roman empire iii st. jerome 340-420 - calvaryabq.org...roman empire iii augustine, east v. west, and...

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Age of the Christian Roman Empire III

Age of the Christian Age of the Christian Roman Empire IIIRoman Empire III

Augustine, East V. West, and Augustine, East V. West, and the Rise of Papal Theologythe Rise of Papal Theology

Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus St. Jerome 340St. Jerome 340--420420

•• Scholar, Monk and TheologianScholar, Monk and Theologian•• An ascetic who punished himself with An ascetic who punished himself with

grammargrammar•• Promoted/Inspired Scholastic Promoted/Inspired Scholastic

MonasticismMonasticism•• Had a vision declaring him a Ciceronian, Had a vision declaring him a Ciceronian,

resulting in his giving up of the Classicsresulting in his giving up of the Classics•• Traveled often between the E. and W. Traveled often between the E. and W.

EmpireEmpire•• Ordained as a presbyter in the church butOrdained as a presbyter in the church but

St. Jerome 340St. Jerome 340--420420•• Led a Monastery in Bethlehem where he Led a Monastery in Bethlehem where he

spent many years studying and spent many years studying and translatingtranslating

•• Inspired a group of women to become Inspired a group of women to become severe ascetics including one of his severe ascetics including one of his patrons St. Paula patrons St. Paula

•• Passionate even to an overzealous degree Passionate even to an overzealous degree •• Wrote Prolifically, but his lifeWrote Prolifically, but his life’’s work and s work and

greatest achievement was the Latin greatest achievement was the Latin Vulgate translation of the bibleVulgate translation of the bible

•• The Vulgate became the standard for the The Vulgate became the standard for the

Aurelius AugustinusAurelius AugustinusSt. Augustine 354St. Augustine 354--430430

•• Born to a Pagan father and a Born to a Pagan father and a Christian MotherChristian Mother

•• Became a Manichee for ~10 yearsBecame a Manichee for ~10 years•• Saved Later in lifeSaved Later in life•• Preeminent Scholar and TheologianPreeminent Scholar and Theologian•• Post conversion gave up career as Post conversion gave up career as

Rhetorician/government officialRhetorician/government official

St. Augustine 354St. Augustine 354--430430•• An active apologist and theologianAn active apologist and theologian•• Lived simply with monastic tendenciesLived simply with monastic tendencies•• Appointed against his will as Bishop of Appointed against his will as Bishop of

HippoHippo•• Wrote many worksWrote many works

–– Confessions, City of God, Retractions, Confessions, City of God, Retractions, The Letters, Questions and Responses, The Letters, Questions and Responses, Many various ReligiousMany various Religious--ApologeticApologetic--Polemic worksPolemic works

•• Died 430 AD during the Vandal Siege ofDied 430 AD during the Vandal Siege of

Papacy in the WestPapacy in the West

•• AutocraticAutocratic•• Authoritarian and very very Roman Authoritarian and very very Roman •• One Bishop over all, THE Pope, just One Bishop over all, THE Pope, just

as one Emperor over all the peopleas one Emperor over all the people•• Primacy of Rome as descendant Primacy of Rome as descendant

from Peterfrom Peter–– (though descent from Peter and (though descent from Peter and

equality with Paul are all debated equality with Paul are all debated issues)issues)

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Papacy in the WestPapacy in the West•• Imperialistic TheologyImperialistic Theology•• Absolute Monarchy desiredAbsolute Monarchy desired•• Little to no shifts in TheologyLittle to no shifts in Theology•• Rigid OrthodoxyRigid Orthodoxy•• JeromeJerome’’s Vulgate provided a stable s Vulgate provided a stable

and fairly accurate source for and fairly accurate source for scripturescripture

•• Post barbarian conversion was Post barbarian conversion was relatively free from political striferelatively free from political strife

Rise of the PapacyRise of the Papacy

•• Rome was always honoredRome was always honored•• Rome kept interferingRome kept interfering•• ‘‘Cause they said soCause they said so•• Gained political influence over the Gained political influence over the

Emperor Emperor --> greater influence over the > greater influence over the peoplepeople

•• ‘‘Cause they said soCause they said so

Pope Leo I 440Pope Leo I 440--461461•• Leo The GreatLeo The Great•• Powerful TheologianPowerful Theologian•• Firmly believed he was the successor Firmly believed he was the successor

of Peter, and Peter was the ruler of of Peter, and Peter was the ruler of the Churchthe Church

•• Peter died in Rome therefore his Peter died in Rome therefore his spiritual power remained with Romespiritual power remained with Rome

•• Emphatically spoke of his authorityEmphatically spoke of his authority

Pope Leo I 440Pope Leo I 440--461461•• Not with the Pope = not part of the church Not with the Pope = not part of the church

= not part of Christianity = not saved= not part of Christianity = not saved•• The concept of the all powerful Pope was The concept of the all powerful Pope was

not immediately or universally acceptednot immediately or universally accepted•• Obtained an edict from Western emperor Obtained an edict from Western emperor

