roy haines-young, centre for environmental management, school of geography, university of nottingham...
TRANSCRIPT
Roy Haines-Young,Centre for Environmental Management,School of Geography,University of [email protected]
A system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are (as far as we know) essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes falsely, that the economic parts of the biological clock will function without the uneconomic parts.
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Thinking about ecosystem services in the context of urban systems is a fundamental challenge for the future. Already most of us are urban dwellers…
▪ Majority of projected population growth is expected to occur in cities
▪ Worldwide 1.75 billion new urban residents are expected by 2030, most concentrated around fairly small cities in developing countries (UNPD, 2005).
▪ At global scales the impact of land use change on biodiversity by 2100 is likely to be more significant than climate change, nitrogen deposition, species introductions and changing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (Chapman et al. 2007; Sala et al. 2000)
Implications for ecosystem services….3
Ecosystem services are the outputs of ecosystem functioning that directly contribute to human well-being….
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Biophysical structure or
process(e.g. woodland habitat or net
primary productivity )
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)Σ Pressures
Limit pressures via policy action?
Biophysical structure or
process(e.g. woodland habitat or net
primary productivity )
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)
Biophysical structure or
process(e.g. woodland habitat or net
primary productivity )
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)Σ Pressures
Limit pressures via policy action?
5
Ecosystem services are the outputs of ecosystem functioning that directly contribute to human well-being….
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Biophysical structure or
process(e.g. woodland habitat or net
primary productivity )
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)Σ Pressures
Limit pressures via policy action?
Biophysical structure or
process(e.g. woodland habitat or net
primary productivity )
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)
Biophysical structure or
process(e.g. woodland habitat or net
primary productivity )
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)Σ Pressures
Limit pressures via policy action?
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Biophysical structure or
process(e.g. woodland habitat or net
primary productivity )
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)Σ Pressures
Limit pressures via policy action?
Biophysical structure or
process(e.g. woodland habitat or net
primary productivity )
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)
Biophysical structure or
process(e.g. woodland habitat or net
primary productivity )
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Service(e.g. flood
protection, or harvestable products)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Function(e.g. slow
passage of water, or biomass)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)
Benefit (Value)(e.g. willingness to pay for woodland protection or for
more woodland, or harvestable products)Σ Pressures
Limit pressures via policy action?
Or are outputs dependent on the abotic, urban fabric count too?
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Luck et al. (2009) BioScience 59: 223–235
Service providing units (SPUs) & Ecosystem Service Providers (ESP)
9Luck et al. (2009) BioScience 59: 223–235
E.g. Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) in oak forest in the National Urban Park of Stockholm, Sweden
E.g. Pest control….and some regulation services?
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L: Diffuse pollution load
IncreasingStableDeclining
20.040.040.0
0.2 ± 0.75
K: Drainage management
New drainageNo changeRestoration
050.050.0
1.25 ± 0.75
G: Temperature increase (+ baseline)
0 to 0.50.5 to 11 to 22 to 2.52.5 to 3
30.040.020.09.00 1.0
0.905 ± 0.66
B: Carbon balance for peat (t/ha/yr)
IncreasingStableDecreasing
41.141.617.4
0.119 ± 0.36
A: Peat decomposition
highmoderatelow
65.111.623.3
3.5 ± 3.6
D: Peat_formation
ActiveInactive
92.27.81
4.72 ± 3.8
E: Habitat type
HeathlandMireAcid grasslandWoodlandImproved grasslandArable
0 100 0 0 0 0
2
R: Water table
