ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW STUDENT TRAVEL SCHOLARSHIP

18th JUNE – 1ST JULY 2018

Amy Newsome

Kew Specialist Certificate in Ornamental Horticulture

Barbados – understanding the state of ornamental horticulture and native conservation on a post-colonial island.

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Table of Contents

Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 3

Aims and objectives of the trip .............................................................................................. 4

Project Itinerary .................................................................................................................... 4

Cocohill Forest – Tuesday 19th June ........................................................................................ 5

Turners Hall Wood – Wednesday 20th June ............................................................................ 8

Hunte’s Gardens – Thursday 21st June ................................................................................. 13

Walkers Reserve – Friday 22nd June ...................................................................................... 16

Balls Plantation event – Saturday 23rd June .......................................................................... 19

Andromeda Botanic Gardens – 25th to 29th June ................................................................... 20 Iris Bannochie .............................................................................................................................. 20 The Gardens Today ...................................................................................................................... 21 Impressive Plants: ........................................................................................................................ 22 Work Programme ........................................................................................................................ 25 Redesigning the old Fernery ......................................................................................................... 26 Grafting Workshop ...................................................................................................................... 30

Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 31

Future plans ........................................................................................................................ 31

Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 32

References .......................................................................................................................... 33

Costs ................................................................................................................................... 34

Appendix 1: Excerpt from Andromeda Botanic Gardens Planting List ................................... 35

Appendix 2: Hunte’s Gardens Points of Interest and Plant List .............................................. 36

Appendix 3: Invoice Receipts ............................................................................................... 38

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Introduction This trip was undertaken as a student travel scholarship, whilst studying the Kew Specialist Certificate in Ornamental Horticulture, in order to learn some of the principles and practices of tropical horticulture for ornamental display and conservation, and to learn of the colonial impact of cultivation on the natural ecosystem.

Author working on the RBG Kew Orchid Festival 2018

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Aims and objectives of the trip I am interested in tropical island flora and the strong history of ornamental horticulture in

Barbados, as made famous by Iris Bannochie, founder of Andromeda Botanic Gardens in

Barbados and recipient of the RHS Veitch medal. In the first week of my travel scholarship I

visited several important gardens and natural areas including Turner’s Hall Wood - a remnant of

the original tropical forests of Barbados - to examine the impact of colonial cultivation on the

native flora & ecosystems. I sought to understand further how Caribbean horticulture and

conservation has developed from colonial origins to the present day by visiting old and new

sites including Hunte’s gardens and Cocohill Forest. In the second week I joined the team at

Andromeda Botanic Gardens to learn the principles and practices of tropical ornamental

horticulture as a volunteer.

As the first Kew student to take a travel scholarship to Andromeda Botanic Gardens, I want to build links between the organisations for the benefit of future Kew students and Bajan horticulturists. I looked for practices in plant cultivation and display that could be implemented at Kew in order to improve tropical horticulture displays in Kew’s glasshouses, including the Kew Orchid festival, which prides itself on the quality and innovation of its ornamental tropical displays each year. This scholarship trip personally benefitted me by increasing my knowledge and experience in tropical ornamental horticulture which has greatly supported my learning as a new diploma student at Kew. The trip has also helped to inform my career decisions after I finish my studies.

Project Itinerary Monday 18th June – Tour of Andromeda Botanical Gardens Tuesday 19th June – Cocohill Forest Wednesday 20th June – Turner's Hall Wood Thursday 21st June – Hunte's Gardens Friday 22nd June – Walkers Reserve Saturday 23rd June – Balls Plantation Plant Fair Monday 26th - Friday 30th June – Andromeda Botanic Gardens

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Cocohill Forest – Tuesday 19th June Coco Hill Forest, located on Richmond Road, St. Joseph in the Scotland District is a 53 acre forest overlooking the East Coast of Barbados, it consists of Bamboo groves, hundreds of Royal Palms and tree ferns. They grow coconuts, bananas, coffee, cocoa, pineapples and numerous tropical fruit trees, herbs, spices and medicinals. Cocohill is an exciting concept that produces food for a local hotel and restaurant, but also aims to educate Bajan locals on the variety of crops that can be grown on the Island and the importance of growing your own for food security. Through terracing, vertical farming and agro-forestry, Cocohill demonstrates alternatives to large scale monocrop farming that is more sympathetic to the Bajan landscape and natural resources, sustainably conserving topsoil. This project challenges the old colonial traditions of clearing the ‘bush’ to make space for sugar cane monoculture by confronting contemporary agricultural issues. Mahmoud, the owner of Cocohill, gave the staff of Andromeda and I a tour of the site. Observations: Coconut husks are used in the nursery beds as a weed suppressant mulch. The husks are a by-product of coconut fruit production, so this was a great sustainable use of an otherwise waste material.