Valentinian III, saying papal decrees have Valentinian III, saying papal decrees have the force of Law, and all bishops should the force of Law, and all bishops should obey themobey them

•• Left 96 Sermons and 173 Epistles, the first Left 96 Sermons and 173 Epistles, the first large collection of works left to us by a large collection of works left to us by a Roman BishopRoman Bishop

Pope Leo I 440Pope Leo I 440--461461

•• Saved Rome from being destroyed Saved Rome from being destroyed twicetwice

•• 452 AD from Attila the Hun452 AD from Attila the Hun•• 455 AD Vandal King Genseric 455 AD Vandal King Genseric

pillaged for 14 days, but didnpillaged for 14 days, but didn’’t burn t burn and murderand murder

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Clovis King of the FranksClovis King of the Franks•• Barbarian chieftain of the Frankish Barbarian chieftain of the Frankish

peoplepeople•• Converted, through the influence (or Converted, through the influence (or

nagging) of his wife Clotild as well as nagging) of his wife Clotild as well as a Constantine like conversion a Constantine like conversion experience before the battle of Tolbiacexperience before the battle of Tolbiac

•• Began the conversion of barbarians Began the conversion of barbarians and heretics through missionary and and heretics through missionary and axe work.axe work.

•• He became the model for all Christian He became the model for all Christian

Monks, Monkery, and Monasticism

Monks, Monkery, and Monks, Monkery, and MonasticismMonasticism• Started by St. Antony in mid 3rd century

• Emphasis on celibacy, asceticism, and purity

• Desired separation from the world in order to obtain purity

• Came up with some crazy ideas like Simon Stylitus

• Systematized by Benedict in the early 6th

century.• Became a punishment used to eliminate

heirs to the throne without killing them

•• Started by St. Antony in mid 3Started by St. Antony in mid 3rdrd centurycentury•• Emphasis on celibacy, asceticism, and Emphasis on celibacy, asceticism, and

puritypurity•• Desired separation from the world in order Desired separation from the world in order

to obtain purityto obtain purity•• Came up with some crazy ideas like Simon Came up with some crazy ideas like Simon

StylitusStylitus•• Systematized by Benedict in the early 6Systematized by Benedict in the early 6thth

century.century.•• Became a punishment used to eliminate Became a punishment used to eliminate

heirs to the throne without killing themheirs to the throne without killing them

St. Antony 250St. Antony 250--357357•• Became a monk at age 20Became a monk at age 20•• Was inspired by the words of Mt. 19:21Was inspired by the words of Mt. 19:21--

2222•• Sold his goods, gave much away, took Sold his goods, gave much away, took

care of his sister and ran away to a care of his sister and ran away to a tombtomb

•• Tomb got crowded so he started a Tomb got crowded so he started a monastery in the mountainsmonastery in the mountains

St. Antony 250St. Antony 250--357357

•• Fought with the Devil in many Fought with the Devil in many times and waystimes and ways

•• Desired to be a martyrDesired to be a martyr•• Performed many miraclesPerformed many miracles•• Uneducated, but wiseUneducated, but wise•• Debated with PagansDebated with Pagans

St. BenedictSt. Benedict•• Father of modern monasticismFather of modern monasticism•• Monk at age 15Monk at age 15•• ““Knowledgeably ignorant and wisely Knowledgeably ignorant and wisely

unlearnedunlearned””•• Performed many miraclesPerformed many miracles•• Formed many small monasteries with 12 Formed many small monasteries with 12

monks and one abbotmonks and one abbot•• Lived out of the world to save the worldLived out of the world to save the world•• Wrote out the Wrote out the Regula Benedicti Regula Benedicti ““Rule of Rule of

BenedictBenedict””

Rule of BenedictRule of Benedict•• Democratic government, AbbotDemocratic government, Abbot--provostprovost--

deansdeans•• 1 year trial for initiates1 year trial for initiates•• ““Ora et LaboraOra et Labora”” Prayer & Manual LaborPrayer & Manual Labor•• Threefold vowThreefold vow

–– Stabilitas Stabilitas –– adherence to the monastic orderadherence to the monastic order–– Conversio Morum Conversio Morum –– poverty, chastity, pietypoverty, chastity, piety–– Obedientia coram Deo et sanctis ejus Obedientia coram Deo et sanctis ejus ––

Absolute obedience to the Abbot Absolute obedience to the Abbot –– the cardinal the cardinal virtue of the monk.virtue of the monk.