RisingStableDropping
24.041.035.0
0.147 ± 1.8
Q: Decomposition Type
Newly aerobicTypically anerobicAnerobic
029.870.2
0.298 ± 0.46
F: Rainfall amount
IncreaseStableDecrease
30.060.010.0
0.2 ± 0.6
M: Liming
DoneNot done
0 100
-1
J: Grazing
HeavyLightNone
20.060.020.0
0.5 ± 0.77
H: Burning
NoneManagedWildfire
50.050.0 0
0.25 ± 0.25
V: Carbon Offset Value (£/ha/yr)
Value 10.8811
Ecological Structure or ProcessEcological Funcion or CapacityServiceBenefit
Driver (direct and indirect)
S: NO2-Emissions N: CH4-Emissions
C: Summer drought
likelyunlikely
60.040.0
1.2 ± 0.98
Bayesian Belief NetworkBayesian Belief Network
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L: Diffuse pollution load
IncreasingStableDeclining
20.040.040.0
0.2 ± 0.75
K: Drainage management
New drainageNo changeRestoration
050.050.0
1.25 ± 0.75
G: Temperature increase (+ baseline)
0 to 0.50.5 to 11 to 22 to 2.52.5 to 3
30.040.020.09.00 1.0
0.905 ± 0.66
B: Carbon balance for peat (t/ha/yr)
IncreasingStableDecreasing
28.335.636.1
-0.0392 ± 0.4
A: Peat decomposition
highmoderatelow
75.812.112.1
4.28 ± 3.2
D: Peat_formation
ActiveInactive
58.441.6
1.34 ± 5.7
E: Habitat type
HeathlandMireAcid grasslandWoodlandImproved grasslandArable
0 0
100 0 0 0
1
R: Water table
RisingStableDropping
24.041.035.0
0.147 ± 1.8
Q: Decomposition Type
Newly aerobicTypically anerobicAnerobic
36.031.432.7
1.03 ± 0.83
F: Rainfall amount
IncreaseStableDecrease
30.060.010.0
0.2 ± 0.6
M: Liming
DoneNot done
0 100
-1
J: Grazing
HeavyLightNone
20.060.020.0
0.5 ± 0.77
H: Burning
NoneManagedWildfire
50.050.0 0
0.25 ± 0.25
V: Carbon Offset Value (£/ha/yr)
Value -3.5990
Ecological Structure or ProcessEcological Funcion or CapacityServiceBenefit
Driver (direct and indirect)
S: NO2-Emissions N: CH4-Emissions
C: Summer drought
likelyunlikely
60.040.0
1.2 ± 0.98
Bayesian Belief NetworkBayesian Belief Network
Ecosystem services are the outputs of ecosystem functioning that directly contribute to human well-being…. Are we dealing with ecosystem services OR environmental services? AND are we dealing with only those services generated by urban
systems and those on which they depend or affect?
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The Urban Funnel Model (Luck et al. 2001)
‘The net flow of ecosystem services is invariably into rather than out of urban systems…. ’ (MA, 2005, Ch27)
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• Is the value of services supplied to urban systems fully recognised? What are the limits of supply?
• What can be done within urban areas to manage demand sustainably? What kinds of service can urban systems generate?
• How can we minimise the ‘dis-benefits’ flowing from urban systems and maximise the benefits
Is the value of services supplied to urban systems fully recognised? What are the limits of supply? Market vs non-market goods ‘PES’ schemes & creating markets for
environmental services Investment in public goods….
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What can be done within urban areas to manage demand sustainably? What kinds of service can urban systems generate? Exploitation and design of urban
structures and processes Retro-fitting urban areas to help manage
consumption and impacts ‘Decoupling’ and ‘reconnecting’ Understandings of place and locality…
and their hinterlands!15
How can we minimise the ‘dis-benefits’ flowing from urban systems and maximise the benefits Urban expansion
▪ 8% of terrestrial vertebrate species on the IUCN Red List are threatened by urban development (McDonald et al. 2008).
Managing ‘downstream’ effects by planning and design (e.g. Jansson & Colding, 2008)
Cities as net exporters of ecosystem services?
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In 1946 the economist Sir John Hicks defined (true or sustainable) income as the amount a person can consume over a given period and still be as well off at the end of that period as at the beginning….
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Human made capital
Natural capital
Benefit flowsBenefit flowsR
Benefit flowsBenefit flows
R
R
R
.. And so our planning system must take account of the reinvestment we need to sustain that natural
capital
A system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are (as far as we know) essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes falsely, that the economic parts of the biological clock will function without the uneconomic parts.
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