Despite the warm and humid Bajan climate which is brilliant for growth rate, the propagation of plants including salad greens and coffee still took place in polytunnels to control irrigation,

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pests and wind exposure. The nursery had a significant palm area for coconut palm production in pots. All nursery plants were drip irrigated. Bananas were grown as a herbaceous understory to the coconut palms, together with shrubs such as coffee and Jamoon – Syzygium cumini. I learnt of the severe pest problem faced by horticulturists and farmers; Vervet monkeys. Introduced to the island as pets by settlers, these monkeys have no natural predator on Barbados to regulate their populations. They can decimate mango and other fruit crops in a day, causing substantial financial loses. For Mahmoud, this means growing pineapples under wire cages, but mature mango trees are impossible to cover. At Andromeda Gardens, the monkeys also pose a health and safety issue, as fruits regularly come crashing down onto visitor paths during opening hours.

Climbing red spinach - Basella rubra. Lemon grass – Cymbopogon citratus At the top of the Cocohill site, overlooking the gully below, Mahmoud explained the unique conditions of the District which produces very fertile, acidic, sedimentary clay-based soil, which covers only 17% of the island. The “lively topography” (UNESCO) of the Scotland District has regular landslides as the clay is prone to erosion. As a result, it has not historically been subject to clearance for agriculture, can be characterized as jungle-like dense vegetation, and features many important ecological locations such as Turners Hall Wood which I visited later in the week. The Scotland District is the peak of a mountain range, which is geologically interesting because here is the only location in the entire Caribbean where this mountain range is above

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water. The range is called an “accretionary prism”, formed of sediments at the junction of two tectonic plates that are pushing upwards; Barbados is growing up and out by 1mm every year. Cocohill sits on a mud diapir that Mahmoud termed a ‘mud volcano’ which is a geological formation 3000 metres deep. In addition to fertile mud, oil has formed from some of the sedimentary rock layers, which can be seen at Cocohill in the form of ‘manjak’, a tar-like substance of oxidized and solidified oil, which used to be mined as a fossil fuel. According to Mahmoud, in 300 years of colonial agriculture 50% of the island’s topsoil has been lost due to farming slopes without terracing or using stabilising plants. By adapting agriculture to suit the terrain, Mahmoud can grow produce on these unstable yet rich slopes, using terracing and agro-forestry to stabilize the land, and retain water run-off without clearing extensive vegetation.

View of the gully and the Scotland District. Exposed sedimentary clay soil.

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Turners Hall Wood – Wednesday 20th June

The botanising trip to Turner’s Hall Wood with Professor Sean Carrington of the University of the West Indies at Cave Hill was without a doubt the botanical highlight of my travel scholarship. Turner’s Hall Wood is a 75 Acre site within the Scotland District in the parish of St Andrew. The area is thought to be the last remnant of dense forest of the type that covered the island prior to colonial settlement in 1627, which shows the extensive impact that colonial cultivation has had on the island, as Turner’s Hall Wood makes up just 0.07% of the island’s land mass. Professor Carrington was keen to point out that “Despite what tourist brochures may say, there is no rainforest in Barbados”. At lower elevations, the forest is dry deciduous seasonal forest with a dense shrubby understory, though this habitat has largely disappeared with good examples being conserved on other Caribbean islands such as Martinique and St. Lucia. At higher elevations, like that at Turner’s Hall Wood, the landscape is covered with evergreen seasonal forest. This cannot be called rainforest because it still experiences seasonal dry spells.

Professor Carrington leading us into the forest.

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Excerpt from Preserving Paradise (Carrington, 2011, p. 58):

“[Moist (semi evergreen seasonal) forest] typically has two tree layers, one upper closed canopy and a lower open canopy. The upper trees are mainly evergreen like candlewood (Cupania Americana) while the spiny macaw palm (Aiphanes minima) is typical of the lower canopy. Scattered cabbage palms (Roystonea oleracea) and other tall species may emerge from the main canopy and in this case a second form of moist forest is recognised, termed evergreen seasonal forest. Shrubs in the guava and coffee families as well as ferns are common in moist forest. Such forest is found in the deep central gullies as well as at Turner’s Hall Wood, an original forest remnant and the most important terrestrial ecosystem on the island. Turner’s Hall Wood is a 30 ha (75 acres) moist forest which is a mosaic of semi evergreen and evergreen seasonal forest. It is the most species-rich site on the island (over 100 vascular plant species) and home to 15 plant species found nowhere else in Barbados…Turner’s Hall is owned by the Barbados Government but is yet to receive the legal protected status it deserves.”