•• Preserved many classics through librariesPreserved many classics through libraries

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Gregory The Great 540Gregory The Great 540--604604•• Born into a wealthy familyBorn into a wealthy family•• Well educatedWell educated•• Gave up prefecture of Rome, sold his Gave up prefecture of Rome, sold his

belongings and built a St. Andrews belongings and built a St. Andrews monastery where he became a Benedictine monastery where he became a Benedictine monkmonk

•• Later became ambassador to Later became ambassador to Constantinople, then Abbot of St. AndrewsConstantinople, then Abbot of St. Andrews

•• He is reluctantly appointed Bishop of He is reluctantly appointed Bishop of Rome, and initiated a march against the Rome, and initiated a march against the Plague which ended miraculously.Plague which ended miraculously.

Gregory The Great 540Gregory The Great 540--604604

•• Becomes pope in 590Becomes pope in 590•• Takes over in Rome due to the Takes over in Rome due to the

emperor being absent, even in emperor being absent, even in military affairsmilitary affairs

•• Defended the city from a Lombard Defended the city from a Lombard invasion.invasion.

•• Humbly enforced the Roman Humbly enforced the Roman supremacy over all other churches.supremacy over all other churches.

Gregory The Great 540Gregory The Great 540--604604•• Believed in both the Supremacy of Believed in both the Supremacy of

Peter and there being no one Peter and there being no one universal bishopuniversal bishop

•• Doctor Ecclesia Doctor Ecclesia –– Wrote Wrote Liber Liber pastoralis curaepastoralis curae ““book on the office book on the office of Bishopof Bishop”” also wrote also wrote DialoguesDialogues

•• Maybe initiated Gregorian Chant Maybe initiated Gregorian Chant •• Sent a team of 30 monk missionaries Sent a team of 30 monk missionaries

to the Angloto the Anglo--Saxons ultimately Saxons ultimately resulting in their conversionresulting in their conversion

The Middle Ages IIThe Middle Ages II590590--15171517

Charlemagne and the rise of Charlemagne and the rise of IslamIslam

Charlemagne the Great 747Charlemagne the Great 747--814814

•• Charles + Magnus = charlesmagnus Charles + Magnus = charlesmagnus => => CharlemagneCharlemagne

•• Karl Karl derder GroGroßßee ––germangerman•• KarelKarel de Grote de Grote –– dutchdutch•• Carolus Magnus Carolus Magnus -- latinlatin


•• Great Christian king of the Great Christian king of the FranksFranks

•• Conquered much of the western Conquered much of the western world, especially to protect the world, especially to protect the bishop of Romebishop of Rome

•• The The ““Moses of the middle agesMoses of the middle ages””•• Powerful warrior Powerful warrior –– 53 military 53 military

campaignscampaigns•• Expanded his empire by 2xExpanded his empire by 2x

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• Strong and well built man• He loved baths• Great statesman- gave audiences while

getting dressed• Intelligent and religious• Very charitable, gave alms, built bridges,

and churches• Recorded laws and German tradition• Started schools – yay public education

•• Strong and well built manStrong and well built man•• He loved bathsHe loved baths•• Great statesmanGreat statesman-- gave audiences while gave audiences while

getting dressedgetting dressed•• Intelligent and religiousIntelligent and religious•• Very charitable, gave alms, built bridges, Very charitable, gave alms, built bridges,

and churchesand churches•• Recorded laws and German traditionRecorded laws and German tradition•• Started schools Started schools –– yayyay public educationpublic education

Charlemagne the Great 747Charlemagne the Great 747--814814•• Interesting marriage lifeInteresting marriage life•• 5 wives in short order then settled 5 wives in short order then settled

down with 4down with 4--5 concubines5 concubines•• Beheaded 4500 prisoners in one day, Beheaded 4500 prisoners in one day,

then split up their families across the then split up their families across the empire.empire.

•• Rumored to have Rumored to have ““lovedloved”” his daughters his daughters a bit tooo much. a bit tooo much.


•• Rode into Rome to rescue Pope Leo III Rode into Rome to rescue Pope Leo III from an uprisingfrom an uprising

•• He was He was ““surprisedsurprised”” by being crowned by being crowned the Holy Roman Emperor in 800ADthe Holy Roman Emperor in 800AD

•• This begins the Holy Roman Empire the This begins the Holy Roman Empire the combination between a German king combination between a German king and an Italian Pope.and an Italian Pope.

Mohammed 570Mohammed 570--632632

•• Born 570 AD in Mecca with miraculous Born 570 AD in Mecca with miraculous signs accompanyingsigns accompanying

•• EpilepticEpileptic•• Goat herder and caravan attendantGoat herder and caravan attendant•• At 25 married a 40 yr. old rich widow At 25 married a 40 yr. old rich widow

KadijaKadija•• Remained Married for 25 years until Remained Married for 25 years until

KadijaKadija’’s death, he then married at s death, he then married at least 11 other womenleast 11 other women


•• Spent his time in meditation Spent his time in meditation •• At 40 he had a vision of Gabriel telling At 40 he had a vision of Gabriel telling

him to readhim to read•• Doubted his calling as a prophet, initially Doubted his calling as a prophet, initially

ascribing it to demons, but was ascribing it to demons, but was reassured by his wife Kadija. reassured by his wife Kadija.

