Министерство профессионального образования,

подготовки и расстановки кадров Республики Саха (Якутия)

ГАПОУ РС (Я) « Южно – Якутский технологический колледж »

Учебно – методическое пособие

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS OF CIVIL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Для специальностей:

270802 «Строительство и эксплуатация зданий и сооружений»270802.13 «Мастер жилищно – коммунального хозяйства»270802.10 «Мастер отделочных строительных работ»

Составитель: Жукова Н.Б.,

преподаватель английского языка АУ РС (Я) «ЮЯТК»,

высшая квалификационная категория

Нерюнгри, 2014

Рассмотрено:Предметно цикловой комиссией«Гуманитарных дисциплин» Утверждено на заседании Научно – методическом совета колледжа 30.01.2014 г. Протокол №4

Автор:

Жукова Наталья Борисовна, преподаватель иностранных языков АУ РС (Я) «ЮЯТК», высшая квалификационная категория

Рецензенты:

Веселова В.В., кандидат философских наук, доцент кафедры социальных наук ТИ (ф) СВФУ им. М.К.Аммосова, г.Нерюнгри

Касьянова Л.Ф., преподаватель АУ РС (Я) «ЮЯТК», высшая квалификационная категори

Unit 1 Human Dwellings

Text 1:From the History of Human Dwelling

Из истории человеческого жилья

I.Прочитайте следующие слова:

[ ] – within, weather, themselves, them

[ ] – wall

[ ] – building

[ ] – large, branch

[ ] – purpose

[ ] – wild

[ ] – other

[ ] – branch, chose, picture, structure, chief

[ ] – civilization, ancient

II. Чтение и устная речь

Прочитайте текст и письменно ответьте на поставленные вопросы

Fromthehistoryofhumandwellings

1) Where did primitive people look for protection?

Most of the time of a modern man is spent within the walls of some building. Houses are built for dwelling; large building are constructed for industrial purposes; theatres, museums, public and scientific institutions are built for cultural activities of the people.

The purposes of modern buildings differ widely, but all of them originate from the efforts of primitive (первобытный) men to protect themselves from stormy weather, wild enemies and human enemies. Protection was looked for everywhere. In prehistoric times men looked for protection under the branches of trees; some covered themselves with skins of animals to protect themselves from cold and rain; others settled in caves (пещеры).

2) What are the earliest types of human dwellings?

When the Ice Age had passed, Europe remained very cold, at least in winter, and so the people of the Old Stone Age had to find some warm and dry place to shelter from bad weather. They chose caves, dwelling places that storm and cold could not destroy. On the walls of their caves ancient people painted pictures. Such decorated caves are found in Europe, Asia and Africa.

When man began to build a home for himself, caves were imitated in Stone structures, these were taken as a model for huts built o branches; skins were raised on poles and formed tens.

3) Why were the houses in town higher than in the country?

In the days of early civilization, once men had learnt how to build Simple houses for their families, they began to feel a need to have a number of different kinds of houses in one place. At first the difference was mainly in size-the chief or leader had a larger hut or tent than the rest of the people. Much later, when men began to build towns, there grew up a difference between town houses and country houses. The streets in towns were very narrow and there was not much place for building within the town walls, and therefore houses had to be built higher than they were in the country. A typical town house consisted of a shop opening on the

street where the man did his work or sold his goods, with a kitchen behind and a bedroom above.

4) What were the houses in ancient Egypt built of?

In the country ordinary people lived in simple one-storey cottages, which did not differ much from the mud and stone huts earlier age. The rich people in the country, on the other hand, built huge castles with thick walls and narrow windows. These castles were built not only as dwellings, but also to stand up to enemy attack and to be strong bases in time of war. The earliest houses of which anything is known are those of ancient Egypt. They were built of bricks dried in the sun. Some of them were built around a courtyard or garden with rooms opening into it.

5) How did the light come into early English houses?

Greek houses, too, had a courtyard in the middle and round their courtyard ran a covered walk (аллея), its ceiling supported by pillars. There were special women’s quarters, usually upstairs on the second storey. In Rome bricks were used for building, and houses were often finished with plaster over bricks on both inside and outside walls. The centre of family life was a garden-courtyard, surrounded by columns and with rooms opening out into it. The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of wood or wicker basket work (плетение из прутьев) plastered over with clay. In the centre of the house was the hearth (очаг) and light came in through the hole in the roof above it and through the door because there were no windows.

Pre-text exercises:

1. Изучите слова к тексту:

Verbs (глаголы)

build (built, built) – строить

construct, erect

originate from – происходить

protect – защищать

cover – закрывать

settle – поселятся

choose (chose, chosen) – выбирать

find (found, found) – искать

serve – служить

differ – отличаться

surround – окружать

Adjectives and Adverbs

(Прилагательные и наречия)

ancient – древний

modern – совершенный

warm – теплый

dry – сухой

simple – простой

mainly – главным образом

narrow – узкий

high – высокий

behind – позади

above – наверху

huge – огромный

thick – толстый

dried – высушенный

around – вокруг

Nouns (существительные)

building – строение, здание

house – дом

dwelling – жилище, жилье, проживание

theatre – театр

purpose – цель

branch – ветвь

cave – пещера

hut – хижина

pole – шест

tent – палатка

kind – вид

country – сельский, деревенский

storey – этаж

courtyard – двор

brick – кирпич

plaster – штукатурка

root – крыша

wall – стена

stone – камень

shop – цех

2. Переведите предложения

1) Most of the modern man is spent within the walls of some building.

2) Houses are built for dwelling, large buildings are constructed for industrial purposes, theatres and museums are built for cultural activities of the people.

3) Protection was looked for everywhere (look for-искать).

4) Such decorated caves are found in Europe, Asia and Africa.

5) When man began (begin-начинать) to build a home for himself, caves were imitated (imitate-представлять)in stone structures, trees were taken (take-брать) as a model for huts built of branches; skins were raised (raise-поднимать) on poles and formed tents.

6) Castles (замки) were built to stand up (противостоять) to enemy attract and to be strong bases in war time.

7) In Rome bricks were used (use-использовать) for building, and houses were often finished (finish-отделывать)with plaster over bricks.

After-text exercise

3. Закончите предложения и переведите их

1) Houses are built for…2) The purpose of any building is…3) Primitive men looked for protection…4) On the walls of their caves ancient man…5) When men began to build towns, these grew up…6) A typical town house consisted of…7) These castles were built not only as…8) Some Egyptian houses were built around…9) Greek houses had…

10) The earliest houses in Britain were…

Сделайте письменный перевод, пользуясь общим англо-русским словарем:

The New District

There is a broad straight avenue from the House of Culture to the district centre. Beyond the avenue there is a big park. There is a beautiful lake in the park. On the central square of the district there is a wide – screen cinema, a hotel, a department store, dressmaking and tailoring establishments, cafes and a metro station. That is in short what the new district looks like.

Text 2: History of the Houses

History of the houses can be divided into some stages, such as primitive houses, Egypt period, Greek period, Roman period, etc.

First people lived in caves, tents, huts or earthen houses. Basic building materials were wood and stone.

An important peculiarity of Egyptian houses was a flat roof. Egyptians built many monuments, sphinxes, pyramids and columns. Construction required many workers, large expenses and a lot of time.

Greek improved Egypt’s architecture. The roofs of their houses were slanting.

Romans made architecture more various and beautiful. They decorated their houses improving columns and arches.

In the Middle Ages in Europe many castled and fortresses were built. They defended population from enemy.

Парфенон

Egyptian pyramidsThere were many different styles or kinds of architecture in the

past and there are many different styles today in various parts of the world.

The older monuments which are met within architecture are the colossal pyramids of Egypt most of which were constructed about 6000 years ago.

The pyramids are large triangular buildings which were placed over the tombs of Egyptian kinds. The pyramids tell us about the advanced civilization of ancient Egypt which is much spoken about even in our days.

It was a country which had expert mathematicians and engineers, where astronomy and philosophy were known and studied.

The country was rich in hard and durable stone, but poor in timber and metal, so that the main material used for construction was granite, and this was the reason for the durability of the pyramids.

Large blocks of stone were transported over long distances by land and water, and placed into position with the help of the most primitive equipment. That was done by slaves working for thirty or forty years. All this great amount of work was done, masses of material and a large territory sometimes of about 52000 square meters were used only for protecting the body of a dead king and constructing a dwelling place for his happy life in the «other world».

RomeThe Romans took nearly all the architectural ideas and

decorative motifs of Greek buildings.As builders and creators of great

arches and domes, the Romans developed their own distinctive style. As constructional engineers they surpassed the Greeks.

Greek domestic architecture was based on the simples: a square room with a fireplace in the middle, a smaller undecorated structure in front, a colonnaded courtyard leading off to rooms without windows.

Roman architects had a considerable range of building types to erect: temples, huge meeting halls, theatres, palaces, aqueducts and baths. The arch was the universal motif used for the most insignificant

doorway and for great triumphal arches commemorating major political events alike.

In Roman times, any large-scale public building – public concourse, covered market or warehouse was called a basilica. Today the work is used only for a certain kind of church, the interior of which is split into three of five naves with rows of supporting columns. The side naves are always lower than the main central ones.

Text 3: Ancient Wonders of the World

Кроме мифов, как необъясненных, так и научно доказанных, в мире есть много чудес, сотворенных человеком. Прочитайте о некоторых из них и скажите, считаете ли вы их действительно чудесами или нет.

The Great Pyramids is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World that still stands. It was built at the order of the Pharaoh Cheops who once ruled Egypt. More than 100,000 slaves laboured for twenty years to build it. They hadno machines, not even carts - all the work was done by human strength alone. Yet

each huge block was so well laid that the Pyramid has stood for 5,000 years. Near the Great Pyramid in Egypt stands a huge sculptured rock called the Sphynx. The face is that of man, perhaps the Pharaoh Khafre who had built it almost 5,000 years ago. But the body is that of a

lion, and between its great stone paws is a smalltemple. Since no one knows exactly why the Sphynx was built, it remains a symbol of mystery - a riddle.

In Babylon, one of the great cities of the Ancient World, there was a famous garden which amazed visitors for hundreds of years. It was called the Hanging Gardens, because it was built along arches and towers and looked like a wall of flowers and green shrubs. The garden was kept alive by a hidden pool on the highest terrace, from which the water was drawn to appear in a series of fountains. The gardens were built by King Nebuchodnozzor, who is mentioned in the Bible as the cruel conqueror of Jerusalem.

The greatest god of the ancient Greeks was Zeus, whom the Romans called Jupiter. The greatest statue of Zeus was at Olympia, where the famous Olympic Games were held in its honour. The statue was 40 feet high - about seven times a man's hight- and was made of marble, decorated with pure gold and ivory. After 1,000 years, an earthquake tumbled it down.

Notes:1. pyramid - пирамида; 2. pharaoh - фараон; 3. Cheops -

Хеопс; 4. to rule Egypt управлятьЕгиптом; 5. slave-раб; 6. cart - повозка; 7. huge -огромный;

8. Khafre - Хафре; 9. paw - л а п а ;10. temple - храм; 11. Babylon-Вавилон; 12.Hanging Gardens –висячиесады; 13.arch - арка; 14. shrub - куст; 15. hidden pool –скрытыйбассейн; 16. to draw (drew, drawn)—тащить, протянуть;17. Nebuchodnozzor — Навуходоноссор; 18.The Bible - Библия; 19.cruel conqueror –жестокийзавоеватель; 20. Jerusalem-Иерусалим; 21.God - бог; 22.Zeus - Зевс; 23.the Romans - римляне; 24.Jupiter - Юпитер; 25.inhonour - в честь; 26.marble - мрамор; 27. pure - чистый; 28. ivory–слоноваякость; 29. earthquake - землетрясение; 30. to tumble down – разрушать

Text: Ancient Wonders of the World

The temple of Artemis is one of the most famous temples of the ancient world. It stood for 600 years in Ephesus, a great city of Syria. The temple was sacred to Artemis, also called Diana,

goddess of the moon. The finest sculptors and painters of Greece decorated this beautiful building, which was destroyed by the barbaric Goths. Only a few pieces of statues and columns remained. They were dug up by modern scientists.

Few remember the tiny kingdom of Caria, which once flourished in what is now southwestern Turkey. But the name of its king, Mausolus, is known because of the word "mausoleum" - a massive tomb. The original Mausoleum, built in memory

of this king by his widow, Queen Artemisia, was so magnificent that it was one of the Wonders of the Ancient World.

Rhodes, an island near Greece, was one of the richest and busiest towns of the ancient world. Standing across the entrance to its big harbour, was a huge statue of the sun god Helios, famous as the Colossus of Rhodes. Although ships sailed beneath these giant feet, the Colossus was not as large as the American Statue of Liberty.

The most famous lighthouse in ancient times was the Pharos of Alexandria built by Alexander the Great. It guarded the harbour of Alexandria, in Egypt, and light from a high tower could be seen for sixty

miles. To keep the beacon shining, the light-house keepers had to feed a bright fire unceasingly, for the powerful electric lamps behind glass lenses used in our lighthouses were not yet invented.

Notes:1. Artemis - Артемида; 2. Ephesus- Эфес; 3. Syria - Сирия;4.

to be sacred to –бытьпосвященным, построенным в честького-л.; 5. goddess - богиня; 6. to destroy - разрушать; 7. barbaric - варварский; 8. Goths - готы; 9.to dig (dug,dug) - копать; 10. tiny- крошечный; 11. Caria- Кария; 12.to flourish - цвести;13.Mausolus - Мавзол (имя)-14. tomb - могила,

гробница; 15. Mausoleum -мавзолей (видгробницы)', 16.Queen Artemisia –королеваАртемизия; 17 .entrance - вход; 18. harbour-гавань; 19.Helios -Гелиос (богСолнца) 20.the Colossus of Rhodes –Родосскийколосс; 21. beneath -под;22. lighthouse - маяк; 23. the Pharos of Alexandria –Александрийскиймаяк; 23. to guard - охранять, сторожить; 24. to keep the beacon shining –чтобымаяк (сигнальныйогонь) горел; 25. to feed - зд. подбрасыватьтопливо в огонь; 26. unceasingly - непрерывно; 27. lenses -линзы; 28. to invent - изобретать

After-texttasks

1. В древние времена упоминали 7 чудес света. Прочитайте список и найдите «чудо», о котором не упоминается в тексте:The Pyramids, the Gardens of Babylon, the Temple of Artemis, the Statue of Zeus of Olympia, the Mausoleum, the Colossus of Rhodes, the Pharos of Alexandria, the Sphynx. Что Вы знаете о нем?

2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя текст:

1. Why was the greatest statue of Zeus destroyed?

2. Who was the Artemis destroyed by?

3. Where did the word “mausoleum” originate from?

4. What do you thing is larger: the Colossus of Rhodes or the Statue of Liberty ?

5. How far was the light of the Pharos seen?

3. Скажите, какое из чудес поразило Вас больше всего. Объясните почему.

4. В мире осталось несколько древнейших чудес. Найдите в интернете информацию о них и подготовьте устное сообщение.

WhatWasthe Probable Origin of Some English Towns?

Text 4: From the history of towns and cities in England

Прочитайте текст и расскажите об истории появления первых городов в Англии.

