boring work in these figures was taken from boring work for the school

project at Kuantan, Pahang area. The project was 'Cadangan Membina dan

Menyiapkan Blok Dewan Perhimpunan dan Blok Kantin serta Kerja-Kerja Berkaitan

di Sekolah Menengah Agama Al-Ihsan, Kuantan, Pahang.

Figure 2.2: Helical auger (M. Das, 2011)

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Figure 2.3: Boring work process (JKR).

Figure 2.4: Multi-speed rotary wash boring machine (JKR).

13

2.3.2 Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

Standard Penetration Test or SPT is the test used to obtain soil samples for

the site. This test method is used extensively in a great variety of geotechnical

exploration projects. Moreover, many local correlations and widely publishes

correlations which relate blow count or N-value, and the engineering behaviour of

earthworks and foundation are available by this test method (ASTM 1999-2012). In

Malaysia, usually SPT was carried out by using split-barrel sampler. This method

used in field to obtain soil samplers which are generally disturbed but still

representative. For very soft and soft clays soil, this method is not suitable to be used

as a method to obtain the sample of the soil. The necessary equipment for this test is

drilling equipment, sampling rods, split-barrel sampler, and drive weight assembly.

Figure 2.5 shows the section or standard dimension of SPT split-spoon

sampler while Figure 2.6 shows the component of SPT split-spoon sampler.

0.l in. (2.Smm) Head RoUpin

LUU/II.~~~~~~~~~~

f~~~~h 160lO1311 I . I I B • Vent

· ~ •· ~ I ab I t0 2 in. 1810 30 in.

(1Sto50mm) (4571Q 7621nm)

Figure 2.5: Standard dimension of SPT split-spoon sampler (ASTM, 1996-2012).

14

C OW PIPE SAMPLER

Figure 2.6: Component of SPT split-spoon sampler (Mohr, 1940).

The procedure for this test is started with test hole. The hole drilled to the

desired sampling depth and all the disturbed materials were cleaned out. If the type

of drill that had been used was wet drill, so the cuttings need to flush out. After that,

the equipment needs to set up properly. The split-barrel sampler attached to the A­

rod and lowers it into the hole until it reached on the undisturbed materials.

Assembly attached the drive weight to it. A hammer lifted with a predetermined

height and allowed it to fall on the anvil delivering for one seating blow. The drill

rod marked in three successive with 0.1 Sm increment. After setting up the equipment,

proceed with the penetration test. Raised and dropped the hammer at predetermined

height. Do not use more than 2.025 wraps around the cathead. Other than that, the

hammer operated between 40 to 60 blows per minute and should drop freely. Then,

continue driving until 100 blows had been applied.

Every 0.15m of penetration, the number of blow recorded. For the first 0.15m

increment was the seating drive. Then, the summation of blow for second and third