•• Began writing the QurBegan writing the Qur’’an (Koran) an (Koran) ““leaf by leaf by leafleaf”” in a series of progressive in a series of progressive revelationsrevelations


•• 622 the Hegira(Mohammed622 the Hegira(Mohammed’’s flight from s flight from Mecca to Medina) takes placeMecca to Medina) takes place

•• Not having income, the Muslims become Not having income, the Muslims become warrior bandits. warrior bandits.

•• 624 major victory in the Battle of Uhud624 major victory in the Battle of Uhud•• Massacred ~700 Jews and sold their Massacred ~700 Jews and sold their

families into slaveryfamilies into slavery•• 627627--630 consolidation of power and the 630 consolidation of power and the

conquest of Meccaconquest of Mecca

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•• After conquering Mecca he emptied After conquering Mecca he emptied and rededicated the Kaand rededicated the Ka’’abaaba

•• He consolidated rule of Arabia, then He consolidated rule of Arabia, then sent out missionaries to convert the sent out missionaries to convert the world.world.

•• He died in the arms of Aishah June 8, He died in the arms of Aishah June 8, 632632

Mohammed 570Mohammed 570--632632•• Generally patient and kindGenerally patient and kind•• When provoked entirely pitilessWhen provoked entirely pitiless•• After Kadija he became very much a After Kadija he became very much a

polygamistpolygamist–– His favorite wife Aishah, he was betrothed His favorite wife Aishah, he was betrothed

to her when she was 6 and consummated to her when she was 6 and consummated the marriage when she was 9 (he was only the marriage when she was 9 (he was only 53)53)

–– 88thth wife Zaynab was his cousin and wife Zaynab was his cousin and daughter in lawdaughter in law

•• He gave women some rights (more than they He gave women some rights (more than they

IslamIslamThe Five (Six) Pillars of IslamThe Five (Six) Pillars of Islam

1.1. ““There is no god but Allah, and There is no god but Allah, and Mohammed is his prophetMohammed is his prophet””

2.2. Praying 5 times a day towards Praying 5 times a day towards MeccaMecca

3.3. Pilgrimage to Mecca at least oncePilgrimage to Mecca at least once4.4. Giving alms for pious and Giving alms for pious and

charitable Purposescharitable Purposes5.5. Fasting from Sunrise to Sunset Fasting from Sunrise to Sunset

during Ramadanduring Ramadan6.6. (optional) Jihad(optional) Jihad

Reasons for the Spread of Islam

1.1. FanaticismFanaticism2.2. MonotheisticMonotheistic3.3. Corruption of the Byzantine EmpireCorruption of the Byzantine Empire4.4. Replacement of government onlyReplacement of government only5.5. AntiAnti--iconicon6.6. Better GeneralsBetter Generals

The Middle Ages IIIThe Middle Ages III590590--15171517

Papal Power and the Papal Power and the CrusadesCrusades

Hildebrand a.k.a Gregory Hildebrand a.k.a Gregory VIIVII

•• Obscure backgroundObscure background•• Short in stature, strong in presenceShort in stature, strong in presence•• Friend of Pope Gregory VIFriend of Pope Gregory VI•• Lord of the Popes 1049Lord of the Popes 1049--1054 1054 –– Leo IX, Leo IX,

Victor II, Stephen IX, Nicolas II, Alexander Victor II, Stephen IX, Nicolas II, Alexander IIII

•• Became pope Gregory VII 1073Became pope Gregory VII 1073--10851085•• Warred against Nicolaitism, Simony, and Warred against Nicolaitism, Simony, and

Investiture. Investiture. •• Emphasized the absolute authority of the Emphasized the absolute authority of the

PopePope

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Papal PowersPapal Powers1. Excommunication – the cutting

off of one person from communion and the church =loss of salvation, no hope for heaven unless forgiven by Pope

2. Interdiction – A locational and/or personal excommunication.

3. World Authority – the power to depose and crown kings at the

Church vs. StateChurch vs. StateGregory VII v. Henry IVGregory VII v. Henry IV

•• Henry denounces GregoryHenry denounces Gregory•• Gregory Excommunicates HenryGregory Excommunicates Henry•• Henry grovels at Canossa and regains the Henry grovels at Canossa and regains the

Papal blessingPapal blessing•• 2 years go by2 years go by•• Henry replaces Gregory with a new PopeHenry replaces Gregory with a new Pope•• Gregory excommunicates/Interdicts HenryGregory excommunicates/Interdicts Henry•• They warThey war•• They dieThey die

The CrusadesThe Crusades•• Primarily a French institutionPrimarily a French institution•• Armed Journeys to recapture the Armed Journeys to recapture the