The origins of towns and cities differ according to race and place. Man, in the early days of history, lived his life with his family, he protected his wife and children, he hunted for food, and attacked the enemy. When a young man got married, he carried his wife away to another cave or shelter, and there established a home. As people become more civilized and understood the art of living better, collections of houses grew up in one spot and the communal life of a town began.

To the Greek the city was his homeland; he spoke with pride of the town which was his birthplace. He built house and temples there, which were full of grace and beauty.

The Romans, too, more than any other people, prized their city, and to be a citizen of Rome was to be honored amongst men. When the Romans came to Britain, they found it a land of forests and swamps. In order to move their troops about rapidly, they made roads and camps for soldiers constructed them at road junctions. These sites of old Roman camps became centers of trade, and today still exist as towns and cities.

After the Romans’ departure (in 410 B. C.), the Anglo – Saxons swept over the country and destroyed almost all the civilization which Romans established. They disliked to live in

towns; they lived in small agricultural villages and built houses mainly of wood.

When the English became Christians, they built monasteries and abbeys in different parts of the country. In time these holy buildings became centers of trade, and towns grew up around them. Then the English had to fight the Danes who came over to harry the English. Alfred the Great ordered each county of England to fortify one place as a city of refuge and a center against attack. The English borough of today has its origin in these old fortified places.

Round the large manor houses, however, many towns began to flourish. The Normans built castles inside old boroughs. Towns sprang up round other Norman castles.

Notes:1.было почетным среди людей – to be honoured amongst

men2.перекресток – roadjunctions3.дом феодала – manor

Pre – textexercises

1. Изучите слова к тексту:according to – согласноabbey – аббатствоagainst – противaround – вокругart – искусствоas – как, в качествеbe fond of – любитьbuild = construct – строитьbuilding – зданиеborough – небольшой городcarry away – увозитьcave – пещера

castle – крепостьdepart – уходитьdestroy – разрушатьdiffer – отличатьсяestablish – устраиватьflourish – процветатьfortify – укреплятьgrowup – расти, вырастатьharry – разорять, опустошатьhome – домinside – внутри mainly – главным образомorder – приказыватьorigin – происхождениеprize – хвалитьprotect – защищатьrefuge – убежищеroad – дорогаshelter – укрытиеspot = place – местоspringup – появляться, возникатьtemple – храмvillage – деревня

2.Grammar “TheSimplePast”

Объясните следующие символы:

Ved / V2

Didnot + V1

Did…. V1…?

Найдите в словаре первоначальную форму следующих глаголов и переведите их:

lived builtgot grew upattacked camebecome orderedunderstood sprang upbegan spokecarried werefound harriedwas swept

After – textexercises

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя текст;1. Do the origins of towns and cities differ, and if they do,

according to what?2. Were woman and children protected by man in the early

days of history?3. What did a man usually do when he got married?4. How did communal life begin?5. What did the Greek understand by the word “city” ?6. What was a “ citizen of Rome” to a Roman?7. Why did the Romans have to build roads and where did they

build them?8. What did these sites soon become?9. When did the Romans leave England?10. Did the Anglo – Saxons like living in towns?11. Where did they usually live?12. When were monasteries and abbeys built?13. Did the English have to fight with the Danes?14. Under what king was each county of England ordered to

fortify one place as a city of refuge?15. Did the Normans build castles inside old boroughs?16. Where did towns spring up?

4. Перескажите текст, используя следующий план:

1. Early homes of man (cave, shelter)2. The Greeks (cities and towns, houses and temples full of

grace and beauty)3. The Romans (roads, camps for soldiers, became centers of

trade…)4. The Anglo – Saxons (destroyed, lived in villages, houses

built of wood)5. The Danes (fortified places: refuges and centers against

attacks, boroughs)6. The Normans ( lived in villages, built castles).

5. Напишите сочинение об истории возникновения вашего города

Text 5:EgyptianPyramids

Прочитайте текст и выскажите свое мнение по содержанию. Если вы согласны или не согласны с автором, подтвердите свою точку зрения.

Architecture is the art which makes buildings beautiful to look at as well as useful. A man who designs (проектировать) buildings and makes the plans for them is called an architect. He has to think not only of what he want the building to look like when it is finished, but also what it is to be used for. He must not forget the sort of material to be used in the building. This may be stone, brick, wood or steel and concrete.

There have been many different styles or kinds of architecture in the past and there are many different styles today in different parts of the world.

The oldest monuments which are met within architecture are the colossal pyramids of Egypt most of which were constructed about 6,000 years ago.

The pyramids are large triangular (треугольный) buildings which were placed over the tombs (могилы) of Egyptian kings. The best known of the pyramids are a group of these built at Giza southward of Cairo. The largest of them is 482 feet high. They tell us of the advanced civilization of ancient Egypt which is much spoken about even in our days.

It was a country which had expert mathematicians and engineers, where astronomy and philosophy were known and studied.

The country was rich in hard and durable (прочный) stone, but poor in timber and metal, so that the main material used for construction was granite, and this is the reason for the durability of the pyramids.

Large blocks of stone were transported over long distances by land and water, placed into position with the help of the most primitive equipment. That was done by slaves (рабы) working for thirty or forty years. All this great amount of work was done, masses of material and a large territory sometimes of about 52,000 square meters were used only for protecting the body of a dead king and constructing a dwelling place for his happy life in the “other world”.

Text 6: Stones of Pyramids

Прочитайте текст и кратко письменно передайте его содержание.

Egyptian pyramids are huge structures which are almost 4.600 years old. The Pyramid of Cheops, for example, consists of 2.300.000 stones. Each of the stones weighs about 2.5 tones.

According to the usual explanation large blocks of stone were cut in the mountains and then transported with the help of the most primitive equipment. So about 100 thousand people had to take part in the construction.

But the experiments of one of the research institutes show that the stone of pyramids were not transported to the construction site. Twelve years of research in the field of chemistry and archeology have given quite a definite answer. The stones of pyramids were made synthetically. Egyptians produced some special solution. Later they mixed it with one of the minerals. It took them several hours to transform this mixture into very hard rock. This rock was produced just on the construction site and so there was no need of transporting heavy stones.

Now scientists and engineers know how to produce hard materials synthetically. At present similar materials are used in industry. The synthetic rock looks like limestone granite or any other rock.

The Egyptians had a great knowledge of mathematics and chemistry and they could know this technique. The necessary minerals could be found everywhere. Only the use of this technique can explain some strange facts. First of all, the presence of huge monolithic stones inside the pyramids which are too large for the entrance door and the presence of a human hair which is 21 cm long inside one of the stones.

Unit 2 Places of Interest

Text 1: Cities, Towns,Villages. PlacesofInterest

Большие и малые города, села и деревни.

Достопримечательности городов.

1. Прочитайте слова по транскрипции

[ ] house, town, about

[ ] building

[ ] club, other, front, bus, another

[ ] other, together, their, there, either

[ ] [ ] city, cars,

cities, can, motor – cycle

[ ] cycle, bicycle,

either, drive

[ ] few,

communication

2. Прочитайте

текст, выпишите из

текста и переведите предложения со словами:building,

house, city, town, village, street, pavement, road, means of

communication, either… or…

CitiesTowns Villages

Houses are buildings. Schools and clubs are buildings, too. A

shop is a building or a part of a building. When there are many

houses and other buildings together, they make a town. A city is a

very big town. When there are few houses and other buildings

together, they make a village.

Cities, towns and villages have names. Moscow, St.

Petersburg, Kiev, Minsk, London, Cambridge, Oxford, etc. are the

names of cities. Cities, towns and villages have streets between

their buildings, that is, the buildings are on each side of streets. On

each side of the

street, in front of

the buildings

there is a

pavement.

Between the

pavements there

is the road.

People walk on

the pavements, buses

and cars drive on the

roads.

We can get from one

place to another by

different means of

communication. We can

go by train, by airplane

(or plane), by ship, by

bus, by car, etc.

How can we get from Moscow to Vladivostok? We can get

there either by train or by airplane. If we go by train it takes us

about seven days.If we go by airplane it takes us about 12 hours

only.

How can we get to the nearest town? We can get there either

by bus or train.

How can we get from one village to another? We usually use a

bicycle, a motor – cycle or a bus to get from one village to

another.

3.Sightseeing

Прочитайте диалоги и составьте свои собственные по

аналогии

Wordsandexpressions:

sightseeing– осмотр достопримечательностей

togosightseeing – осматривать достопримечательности

placesofinterest – достопримечательности

getoff – выходить

theBolshoitheatre – Большой театр

farfromhere- далеко от сюда

to turn on the right – свернуть направо

notatall – Не стоит благодарности

Dialogue 1

Sightseeing

A: I am in Moscow for the first time and I want to go

sightseeing.

So, where shall I go first?

B: It`s really very difficult to say. There are so many places of

interest here. I advise you first of all to visit the Kremlin on Red

Square. Take trolley - bus 2 and get off in the center of Moscow at

Revolution Square.

A: Thank you very much.

Dialogue 2

A: Я приехал в Лондон впервые, и мне хочется осмотреть

достопримечательности этого города.

B: Лондон – большой и красивый город. Это один из

самых больших городов Европы (Europe). Трудно сказать,

куда пойти, прежде всего. Я советую вам посетить

Британский музей (Britishmuseum) и Вестминстерский дворец

(WestminsterPalace) и побывать на Трафальгарской

(Trafalgarsquare) площади.

А: Благодарю вас.

Dialogue 3

А: Простите, не можете ли вы сказать мне, как пройти к

Большому театру? Это далеко?

Б: Нет, не далеко. Идите до Красной площади и затем

сверните направо

А: Благодарю вас.

Б: Не стоит благодарности.

No Time For Sightseeing

A farmer; who went to a large city to see the places of interest,

engaged (снял) a room at hotel. Before going sightseeing he asked

the clerk about the hours for meals.

“ We have breakfast from 7 to 11, dinner from 12 to 3 and

supper from 6 to 8,” said the clerk.

“Look here,” (послушайте) said the farmer in surprise? “But

at what time am I going to see the town?”

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Who went to a large city to see the places of interest? 2.

What did the farmer engage? 3. What did he ask the clerk before

going sightseeing? 4. What did the clerk answer? 5. What did the

farmer say in surprise?

Text 2: Manezh

Прочитайте текст «Манеж», выпишите из текста и

переведите предложения, описывающие архитектурные

инновации этого здания.

Manezhis a building on the western side of the Kremlin. It is

near Alexandrovsky Gardens. Now it is the Central Exhibition

Hall.Manezh was built in 1817 for parades and the training of the

Moscow cavalry, and as a memorial to the Russian victory in

1812.There is not a single internal support. The roof rests on

crosswise timber rafters. Is it the first building of such

construction in Moscow.Architect OsipBove, ornamented the

building with strong half columns and decorated the walls. The

building was completed in 6 months. Contemporaries wrote that

there was ”nothing anywhere in Europe”. Many engineers have

made a study or the roof, which has been described in many

building textbooks. In the 19 th century Manezh became a major

cultural centre in the city. It was used for different exhibitions. In

1908 the building was used for the first international exhibition of

cars, bicycles and sports equipment.

Text 3: Saint Petersburg

St. Petersburg, one of

the most beautiful cities

in the world, was

founded by Peter the

Great in 1703 and it was

called so in his honour.

The city is situated on

the Neva River and has

become the “window” to Europe. It was built by the prominent

European and Russian

architects.

Музей городской скульптуры

St. Petersburg was the capital of Russia from 1712 till 1918.

The Peter and Paul

Fortresswas built to protect

the Neva banks from Swedish

invasion. Later D. Trezzini,

the famous Swiss architect,

reconstructed the fortress. It

became a prison. Now it is a museum. D.Trezzini erected the

Peter and Paul Cathedralhere, which is a masterpiece of

architecture. Russian tsars were buried in it.

St. Petersburg is an industrial, cultural and scientific centre.

There are over 80 museums, about 20 theatres, exhibitions, clubs,

a university, colleges, institutes, schools, libraries and parks. The

Pushkin Drama Theatre, the Bolshoi Gorky Drama Theatre, the

Mariinsky Theatre of Opera and Ballet are pearls of the Russian

art.

In St. Petersburg there are a lot of parks and gardens where the

citizens can spend their free time.

The Summer Garden is the oldest and most fascinating park.

Rare trees, bushes and flowers grow there. Beautiful marble

statues made by Italian sculptors and a cast iron grille decorate the

Summer Garden. There is a bronze monument to the prominent

Russian fabulist Ivan Krylov (by sculptor Klodt) in the Summer

Garden.

The city is famous for its magnificent architectural ensembles

of the 18 – 19 centuries.

In St. Petersburg tourists usually start sightseeing from Palace

Square, the largest and most beautiful one. One cannot help

admiring the ensemble in Palace Square: the Winter Palace( built

by Rastrelli) was the residence of Russian tsars till the revolution.

The Hermitage, one of the oldest art museums in Russia,

occupies the Winter Palace and four other buildings. There one

can see masterpieces of the outstanding artists: Leonardo da

Vinci, Raphael, Rembrandt, Velazques and other unique works of

art.The Russian museum is located in the Mikhailovsky Palace,

designed by Rossi. Marvellous paintings of the famous Russian

artists: Tropinin, Repin, Bryullov, Fedotov, Surikov, the works of

sculptors: Rastrelli, Shubin, Antokolsky are exhibited here.The

streets and squares in St. Petersburg are very beautiful. Nevsky

Prospect is the main street of the city, where there are amazing

buildings, shops, hotels and the remarkable Kazan Cathedrаl

(byVoronikhin) with a colonnade and monuments to M. Kutuzov

and Barclay de Tolly. Here in the prospect one can see the

magnificent building of the Admiralty (by Zakharov) and an

ensemble of the Alexander NevskyLavra. Famous Russian writers,

painters, composers and actors were buried in the Lavra.

The majestic palaces, cathedrals, churches and other buildings,

built by famous architects, decorate St. Petersburg, such as:

palaces of Stroganov, Vorontsov, Menshikov, Anichkov, the

Triumphal Arch and St.

Isaac`s Cathedral, erected

by Montferrand. St.Isaak`s

Cathedral,

one of the most beautiful

cathedrals, from the

observation place of it

one can see the panorama of the city.

One cannot forget to mention the SmolnyInstitute and the

Smolny nunnery, masterpieces ofRastrelli. Girls from aristocratic

families studied and lived in the institute.

A lot of bridges cross the Neva, the Fontanka, the Moika and the canals, but the Anichkov Bridge is the most beautiful one.

St. P Petersburg inspired many of our great poets, writers, painters, sculptors, composers and actors. Much of the life and work of Lermontov,

Griboyedov, Pushkin, Belinsky, Glinka,Chaikovsky, Repin and Kramskoi was connectedwith the city.Citizens, tourists and guests enjoy visiting the suburbs of St.

Petersburg: Petergof,Pushkin, Pavlovsk, Lomonosov with wonderful palaces, parks and fountains.

Answer thequestions:

1)When was the town of Petersburg founded?

2)Which of the city`s architectural sights do you know?

Beaguide

Проведите экскурсию по Петербургу. Используйте

следующие слова и выражения.

1) Ladies and gentlemen! I`d like to draw your attention to

this monument (church, palace, bridge, cathedral, building,

sculpture, fountain).