View down the main track into the forest.

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As we walked through the forest, Professor Carrington showed us the characteristic plants and families found in this forest, as well as invasives. Dominant shrub families included Melastomataceae and Rubiaceae. Sansaveria was present as an invasive species taking over the herbaceous shrub layer. We also noticed another non-native intruder, Pandanus, which was planted (unsuccessfully) by the Environmental Agency to prevent land slippage, although not a native plant. Ethnobotanically and historically interesting plants we spotted included: Thunbergia fragrans. Professor Carrington noted that this is erroneously described, as it has no fragrance. Apparently, the herbarium specimen was originally pressed for Kew in a soap box and took on the container’s fragrance, causing the botanists at Kew to mistakenly believe it had a scent. I am hoping to find Kew’s herbarium specimen to test this anecdote…! Quarariba turbinata. This plant was the ethnobotanical star of the day’s trip. Known as the swizzle-stick tree and native to the Caribbean, the whorled arrangement of branches at a node mean that when cut, stripped of its bark and dried, it makes a great swizzle-stick for rum cocktails – used by islanders as a drinks whisk. Roystonia oleracea. The Cabbage Palm. Emergent 3rd canopy. The spent inflorescences of this palm are used as yard brooms. Aiphanes minima. The Macaw palm. Understory. Impressive black spikes used as toothpicks. Dolichandra unguis-cati.

Cat’s claw vine. Interesting leaflet adaptation into 3-pronged tendrils that hook onto the tree like small bird claws. Due to its vigorous climbing and spreading habit (reaching 30m), D. unguis-cati is considered invasive in many countries after being introduced as a garden ornamental, however it is native to the Caribbean.

Dieffenbachia seguine. Dumb cane. Grown for use in the processing of granulating sugar, this now popular house plant gained its name from the effect that the poisonous sap has on the throat; swelling and constriction leading to a loss of voice. It was fed to slaves as a punishment, and even chosen by some slaves as a method of suicide.

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Visiting Turner’s Hall Wood was an important lesson in what happens to natural resources without proper protection and conservation. It is heart-breaking to think how much of the island’s native habitat was lost during colonialization. It is also disappointing to see the introduction of non-native invasive species to this area, clearance for roads and a lack of proper protective enclosure fencing. However, Professor Carrington’s passion and knowledge were inspiring, and it was a great experience to botanise what we saw with his help. Clearly much more needs to be done in educating both tourists and locals on the native landscape, to realise that much of what we consider to be typical tropical species has been introduced, and that Barbados does not, in fact, have any true rainforest.

Thunbergia fragrans Dieffenbachia seguine

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Aiphanes minima Dolichandra unguis-cati

Roystonia oleracea inflorescence Quarariba turbinata

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Hunte’s Gardens – Thursday 21st June Hunte’s Gardens is the pride and joy of Anthony Hunte, who lives in the garden in converted stables. Now 76, Hunte bought the site in 1997, building the garden in just 2 years before opening to the public. Impressively, Mr Hunte maintains the garden to a high standard with just 1 full-time member of staff. The Hunte family originally came to Barbados in the 1630s as indentured servants, going on to manage sugar plantations including Balls Plantation, which is fittingly now the home of the Barbados Horticultural Society. Anthony Hunte first learnt how to garden from his grandmother as a teenager, growing plants for her church fair.

Hunte’s Gardens in Barbados represents for me the height of achievement on the Island in terms of ornamental tropical horticulture. The garden is densely planted, creating a fantasy tropical rainforest that is utterly unnatural and Disney-like in its colour and eccentricity. The planting schemes are very effective, creating a powerfully vibrant display in this unique bowl-

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shaped gully, formed from the collapse of a limestone cave. The steep sides of the gully have been landscaped to form a series of winding paths, terraces and planting beds that meander down to the garden floor with a set of lawns and undulating island beds.

“My garden has been my biggest challenge and I hope it will go on after I am long dead, because I took a really high rainfall area with a piece of land that was worth absolutely nothing and created a garden in it.”