Holy LandHoly Land•• Carrying the crossCarrying the cross•• Christian PilgrimageChristian Pilgrimage•• Defeat of IslamDefeat of Islam•• Monetary and spiritual gainMonetary and spiritual gain•• 7 great crusades 10957 great crusades 1095--12701270•• Unite the Eastern and Western Unite the Eastern and Western

churcheschurches

The First Crusade 1095The First Crusade 1095--10991099

•• Initiated by Pope Urban II in response to a Initiated by Pope Urban II in response to a call for help from Constantinoplecall for help from Constantinople

•• Inspired by Peter the HermitInspired by Peter the Hermit•• The people looted and pillaged along the The people looted and pillaged along the

wayway•• ~300,000 irregulars slaughtered before ~300,000 irregulars slaughtered before

they reached their goal. they reached their goal. •• Occurred in swarms of mixed people, not Occurred in swarms of mixed people, not

just soldiers. just soldiers.

The First Crusade 1095The First Crusade 1095--10991099

•• Major slaughter at Nicea, later it was Major slaughter at Nicea, later it was capturedcaptured

•• Antioch gained, almost lost, but saved Antioch gained, almost lost, but saved by finding the spear that pierced by finding the spear that pierced ChristChrist’’s side.s side.

•• Jerusalem after a long siege was Jerusalem after a long siege was captured, a great slaughter of Infidels, captured, a great slaughter of Infidels, Jews, and heretics ensued. Jews, and heretics ensued.

•• Set up a kingdom that lasted until 1187Set up a kingdom that lasted until 1187

The Third CrusadeThe Third Crusade•• Jerusalem fell to Saladin in 1187Jerusalem fell to Saladin in 1187•• Joint crusade between French, English, and Joint crusade between French, English, and

Belgish. Represented by Red, White, and Belgish. Represented by Red, White, and Green crosses. The Germans were there tooGreen crosses. The Germans were there too

•• Saladin Tax Saladin Tax –– everyone not crusading must everyone not crusading must tithetithe

•• Besieged Acre amidst harsh conditions, Besieged Acre amidst harsh conditions, won gained food, gold, and the true crosswon gained food, gold, and the true cross

•• Slaughter of 2700 prisoners ensues. Slaughter of 2700 prisoners ensues. •• Ultimately gained Acre, as well as Ultimately gained Acre, as well as

pilgrimage rights to Jerusalem.pilgrimage rights to Jerusalem.

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Failures of the CrusadesFailures of the Crusades

1.1. The holy land was not wonThe holy land was not won2.2. Islam was not permanently stoppedIslam was not permanently stopped3.3. The East/West Schism was not healed The East/West Schism was not healed 4.4. Lots and lots of people were killedLots and lots of people were killed5.5. War atrocities War atrocities 6.6. IndulgencesIndulgences

Benefits of the CrusadesBenefits of the Crusades

1.1. Spiritual awakening in manySpiritual awakening in many2.2. Class interactionClass interaction3.3. Knowledge expanded, geography, Knowledge expanded, geography,

customs etc.customs etc.4.4. Major increase in tradeMajor increase in trade

The Middle Ages IVThe Middle Ages IV590590--15171517

Late Middle AgesLate Middle AgesAssisi, Captivity, Schism Assisi, Captivity, Schism

and Inquisitionand InquisitionSt. Francis of AssisiSt. Francis of Assisi

FraterFrater ParvulusParvulus ““little brotherlittle brother””Il Il poverellopoverello ““little poor manlittle poor man””

Giovanni (John) Giovanni (John) didi BernardoneBernardonerenamed Francescorenamed Francesco

A.K.AA.K.A

St. Francis of AssisiSt. Francis of Assisi•• From a fairly well off familyFrom a fairly well off family•• Served as a soldierServed as a soldier•• Convicted by a leper and kissed his Convicted by a leper and kissed his

handhand•• Gave away all he had (his fathers Gave away all he had (his fathers

goods included)goods included)•• Kicked out of his familyKicked out of his family•• Ran away to serve the poor especially Ran away to serve the poor especially

the lepersthe lepers

St. Francis of AssisiSt. Francis of Assisi•• Given the chapel of Given the chapel of PortiunculaPortiuncula ““Little Little

PortionPortion””•• Heard the call to preach and did soHeard the call to preach and did so•• Lived by Matthew 16:24Lived by Matthew 16:24--26, 19:21, and 26, 19:21, and

Luke 9:1Luke 9:1--66•• He was simple and loved animalsHe was simple and loved animals•• Self proclaimed Self proclaimed idiotaidiota ““illiterateilliterate”” and and

was therefore antiwas therefore anti--education as it education as it inspired prideinspired pride

•• Was married to povertyWas married to poverty

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St. Francis of AssisiSt. Francis of Assisi•• He attracted followers called the He attracted followers called the fratresfratres

minoresminores ““the lesser brethrenthe lesser brethren””•• Worked to earn food/lodging whenever Worked to earn food/lodging whenever

possible, when not they stayed where they possible, when not they stayed where they could. could.