2) Our city is famous for its straight and wide streets

( beautiful parks, architectural ensembles, historical places,

churches, numerous monuments).

3) This magnificent church (bridge, castle, tower, wall, canal,

port; in the 17th century, under Peter the Great, by order of N.,

after the design of K.) was built in 1714 (…)

4) The (castle, tower, cathedral, road, bridge, canal)

foundation dates to ( Ivan the Terrible, the time of Suvorov, the

pre – war time, the time of the Roman Empire, the time of Peter

the Great).

Text 4: The Land of White Night

Прочитайте и кратко передайте содержание текста.

The town of Petersburg was founded on 16 May, 1703. Several

generations of talented Russian and foreign architects were

engaged in the planning and construction of Petersburg`s

downtown. Petersburg is one of the world`s most beautiful cities.

The Summer Garden, the Winter Palace, the Hermitage, the

monument to Peter I, the

Russian Museum are the

city`s remarkable

architectural sights.

Soon after Petersburg

was built , it turned into

the main center of

Russian science and culture. Outstanding scholars like M. V.

Lomonosov, D. I. Mendeleyev, I. P. Pavlov and many others

engaged themselves in activities of the Academy of Sciences

and the University. A. S. Pushkin, M. Y. Lermontov, N.A.

Nekrasov glorified the city in many of their works.

There are many memorial places in the city that relate to life

and creative work of the great Russian writers: N. V. Gogol, T. M.

Dostoevsky, the composers: M. I. Glinka, P. I. Chaikovskiy, M. P.

Musorgskiy, N. A. Rimskiy – Korsakov, the painters: K. P.

Bryullov, I. Y. Repin, I. N. Kramskoy, V. I. Surikov, etc.

St. Petersburg today is a center of science and culture, well-

developed industries including shipbuilding, a large international

port on the Baltic Sea.

Notes to the text:

architectural - архитектурный

composer - композитор

construction - застройка

downtown – деловая часть города ( центр )

engage - вовлекать

generation - поколение

glorify – прославлять, восславлять

international - международный

outstanding - выдающийся

palace - дворец

prominent - известный

scholar - ученый

shipbuilding - кораблестроение

sights – достопримечательности, памятники

turninto – стать , становиться

charming – очаровательный, прекрасный

famous - знаменитый

Text 5: Kizhy

Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос «What is the

most precious thing in Kizhy?»

Anyone who visits Karelia will always be tempted to come

back. Karelia is a country of more than 23 thousand rivers. Almost

all of them are less than 10 km long.

About half of Karelia`s territory is covered with woods, mostly

pine and fir.

Let`s start on a voyage by the Neva River and Ladoga and

Onega Lakes to the famous islands of Valaam and Kizhy to see

the charming nature of the northern land.

Kizhy is a small island (7 km long and about one and a half km

wide) in lake Onega, Europe`s second largestlake.Kizhy is called

“Russian Wonder.”

The most precious thing in

Kizhy is 22-cupola Cathedral

of the Transfiguration built in

1714. Its walls, ceilings and

roofs were made of pine trees

without any nail, using only

an axe. The twenty-two

cupolas are of different size which givethe cathedral a fairy-tale

look.

We don`t know anything about the man of genius who built it.

There is a legend inKizhy that this church was built by Master

Nestor. Having built, he threw his axe into Lake Onega with the

words, “There has never been, there isn`t and there will never be

anything like it.”

The island Valaam is the biggest on the Ladoga. There is a

monastery on the island. It was founded by Novgorod townsfolk

and stood to defend Russian land borders, and many times

repelled Swedish attacks. The monastery was ruined in the early

17th century, but restored in the 18th century. Along with trees

that are common to these latitudes, you can see oak, cedar groves,

alleys of silver fir and fruit gardens. The walls of northern

structures were always made of pine. The carpenters always tried

to make the building stand as long as possible. 22 domes are

reliable protection against the wet. When it rains, water falls from

the upper to the lower domes, which throw water far away from

the walls. That is why the wooden church has managed to survive

so long.

There are also other interesting wooden constructions, small

chapels, living houses. People from every corner of the world

keep coming here. They speak different languages but all agree on

one point: Kizhi is incomparable!

Notes to the text:

fir - ель

island - остров

magnificent - великолепный

manage - суметь

masterpiece – шедевр, творение

pine - сосна

preciousthing - ценность

voyage - путешествие

willbetempted – не удержится от искушения

alley - аллея

border – граница, рубеж

cedar - кедр

defend - защищать

early - вначале

grove - роща

incomparable – бесподобный, несравненный

latitude - широта

Novgorodtownsfolk - новгородцы

repel - отражать

restore - восстанавливать

ruin– разрушать

survive - выживать

Grammarexercises

I.Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая

внимание на перевод Participle 1.

1. Speaking of residential construction we must say that the

apartment houses are mostly built to suit urban conditions.

2. Natural stone is used for footing and foundations for

external walls carrying the load.

3. Being brittle concrete can`t withstand tensile stresses, and

it can`t therefore be used in structures subjected to tensile stresses

under load.

4. Concrete units have been brought to the construction site

for assembling.

II.Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая

внимание на перевод Participle 2.

1. The design adopted for the new bridge simplified the

fabrication of steelwork.

2. Large – panel construction consists of using reinforced

concrete panels one or two stories high, sometimes made of light

– weight insulating concrete.

3. When reconstructed the station looked more beautiful than

before.

4. Huge reinforced concrete units manufactured in heated

factory premises and assembled at a construction site have many

advantages.

III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая

внимание на перевод независимого причастного оборота.

1. The ancient houses being built without cement, the

remains of only a few of them still exist.

2. The Conference on building contains a wide range of

facilities: three large council chambers, each containing about 400

public and 120 press seats.

3. The country was rich in hard and durable (прочный)

stone, but poor in timber and metal, the main material used for

construction being granite.

4. Being built in a new way modern houses have better

facilities.

Text 6:The Story of a Statue

If you ever come to London you will surely go to Trafalgar Square. The main feature of the Square is Nelson`s Column with the figure of the great seaman on the top.

Just behind it is the National Gallery where there is one of the finest collections of pictures in the world. In the middle of the road there is an interesting statue which is one of the finest in Great Britain. It is made in bronze and represents Charles I on horseback.

The Statue of Charles I has a very amusing history. After the English Civil War (1642 – 1646) it was taken down and sold to a cutler. He immediately made great numbers of knives and forks with bronze handles. He told everybody that they were the best knives and that he had made them from the metal of the statue. They were rapidly bought, both by the friends and the enemies of

the late monarch. The cutler soon made a lot of money and retired from business. Some time after the Restoration the government wanted to put up a new statue to the memory of Charles I. When the cutler heard of this he told the government that he had hidden the old statue and that he would sell it to them at a moderate price. They agreed and the monument was put up again in the place where it stands now.

WORDLIST

Trafalgar Square – Трафальгарская площадь

Nelson`sColumn – Колонна Нельсона

EnglishCivilWar - Гражданская война в Англии

NationalGallery – Национальная картинная галерея

The Statue of Charles I – СтатуяЧарльза I

Restoration - Реставрация

Text 7: The State Tretyakov Gallery

The building standing opposite the southern walls of the Kremlin, beyond the Moskva River, was built at the beginning of the 20th century from a design by the famous Russian artist Viktor Vasnetsov, a connoisseur of old Moscow. It looks like an illustration to an old Russian tale.

The façade is decorated with the ancient coat of arms of Moscow. An inscription on both sides says.

«The Moscow city art gallery named after PavelMikhailovich and Sergei MikhailovichTretyakov. Founded by P.M. Tretyakov in 1856 and presented to Moscow in 1892, together with the collection which S.M. Tretyakov had bequtathed to the city.»

PavelTretyakov, a merchant by birth and an outstanding patron of Russia art, dedicated 40 years of his life to his main calling – the establishment of a national art museum.

From the beginning he sought to build up a collection of realistic,

poetic paintings by Russian artists who loved their country.Tretyakov purchased paintings that have become part of the

golden treasury of Russian art and are regarded as milestones in its history. He supported many Russian painters and commissioned numerous paintings. He was particularly fond of Repin. Many of Repin’s paintings can be seen in the gallery, including his masterpiece, «Ivan Grozny and His Son, Ivan».

Another giant of Russian art, Surikov, owed a great deal to Tretyakov. His painting «The Execution of the Streltsi», «BoyarinyaMorozova» and other famous canvases hold pride of place in the gallery.

Some people think that it is as beautiful and important as the Art Theatre, the St. Basil’s Cathedral and everything that is best in Moscow.

The gallery has tens of thousands of paintings, drawings, sculptures and icons. Among the icons are some world-famous masterpieces by Andrei Rublyov.

A new huge building for the gallery is on the bank of the MoskvaRiver.

Wordlist

artist – художник

masterpiece – шедевр

bequeath – завещать

merchant – купец, торговец

beyond – по ту сторону

milestone – веха

calling – призвание

numerous – многочисленный

coatofarms – герб

outstandingpatron – выдающийся покровитель

collection – коллекция

owe (to) – быть обязанным

commission – заказывать

particularly – особенно

connoisseur – знаток

poetic – поэтический

dedicate – посвящать

purchase – покупать

establishment – создание

realistic – реалистичный

execution – казнь

regard – считаться

facade – фасад

seek – стремиться (к)

fromadesign – по эскизу

southern – южный

giant – титан

support – поддерживать, помогать

illustration – иллюстрация

tale – сказка

including – включая

treasury – сокровищница

inscription – надпись

Text 8: SightseeingoftheKremlin

Прочитайте текст и расскажите о достопримечательностях Кремля

Let us travel about our capital. It is difficult to describe Moscow in a few words. And it is very difficult to see all the places of interest.

The first place the tourists go to in Moscow is the Kremlin. One can’t imagine Moscow without the Kremlin, which is the heart of the city.

The Kremlin is

known for its splendid buildings, among which are many wonderful cathedrals. You can also see there the Bell-Tower of Ivan the Great, the Tsar Cannon and the Tsar Bell.

Thousands of people from all over the world visit Red Square. Red Square is famous for St. Basil’s Cathedral and the Monument to Mininand Pozharsky. This monument was erected in 1818 in memory of the liberation of the Russian land from foreign invaders. AnotherfamousbuildingistheHistorical Museum Building.

Проверьте понимание текста, ответив на следующие вопросы:

Выберите из текста ответы на следующие вопросы:

a) What is the Kremlin know for?

b) What places in Moscow do thousands of people usually visit?

c) What monument was erected in Moscow in 1818 and why?

Расскажите, что интересного вы узнали о Кремле.

Text 9: The Borodino Battle Panorama

Переведите текст с помощью словаря:

As one rides along Moscow’s Kutuzov Avenue one notices an unusual round building rising above the trees of a park. This building was erected as a museum to house a panorama of the Borodino battle.

The structure is very impressive; it is nearly 30 metres high, and is faced with glass, marble and ceramics. Some of the guns used in the 1812 battle are installed around the building.

The most important part of this museum is its central hall where the famous panorama of the Borodino battle painted by the Russian artist F. Rubo is displayed. It is a huge canvas depicting one of the decisive moments of the battle. It was painted before the Great October Revolution, but there was no building then in Moscow to house a canvas 115 metres long and 15 metres high.

Unit 3

ArchitectureandConstruction

Text 1: Impressions of modern architecture

Стили современной архитектуры.

Прочитайте текст и скажите, какие из упомянутых в тексте стилей типичны для вашего города. Переведите текст на русский язык.

The styles of modern architecture are similar in most countries today. This is because now architects have no opportunities they had in the past. They are seldom asked to design buildings like wonderful churches and cathedrals of the Middle Ages. Architects today have to design schools, hospitals and huge blocks of flatsand offices. Boxes – that’s what a good deal of modern architecture reminds of. The blocks of flats in our big towns are huge boxes, whether the fronts and sides are square or oblong.

Architects have done some very good deal work in designing schools. Many of these are prefabricated, which means that as much of the building work as possible is done not on the building site, but in factories where mass production methods can be used. The parts are taken to a site and put together there. The classrooms are light and big, and children have a fine large assembly hall. There is a dining-hall completed with modern kitchen.

Many modern buildings, especially the blocks of flats and business offices, look like big boxes. They

do look like boxes from the outside, but when we go inside, we find them very well planned for their purposes. An architect today has to be an engineer too. The best modern buildings help us to live and work in comfort. They save plenty of unnecessary work.

You may know the work of the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. He designed the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. It was

designed to resist earthquakes and it proved so strong that it did. It was one of the few buildings in Tokyo that did not fall in the terrible earthquake of 1923.

Переведите предложения:

1. There is no need to say that all the buildings must be strong and attractive.

2. Another tendency in the field of civil engineering was to replace hard manual labour by machines.

3. To speed up the construction work, there is a growing tendency to use prefabrication parts of buildings.

4. Engineers believe to raise tall buildings to 200 stories and more.

5. The design of the Yaroslavsky station is known to be based on the motifs of northern Russia folklore.

6. Concrete is one of the most important construction materials.

7. New and cheap building materials are believed to replace traditional stone and brick.

8. Steel, aluminum, glass and plastics are considered to be the best materials.

9. We know them to have used arches in their buildings.10. It is well known that most of the Moscow metro stations

are furnished with granite and marble.

Text 2: Moscow

From the History of MoscowMoscow was founded in 1147 by the Prince of Suzdal, Jury

Dolgoruky. Its wise founder built it in the middle of a densely populated country. It is protected by rivers and a fortress.

The city had and has now its significance and the leading role in the development of the country. Moscow stands on seven hills. The main is the Borovitsky hill on which the Kremlin stands.

Moscow’s early architecture was simple but expressive. The larger part of the city was occupied by private houses made of wood. But such city’s structures as fortress walls,

bridges, churches and cathedrals were made of brick and white stone decorated with ceramic. These buildings crested Moscow’s architectural image of a city of white stone.

A major feature of Moscow’s present development is the establishment of the industries requiring highly-skilled labour, and the branches producing high-quality apparatus, as well as the

development of new technologies and know-how.In recent years the population of Moscow reached 10 million.

Transport is a serious problem for all large cities of the world. Moscow also has a transport problem. The most convenient means of transport in Moscow is, the Metro. Besides it there are buses, trolley-buses and trams.

Roads are another aspect of the transport problem. The city authorities started to build new roads which are to link several city districts between the Moscow Circular Highway and the Sadovoye Ring Road.

So instead of the traditional monocentric system the city gets polycentric planning according to which Moscow complex zones are united by a system of general city centre.

The territory within Sadovoye Ring Road retains its significance as a historical, cultural, educational and administrative public centre, the seat of the Government and the Parliament. All the valuable architectural monuments as well as parks and old streets with their unique buildings will remain untouched.

Moscow today is an enormous city whose infrastructure is traditional for every megapolis with first-rate hotels, restaurants, theatres, exhibition halls, shops and gigantic transport arteries.