Many of the terraces are planted into large hemispherical concrete planters, which themselves create a patterned, architectural backbone anchoring the planting in place yet making it appear to float down the gully sides. Hunte also uses the same planters to hold aquatic displays including beautiful miniature white water lilies. The large Roystonia oleracea palms in the centre of the garden provide a key architectural focal point to draw the eye upwards and to frame the views seen between their trunks.

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Densely planted into every nook and cranny, the overall design aesthetic relies on repetition of both species and colours to great effect. Hunte freely admits that the planting list is limited, and that he would like to incorporate more botanically interesting plants, but I think such repetition is a strong point of the design rather than a limitation; creating a bold, cohesive effect that leads the eye. I could imagine such structures as the concave concrete planters looking particularly effective in Kew’s Princess of Wales Conservatory.

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Walkers Reserve – Friday 22nd June “From sand mine to nature reserve” Walkers Reserve is a permaculture “nature reserve” being built as part of the end of life plan for a 50 year old working silica sand mine, and as such can be seen as an interesting example of post-colonial cultivation and habitat loss. Private ownership of the area has also protected a strip of coastline which is a leatherback turtle breeding area and coastal dune ecosystem. The site has been extensively surveyed, mapped and zoned for planting systems based on aspect/soil condition. Several zones are starting to look established, and 2 mining areas as large lakes and aquascaping the margins to maximise areas for birds and fish to shelter.

Permaculture planting on left, active sand mine on right.

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We looked in detail at an area designated to be a ‘heavily-producing mixed orchard system’: Wind and a predominantly sand substrate presented the first challenges to establishing an orchard. To overcome this, the area was landscaped to heighten the effect of planted windbreaks, and pioneer establishment planting was begun, to increase the organic matter content of the substrate. These plants were Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena spp., and Cajanus cajan. Fast growing species provide a large amount of material for chop and drop mulch, with legumes prioritised for their nitrogen fixing capacity. These plants will also provide shade and windbreaks, and the increased organic matter content in the substrate will overtime increase the water-holding capacity which is essential for fruit production. The planting is laid out in rows following the contours of the site, with alternate rows chop-and-dropped. After pioneer planting species have established, the orchard system plants will be brought in.

Pioneer planting establishing, with chop and drop grasses and Musa.

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The Walkers Reserve permaculture project presents an exciting agricultural, educational opportunity to set an example for future farming on Barbados, efficiently using space and extensively surveying the land to create growing systems that do not erode topsoil in the same way that conventional farming has done since colonial cultivation. However, the ecological side of the project seems comparatively vague and unclear. The much used “Nature reserve” term seems to focus on fauna at the expense of flora. The lake areas and increased vegetation are already providing habitat for migratory birds, but there seems to be little emphasis on planting native Barbados plants or attempting to regenerate ecological systems that are declining.

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Balls Plantation event – Saturday 23rd June The Barbados Horticultural Society hosted a plant fair at Balls Plantation, where Andromeda had a trade stand. We sold plants propagated at Andromeda and raised awareness amongst the Bajan gardening community of Andromeda and its new management – many locals haven’t been for years and are unaware of Sharon’s work to rejuvenate the garden. Plants sold include Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang), Plumeria species and the fruit of Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit), which many people bought to cook with. We also had on display some unusual fruits to advertise the diversity of Andromeda’s collections; seeds of Bixa orellana, a popular food dye known as Annatto or Achiote, which was introduced to the Caribbean by Spanish and Portuguese explorers in the 16th Century, and fruits from Barringtonia asiatica, which are an interesting box-heart shape and contain an ichthyotoxic poison used traditionally by Polynesian fishermen to stun/kill their catch for easier hunting. As a small island with a dominant colonial export history, Barbados still relies heavily on imports for most types of goods, so it wasn’t surprising to see that many vendors were selling imported plants. However, there were a handful of local nurseries who propagated on site also in attendance.

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Andromeda Botanic Gardens – 25th to 29th June

Iris Bannochie On farmland that had been in the family since 1740, the 6 acre Andromeda Gardens was established by multi-award winning Iris Bannochie (1914-1988) and her husband Dr Harry Bayley around her home in St Joseph in 1954. The garden contains plants from many other tropical and sub-tropical locations, either collected by Iris Bannochie herself, or given to her as gifts, including palms, ferns, heliconia, hibiscus, bougainvillea, begonias and cacti. Mrs Bannochie was the foremost horticulturist in Barbados and, in 1977, was awarded the prestigious Veitch Medal by the Royal Horticultural Society for her contribution to tropical horticulture. Winner of multiple gold medals at the famous Chelsea Flower Show, Ms Bannochie was also the recipient of the Silver Crown of Merit awarded by the Barbadian Government. She was a founding member of the Barbados National Trust and bequeathed Andromeda Gardens to the Trust in 1988. Iris’s presence can still be felt all over the garden, she even has a plant named after her; Heliconia stricta ‘Iris’.