•• Extreme emphasis on living out the gospelExtreme emphasis on living out the gospel•• Obtained papal sanction by rolling in pig Obtained papal sanction by rolling in pig

mudmud•• Companion nunnery founded by Clara of Companion nunnery founded by Clara of

SciffiSciffi•• Order taken over by papacy and FrancisOrder taken over by papacy and Francis’’

ideology ultimately was set asideideology ultimately was set aside

The InquisitionThe Inquisition•• A quest for purity A quest for purity withinwithin the churchthe church•• Ecclesia non Ecclesia non sititsitit sanguinemsanguinem ““The Church The Church

is not thirsty for bloodis not thirsty for blood””•• Priests were not to order/attend Priests were not to order/attend

executionsexecutions•• Pinnacle of mixing church and statePinnacle of mixing church and state•• Heretics are little foxesHeretics are little foxes•• Dominican monks were the primary force Dominican monks were the primary force

behind the Inquisition, though Franciscans behind the Inquisition, though Franciscans were involved as wellwere involved as well

The InquisitionThe Inquisition•• 1252 Innocent IV authorizes torture as 1252 Innocent IV authorizes torture as

means of obtaining confessionmeans of obtaining confession•• Inquisitors dissociated from pastoral care Inquisitors dissociated from pastoral care

of souls instead focusing purely on of souls instead focusing purely on hereticsheretics

•• They were given power to excommunicate, They were given power to excommunicate, lay interdict, and absolve acts of violencelay interdict, and absolve acts of violence

•• Punishments were seizure of property, life Punishments were seizure of property, life imprisonment, and deathimprisonment, and death

•• Spies were paid out of seized goodsSpies were paid out of seized goods•• Some places resisted especially GermanySome places resisted especially Germany

The InquisitionThe Inquisition•• German Inquisition: German Inquisition: KonradKonrad of Marburg of Marburg

““the Lords watchthe Lords watch--dogdog””•• Confessor of Queen/St. ElizabethConfessor of Queen/St. Elizabeth•• Deprived her of maidservants and Deprived her of maidservants and

separated her from her three childrenseparated her from her three children•• Assigned her beatings for any wrongdoing Assigned her beatings for any wrongdoing

ultimately resulting in her deathultimately resulting in her death•• KonradKonrad freely burned freely burned ““LuciferansLuciferans””•• He was murdered in 1233, buried next to He was murdered in 1233, buried next to

Elizabeth as a Elizabeth as a ““herald of the Christian herald of the Christian faithfaith ””

The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism•• Gregory XI declares any election of pope Gregory XI declares any election of pope

valid after his death, to forestall antivalid after his death, to forestall anti--popespopes•• After a mucky succession Urban VI After a mucky succession Urban VI

became pope in 1378became pope in 1378•• He was a terrible politician and insulted He was a terrible politician and insulted

the Cardinals the Cardinals •• In response the Cardinals return to France In response the Cardinals return to France

and elect Clement VII as popeand elect Clement VII as pope•• This starts a war Clement VII is held out of This starts a war Clement VII is held out of

Rome so returns to Avignon and Europe is Rome so returns to Avignon and Europe is splitsplit

The Papal SchismThe Papal SchismRoman LineRoman Line

Urban VI 1378Urban VI 1378--13891389Boniface IX 1389Boniface IX 1389--

14041404Innocent VII 1404Innocent VII 1404--

14061406Gregory XII 1406Gregory XII 1406--

14151415

Avignon LineAvignon LineClement VII 1378Clement VII 1378--

13941394Benedict XII 1394Benedict XII 1394--

14091409

PisanPisan LineLine

Alexander V 1409Alexander V 1409--14101410

John XXIII 1410John XXIII 1410--14151415

Martin V 1417Martin V 1417--14311431

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The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism•• Urban remains implacable, cold, hard, and Urban remains implacable, cold, hard, and

antianti--simonistsimonist. He has captive cardinals . He has captive cardinals slainslain

•• Clement VII was political and flexible. He Clement VII was political and flexible. He submitted to the French king and submitted to the French king and attempted reconciliation by appointing attempted reconciliation by appointing Urban lead CardinalUrban lead Cardinal

•• Boniface IX young only 35 and charismatic Boniface IX young only 35 and charismatic but not well educated. He gained complete but not well educated. He gained complete control of Italy. He was very much a control of Italy. He was very much a simonistsimonist and and nepotistnepotist

•• Innocent VII took over in Rome after Innocent VII took over in Rome after Boniface He was also only 35 years oldBoniface He was also only 35 years old

The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism•• Innocent VII continued listing Avignon Innocent VII continued listing Avignon

popes with heretics pirates and brigands.popes with heretics pirates and brigands.•• He was driven from Rome as his nephew He was driven from Rome as his nephew

had murdered 11 chief men of the City, he had murdered 11 chief men of the City, he was later recalled as they didnwas later recalled as they didn’’t like the t like the new rulernew ruler

•• Gregory XII the last of the Roman Gregory XII the last of the Roman schismatic popes. Was chosen partially schismatic popes. Was chosen partially because of his age, as older men have less because of his age, as older men have less ambition.ambition.