Notes:

prince of Suzdal – князь суздальский

build (built) – строить

fortress – крепость

significance – важность

principle – главный

occupy– занимать

structure – сооружение

church– церковь

cathedral– собор

brick– кирпич

stone – камень

decorate – украшать

skilllabour – квалифицированные рабочие

quality– качество

convenientmeans – удобное средство

authority – власть

link– связывать

unite– объединять

seat– место

government – правительство

valuable– ценный

as well as – также

unique– уникальный

enormous – огромный

Pre-text exercises

1.Прочитайте следующие слова и догадайтесь об их значении, не прибегая к помощи словаря.

roleinindustry

transport problem

the Kremlin

apparatus

traditional monocentric system

architecturetechnologies

polycentric

ceramicnow-how

architectural monument

image transport

administrative public centre

architectural image

infrastructure of megapolis

gigantic transport arteries

1.Переведите производные слова:

To found –основать – founder? - was founded?

Population – население – to populate - populated?

To express – выражать -expressive?

To establish – устанавливать -establishment?

To develop - development?

1. Переведите предложения:

Participle II = Ved/V3, be + Participle II, Participle I = Ving, be + Ving

1. Moscow was founded in 1147.2. It is protected (to protect - защищать) by rivers.3. The city was occupied by private houses made of wood.4. Fortress, bridges, churches and cathedrals were made of

the brick and white stone, decorated with ceramic.5. According to polycentric planning Moscow complex zones

will be united by a system of general city centre.6. Moscow has the leading role in the development of the

country.7. A major feature of Moscow’s present development is the

establishment of the industries requiring (to require - требовать) highly – skilled labour, and the branches producing high – quality apparatus.

8. The city authorities started to build new road which are to link several city districts.

After-text exercises

2. Ответьте на вопросы:1. When was Moscow founded?2. Its position was very convenient, wasn’t it?3. Why do people call (называют)Moscow «white stone

city»?4. What is the major feature of the present – day Moscow?5. What problems are there in Moscow?6. What are the new ideas in Moscow planning?

5. Подберите окончания предложений:

1. Moscow was founded in … the Metro.2. Moscow was built in… an enormous city with

first –rate hotels, restaurants,theatres, exhibition halls, shops

and gigantic transport arteries.

3. Moscow is protected by… high – quality apparatus.4. Moscow stands on… the middle of a densely

populated country.

5. Moscow was occupied by… private houses made of wood.

6. Fortress walls, bridges, churches seven hills, the principle is the

and cathedrals were made of… Borovitsky hill, where the Kremlin stands.

7. Moscow industries produce… brick and white stone decorated

with ceramics. 8. The most convenient means of transport in Moscow is…

Text 3: Moscow, theCapitalofRussia

Города всегда были центрами промышленности ,торговли , культуры и образования.

Москва, являясь столицей большого государства, играет важную роль в жизни страны.

a) Прочитайте текст и передайте содержание по-русски. Проверьте, совпадают ли данные утверждения с содержанием текста. Если нет совпадения, исправьте утверждение в соответствии с содержанием текста. В соответствии с письменными источниками Москва была

основана в 1147 году князем Юрием Долгоруким и вскоре стала столицей Россию. Крепости, мосты, церкви и соборы

были первыми памятниками русской архитектуры, на которую оказала влияние западная архитектура в период правления Екатерины Великой.

Масштабное строительство развернулось после пожара Москвы в эпоху нашествия Наполеона.

В настоящее время развитие промышленности и рост населения определяют дальнейшее развитие города.

Несмотря на развитие полицентричной системы города, исторический центр сохраняет свое значение как политический и культурный центр.

1. In the early 19th century the prominent Russian historian NikolayKaramzin said: «If you want to know Russia, go to Moscow». By the end of the 20th century we have every reason to repeat these words.

It is the city where every stone breathes history.Moscow was founded in 1147 by the Prince of Suzdal,

JuryDolgoruky. Although there were settlements on the site of modern city long before 1147, this was the year when Moscow was first mentioned in the written records. Moscow has the priority right to be the capital of the Russia State. Its wise founder built it in the middle of a densely populated country. It is protected by rivers and a fortress. In the opinion of many scientists the city will never lose its significance and the leading role in the development of the country.

Moscow, like ancient Rome, stands on seven hills.

The principle is the Borovitsky, the hill on which the Kremlin stands.

2. Moscow’s early architecture was simple but expressive. The larger part of the city was occupied by private houses made of wood. But such city’s structures as fortress walls, bridges, churches and cathedrals were made of brick and white stone decorated with ceramic. Eventually these buildings crested Moscow’s architectural image of a city of white stone.

Large-scale stone construction was performed during the reign of Catherine the Great. Several first-class foreign architects were invited to build a number of architectural monuments in Western style. Some of them have survived to our days and are carefully preserved by the city authorities.

3. In 1812 during Napoleon’s invasion a terrible fire raged in the city for several days. It was calculated that more than 7,000 buildings were destroyed and the city’s central area was completely gone. This disaster, however, prompted a real housing boom. Standard projects had to be used to facilitate rapid restoration of the city and preserve the city’s architectural uniformity. This task was successfully carried out. As a result a great number of stone houses with much better facilities appeared in the city. They were completely different from those of the previous years.

As the time passed, the city’s boundaries expanded considerably. New dwelling districts and industrial enterprises were built on the outskirts of the city.

4. A major feature of Moscow’s present development is the establishment of the

industries requiring highly-skilled labour, and the branches producing high-quality apparatus, as well as the development of new technologies and know-how.

Alongside industrial development much attention is paid by the city administration to the construction of cultural, educational institutions and sports facilities.

5. In recent years the population of Moscow reached 10 million and it is still growing. This resulted in large-scale migration of people. Muscovites move from one district to another, when they get new flats and for other reasons. All that calls for further development and improvement of the city’s transport services. Transport is a serious problem for all large cities of the world. The capitals of major states are often unable to solve it. Moscow also has a transport problem. The most convenient means of transport in Moscow is, of course, the Metro. Besides it there are buses, trolley-buses and trams. The total length of their routes is constantly increasing. But nevertheless there is permanent need for new and more comfortable means of transport.

6. Roads constitute another aspect of the transport problem. Having reconstructed many of the existing streets and roads the city authorizes started to build new roads which are to link several city districts between the Moscow Circular Highway and the Sadovoye Ring Road.

So instead of the

traditional monocentric system the city gets polycentric planning to which Moscow complex zones are united by a system of general city centre.

7 .The territory within Sadovoye Ring Road will retain its significance as a historical, cultural, educational and administrative public centre, the seat of the Government and the Parliament. All the valuable architectural monuments as well as parks and old streets with their unique buildings will remain untouched.

Moscow today is an enormous city whose infrastructure is traditional for every megapolis with first-rate hotels, restaurants, theatres, exhibition halls, shops and gigantic transport arteries. But in sprit Moscow remains its old self, open, hospitable and festive, and, consequently, has the right, as ever, to be called the heart of Russia.

Задания к тексту:1. Найдите в тексте и зачитайте предложения,

рассказывающие о современной планировке Москвы.2. Переведите письменно высказывания русского

историка Николая Карамзина о Москве.

3. Переведите на русский язык абзац, в котором рассказывается о нашествии Наполеона на Москву.

б) Скажите:

1. Кем и когда были построены эти сооружения? Подберите соответствующие факты.

The building When Builder/architect

1) St. Basil’s Cathedral 1555 – 1562 Konstantin Melnikov

2) The house at 15, 1927 -1929 Barma and Postnik

Krivoarbatskypereulok3) Radio Mast 1922 Vladimir

Shukhnov2. Прочитайте и перескажите.

1) St. Basil’s Cathedral is the pride of the Russian people; it has graced Red Square for more than four centuries. It was designed by the great architects Barma and Postnik.

2) Vladimir Shukhov was born on the 16th of August, 1863, not far from Kursk. In 1876 he graduated from one of the most outstanding technical schools in Russia. He was sent on business to the World’s fair celebrating the 100th anniversary of the United States of America.

There he became acquainted with the engineer Bari.

In 1878 Bari organized in Russia an engineering firm. Since 1880 Shukhnov was the main engineer of the firm.

In November of 1989 at John Hopkins University in Washington D.C. at the conference «Reconstruction of Russia» (1880-1940) Shukhov was called «the Edison of Russia: a great engineer».

3) Konstantin StepanovichMelnikov, an outstanding Russian architect, was born in Moscow in 1890.

He was one of the authors of the project of Moscow reconstruction. In 1920-1930 he designed new types of public building: clubs, palaces. He designed the monument to Christopher Columbus in Santo-Domingo. Melmikov’s house, the house he owned, can still be seen in Krivoarbatskypereulok in Moscow. All his buildings are famous for unusual architectural decisions. It was a great and gifted master.

Along the Cities of the United States of America

Text 4: Washington – the Capital of the USA

The White House

The White House is the residence of the president of the United States off America. It is situated in Washington. The White House was the first public building which was built in the capital of the USA. Its cornerstone was laid in 1792 nearly one year before George Washington laid the cornerstone for the Capitol Building.

Architect James Hoban submitted plans for the building and received a 500 dollar prize for his work.

In 1800 President John Adams and his wife moved into the building. At the beginning of the 19th century it was a light-grey structure made of sandstone. The construction of the building hadn’t been completed by that time. There were almost no conveniences in the house. There were no bathrooms and water was carried by hand into the house from a spring which was five blocks away.

Work continued on the structure when Thomas Jefferson was elected President. In 1814 the building caught on fire. The interior was reduced to ashes, part f outer walls were destroyed and the remaining walls were blackened. Later the building was reconstructed in 1818. Its light-grey sandstone exterior was painted white to cover the effects of fire. It has been white ever since. Some people think it was from its white walls that the home of the president of the USA got its name. Other people believe that it got its name earlier, when it was still grey. Even then its grey sandstone walls looked white next to the red brick walls of other public buildings. Nevertheless the president’s home was officially named the White House in 1902.

In designing a building, a bridge or any other structure the choice of construction materials is of vital importance. There are some structures in the world that got their names from the material they are made of. The White House in Washington is one of them.

1. Проверьте понимание текста, ответив на следующие вопросы:

1. When was the cornerstone of the White House layed?2. What did the White House look like before the fire?3. What happened to the building during the fire?4. How was the building reconstructed after the fire

5. How did the White House get its name?6. When was the President’s home named theWhite House

officially?

7. What do you thick of the architecture of this building?

2. Перескажите кратко текст 3. Ситуация: вы – гид, который ведет экскурсию к Белому

дому. Расскажите историю постройки Белого дома.

Text 5: NewYork

SightseeingofNewYork

New York is a city where all the languages of the world are spoken and where people live on the ground, travel under the ground and work in the sky.

New York makes a great impression on all visitors because of its many high buildings, its theatres, museums and hotels, its beautiful bridges, and its expensive shops with their fabulous (баснословный) prices.

The first permanent white settlers (поселенцы) came to New York from Holland in 1626. These Dutch settlers all of Manhattan Island (остров)from the Indians for the equivalent of twenty-five dollars, while today some of this land costs a million dollars an acre. This island is the heart of the city.

It is on Manhattan Island that most of the skyscrapers are located. This island is connected by six long bridges, as well as by tunnels and ferries (паром), with the other four districts that constitute New York City.

New York is the largest city in the United States. Today there are more people living in the New York City than

in Australia, Peru or Sweden.For transportation New York depends(зависеть) mainly on

buses, the subway, taxis and ferries. The buses are slow because of the crowded streets, whereas the subway train can go as fast as trains, sometimes stopping only at the most important stations. We may go all day by the subway for the same fare, if we only change trains but do not go out of the stations.

New York moves vertically as well as horizontally, taking its people by elevator to their offices on the fortieth, sixtieth, and eightieth floor.

New York is the richest and the poorest, the most modern and the most old-fashioned (старомодный) of cities. It is the home of expensive hotels and cheap boarding houses, the home of symphonies and popular jazz, of cathedrals (собор) and night clubs; the home of the famous Metropolitan Opera and the Metropolitan Museum of the Art; the home of most of the largest publishing houses (издательство) of the United States and the biggest newspapers. On the Fifth Avenue there are many expensive stores of international fame, but around the

corner one may find little shops where imitation diamonds and cheap souvenirs are sold.

a) Закончите предложения, выбрав вариант ответа, соответствующий содержанию текста.

1. The first permanent white settlers of New York were:

1) from France;2) from England;3) from Holland.2. The Manhattan Island is:1) in the centre of New York;2) in the suburbs (пригород) of New York;3) very far from New York.3. The Island is connected with other parts of New

York:1) by one long bridge;2) by six long bridges.4. The largest city in the USA is: 1) Washington;2) Chicago;3) New York.5. The subway trains move:1) as fast as railroad trains;2) slower than railroad trains;3) faster than railroad trains.

Text 6: Rockefeller Centre

Everyone who visits New York City today wants to see Rockefeller Centre. It is one of the most popular places of interest. But what is Rockefeller Centre? Rockefeller Centre is really a small city with thousands of offices, all kinds of stores, restaurants and small shops. The buildings are very large, very high. The style of the buildings is modern. There is little decoration. The architects who planned them tried to do two things. First they tried to make the buildings look like one group. Second they tried at the

same time to make each building a little different in from the others.

There are many facts and stories Rockefeller Centre. Here is one of them about John Rockefeller, who together with some other companions began work on Rockefeller Centre in 1930. It took about ten years to complete all of the original buildings.

One day he was walking along the street where the construction had just begun. He wanted to see the work which was going on. There was a high fence around the construction site. He tried to look through the fence site. He tried to look through the fence but could see nothing. Just then a policeman came along. «Move along», said the policeman. «You can’t stand here.»

«I was just trying to watch the work», said Mr. Rockefeller.«Move along», repeated the policeman.«I am John Rockefeller», said Mr. Rockefeller.«Sure, and I am President Roosevelt», said the policeman.

«Now move along, mister. And don’t give me any more trouble».Mr. Rockefeller went to his office and gave an order to cut

holes in all the fences at the level of a man’s eyes. Today this is the general custom in New York City. These holes are for the convenience of anyone who wants to stop and watch the work as long as he likes.

It’s interesting to know…

Нью-Йорк

Когда-то корпорации творили в Нью-Йорке все, что хотели. Об этих временах напоминает здание штаб-квартиры крупнейшей в США авиатранспортной корпорации «Пан-Америкэн», перегородившей самую широкую на Манхэттене Парк-авеню. Лишь узким ручейком сквозь чрево небоскреба просачиваются автомобили.

Это один из эпизодов биографии Нью-Йорка. А вот основные ее вехи. В 1626 году голландские колонисты

купили остров Манхэттен у индейцев и основали первое поселение, дав ему имя Новый Амстердам. Сделка была уникально выгодная – 60 гульденов за весь остров. (Ныне цена одного квадратного фута земли на Манхэттене в сотни раз превышает эту сумму.) В 1664 году в ходе англо-голландской войны гарнизон Нового Амстердама капитулировал перед королевскими войсками, и вскоре городу дано было имя Нью-Йорк. В 1785- 1790 годах Нью-Йорк был временной столицей США. Здесь в 1789 году Джордж Вашингтон был провозглашен первым президентом страны.