The name Andromeda derives from the Goddess Andromeda who was chained to a rock in Greek mythology; the garden is built onto a rocky slope of exposed coral limestone bedrock close to the wild Bathsheba coast.

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The Gardens Today Today the garden is leased and managed by Sharon Cooke on behalf of the Barbados National

Trust. The garden winds itself down a hill slope, with many paths, terraces and water features,

including an Arum Garden, Heliconia Walk, Pollinator Garden, White Garden and Palm Grove.

Andromeda is both a pleasure garden and a botanic garden.

Sharon Cooke

Sharon has 1 full-time member of staff and a handful of temporary volunteers and international

students at any one time. In addition to managing the gardens, Sharon also runs the visitor

centre, shop, and an educational programme teaching design and practical horticulture

courses.

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Impressive Plants:

Heliconia mariae - Beefsteak Heliconia Cyrtostachys renda – Lipstick Palm

Couroupita guianensis – Cannonball Tree (L & R)

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Water Garden with Alocasia macrorrhizos and Nymphaea sp

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Solandra maxima – golden chalice vine Allamanda cathartica – trumpet vine

Leaf-imprinted steps Epiphyllum species – climbing orchid cactus

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Work Programme 25th June: Propagation

➢ Potting up a variety of plants and mixing the potting mix – half compost half sheep dugs. ➢ Mixing and applying liquid fertiliser made from Tithonia; a tropical alternative to

Comfrey tea!

26th June: Maintenance

➢ Weeding the beds 27th – 28th June: Redesigning the old fernery

➢ Working from a brief provided by Garden manager Sharon to redevelop a neglected area whilst hiding some unsafe steps and utilising the remaining concrete pillars which previously supported the fernery’s structure.

29th June: Grafting workshop

➢ Demonstration workshop from an external instructor for staff and students at the gardens. We practiced on Croton and Ixora.

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Redesigning the old Fernery We had two French landscape design students interning this week, so Sharon arranged a design project for all of us, which was a brilliant opportunity to practice my design training in readiness for the design projects on the Kew diploma, and contribute to the ongoing development of the gardens. Sharon trained in design in the UK at Inchbald School of Design, and now runs design courses for the public at Andromeda, so we were very grateful to be doing a project under her guidance. Each of us produced a design, and Sharon provided critical feedback for each. The location in need of redesign was the old fernery. All that remained of this were the supporting concrete pillars. These were to be incorporated into the new design, which should also block off the unstable stairs at the rear from public use. Plants could be selected from those already grown at Andromeda, which would be propagated for the final design. The site is a shady spot, receiving a couple of hours of morning sun before being shaded by the impressive Ficus citrifolia at the rear. It is bordered by planting beds, a wall and a footpath.

The old fernery, with unstable stairs to the rear. Visitor path out of frame to the left.

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The rest of Andromeda is intensely vibrant in colour, so to contrast I designed a space of calm and contemplation using a green palette. Here I took inspiration from the English garden Rousham, where William Kent combined evergreens, shade and water to create a beautiful space.

Rousham

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I spent time observing which plants were growing well in other shady areas of the garden before compiling the planting list; I used Tabernaemontana corymbosa to create the same feeling as the tea-like low laurel hedges at Rousham. T. corymbosa flowers all year round on Barbados with white flowers that stand out against the dark glossy foliage. I have placed two Leea guineense ’Burgundy’ within the T. corymbosa as specimen shrubs, multi stem and crown lifted. I linked the columns with trellis arches to create a room for contemplation, to be covered with Ficus pumila which very effectively creates green walls both at Andromeda and at Kew in the Princess of Wales Conservatory. I decided to keep the structure open with no roof, and to reinstate what was possibly an old pond in the centre, because the canopy of Ficus citrifolia overhead would reflect beautifully in still water. To add visual interest, I have placed pot displays under the arches, with the striking purple form of Crinum asiaticum var. procerum to continue the colour accent of the L. guineense. In keeping with both the evergreen palette and the structure’s previous function, I have mounted Asplenium nidus and other ferns around the interior walls of the green room.