•• Took a vow when coming to office to healTook a vow when coming to office to heal

The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism•• Benedict XIII a.k.a. Peter de Luna refused Benedict XIII a.k.a. Peter de Luna refused

to back down or heal the Schism by to back down or heal the Schism by mutual abdication. mutual abdication.

•• The French king Charles VI 1380The French king Charles VI 1380--1412 was 1412 was weak and insane which weak and insane which minimalizedminimalized his his influenceinfluence

•• Multiple councils were called with and Multiple councils were called with and without papal consent, including The without papal consent, including The Council of PisaCouncil of Pisa

•• It started with 2 popes ended with 3 It started with 2 popes ended with 3 though the new pope Alexander V died though the new pope Alexander V died before reaching Romebefore reaching Rome

• Rome is sacked John XXIII is instated asRome is sacked John XXIII is instated as

The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism•• Rome is sacked John XXIII is removed as Rome is sacked John XXIII is removed as

popepope•• Emperor Sigismund calls the Council of Emperor Sigismund calls the Council of

Constance lasting 4 years 1414Constance lasting 4 years 1414--14181418•• John says he will abdicate if the others do, John says he will abdicate if the others do,

and it is agreed, John then flees and tries to and it is agreed, John then flees and tries to regain support in Franceregain support in France

•• Popes are declared fallible and subject to Popes are declared fallible and subject to CouncilsCouncils

•• John is put on trial, Gregory resigns, John is put on trial, Gregory resigns, Benedict is deposed, though not gracefullyBenedict is deposed, though not gracefully

•• Nov. 11 1417 Martin V is elected ending the Nov. 11 1417 Martin V is elected ending the SchismSchism

Age of the Reformation Age of the Reformation II

The PreThe Pre--ReformationReformation

John Wycliffe 1324John Wycliffe 1324--13841384ErrrErrr……John John

WyclifeWyclifeWyclifWyclif, , WyclyfWyclyf, , WyclyffeWyclyffe

WiclifWiclif, , WiclefWiclef, , WicliffWicliff, , WycleffWycleff, , WhyteclyveWhyteclyve, , WyclyveWyclyve

+ about 10 more versions+ about 10 more versions

11

John Wycliffe 1324John Wycliffe 1324--13841384

•• Morning Star of the ReformationMorning Star of the Reformation•• Well educated, spent most of life at Oxford Well educated, spent most of life at Oxford

and was master of Canterbury Halland was master of Canterbury Hall•• 1366 with the kings blessing he began 1366 with the kings blessing he began

rebuking Papal authorityrebuking Papal authority•• 1377 Comes before the Tribunal of William 1377 Comes before the Tribunal of William

Courtenay and leaves under the Courtenay and leaves under the protection of the Duke of Lancasterprotection of the Duke of Lancaster


•• Pope Gregory XI orders Wycliffe to prison, Pope Gregory XI orders Wycliffe to prison, but dies the year after, and the Papal but dies the year after, and the Papal Schism startsSchism starts

•• 1380 Wycliffe founds the 1380 Wycliffe founds the ““pore priestspore priests””oxford graduates who go out preaching oxford graduates who go out preaching many without ordinationmany without ordination

•• 1382 Courtenay becomes 1382 Courtenay becomes ArchibishopArchibishop of of Canterbury and holds the Earthquake Canterbury and holds the Earthquake SynodSynod

•• 24 articles of Wycliffe24 articles of Wycliffe’’s were condemned s were condemned


•• Wycliffe loses King Richard Wycliffe loses King Richard IIII’’ss favor, is favor, is kicked out of Oxford and all his books are kicked out of Oxford and all his books are burnedburned

•• Wrote the Wrote the TrialogusTrialogus•• Denounced Indulgences as Denounced Indulgences as ““an an

abomination of desolation in the holy abomination of desolation in the holy placeplace””

•• Was summoned to Rome, but refused Was summoned to Rome, but refused saying he submits only to Christsaying he submits only to Christ’’s s authorityauthority


•• Finished his English paraphrase of the Finished his English paraphrase of the bible based upon the Vulgatebible based upon the Vulgate

•• 1382 suffers a stroke resulting in minor 1382 suffers a stroke resulting in minor paralysisparalysis

•• 1384 has another stroke and dies in 1384 has another stroke and dies in churchchurch

•• 1413 Lateran decrees his books should be 1413 Lateran decrees his books should be burnedburned

•• 1429 Council of Constance orders him 1429 Council of Constance orders him Exhumed and burned, scattering his Exhumed and burned, scattering his