Потеряв титул столицы, ньюйоркцы не предались унынию. Благодаря удобному естественному порту и глубоководной реке Гудзон стала процветать торговля. Приток иммигрантов способствовал быстрому росту населения – значительная часть переселенцев из Старого Света, добравшись до «земли обетованной», оседала в Нью-Йорке. Дешевая рабочая сила стала катализатором роста промышленности. Нью-Йорк становился городом-космополитом. Стремясь сохранить национальные обычаи, нравы, праздники, иммигранты создавали свои территориальные общины – гетто. Но потребности рынка определяли необходимость в общении, в коммуникациях. Через Гудзон и Ист-ривер были переброшены гигантские мосты. В 1883 году завершилось строительство крупнейшего тогда из них – Бруклинского, набирал силу финансовый капитал. Земля становилась все дороже, город стал быстро расти вверх.

Нью-Йорк не заканчивается, а начинается великолепными в своем ве-личии зданиями и монументами, архитектурными ансамблями и центрами культуры, тесными площадями и улочками. Все это еще не дает представления о том, как бьется его пульс, мало что говорит о его темпераменте. Город – прежде всего люди. Впервые попадавшему в оживленные городские кварталы может показаться, что весь Нью-Йорк

живет на улице. Наверное, во времена великого американского поэта Уолта Уитмена здесь не было нынешнего столпотворения, но и он писал о ньюйоркцах, как о «вечно спешащей, лихорадочной, наэлектризованной толпе».

Каков же демографический портрет населения мегаполиса, поражающей своей жизнерадостностью, оптимизмом, несмотря на негативные стороны процесса урбанизации, на высокую влажность и отравленный воздух? В пределах городской черты проживают около 90 млн. человек, из которых – 2,5 миллиона черных американцев, 2,0 миллиона испаноговорящих, в основном выходцев из стран Латинской Америки, около четверти миллиона лиц азиатского, главным образом китайского, происхождения, 1,5 тысяч индейцев. С 1970 года город «потерял» около 600 тысяч жителей, а вот население «Большого Нью-Йорка», города с пригородами, выросло, составив 18 миллионов.

Причин, заставляющих многих жителей «изменять» городу, немало. Это и дороговизна жилья, и высокие налоги, установленные городскими властями и администрацией штата, и рост преступности, и неблагополучная экологическая ситуация. И все же подавляющее большинство ньюйоркцев остаются верными своему городу. Может быть, потому, что здесь их дом, работа, друзья. Или потому, что бешеный темп его жизни как нельзя лучше олицетворяет сумасшедший ритм нашего века, созвучен с их собственными биоритмами.

А теперь о «знаменитостях» города, без которых трудно себе представить Нью-Йорк. Статуя Свободы, автор монумента – французский скульптор Фредерик Огюст Бартольди. Памятник был открыт 28 октября 1886 года. 225-тонная Статуя Свободы возвышается на 91,3 метра над уровнем моря. Статую Свободы, в голове которой свободно

помещаются 30 человек, а в факеле – 12, ежегодно посещают примерно 2 миллиона туристов со всех концов света.

Ветераном среди знаменитостей Нью-Йорка по праву считается фон-довая биржа, основанная в 1792 году. Но, пожалуй, самой известной, хотя и очень грустной датой в ее жизни стало 29 октября 1929 года. В этот «черный понедельник» финансовый крах на бирже возвестил о начале самого крупного в истории США экономического кризиса.

Дата рождения 102-этажного, 381-метрового «Эмпайрстейтбилдинг» - 1 мая 1931 года. Здесь снималось более 150 кинофильмов. «Эмпайр» установил среди высотных собратьев трагический рекорд – по числу людей, решивших свести счеты с жизнью, бросившись вниз со смотровой площадки, расположенной на 86-м этаже. В 1947 году на площадке было установлено металлическое ограждение. Но рекорд пока держится.

GreatBritain

Text 7: LondonПрочитайте текст и дайте письменные ответы на

вопросы, стоящие перед абзацем

1. What are the main parts of London?Thousands of visitors come to

Great Britain every year. Some come on business, others simply as tourists, but none misses the opportunity to see the capital of Great Britain.

London is grand and attractive. It is certainly very old and full of historic associations. It has strong links with the past. Its old

customs and traditions have survived. They are a strange mixture of past and present, of old-fashioned and very modern. London consists of many parts and they are all very different from each other. There is the West End and the East End, Westminster and the City. The City is not only the centre of business, it is the birthplace of London.

2. What did the Romans do for the development of London?In 43 A. D. the Romans conquered Britain and for 400 years it

remained a Roman province. The Romans built long straight roads along which the Roman soldiers marched. Many of them met at the point where London bridge now stands. The Romans made London, which they calledLondinium, a large and rich city with good streets, beautiful palaces, shops and villas. Trade was growing. A lot of goods:skins, copper and iron ore, silver and gold were sent to Rome. And many strong blue-eyed boys were sent to Rome, too, to be sold as slaves. In the 5th century the Romans left Britain, but other invaders came to the British shores. They almost ruined the city and it remained in this poor state for almost 400 years. Only in the 9th century the Saxon kings rebuilt the city. They started the building of Westminster Abbey.

3. How did the Norman influence Britain’s civilization?In 1066 came William the Duke of Normandy or William the

Conqueror who settled in London which became the capital of Norman Britain. For 500 years the Normans were masters of Britain. They brought with them Latin and French civilization, the laws and the organization of the land. They did their best to make the city beautiful. The Westminster Abbey was finished and William was the first king to be crowned there. Since then, all English kings have been crowned in the Abbey. At that time the Tower of London was built on the Thames and it stands there still unchanged. Commerce and trade grew very quickly, but the population grew even faster. London became a busy, rich and crowded city. The old city looked very picturesque with its tall

houses of wood and plaster and its narrow streets.

4.What were

the consequences (последствия) of two great tragedies that London suffered?But then

London suffered two awful tragedies, at first – the Great Plague and then the Great Fire. In a few months nearly 100,000 people, that is 1/5th of the population died because of the Plague. Sorrow and sadness sat upon every Londoner. And only winter and its cold saved the city and the people.

The Great Fire happened through carelessness of a young baker who left a small bundle of wood near a very hot oven. In a few hours all the houses made of wood were burning like paper. This fire destroyed 3000 houses and at least 97 churches. Fortunately, the wind soon stopped and then heavy rain fell. Thus London was saved.

5. What is the City notable for?Bit by bit London was being reconstructed until it has become

the city which is now one of the most beautiful and attractive places of the word. The oldest part of it is the City which is the business and financial centre of London. During the day it is full of people, but at the end of the day businessmen, clerks and secretaries go home and it becomes silent and almost empty. Besides the City there are many other attractions such as Trafalgar Square with the Nelson column in the centre, the Houses of Parliament with the famous Big Ben, a lot of beautiful

parks and gardens among which is Hyde Park well known all over the world.

Text 8: Barbican Centre

Barbican is a district of the City of London. It was greatly destroyed by bombing during the Second World War. Great construction has started since the end of the war. Nowadays Barbican is one of the most beautiful districts of London. It is also famous for the Barbican Centre.

The Barbican Centre is an enormous complex which contains two theatres, an art gallery, a library, three cinemas, two restaurants and two exhibition halls.

The building itself is very interesting. It is built on eight levels. Four of these levels are underground. On the 5th level there is a lake, decorated with 45 fountains, and air terrace where you can have coffee. There are two resident companies who are now based in the Barbican Centre. They are the London Symphony Orchestra and the Royal Shakespeare Company. It is these two companies which are providing a good part of the cultural programme for the public. At the same time there is a variety of exhibitions, musical and other entertainment.

Text 9: The Great Fire of LondonПрочитайте текст и дайте краткий письменный

пересказ.

The London of the middle of the 17th century was a city of narrow, dirty streets. Indeed, the streets were so narrow that it was often possible for a person at a window on one side of the street to shake hands with a neighbour on the other side. There was little light and air. Rubbish lay piled up in dark corners. It is no wonder that epidemics were common.

The greatest epidemic of the plague broke out in 1665. It was a sad time for London. The streets were empty, shops were closed

and there were few boats on the Thames. Every house in which there were sick people was shut up, and no one was allowed to go in or out, and the door of the house was marked with a red cross.

The following year the Great Fire took place. It broke out late on a Saturday night in a street not far from London Bridge. The summer was dry, a hot east wind blew and the fire spread quickly. This is what we read in the diary of John Evelyn, who saw the terrible fire with his own eyes.” The Thames was covered with boats full of people. On the other side one could see carts carrying out the saved goods out into the fields and people putting up tents. At night the fire could be seen ten miles away.”

The fire burned for five days and destroyed the greater part of the city. But it did the city good, as it cleared away the old wooden houses and dirty, narrow streets.

A monument near London Bridge still marks the spot where the fire broke out. Sir Christopher Wren, the famous architect of that day, took part in rebuilding the city. The greater part of it was made of wood, but after the fire wider streets and brick houses were built. The old church of St. Paul was among the buildings destroyed by the fire. In its place Wren built the present St. Paul`s Cathedral. He lies buried under the roof of his own great work. These words are written on his grave : “Reader, if you want to see his monument, look around.”

Grammarexercises

1.Прочитайте текст и выпишите из текста перевод следующих словосочетаний:

там было мало света и воздуха; это было печальное время для Лондона; улицы были пусты; пожар был виден за десять миль от города; известный в те дни архитектор; он лежит под крышей своего собственного творения.

2. Вставьте в предложенияследующиеслова: youth, war, among, peace, celebrate, anniversary, competition, scientist, success, honour, progress :

1. Oleg has many friends . . . the classmates. 2. The film was a . . . , all the villagers saw it. 3. Ann is going to . . . . her birthday next Saturday. 4. We all took part in swimming . . . . 5. On April 23rd English people . . . the . . . of Shakespeare`s birth.6.We have had two world . . . in this century. 7. The peoples of our country want to live in . . . with other countries. 8. The Russian . . . take part in international festivals. 9. Newton is a great English . . . . 10. The teacher of English was pleased with the . . . of the pupils.

3.Подберите антонимы к следующим словам:

Finish, thin, forget, peace, buy, early, remember, war, thick, sell, late, start.

Text 10: BritishHouses

Переведите текст по специальности:

Most houses in Britain are still built with bricks but house building is very much more mechanized that it used to be.

Contemporary bricklayers, plasters, tillers, glaziers, painters, electricians and plumbers use modern techniques, and work with new kinds of materials and standardized components. The unit-construction of blocks of flats, using large prefabricated concrete panels, is not yet widespread in Britain,

however.

The outer walls of most houses and ever many blocks of flats are built of brick; stone and wood are used chiefly for decorative purposes. The facades of houses and flats are mostly not cement – rendered, or, if they are, only partly.

Some flats and the great majority of houses – even those being built today – are heated wholly or partly by means of open fireplaces, in which large amounts of coal are burnt. The open coal – fire is not a very efficient way of heating a house, and it is hardly surprising to find that British people employ a wide variety of auxiliary heaters, such as electric fires, space heaters, and night storage heaters. As a rule British bedrooms remain unheated, and in winter are notoriously cold. For this reason hot – water bottles and electric blankets are standard equipment in most homes. 25 years ago central heating was virtually unknown in ordinary dwelling houses, but today it is becoming more common.

Grammarexercises

I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод Participle 1.

1. The framework is intended for safety carrying the loads imposed.

2. Having taken into account aerodynamic stability engineers started to erect economic and graceful bridges.

3. When observing the physical structure we are struck by the complexity of elements.

II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод Participle 2.

1. Parts of a building made at the plant are called prefabricated parts.

2. The coarse stones used in the mixture give the concrete its strength.

Text 11: FlatsintheClouds

Переведите текст по специальности:

Blocks of “ high rise” flats have been erected in large numbers in London and in many other big cities. Just after the Second World War there immense twenty – to – thirty storeys building, hundreds of feet in height were thought to be the ideal solution to the

dual problem of acute housing shortage and lack of space in urban areas. At first, the ultra – modern apartments were must sought after by city – dwellers, and hundreds of the vast blocks had been built before anyone began to doubt that they were suitable places for people, children especially, to live in. A well known British architect, who personally designed many of these buildings, now believes that they may well have inflicted a great deal of suffering on those people who have been housed in them, and evidence has been amassed by sociologists which suggests that sever loneliness and deep depression are brought about by life within these great

towers. Some psychologists even maintain that unduly large proportion of their inhabitants suffer from mental disorders and develop criminal tendencies. As a result of the recent studies, plans for new high – rise brocks are being scrapped. They are going to be replaced by so – called “ low – rise” blocks, at most six – storeys high.

Grammarexercises

I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод Participle.

1. When making the design of a town we should bear in mind future development.

2. An estimate depending upon the design of the building must be calculated after which work on the building can start.

3. We know that the main reason of the Tacoma Bridge failure was its extreme flexibility, resulting from aerodynamic instability.

II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод Participle 1.

1. Later, people found out that bricks made of mud and dried in the hot sunshine became almost as hard as stone.

2. When mixed with water and sand, clay is molded into bricks, which are then dried and baked.

3. Frequently, the conditioning air systems installed in office building provide control during winter and summer.

III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод независимого причастного оборота.

1. The larger building has an area of 300 m and the smaller – 250 m, width being the same for both.

2. The bricks having been dried in the sun, they put up four walls, and above these they placed a flat roof.

3. The buildings are similar in outward appearance, the difference in size being due to the needs of the Signal and Telecommunication Department for more or less space.

Text 12: BritishHomes

Переведите текст по специальности:

The majority of the British population live in small houses built close together. A typical house of this kind is built with two floors.

The front door, which faces the street, opens into a hall with two rooms, one on each side of the hall. One of them is the dining – room; the other may be called the sitting – room or the living – room. The most modern name for this room is the lounge.

The rooms upstairs are bedrooms; they are often very small. Often the dining – room is the most comfortable room in the

house, and the one that is used all the time. The other members of the family bring their hobbies and games to the table. But when

the television set is turned on, no one can do anything in the dining – room.

Very many houses of this type were built in British cities in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Today the land on which they stand has become very valuable and the owners either sell it or pull down the old houses and build large blocks of flats. In this way the owners make more money.

Exercises

1.Выпишите из текста ответы на следующие вопросы:

a) Where do the majority of the British population live in? b) What are the other names of the room called “ lounge”? c) When were many British houses built?

2.Кратко расскажите, что вы узнали об английском жилом доме.

Text 13: Ottawa – Canada`s Capital City

Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It is located on the southern bank of the Ottawa River. Many interesting historical and cultural building are found in Ottawa, such as the Museum of Natural History, Museum of Man, National Gallery and the National Arts Centre. However, the most important buildings in Ottawa are the Parliament Buildings. Here the Canadian federal government discusses and makes laws for Canada. Red stripes and a red maple leaf on a white-the state flag of Canada- is always above the buildings when the Parliament is in session.

Ottawa has been called the Tulip City, because every spring the city comes alive with thousands of tulips from the Netherlands. Queen Juliana started sending 15,000 tulips a year to Ottawa in 1946 as a way of thanking the Canadian people for the time she spent in Canada with her daughters during World War II.

Juliana stayed in Ottawa with her family from 1940 to 1945 after the Netherlands was invaded by the fascist Germany.

Discussion.I all cities of the world there are some very old buildings. Sooner or later they have to be pulled down or reconstructed. In Moscow and St. Petersburg and other towns some parts of the old town are reconstructed and carefully preserved. In some others all old buildings are pulled down and modern comfortable structures of concrete and glass are being built. In Warsaw, for example, many buildings destroyed during the World War II were reconstructed and now they look as they did before the war. Do you thing it is necessary to reconstruct old buildings or pull them down?