Column & trellis cover: Ficus pumila Specimen multi-stem shrub: Leea guineense ‘Burgundy’ Shrub ground cover: Tabernaemontana corymbosa Pot displays: Crinum asiaticum var. Procerum, Adiantum tenerum Wall mounts: Asplenium nidus

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Tabernaemontana corymbosa Leea guineense ‘Burgundy’

Crinum asiaticum var. procerum Credit: www.davesgarden.com

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Grafting Workshop An external instructor came to Andromeda to lead a grafting workshop for the staff, volunteers and students. It was very interesting to compare to the temperate grafting workshop I participated in at RBG, Kew. Many of our slightly more complicated techniques such as whip-and-tongue are not used on the island, instead the simpler splice grafting is favoured. The instructor informed me that even in the commercial nurseries on the island, most plants are splice grafted. The tropical climate allows for grafting to be done all year round, and the % take is much higher as the growth rate is much faster in the tropics than in temperate conditions. Although we tightly wrapped the grafts with grafting tape to avoid excess moisture getting in, hygiene precautions such as wearing gloves were not considered necessary, again due to the high % take. We practiced on Hibiscus, Ixora and Codiaeum variegatum.

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Conclusion My time working at Andromeda Botanic Gardens and visiting the other fantastic gardens and natural resources on the island was an invaluable and unique learning experience as a horticulture student. I discovered the negative impact to the soil and natural ecosystems caused by colonial agriculture and conservation mismanagement. I witnessed the benefits of alternative methods of cultivation that are more sustainable and sympathetic to nature. I observed key design elements that are most effective in ornamental tropical display. I found out how to grow organically in tropical climates. I learnt how to design a tropical garden, using a range of plants that I was previously unaware of or much less confident using. I honed my knowledge of grafting techniques, practising on a greater range of species. Finally, I forged inspiring professional connections with knowledgeable horticulturists.

Future plans I look forward to using the knowledge and experience gained during my travel scholarship trip to Barbados as I embark on my next horticultural adventure; the Kew Diploma. During my glass placements in tropical areas, I will look for opportunities to implement what I have learnt in Barbados and to help make next year’s Orchid festival display stronger than ever.

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Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Merlin Trust for significantly supporting my Kew student travel scholarship. Without such funding the trip would have been impossible, and I am grateful for the work that the Merlin Trust team and committee do to support young horticulturists taking up unique learning opportunities such as my scholarship to Barbados. Thanks go to RBG, Kew for providing the opportunity to take a student travel scholarship during my studies, and for providing support and advice in advance of my trip. I would like to thank Sharon Cooke, managing director of Andromeda Botanic Gardens, for putting together a great itinerary and being so generous with her time and knowledge during my stay. Thanks go to Judith, Professor Carrington, Anthony, Kristine, Mahmood, Erle and Shae for their time showing me the gardens and forests of Barbados, and for sharing so much of their local knowledge that has contributed to this report.

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References Broome, R, Sabir, K, Carrington, S. (2007) "Plants of the Eastern Caribbean". http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html Carrington, S. (2007) Wild Plants of Barbados. Oxford: Macmillan Caribbean. Carrington, S. (1998) Wild Plants of the Eastern Caribbean. London: Macmillan Education. Hudson, C., Carrington, S. (ed.) (2011) Preserving Paradise. A series of lectures to commemorate the life & work of the late Dr Colin Hudson. St. Michael, Barbados: The Barbados Museum & Historical Society. UNESCO description of the Scotland District. https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1993/ Walkers Reserve permaculture orchard pattern. http://walkersreserve.com/permaculture-orchard-pattern/ All photographs are my own unless otherwise credited.

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Costs

London Victoria to Gatwick Return* £32.40

Flights* £819.76

Accommodation* (BBD $1300) £506.18

Car Rental* (USD $494.64) £385.77

Subsistence £458.00

Total Spent £2202.11

RHS Coke Trust Award £1000

Merlin Trust Award £1000

Personal Contribution £202.11

*See Appendix 3 for invoice receipts

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Appendix 1: Excerpt from Andromeda Botanic Gardens Planting List

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Appendix 2: Hunte’s Gardens Points of Interest and Plant List

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Appendix 3: Invoice Receipts London Victoria / Gatwick Airport return train:

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Flights:

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Accommodation:

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Accommodation:

E. E. Cooke New Castle St John Barbados

Amy Newsome a.newsome@kew.org

26th June 2018

Re: Rental Apartment, New Castle, St John, Barbados

Received the sum of BD$500.00 for period 26th June – 1st July 2018. Sharon Cooke pp Elenora Cooke

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Car Hire: