Revolution

In The

Arts

Romanticism

Life as it should be…

Romantic

Literature

Emily Bronte•Author of Wuthering Heights 1847

which is an immediate success

•Bronte sisters attend infamous

Clergy Daughters' School which is

depicted in Jane Eyre.

•1846 Publishes with Charlotte and

Anne, Poems by Currer, Ellis and

Acton Bell.

Mary Shelley•Author of Frankenstein

•Mary Wollstonecraft’s daughter

•Themes in book: Humans

shouldn’t meddle w/nature,

appearances can be deceiving

& creature feels lost in an

unsympathetic world

•Created a scandal by running

away with Percy Shelley (he

was married at the time)

Jane Austen•1795-98 Writes original versions of Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, and Pride and Prejudice.

•Revises Sense and Sensibility ~published 1811

•Revises Pride and Prejudice ~published 1812

•1816 Emma is published and is dedicated to the Prince Regent (future George IV) at his request

William BlakeEnglish Poet

Known for such works as:

The Tiger

Tiger! Tiger! burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eye

Could frame thy fearful symmetry?

The Lamb

(seen on next page) Known for illustrations

such as

The Ancient of Days

The Lamb

by William Blakeknow who made thee?

Gave thee life, and bid thee feed

By the stream and o'er the mead;

Gave thee clothing of delight,

Softest clothing, woolly, bright;

Gave thee such a tender voice,

Making all the vales rejoice?

Little lamb, who made thee?

Dost thou know who made thee?

Little lamb, I'll tell thee,

Little lamb, I'll tell thee:

He is called by thy name,

For He calls Himself a Lamb.

He is meek, and He is mild;

He became a little child.

I a child, and thou a lamb,

We are called by His name.

Little lamb, God bless thee!

Little lamb, God bless thee!

Grimm BrothersGerman writers

Wrote a dictionary and

Fairy Tales:

•Cinderella

•The Frog King

•Hansel and Grethel

•Little Briar-Rose

•Little Red-Cap

•Little Snow White

•Rapunzel

•The Seven Ravens

Victor Hugo•French author

•His writings typically support the individual in history.

•Les Miserables

•Hunchback of Notre Dame

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

•Believed that nature

was the source of truth

and beauty.

•Wrote about horror &

the supernatural

•Author of “The Rime of

the Ancient Mariner”

American Romantics•Nathaniel Hawthorne

Scarlet Letter

•Herman Melville

Moby Dick

•Edgar Allen Poe

Short Stories typically

Gothic horror/ tales of

mystery and madness

Romantic

Music

Romantic Music…Romantic composers altered the balance between expression and formal structure

by applying more freedom to the form and structure of their music, and using deeper,

more intense expressions of moods, feelings, and emotions.

Music doesn't happen in a vacuum

• Music is affected by other things that are going on in society;

ideas, attitudes, discoveries, inventions, and historical events

may affect the music of the times.

• For example, the "Industrial Revolution" was gaining steam

throughout the nineteenth century. This had a very practical

effect on music: there were major improvements in the

mechanical valves and keys that most woodwinds and brass

instruments depend on.

• Another social development that had an effect on music was the

rise of the middle class. Classical composers lived on the

patronage of the aristocracy; their audience was generally small,

upper-class, and knowledgeable about music. The Romantic

composer, on the other hand, was often writing for public

concerts and festivals, with large audiences of paying customers

who had not necessarily had any music lessons

Ludwig van Beethoven•Early in his career he wrote

for the Enlightenment

•Later years he turned to

Romanticism

•Played piano until he went

deaf & went through

depression

•Kept composing until his

death

Robert Schumann•German composer and writer.

•His songs and short piano pieces portray states of emotion with great economy.

• Among his compositions are four symphonies, a violin concerto, a piano concerto, sonatas, and song cycles,

•Dichterliebe/Poet's Love(1840).

Frederic Chopin•Polish composer and pianist.