Прочитайте список утверждений «за» и «против» и обсудите каждый, затем выскажите окончательное решение.

Is it necessary to reconstruct old buildings?

Pros (for)Cons (against)

1. Old buildings are historic monuments. 1. Old buildings are not comfortable,

they have no necessary conveniences.

2. It is much cheaper to reconstruct old 2. The process of reconstruction takes

buildings than to build new ones. a lot of time and needs qualified

workers.

3. The architecture of old buildings is much 3. There is no place to build new

more beautiful than that of modern buildings. houses.

Unit 4

ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF BIG CITIES

Text 1: Air pollution and smog are the problems of modern cities

Of the greatest problems of all modern cities is the environmental pollution. The word smog comes from smoke and fog. Smog is a sort of fog mixed with other substances. Smog has been here a long time. Billions of years ago, volcanoes sent millions of tons of ash and smoke into the air. Winds whipped up dust clouds. Animal and vegetable matter decayed, adding polluting gases.

When people came along, they began to produce their own kind of air pollution. They discovered fire. In

the Middle Ages people in cities such as London used soft coal to heat their homes. The smoke from these fires, combined with moisture in the air, produced dense layers of smog. The smog would blanket the city for days, particularly in winter. The heat generated in large cities tends to circulate air within a dome-like shape. This traps the smog and holds it over the city.

Smog, and the chemicals and other substances in it, can be harmful, even deadly. Smog blurs vision. It irritates the eyes, the throat, and the lungs. Eyes water, throats get sore, people cough. Smog can make people ill. And it can make sick people sicker. Air pollution has been linked to eczema, asthma, emphysema, cardiovascular difficulties, and lung and stomach cancer. It also has a harmful effect on the environment. Food crops and animals suffer. Paint may peel from houses. It is obvious that we must do

everything possible to reduce man-made atmospheric pollutants and smog.

Smog, along with smoke, is the most visible evidence of atmospheric pollution. But some atmospheric pollution is not visible and may not become visible until it is mixed with moisture. Lead compounds from leaded gasoline, hydrocarbons (unburned gasoline), carbon monoxide, and other gases may pollute the air without being seen. All air is polluted to some extent. That is, all air carries have some polluting substances. Much of it is natural: smoke and ash from volcanoes, dust stirred up by the wind, compound given off by rotting animal and vegetable matter, salt particles from the oceans, and so on. Man adds to these pollutants by burning coal, oil gas, gasoline and many other things.

Text 2: The Role of Automobile in Air Pollution

Before we get to the automobile, however, let us review what we know about combustion. Most fuels, such as coal, gasoline, and wood, contain hydrogen and carbon in various chemical combinations. During combustion, oxygen unites with the hydrogen and carbon to form water (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2).

In addition, many fuels contain sulfur, this burns to produce sulfur oxides. Also, in the heat of combustion, some of the nitrogen in the air combines with oxygen to from nitrogen oxides (NOx). Some of the fuel may not burn completely, so that smoke and ash are formed. Smoke is simply particles of unburned fuel and soot, called particulates, mixed with air.

Altogether, it is estimated that 200 million tons of man-made pollutants enter the air every year in the United States alone. This is about a ton for every man, woman, and child in the country!

This man-made pollution is what clean-air laws are aimed at.

Text 3: Ecological Problems of Los Angeles

Consider Los Angeles, a large city set in a basin, with about 7,000,000 inhabitants. It is surrounded on three sides by mountains, and on the fourth by the Pacific Ocean. When the wind blows out over the ocean, it sweeps away pollutants. But at other times, the air is stagnant. Smoke and other pollutants from industry and automobiles do not blow away. They just build up into a thick, smelly, foggy layer of smog. The location of Los Angeles, plus all the people and industry there, make it one the biggest «smog centers» in the country. And it is Los Angeles which has led in measures to reduce smog.

Los Angeles has banned unrestricted burning, for example, burning trash. Incinerators without pollution controls were outlawed. Industry was forced to change combustion processes and add controls to reduce pollutants coming from their chimneys. Laws were passed that required the addition of emission controls on automobiles. All these measures have significantly reduced atmospheric pollution in the Los Angeles area.

If not controlled, the automobile can give off pollutants from four places. Pollutants can come from the fuel tank, the carburetor, the crank-case, and the tail pipe. Pollutants from the fuel tank and carburetor consist of gasoline vapors. Pollutants from the crankcase consist of partly burned air-fuel mixture that has blown by the piston rings. Pollutants from the tail pipe consist of partly burned gasoline (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and – if there is sulfur in the gasoline – sulfur oxides (SOx).

Задания к тексту:

a) Прочитайте все 3 текста и скажите о чем в них идет речь:

1. In this text we consider the atmospheric pollution, the formation of smog, and the automobile’s role in air pollution.

2. In this text we look at burning coal, oil, gas, gasoline as main pollutants of the atmosphere.

3. In this text we look at man-made pollutants as the main factors of atmospheric pollution

4. b) Кратко изложите содержание текста по-русски

Text 4: Ecological Problems of Big Cities.

Экологические проблемы больших городов.

Pre-text exercises

I.Изучите лексику к теме:

environment to run dirty

pollution dust acid rain

nature to protect plant

dangerous to take care of to plant

chemical clean to pollute

pure ruination waste

to cause to throw out

II.Дискуссия на тему «Protection of nature»

1. Why do people worry about ecological situation on our planet?(need of energy, pollution of air, ground, water, ruination of the ozone layer appearance of new diseases).

2. What are the most dangerous substances (вещества) for man and living beings? (human waste, waste from plants, factories and

power-stations, pesticides and chemicals, oil from tankers, acid rains).

3. What measures must be taken by all of us not to ruin balance between man and nature (not to throw dust in rivers, in forest, be careful in the forest, not to kill birds and animals).

4. Where do you feel (чувствовать) better: in the forest or in town? Why? (can breathe fresh air, enjoy green trees and flowers, listen to birds twitter and murmur of leaves).

III. Чтение

Задание 1.

Прочитайте газетные статьи и выпишите из них предложения для обсуждения следующих положений:

а) почему опасно жить в мегаполисах;

б) что загрязняет воздух в больших городах и какие меры должны предпринять власти, чтобы остановить растущее загрязнение;

в) какие меры предпринимаются, чтобы уменьшить расход чистой воды для промышленного потребления.

Ecological problems of big cities

Text 1.

There are 150 super cities in the word with population from one to 15 million people and more. Tokyo, New York, London, Mexico, Rio de Janeiro are just a few cities which have grown into giant urban agglomerations. People in the super cities

complain more often about bad water and bad air, noise and absence of greenery. A new term – urban climate – was born in the monster cities. It means higher temperatures, oppressive atmosphere, intensive precipitation and smog. Some Western experts claim that it is practically impossible to protect big cities from pollution. But are they right?

Notes: giant-гигантский, urban-городской, complain-жаловаться, noise-шум, greenery-зелень, monster-огромный, precipitation-испарение, claim-приходить к выводу.

Text: 2.

There are also 230 rather large cities with a population between 100,000 to one million. So the problem of an ecologically balanced urban environment is becoming extremely topical. Keeping the air and water clean is not enough to make all cities in the country a good place to live in. Cities must be build in a way that people and natural environment co-exist in perfect harmony with nature.

Public transport should be switched over to electrically driven vehicles or moved underground. Fountains and artificial lakes in the center of big cities create a pleasant microclimate in the city.

Notes: extremely-особенно, чрезвычайно, build-строить, in a way-таким образом, co-exist-сосуществовать, should be switched over-должен быть переведен, vehicles-средства передвижения, artificial-искусственный, create-создавать.

Text: 3

«Moscow and Moscovites»

Measure to keep Moscow’s air clean is an important component of the ecological program. The question is tackled from many angles simultaneously. Today practically all city factories have gas washers and dust traps, which prevent toxic substances from getting into the air. Auto-exhaust pollution control is done in different ways, including rigid technical specifications, partial use of gas, an ecologically pure fuel and the wide introduction of exhaust control devices. Moscow has almost 30.000 hectares of lush greenery which helps keep the air clean.

Notes: is tackled from many angles simultaneously-рассматривается со всех точек зрения одновременно, prevent-предотвращать, gas washers and dust traps-газоочистители и пылеуловители, auto-exhaust pollution control-контроль за загрязнением окружающей среды, rigid-строгие, fuel-горючее, introduction-введение, lush-пышный.

Text: 4

«High ozone concentration in London»

Photo-chemical smog measurements in London showed ozone concentration higher than 100parts per billion. There is evidence that the pollution is spreading from London into countryside.

Ozone can be formed by sunlight from oxygen under certain conditions. But high concentrations are usually the result of sunlight breaking down nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Both these components are put into the air by automobiles.

Notes: measurements-измерения, higher-выше чем, evidence-ясно, очевидно, spreading-распространяется, sunlight-

солнечный свет, oxygen-кислород, breaking-преломляет, разрушает, oxides-окись азота, hydrocarbons-углеводород.

Text: 5.

Every day Moscow consumes about 6 million cubic metres of water. This amounts to about 700 litres per capita.

As far as bacteriological standards are concerned Moscow water is ozonized and tastes like pure spring water.

What do Moscow factories consume? Most Moscow factories now have a water technology employing used water. But to replenish the stock fresh water is still being consumed.

Notes: consumes-потребляют, capita-составляет…на человека, concerned-касается, employing used water-применяющую использованную водуreplenish the stock-чтобы пополнить запасы.

After-text exercises

Задание 2.

a) Say what pollutes the air in big cities and measures which must be taken by authorities to prevent the growing pollution.

b) Say why it is dangerous nowadays to live in super cities.

c) Say what new technologies are used in big cities for industrial consumption of water.

d) Draw the conclusion. Сделайтевывод.

Задание 3.

Расскажите об экологических проблемах вашего города.

Use the following words:

Coal-Preparation plant – обогатительная фабрика

theNeryungri coal field – Нерюнгринский угольный разрез

machinery – механизмы, техника

crater – кратер

mutilated soil – разрушенная почва

Задание 4.

Посмотрите на картинку и скажите, какие экологические ошибки допустил архитектор при планировке данного микрорайона города.

living space=houses, blocks of flats

work space=factories, plants

recreation space=stadiums, sports-grounds

wildlife space=forest, parks, animals

Задание 5.

Переведите на английский язык:

Природные комплексы Южной Якутии находятся в особо сложных климатических условиях. Они легко поддаются

разрушению и особенно чувствительны к воздействию человека.

Леса растут здесь крайне медленно. Кедровый стланик, заросли которого покрывают горные склоны, почти не возобновляется после пожаров.

Огонь – один из самых страшных врагов природы. Ресурсы живого мира в регионе довольно ограничены. Охота и рыболовство, как и всякий спорт, благородна, и для настоящего охотника и рыболова и недопустимы безжалостные способы лова и добычи.

Природа – великое богатство нашей Родины, и нам хранить и преумножать ее богатства и красоту.

Unit 5 THEARTOFBUILDING

Text 1: What We Demand of Modern Architecture

Переведите текст по специальности:Apart from

professional skill, an architect must have an extensive knowledge of all spheres of the cultural life of the people. He must know all kinds of

building materials and technology provided by the building industry of today.

Modern building technologies offer perlite – concrete blocks. Perlite is an excellent building material, which is especially valuable as a thermo – insulating filter. It is obtained chiefly from natural rock. It can also be used in house construction.

With glass and ferro – concrete as their construction materials and with modern synthetic materials at their disposal for interior decoration, architects and construction workers have to erect structures which must represent a harmonious blend of national and modern style. Architects and building workers realize that the fruits of their labour will serve not only the present generations but future ones as well, and that their talent and creative skills will have to develop the progressive architecture of society.

Exercises

1. Поставьтеглаголы в скобках в Present Passive или в Perfect Passive

1. Many new stadiums (to build) in our country lately. 2. New methods of building (to develop) by Russian engineers. 3. This book (to return) already to the library by me. 4. The old houses (to replace) by new buildings. 5. This paper (to receive) today.

2. Ответьтенаследующиевопросы:

1. Have all kinds of labour – saving devices been used before? 2. Has the art of building been changed greatly in the last few years? 3. What new materials have been used in modern construction lately? 4. How have our modern houses been made more comfortable?

3. Заменитеслова в скобкахнаанглийскиеэквиваленты: sources, art, modern, architecture, major, freezing, devices, conditioning, labour, labour-saving devices, flat, building materials, served to defend.

1. There are different styles in (архитектуре). 2. The use of prefabricated panels has brought great changes in the (искусстве) of building. 3. New (источники) of power have been discovered in the 20th century. 4. Power and heat are the (главный) factors in (современный) industry. 5. (кондиционирование воздуха) is used for the processing of materials in industry and for human comfort. 6. The chemical gas freon is used in (замораживании). 7. The roof of that new building is (плоская). 8. By using these new (приспособления) we can save much (труда). 9. Now we are living in the age of machinery, of scientific (достижений), of the discovery of new (источников) of power and new materials. 10. Man`s earliest structures (служили для того, чтобы защищать) him from the weather and from wild animals. 11. All kinds of (строительных материалов) are used in (современной) architecture. 12. What (приспособления, дающие экономию в труде) haveappearedrecently?

Grammarexercises

I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод Participle 1.

1. Speaking of residential construction we must say that the apartment houses are mostly built to suit urban conditions.

2. Natural stone is used for footing and foundations for external walls carrying the load.

3. Being brittle concrete can`t withstand tensile stresses, and it can`t therefore be used in structures subjected to tensile stresses under load.

II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод Participle 2.

1. The design adopted for the new bridge simplified the fabrication of steelwork.

2. Large – panel construction consists of reinforced concrete panels one or two storeys high, sometimes made of light – weight insulating concrete.

3. When reconstructed the station looked more beautiful than before.

III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод независимого причастного оборота.

1. The ancient houses being built without cement, the remains of only a few of them still exist.

2. The Conference building contains a wide range of facilities: three large council chambers, each containing about 400 public and 120 press seats.

3. The country was rich in hard and durable ( прочный ) stone, but poor in timber and metal, the main material used for construction being granite.

Text 2: The House

Man has always been a builder. The kind of house he built depended upon the climate, upon his enemies, and upon the

building materials at hand. The first houses in many parts of the world were made of wood, for in those days the greater part of the earth was covered with forests. Man tied together the tops of several trees and covered them with the skins of animals or with leaves and grass. So a tent or hut was the first house of the primitive people.

In other regions the most convenient building material was stone. Man began building houses out of stone very long ago. Although they were built without cement, the remains of a few of them still exist.

It appears that the most ancient homes on the territory of Russia were earthen houses. One such home was discovered near Voronezh in 1927. It consisted of a shallow hole of oval shape. The floor was covered with limestone slabs. The roof was conical and stood on poles covered with branches or animal skins. Such dwellings existed in that part of the country in the Upper Paleolithic Period(from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago).

The ancient Egyptians built very simple houses, by present standards. Having dried the bricks in the sun, they put up four walls, and above these they placed a flat roof. The roof was flat because there was very little rain in Egypt. Although their buildings were simple in construction, the Egyptian art of building was very beautiful. Their pyramids and monuments, sphynxes and palaces arose our admiration to this day. An important part in the history of building has been played by the column, and it was ancient Egypt that gave the world its first lesson in the art of making columns.

The Greeks learned much from Egypt. But they did not borrow the flat roof. They built a slanting roof because there was much rain in their country. The Greeks made the roof slant in two directions from the middle. They also improved on Egypt’ s columns and soon became the teachers of the world in column making.

The Romans, in turn, learned much from the Greeks. First of all they borrowed the slanting roof and the columns. But they added the arch, thus adding much strength and beauty to their buildings.

In Ancient Russia architecture flourished for the first time in Kiev Russ. Unfortunately only a few of the church buildings of that period have remained, among them the famous Cathedral of St Sophia , the Pechenegs. The churches of that time were strong buildings with thick walls and small windows. They often served as fortress against enemy invasions.

In the Middle Ages in Europe numerous wars between different nations caused great damages to the houses of crowded Medieval towns. Therefore many monarchs and nobles built

castles as a form ofdefence. Those castles had very strong walls, narrow windows and projecting fortifications.

The Renaissance, which was a European movement, lasted from the 14th up to 17th century. During this period, arts and sciences underwent great changes. In architecture these changes were marked by a return to classical forms and proportions of Roman buildings.

Buildings of the 19th century are characterized by the use of new materials and by a diversity of architectural styles. From the end of the 18th century iron and steel became widely used as alternatives of wood, for by this time many countries experienced shortage of this material. Later, the Industrial Revolutionbrought mass-production of building parts which were manufactured at a factory and then simply assembled at a site.

The 20th century is notable for widespread use of steel-reinforced concrete. Huge reinforced units manufactured in heated factory premises are brought to the site which becomes something like an assembly shop. This technique has many advantages over other building methods. First of all it cuts the labourneeded for building by 60-70 per centand extends the building season what is very important for the countries where winter lasts for many months. Furthermore, the duration of building is greatly cut. All this makes the building process less expensive and less much labourous. Architecture of the 20th

century is characterized by very high buildings-particularly skyscrapers-and by great diversity of styles which completely differ from those of the past.

Text 3: The Artof Building

Прочитайте текст, найдите значения выделенных слов в словаре.

Man’s earliest structures protected him from the weather, from wild animals or from the attacks of other men.

Since that time the art of building has changed greatly, but its main object remains protection. Now we are living in the age of

machinery, of scientific achievements, of the discovery of new sourcesof power and new materials.

The three main materials are concrete, together with ferro– concrete (or reinforced concrete), steel and new kinds of glass. Constructions that were not possible before can now bepermitted with the help of these new materials.

Modern architecture is mainly the architecture of steel and concrete. The outer walls and the roof have lost their old importance. They are no longer structural. In the modern building it is the floor and its supports that are structural. The

use of a steel framework has made it possible to construct tall buildings.

The walls which no longer have to support the structure, can be of any kind of material. It is possible to build a factory in which the walls are made of any shape we like. The roofs may be flat. Changes in the interiors of building have also been made. Electric light, centralheating, air – conditioning and refrigeration and all kinds of labour –saving devices have been installed. And our modern homes have become much more comfortable that the homes of the past.

Text 4: HousingConstruction

Прочитайте следующую информацию о жилищной

ситуации в нашей стране

People get apartments for an unlimited period of time. The size

of an apartment

depends on the size

of a family.

The standard

amount of housing

space is 21 square

metres per person.

The housing commission decide who is to get the apartment

first. As a rule, families with less than 5 square m of housing

space per family member get the new apartment first. A family of

three has the right to receive a two-room apartment, a family of

four – a three-room apartment, and a family of five – a four-room

apartment.

Every month people have to pay their rent and utility bills – for

gas, electricity, telephone service, running water, central heating.

Some 30 per cent of the population have more housing space

than average level. And about the same number of people live in

apartments with housing space below average.

Some ten million people live in shared apartments. One out of

every four unmarried adults lives in a

hostel or rents a room from a private

owner.

Not long ago the government decided

to sell state-owned flats to citizens as

personal property. After a citizen buy a

flat, he may sell it or give it as a gift: but

no one may own more than one flat at a

time.

Many people prefer to buy apartments or to build individual

houses. Do you know how to build a house? Some preparations

have to be made before one starts building a house. The architect

in cooperation with the future owner draws up a plan. They bear

the following in the mind: the size of the site, the purpose of the

building, how the rooms are going to be furnished, what materials

are to be used and how much money can be spent.

The supervisor plans and controls the various activities of the

workers who build the house. The supervisor also sees to it that

the materials are at the site when needed.

The following craftsmen are active when building is under

construction: bricklayers, plumbers, carpenters, heating-

mechanics, electricians, painters, paper-hangers and plasterers.

What is needed before you can start building? Firstly, one

looks into the finances. Secondly, one finds a suitable building-

site. In the third place, you need a building-permit. In the fourth

place, you find the workers and get building materials: bricks,

wood, glass, cement, lead, paint, wall-paper, insulation materials

so on.

Pre-textexercises

1. Изучите слова к тексту:

apartment - квартира

sharedapartment – коммунальная квартира

amount - количество

housingspace – жилая площадь

utilitybill – счет для оплаты коммунальных услуг

runningwater - водопровод

centralheating – центральное отопление

average - средний

hostel - общежитие

privateowner – частный собственник

citizen – гражданин

personalproperty – личная собственность

supervisor – руководитель

activities – деятельность

craftsman – мастер

bricklayer – каменщик

carpenter – плотник

heating-mechanic – механик отопительной системы

electrician – электрик

painter – маляр

paper-hanger – обойщик

plasterer – штукатур

building-permit – разрешение на строительство

brick – кирпич

wood – дерево

glass – стекло

lead – свинец

paint – краска

wall-paper – обои

insulation – изоляция

to depend ( on) – зависеть ( от)

toreceive – получать

torent – снимать ( квартиру), арендовать

toown – владеть, быть владельцем

tobuy – покупать

todrawup – составлять ( план)

tobearinmind – помнить

tobefurnished – бытьобставленным ( мебелью)

tospend ( spent) – тратить ( деньги)

toseetosmth – проследить за чем-либо

to be under construction – строиться

to look into smth – зд. подуматьо

suitable – подходящий

2. Найдите в тексте и выпишите следующие

предложения:

1. В России существует государственное строительство

жилья, кооперативное и индивидуальное.

2. Норма (стандартное количество) жилой площади в

стране составляет 21 кв. м на человека.

3. Есть (имеются) люди (30% населения), имеющие больше

жилой площади, чем позволяет средняя норма.

4. И есть люди (30% населения), которые имеют жилую

площадь меньше средней нормы.

After-textsection

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя текст:

1) Do people get the apartments for an unlimited period of

time?

2) Does the size of an apartment depend on the size of the

family?

3) The standard amount of housing space is 21 square metres

per person, isn’t it?

4) The housing commissions decide who is to get the apartment

first, don’n they?

5) Who gets the new apartment first?

6) What are the rights of a family of three ( four, five)

members?

7) Do people pay their rent and utility bills every week or every

month?

8) How many per cent of the population have more housing

space than average level and how many have less?

9) Do ten or twenty million people live in shared apartments?

10) Where does one out of every four unmarried adults live?

11) May a citizen buy a state-owned flat?Onwhatconditions?

4. Расскажите о жилищной ситуации в России

5. Ситуация: ваш друг хочет построить дом для своей

семьи. Дайте ему несколько советов, например, что нужно

сделать сначала до того, как приступить к строительству;

какие материалы необходимы для строительства и каких

специалистов необходимо привлечь к строительству?

It’s interesting to know…

Американский дом

Америку не воспринимают иначе как страну небоскребов и монополий. Действительно, первое, что бросается в глаза – громады из светлого бетона и темного стекла в деловых квартирах. Однако основа промышленности средне и мелкие фирмы, сельского хозяйства – семейные фермы, а живут большинство американцев в домах не выше двух этажей, преимущественно за городской чертой.

Можно купить готовый дом или построить по индивидуальному заказу. В среднем обходится он в 90 тысяч долларов, но в конечном итоге цена зависит от района, его престижности и конъюнктуры рынка: 200тысяч и значительно выше на юге Калифорнии, менее 60 тысяч, скажем, в штате Огайо. Так или иначе, сумма не малая и внести ее полностью способны немногие. Приходиться залезать в долги, брать ссуду в банке и взваливать на свои плечи выплату десятилетиями процентов по займу, что в среднем забирает до трети семейного бюджета. Но каждый, кто может себе это позволить, покидает город без всякого сожаления. Более 60 миллионов семей, или почти 180 миллионов человек, живут в своих домах. Потому, что в небоскребах американцы трудятся, а жить предпочитают подальше от места работы, поближе к земле. Отнюдь не ради того, чтобы сажать картошку или выращивать яблоки. Подобное занятие никому и в голову не придет при отлично налаженной торговле и разумных ценах. Максимум сельскохозяйственных усилий владельца частного дома – забота о традиционном газоне и цветах.

Для строительства дома требуются только деньги, т.е. приличный заработок. И американцы трудятся с полной отдачей, чисто по-американски.

Только в его собственном доме с американцем можно поговорить по душам. Только в своем доме он полностью раскрывается, задумывается и размышляет, отдыхает и работает в удовольствие. В выходные дни играет с детьми, лениво почитывает пухлые воскресные газеты, кости траву на газоне, возится в гараже или моет, а точнее, вылизывает свою машину.

Перед домом у края газона, на столбике обычно выставлен почтовый ящик с указанием адреса и имени хозяина. На первом этаже, как правило, гостиная, столовая и кухня, иногда – рабочий кабинет, а спальни этажом выше.

Редкий американский дом обходится без пристройки. Там оборудуют гараж, оранжерею или мастерскую. Это отнюдь не сарай, куда складывают все, что жалко просто выбросить. Такая пристройка или, на худой конец, нужны потому, что и на отдыхе хозяева не могут долго бездельничать.

Американский дом – не роскошь и не загородная резиденция, не дача и не садово-огородный участок. Это как раз то, что называют семейным очагом, место рождения нового и прощание с уходящим поколением. Дом – это вечная забота и законная гордость, вклад капитала и частица своего труда, переходящая детям. Самая благоустроенная квартира в высотном здании – это, что ни говори, часть общего, а дом – свое, близкое и родное. Строится и оборудуется продуманно, прочно, со вкусом, на поколения.

TimeforFun

Переведите текст на английский язык

Риелтор пытается продать очередному покупателю загородный дом “Да, у него есть недостатки. На севере располагается колбасный цех. На востоке – сыроварня, на юге – бензоколонка. Но есть и бесспорные преимущества. Например, вы всегда будете знать, откуда дует ветер”.

Notes: 1. риелтор- arealestateagent; 2. продавать-sell; 3. недостаток-disadvantage; 4. Колбасный цех-sausageshop; 5. сыроварня-cheese-making: 6. бензоколонка-gasolinestation;7. преимущества-advantages; 8. Дует ветер-thewindisblowing .

Text 5: The Use of Concrete

I.Упражнения в чтении:

-ear -er -ir

early bert

h

birt

h

earn her girl

learn nerv

e

fir

earth serv

e

firs

t

earne

st

ter

m

bir

d

-ur ture

burn picture

fur architecture

purse mixture

nurse future

surfac

e

gesture

Прочитайте текст и расскажите все, что вы узнали о

бетоне.

Concrete is a most necessary material in modern architecture.

This very old material was used by the ancient Romans.¹ They

knew the art of building huge concrete roofs supported only by

walls, but this art was lost in the Middle Ages.²

And now concrete again plays an important part the history of

architecture.

Concrete is a mixture of a powder called cement, made from

clay and chalk, water, sand and broken brick or gravel. When

mixed and left for a time, this mass becomes as hard as stone.

A concrete beam, like stone, can crack if heavily weighted, but

we know a way – unknown to the ancient Romans – of

strengthening concrete.

Before pouring the mixture, one can place long steel rods or a

steel mesh into the trough. We call this ferro – concrete, and we

can mould it into any shape.³ Concrete is as plastic as clay, and it

is much easier to get unusual shapes from concrete than from

stone or brick. One can use concrete to model a building into

different forms as readily as a child uses plasticine to do the same

thing.

Notes

1. was used by the . . . Romans – использовался . . .

римлянами

2. was lost in the Middle Ages – былоутраченовсредниевека

3. we can mould it into any shape -

мыможемпридатьемулюбуюформу

Exercises

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

a) 1. Where do we use concrete and brick? 2. Who was the first

to use concrete? 3.What kind of roofs did the ancient Romans

make? 4. How do we make concrete? 5. How can we strengthen

concrete? 6. What shapes can we give to concrete?

2. Образуйте наречия от следующих прилагательных и

переведите их.

slow, good, bad, easy, careful, quiet, near, quick, hard, cold,

sudden, scientific

3. Из двух слов, данных в скобках, выберите нужное по

смыслу

1. Drive (slow, slowly) near schools and nurseries. 2. You are

very (slow, slowly). 3. Peter plays chess (good, well). 4. This is a

(good, well) picture. 5. Be (careful, carefully) when you cross the

street. 6. My brother does his work (careful, carefully). 7. You

must be (quick, quickly) if you want to come in time. 8. She

smiled (happy, happily). 9. My sister looks very (happy, happily).

10. TheAgeofSciencedidnotcome (sudden, suddenly).

4. Употребите в каждом предложении одно из

приведенных ниже наречий

Carefully, often, well, yesterday, seldom, usually, always,

never, ever, tomorrow

1. He goes to St. Petersburg. 2. He stays there for more than

two days. 3. She plays the piano. 4. Tom prepares his lessons. 5.

We go for a walk to the park on Sunday. 6. Ann came to her

lessons late. 7. I saw brother in the dining-room. 8. Do you work

on Sundays? 9. Why are you late? 10. She is so kind to me.

5. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на

употребление глаголов tosay, totell, tospeak в значении

говорить

1. He always says what he thinks. 2. Parents must teach

children to tell the truth. 3. Can you tell me the way to the central

square? 4. Speak louder, I can`t hear what youare saying. 5. He

says he is very busy now. 6. Let us speak about the new play. 7.

Don`t tell him the sad news. 8. Firstthinkandthenspeak.

6. Напишите и переведите основные формы следующих

глаголов.

to build to go to see to read to know

to

prepare

to light to obtain to call to study

7. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

a badly written story, a snow – covered mountain, a well –

dressed woman, hard – earned money, low – paid work, a well –

done experiment, a kind – hearted girl, prepared and preserved

food, electrically lighted and steam heated homes.

8. Переведите данные в скобках причастия на

английский язык.

1. The food (приготовленный) by this cook was very tasteful

(to cook). 2. Our electrically (освещенные) and steam

(отапливаемые) homes are the results of scientific progress (to

light, to heat). 3. The (полученный) mixture is called concrete (to

obtain). 4. The (горящий) match fell on the floor (to burn). 5. The

messages (полученный) by us are very important (to get, got,

got). 6. The material (названный) concrete is used in architecture

(to call). 7. When (оставленный) for a time concrete becomes as

hard as a stone (to leave, left, left). 8. The students (изучающий)

English must work regularly (to study). 9. The man (читающий)

the order to the students is our college principle (to read).

9. Переведите словa, данные в скобках, и прочтите

предложения:

1. We know a way of strengthening (бетона) 2. The worker

took (глину), (гравий), (бетон) and (смешал) them. 3. I heard a

(треск) and a big (балка) fell down. 4. Is lead a (смесь)? No, it is

not. 5. It was raining all day long yesterday. It is (грязно) in the

street now. 6. What is the diameter of this (стержня)? 7. He put a

steel (стержень) into the (смесь). 8. We can mouldferro –

concrete into any (форму). 9. (Научные и сследования) of the

laboratory are very important for our industry. 10. When a

chemist makes a (синтетический) product, he puts chemical parts

into new combinations.

Text 6: MiraclesofScience

Переведите текст с помощью словаря.

We are living in the Age of Science. Our electrically lighted

and steam – heated homes, our prepared and preserved food, our

synthetic clothing are all the results of patient scientific research.

We travel across vast lands in fast electric trains. We ride

across bridges. We fly in huge airplanes over great distances of

land and water. We send and receive massages by means of

telephone, radio, and television. We know what is happening

around the world by reading our newspapers and by listening to

radios and by watching TV.

Our doctors now cure many diseases which resulted in death

only a few years ago.

This Age of Science did not come suddenly. It has taken

centuries of scientific research and invention to develop the

civilization of the modern type.

2. Переведите предложения, укажите, чем являются

выделенные слова: сказуемым или причастием.

1. He left for Moscow yesterday. The book left on the table is

mine. 2. The workers built many houses in this street last year.

The houses built by the workers are of modern design. 3. Pierre

and Mary Curie discovered a new element. They called the

discovered element radium. 4. He used many interesting facts in

his report. When used for building concrete is very important.

Text 7: The Most Important Building Materials

Lime, gypsum and cement are the three materials most widelyused in building construction for the purpose of binding together masonry units, such as stone,brick and constituents of wall plaster. Cement is the most important component of concrete. Concrete is an artificial conglomerate of crushed stone, gravel or similar inert material with a mortar. Mortar is a mixture of sand, screening or similar inert particles with cement, which has the capacity ofhardening into a rocklike mass. These materials form very important elements in all masonry structures.

Common building brick is made of clay containing a considerable proportion of fine sand. The material is mixed with water, and the mass is pressed througha rectangular opening and cut crosswise with wires. The presence of sand lowers the plasticity of the raw material, but decreases its tendency to crack, twistor shrink during drying. The fully dried material is heated until it begins to vitrify. This means that the temperature is fully reached, at which the more fusible components of the mixture begin to melt to a liquid, which flows around the unfused particles, cementing them firmly together. When it has been carried, the ceramic material is said to be completely vitrified.

The most important building materials now are structuralsteel andconcrete. The outer walls and the roofhave lost their old importance. They are no longer structural. The walls, which no longer to support the structure, can be made of any kind of material. The roofs may be flat.

With glass and ferro-concrete as construction materials and with modern synthetic materials for interior decoration, architects and construction workerserect structures which represent a harmonious blend of national and modern style.

Notes: 1. cutcrosswisewithwires – резать поперек с помощью проволоки

Pre-textexercises

1. Выпишите из текста выделенные слова и найдите их значения в англо-русском словаре.

2. Переведите словосочетания:

а) N.B! more – более, больше;most - самый

most widely used in building construction

stone, brick and constituents of wall plaster

masonry units, masonry structures

the most important component of concrete

artificial conglomerate of stone, gravel or similar inert materialstone

a mixture of sand, screening or similar inert particles

a rectangular opening

the plasticity of raw material

tendency to crack, twist or shrinkto melt to a liquidsynthetic materials for interior decoration

the more fusible components of the mixturerepresent a harmonious blend of national and modern style

b) Переведите предложения:

N.B! Слова с ing-окончанием могут представлять разные части речи: существительные (что?), причастия (какой?), деепричастия (как), герундий (что? что делать?)

1. Lime, gypsum and cement are used in building construction for the purpose of bending together masonry units.

2 Mortar is a mixture of sand, screening or similar inert particles with cement.

3. Cement has a capacity of hardening into a rocklike mass.

4. Brick is made of clay containing a considerable proportion of fine sand.

5. The presence of sand decreases its tendency to crack during drying.

6. A liquid flows around the unfused particles cementing them together.

3. Словообразование.Переведите производные слова:

Tomix (смешивать) – mixture; hard (твердый) – toharden; low (низкий) – tolower = to decrease; todry (высыхать) – drying – driedmaterial; tofuse (плавиться) – fusible – unfused;tovitrify (превращаться в стекловидное вещество) – completelyvitrified; tocrash(крошить) – crashedstone.

After – textexercises

4. Ответьте на вопросы, используя текст:

1.What are the most important building materials?

2. What are they used for?

3. What is concrete made of?

4. Is cement the most important component of concrete?

5. What is mortar?

6. What are building bricks made of?

7. How does the presence of fine sand affect the raw material?

8. What new and modern building materials are in usenowadays?

Text 8: Cement

Прочитайте текст, выпишите из текста предложения, в которых раскрываются следующие утверждения: 1. название цемента связано с местом, где он был найден; 2. цемент представляет собой смесь определённых ингредиентов; 3. белоснежный цемент используется для

архитектурных эффектов; 4. обогащённый воздухом цемент защищает от холода.

An English patent grantedin 1824 toJoseph Aspdinmarkedtheformalentry of Portlandcement intotheconstructiontrades. Aspdin called it “Portlandcement”, because its color was identicalwith a certain kind of stone found near Portland, England. The cement is made of a powered mixture derive from limestone, cement rock, oyster shells, clay, iron ore, shale, sand and marl. Other ingredients are often added to make special types of cement for certain conditions. One beautiful type is white porcelain cement – a snowy white substance used for striking architectural effects. A type important to northern builders is air – entrained Portland cement which has the ability to from millions of tiny bubbles of air in the concrete or mortal mass, making it more flexible in freeze – thaw conditions. Air – entrained concrete and mortal are resistant to the salt and chemicals used for melting snow and ice, and they are easier to work with a towel. If you live in the north, air – entrained cement is the only kind to use.

Text 9: Construction and New Steel ProductsПрочитайте тексты и расскажите, какие новые

технологии появились в строительстве зданий и сооружений.

White the trend toward structures of increasing size, the construction industry is emphasizing high strength and low cost when specifying materials, along with effectiveness in shortening the construction term. The importance of corrosion resistance has risen with the increase in construction project in coastal district

and offshore and good weathering performance is in great demand for all construction materials. In this field, durability takes priority over low initial cost. A variety ofsteel materials have been developed to satisfy today’s construction needs.

In many cities building construction plants have mastered production of perlite- concrete blocks. Perlite is an excellent building material, which is especially valuable as a thermo- insulating filter. It is obtained from natural rock.

Notes: trend –тенденция, направление; toemphasize–делать упор на; toshorten –укорачивать, уменьшать; coastal –прибрежный; toweather –выдерживать погодные условия; totakepriority –быть более важным; perlite-перлит.

Steel Fiber

Steel fiber for reinforcing concrete is another recent innovation. Its flat shape gives this fiber a large effective surface for good adhesion to concrete. Mixed into concrete in a ratio of 1-2 per cent by volume, it remarkably improves the bending strength, tensile strength and impact strength of the concrete. It has already proved its usefulness in the construction of roads, runways, and floor slabs for bridges and tunnels.

Specialists have designed a block of flats which is earthquake – proof. It consists of a reinforced concrete prefabricated frame and panels with metal cores. The designers have found an original method of assembling the components so that the finished structure can withstand seismic shocks. Such a block weighs only two-fifth of a brick one.

Notes:fiber – волокно;toreinforce– армировать, укреплять;recent –недавний;adhesion –сцепление;inaratio –в соотношении; floorslabs- плиты покрытия

Unit 6

Check Yourself

Вариант 1

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. These is no need to say that all the buildings must be strong and attractive.

2. The Kursky terminal is one of the largest and the most comfortable railway stations in Europe.

3. It was in 1891 that the building of the world’s longest Trans-Siberian railway began.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. Another tendency in the field of civil engineering was to replace hard manual labour by machines.

2. In Washington, efforts by builders to raise a height limit of 130 feet were unsuccessful.

3. To speed up the construction work there is a growing tendency to use prefabrication parts of buildings.

3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. Определите тип инфинитивного оборота.

1. Engineers believe tall buildings to rise to 200 stories or more.

2. A building’s framework is as likely to be of reinforced concrete as of structural steel.

3. The design of the present Yaroslavsky station is known to be based on the motifs of northern Russia folklore.

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

History of the Houses

History of the houses can be divided into some stages, such as primitive houses, Egypt period, Greek period, Roman period, etc.

First people lived in caves, tents, huts or earthen houses. Basic building materials were wood and stone.

An important peculiarity of Egyptian houses was a flat roof. Egyptians built many monuments, sphinxes, pyramids and columns. Construction required many workers, large expenses and a lot of time.

Greek improved Egypt’s architecture. The roofs of their houses were slanting.

Romans made architecture more various and beautiful. They decorated their houses improving columns and arches.

In the Middle Ages in Europe many castled and fortresses were built. They defended population from enemy.

In the Renaissance many beautiful houses, especially palaces and cathedrals were built. Classic forms returned into architecture.

In the 19-th century new materials, such as steel and iron began to be used.

In the 20-th century appeared new techniques, materials and building methods. Many high beautiful buildings were built.

Check Yourself

Вариант 2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It is know that a new building of the Kursky railway station in Moscow was erected in 1972.

2. Concrete is one of the most important construction materials.

3. The floor of that house was covered with wood.2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите

их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. Work on heavy foundations requires excavators, heavy cranes, pumps and pilling equipment (оборудование для забивки свай)to be extensively used.

2. As the building began to lean over, the builders altered the design of the upper stories to balance it.

3. The quantity of factory work on the building components is highly increased so as to reduce the cost and improve the quality and speed of construction.

3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. Определите тип инфинитивного оборота.

1. New and cheap building materials are believed to replace traditional stone and brick.

2. Steel, aluminum, glass and plastics are considered to be the best materials.

3. We know them to have used arches in their buildings.4. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Egyptian pyramidsThere were many different styles or kinds of architecture in the

past and there are many different styles today in various parts of the world.

The older monuments which are met within architecture are the colossal pyramids of Egуpt most of which were constructed about 6000 years ago.

The pyramids are large triangular buildings which were placed over the tombs of Egyptian kinds. The pyramids tell us about the advanced civilization of ancient Egypt which is much spoken about even in our days.

It was a country which had expert mathematicians and engineers, where astronomy and philosophy were known and studied.

The country was rich in hard and durable stone, but poor in timber and metal, so that the main material used for construction was granite, and this was the reason for the durability of the pyramids.

Large blocks of stone were transported over long distances by land and water, and placed into position with the help of the most primitive equipment. That was done by slaves working for thirty or forty years. All this great amount of work was done, masses of material and a large territory sometimes of about 52000 square meters were used, only for protecting the body of a dead king and constructing a dwelling place for his happy life in the «other world».

Check Yourself

Вариант 3

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. This railway station is much more beautiful than that one.2. It is well known that most of the metro stations are

furnished with granite and marble.3. It is the application of prefabricated parts that enables the

civil engineers considerably reduce the initial cost of railway electrification.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. Another purpose of a town plan is to show the principal road system connecting various zones together.

2. The type of piles to be used depends upon the soil composition.

3. The task of an architect is to make plans, whereas the task of an engineer is to build according to those plans.

3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. Определите тип инфинитивного оборота.

1. Wide application of prefabricated systems is likely to increase because such system has obvious advantages of flexibility and quick assembly.

2. Builders know the concrete to be pre-heated to +15SYMBOL 176 \f «Symbol» \s 14°, +25SYMBOL 176 \f «Symbol» \s 14° using water or steam in thermos method.

3. The designing of a station building is known to be a complicated job.

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

RomeThe Romans took nearly all the architectural ideas and

decorative motifs of Greek buildings.As builders and creators of great arches and domes, the

Romans developed their own distinctive style. As constructional engineers they surpassed the Greeks.

Greek domestic architecture was based on the simples: a square room with a fireplace in the middle, a smaller undecorated structure in front, a colonnaded courtyard leading off to rooms without windows.

Roman architects had a considerable range of building types to erect: temples, huge meeting halls, theatres, palaces, aqueducts and baths. The arch was the universal motif used for the most insignificant doorway and for great triumphal arches commemorating major political events alike.

In Roman times, any large-scale public building – public concourse, covered market or warehouse was called a basilica.

Today the work is used only for a certain kind of church, the interior of which is split into three of five naves with rows of supporting columns. The side naves are always lower than the main central ones.

Check Yourself

Вариант 4

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It is well known that nowadays the problem of maintaining station buildings has been greatly facilitated.

2. He is one of the most experienced builders.3. The buildings that were destroyed during the war were

reconstructed.2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите

их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. The purpose of a town plan is to give the greatest possible freedom to the individual.

2. To make the concrete resistant to bending, engineers reinforce it.

3. The bridge to span this river is to carry road traffic.3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на

русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. Определите тип инфинитивного оборота.

1. Civil engineering is claimed to be the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man.

2. People consider both Romans and Greeks to have been great builders.

3. The engineer expected the work to be done in time.4. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

OfficesThe office as a distinctive type is a late 19-th century

phenomenon. Before that time it was unusual for a building to be designed especially for office use. However, as manufacturing changed from a craft to an industrial base, there was a great demand for administrative control and the keeping of records, and the office function grew rapidly. As organizations became more complex and the amount of transactions multiplied toward the end of the 19-th century the demand for specially designed office space increased.

By the end of the 19-th centurya further concentration of office building took place: in London between 1867 and 1886 new «office streets» such as Victoria Street were constructed.

The 19-th century office was a small room where only three or four clerks might work. As industry and business developed, these types of offices were superseded by the «general office». It housed up to 100 clerks in large, often toilet rooms surrounded by small individual rooms for managers.

Check Yourself

Вариант 5

1.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. Gothic was one of the most widespread styles in Europe.

2. It is well known that nowadays various machines have replaced hard manual labour.

1. This station is more architecturally remarkable than that one.

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. In order to choose the site for construction thorough surveys are usually made.

2. The Orland Bridge to be constructed in Sweden is expected to be the longest in Europe.

3. The purpose of the bridge is to provide the link between two islands.

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. Определите тип инфинитивного оборота.

1. The most important building materials are considered to be structural steel and concrete.

2. England is said to be the land of late Gothic.3. We expected him to be a good engineer.4. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Cement

An English patent granted in 1824 to Joseph Aspdin marked the formal entry of Portland cement into the construction trades. Aspdin called it «Portland cement» because its color was identical with a certain kind of stone found near Portland, England. The cement is made of a powered mixture derived from limestone, cement rock, oyster shells, clay, iron ore, shale, sand and marl. Other ingredients are often added to make special types of cement for certain conditions. One beautiful type is white porcelain cement – a snowy white substance used for striking architectural effects. A type important to northern builders is air-entrained Portland cement which has the ability to form millions of tiny bubbles of air in the concrete or mortar mass, making it more flexible in freeze-thaw conditions. Air-entrained concrete and mortar are resistant to the salt and chemicals used for melting snow and ice, and they are easier to work with a trowel. If you live in the north, air-entrained cement is the only kind to use.