•As a performer he revolutionized the technique of pianoforte-playing, turning the hands outward and favoring a light, responsive touch.

•Compositions, which include

2 piano concertos and other orchestral works, have great changes of mood, and flowing rhythms.

Richard Wagner•German opera composer and

conductor 1842-1848

•Revolutionized the 19th-century

idea of opera, seeing it as a

wholly new art form in which

musical, poetic, and scenic

elements should come together

•Fled Germany in 1848 due to

his part in revolution~ later was

allowed to return

Romantic

Art

Romantic Art…Romanticism exalted individualism, subjectivism,

irrationalism, imagination, emotions and nature

- emotion over reason and senses over intellect

Joseph Turner•Turner's first job was as an assistant to an architect.

•At the age of fourteen he decided to become an artist, and began to study at the schools of the Royal Academy.

•His early work consisted of drawings and water colours on paper; it was some years before he felt ready to start painting in oils.

• His first painting, The Fishermen, reflects the fashion for sublime subjects, which gave viewers a sense of the overwhelming power of nature. (see next slide)

Joseph TurnerFishermen at Sea 1796

Joseph TurnerS. Giorgio Maggiore: Early Morning

The clear light and

bright colors of Italy

overwhelmed him, and

though his water

colors, especially

those done in Venice,

show him using pure

color without the

conventional

indication of shadows

by dark grey or brown

tones

Joseph TurnerThe Grand Canal Venice

Joseph TurnerNorham Castle, Sunrise

None of Turner's 'exhibited pictures could be said to be finished till he

had worked on them when they were on the walls of the Royal Academy'.

Others how Turner sent in a picture to the British Institution exhibition of

1835 in a state no more finished than 'a mere dab of several colours, and

"without form and void"'; the account continues that 'Such a magician,

performing his incantations in public, was an object of interest and

attraction'.

Jacques-Louis David•Began his work in using the Baroque style

•Switched to Neo-classical which was popular in Rome

•Later he is known for his Romantic paintings

•Supporter of the French Revolution and Napoleon

•In professional terms, he failed to survive the fall of his master (Napoleon), and in 1815 retired in exile to Brussels,

•In exile he continued to work in a highly finished Classical vein, but resorted to myth for his subject-matter

Jacques-Louis DavidDeath of Marat

Shows his support of the French Revolution and the leaders.

As a true Romantic he attempted to catalogue the new heroes of the age

Jacques-Louis DavidNapoleon at Mont

St Bernard(1799)

Napoleon gained

power, and David

gained a new hero.

He recorded the

general and later the

Emperor in numerous

propaganda pieces

Jacques-Louis DavidConsecration of the Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of the Empress

Josephine in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris on 2 Dec 1804

RealismArt should portray people as

they really were, not as they

should be…

Realism in

Literature…Realism has been chiefly concerned with the

commonplaces of everyday life among the middle and lower classes, where character is a product of

social factors and environment is the integral element in the dramatic complications

Emile Zola•His father died when he was 7, leaving

the family with money problems

•GERMINAL (1885) . It was the first major

work on a strike, based on his research

notes on labor conditions in the coal

mines.

•His novels scandalized France exposing

the miseries of French workers in small

factories and coal mines.

•His work spurred reforms in labor laws &

working conditions

Charles DickensDickens emphasized the crucial importance

of the traumatic period in his life when his

parents suddenly removed him from school

and their middle-class, more-or-less genteel

environment (father is arrested due to debt)

and made him live apart from the family, and

forced him to work at Warren's Shoeblacking

factory and warehouse.

Influences of his life on his writing:

•The writer's emphasis upon orphans &

abandoned children

•The self-pity that permeates many of his works

•Their fairy-tale plots

Charles Dickens•1833~ first published story, "Dinner at Poplar Walk,"

appears in Monthly Magazine.

•1834~ Working as newspaper reporter, adopts the

pseudonym "Boz."

•1837~ Oliver Twist begins it’s run, and finishes in

April, 1839.

•1843 ~ A Christmas Carol (the first book) is

published, the last is published in 1848

•1849~ David Copperfield begin it’s run, and finishes

November 1850.

•1860~ Great Expectations begins to appear weekly, it

finishes it’s run in 1861

•1870~Dies on June 9, and is buried at Westminster

Abbey on June 14.

Realism in

Music…There are no true realist musicians

the younger Bach is the closest

historians have came to a “realist” in music

Realism in

Photography…The camera recorded precise images in the same

way the realist authors observed life.

Louis Daguerre

Louis Daguerre•“Boulevard du Temple", taken by Daguerre in late 1838 in Paris, was the first photograph of a person.

•The image shows a busy street, but because exposure time was over ten minutes, the traffic was moving too much to appear.

•The exception is the man at the bottom left, who stood still getting his boots polished long enough to show

William Talbot•1841 Talbot made known his discovery of the calotype or talbotypeprocess.

•Talbot's original contributions included the concept of a negative from which many positive prints can be made.

Realism in

Art…The accurate and apparently objective description of the

ordinary, observable world,

a change especially evident in painting.

The goal was the truthful and accurate depiction of the models that nature and contemporary life offer to the artist.

Jean-François Millet•His early work comprised of conventional portraits and fashionable eighteenth century pastoral scenes

•1848 he chose to exhibit The Winnower, a painting depicting peasant life, at the Paris Salon. It was the first of many rural scenes based on memories of his own childhood.

•Often accused of socialism because of his chosen subject, he was recognized as an important and original artist only after his death

Jean-François MilletThe Winnower

(1847-1848)•Both the colors

worn by the

winnower (red,

white and blue)

•Winnowing itself

(the act of

separating the

chaff from the

grain), may have

been intended to

have a political

meaning.

Jean-François MilletPotato Planters

(1862)

Jean-François MilletRest after Work

Also known as “Noon day rest”

(1866)

Gustave Corbet/Courbet •French realist painter,

•He opposed the popular Romantic style of

painting and insisted on painting things as he saw

them, not as others wanted them to look.

•He painted simple things

and plain people

•leading figure in the bohemian

art movement of the 1850’s.

Self

Portrait

Gustave Corbet/Courbet

Portrait of Juliette Courbet

as a Sleeping Child

A pencil drawing

Gustave Corbet/Courbet A Burial at Ornans

Honore Daumier•French caricaturist, painter, and sculptor. In his

lifetime he was known chiefly as a political and

social satirist, but since his death recognition of

his qualities as a painter has grown.

•In the directness of his vision and the lack of

sentimentality with which he depicts current

social life. He is a realist!

•Was deeply interested in people, especially the

underprivileged

Honore Daumier•Deeply interested in people, especially the underprivileged.

In Third-Class Carriage he shows us, with great

compassion, a group of people on a train journey.

•We are especially concerned with one family group, the

young mother tenderly holding her small child, the weary

grandmother lost in her own thoughts, and the young boy

fast asleep.

•The painting is done with simple power and economy of

line.

•The hands, for example, are reduced to mere outlines but

beautifully drawn.

•The bodies are as solid as clay, their bulk indicated by

stressing the essential and avoiding the nonessential.

•These are not portraits of particular people but of mankind.

Honore DaumierThe Third Class Carriage

Honore DaumierHe also did a number of paintings featuring Don Quixote as a

larger-than-life hero.

Don Quixote and

Sancho Panza

(1866-68)

Don Quixote and

the Dead Mule

ImpressionismA revolt against Realism

in the Arts

Impressionism

in Art…Artists tried to give their

impression of a subject at a

moment in time

Edouard Manet•French painter and printmaker who in his own work accomplished the transition from Realism to Impressionism

•Broke new ground in choosing subjects from the events and appearances of his own time

•Exhibited in 1863 at the Salon des Refusés, his "Luncheon on the Grass" (next slide) aroused the hostility of the critics and the enthusiasm of a group of young painters who later formed the nucleus of the Impressionists

•Public hostility not only helped to make Manet a hero in the eyes of the young painters but brought together in his support the group from which the Impressionists emerged.

Edouard ManetLuncheon on the Grass (1863)

Claude Monet•French Impressionist

•1862 studied art in Paris and met other famous

painters of the time and formed the nucleus of the

Impressionist group.

•Early Works: Mostly landscapes

•In 1871 and 1872 he painted canals, boats, and

windmills in Holland and worked again at Le Havre.

Began his Impressionistic painting.

Claude MonetFIRST IMPRESSIONISTIC WORKS

Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise)

(1873)

Claude MonetLATER IMPRESSIONISTIC

WORKS

Femme à l'ombrelle

tournée vers la gauche

Claude MonetWater Lilies (The Clouds)

1903

Edgar Degas•French Impressionist, known for his paintings of Ballet Dancers

•Technically, Degas differs from the Impressionists in that he never adopted the Impressionist color fleck

•His scenes of Parisian life, his off-center compositions, his experiments with color and form, and his friendship with several key Impressionist artists, most notably Mary Cassatt and Edward Manet, all relate him intimately to the Impressionist movement

•His paintings, pastels, drawings and sculpture—most of the latter were not intended for exhibition, and were discovered only after his death—are on prominent display in many museums.

Edgar Degas

The Dance Class

(La Classe de Danse)

(1873-1876)

Edgar Degas

Musicians in the Orchestra,

(1872)

Pierre Renoir•His early works were typically Impressionist snapshots of real life, full of

sparkling colour and light. By the mid-1880s, however, he had broken

with the movement to apply a more disciplined, formal technique to

portraits and figure paintings, particularly of women

•After his work was being purchased by a dealer regularly, Renoir

believed he had 'travelled as far as Impressionism could take me', and a

visit to Italy in 1881-82 inspired him to seek a greater sense of solidarity

in his work.

•Renoir is perhaps the best-loved of all the Impressionists, for his

subjects---pretty children, flowers, beautiful scenes, above all lovely

women---have instant appeal, and he communicated the joy he took in

them with great directness. `Why shouldn't art be pretty?', he said,

`There are enough unpleasant things in the world.'

Pierre Renoir

A Girl With a Watering Can (1876)

Pierre RenoirLa loge

(The Theater Box)

(1874)

This was shown at one of Renoir’s first Impressionistic

Exhibit in 1874

Renoir's brother Edmond

posed for the man, the girl

was a well-known Montmartre

model nicknamed `Nini

gueule en raie'.

Mary Cassatt•American painter and printmaker who exhibited with the Impressionists

•"...Mary Cassatt especially liked children, doting on her nieces and nephews and the offspring of friends. Naturalism and sensuality of a pure, elemental, and nonsexual sort are the hallmarks of Cassatt's portrayals of childhood during the 1880s and 1890s.

•great practical support to the movement as a whole, both by providing direct financial help and by promoting the works of Impressionists in the USA

•Only American Female to be shown in a French museum

Mary Cassatt

Children on the

Beach(1884)

Mary CassattPortrait of a Little Girl

(1878)

Vincent van GoghThe Starry Night (1889)

Starry Night was completed near the mental asylum of Saint-Remy, 13 months

before Van Gogh's death at the age of 37. Vincent's mental instability is legend.

He attempted to take Paul Gauguin’s life and later committed himself to several

asylums in hopes of an unrealized cure.

Vincent van GoghSelf-Portrait with

Bandaged Ear(1889)

•In February 1888 painted more than 200 canvases in 15 months.

•During this time he sold no pictures, was in poverty, and suffered recurrent nervous crisis with hallucinations and depression.

•He wanted to start an artists' co-operative at Arles and towards the end of the year he was joined by Gauguin.

•The two quarreled and van Gogh suffered the crisis in which occurred the famous incident when he cut off his left ear (or part of it).

Impressionism

in Music &

Literature…

Did not exist