5 main themes in his teachings5 main themes in his teachings

1.1. The Nature of the ChurchThe Nature of the Church2.2. The Fallacy of the PapacyThe Fallacy of the Papacy

3.3. The PriesthoodThe Priesthood4.4. The Falsity of TransubstantiationThe Falsity of Transubstantiation

5.5. The Use of ScriptureThe Use of Scripture


The Nature of the ChurchThe Nature of the Church

•• A universal Church comprised of the ElectA universal Church comprised of the Elect•• All those who believe in Christ belong, All those who believe in Christ belong, regardless of their position with the RCCregardless of their position with the RCC

•• The PeoplesThe Peoples’’ head is Christhead is Christ•• The concept of church vs. ChurchThe concept of church vs. Church

12


The Fallacy of the PapacyThe Fallacy of the Papacy

•• totumtotum papalepapale officiumofficium venenosumvenenosum•• ““The Papal office is wholly poisonousThe Papal office is wholly poisonous””

•• The Rock is Peter and all peopleThe Rock is Peter and all people•• Mocked the Mocked the ““most most holieholie fadirfadir””


The PriesthoodThe PriesthoodPriests Absolution was only meritorious if Priests Absolution was only meritorious if

they themselves were absolvedthey themselves were absolved•• Celibacy is good but sinful if mandatoryCelibacy is good but sinful if mandatory

•• No such thing as utilitarian sinNo such thing as utilitarian sin•• AntiAnti--friar friar

•• ““Fides Fides estest summa summa theologiatheologia”” –– Faith is the Faith is the entirety of theologyentirety of theology


Falsity of TransubstantiationFalsity of Transubstantiation

•• Communion was meant figurativelyCommunion was meant figuratively•• No transubstantiation without No transubstantiation without

transaccidentiationtransaccidentiation•• ““Super Super omniaomnia vincitvincit veritasveritas rationisrationis””

•• The truth of reason will triumph over allThe truth of reason will triumph over all


The use of ScriptureThe use of Scripture

•• Council of Toulouse 1229 forbid the bible Council of Toulouse 1229 forbid the bible to Laymento Laymen

•• Is the absolute authorityIs the absolute authority•• It has one Literal meaningIt has one Literal meaning•• Must be Must be accessableaccessable to ALLto ALL

John Huss 1369John Huss 1369--14161416•• John Jon Jan Hus HussJohn Jon Jan Hus Huss•• A.K.A. A.K.A. ““The GooseThe Goose””•• Lived in Bohemia, preached in Bethlehem Lived in Bohemia, preached in Bethlehem

Chapel in Chapel in Prag(uePrag(ue))•• Was very Was very wycliffeanwycliffean, following & , following &

““borrowingborrowing”” many of his teachingsmany of his teachings•• Crusade was called against Naples and Crusade was called against Naples and

Indulgence sellers came to Indulgence sellers came to PragPrag•• Huss Huss publicallypublically burned Papal Bullsburned Papal Bulls

John Huss 1369John Huss 1369--14161416•• He was Excommunicated, Interdicted, and He was Excommunicated, Interdicted, and

ExiledExiled•• During exile he traveled around Bohemia During exile he traveled around Bohemia

protected by various noblesprotected by various nobles•• Wrote De Ecclesia Wrote De Ecclesia –– mostly copied Wycliffemostly copied Wycliffe•• Declared the Pope is not to be obeyed if he Declared the Pope is not to be obeyed if he

is a sinneris a sinner•• Oct 11, 1414 Huss is promised safe Oct 11, 1414 Huss is promised safe

conduct by Emperor Sigismund to the conduct by Emperor Sigismund to the Council of ConstanceCouncil of Constance

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John Huss 1369John Huss 1369--14161416•• Huss is falsely charged with escaping and Huss is falsely charged with escaping and

imprisionedimprisioned next to the latrines, becoming next to the latrines, becoming sicksick

•• He is transferred to the control of He is transferred to the control of Sigismund and imprisoned along with exSigismund and imprisoned along with ex--pope John XXIIIpope John XXIII

•• The council declared the cup forbidden to The council declared the cup forbidden to laity, Huss disagreedlaity, Huss disagreed

•• Is given a public kangaroo trial and Is given a public kangaroo trial and condemnedcondemnedHi b k f bidd d b dHi b k f bidd d b d

John Huss 1369John Huss 1369--14161416•• He is declared Heresiarch and his soul is He is declared Heresiarch and his soul is

condemned to hell by the councilcondemned to hell by the council•• He declares He declares ““and I commit myself to the and I commit myself to the

most gracious Lord Jesusmost gracious Lord Jesus””•• He was turned over to Sigismund in order He was turned over to Sigismund in order

that he be executedthat he be executed•• May 30, 1416 is burned at the stake, all the May 30, 1416 is burned at the stake, all the

while singing loud praise to Godwhile singing loud praise to God

Fullness of time for the Fullness of time for the ReformationReformation

1.1. RenaissanceRenaissance2.2. Rise of IntellectualismRise of Intellectualism3.3. Printing PressPrinting Press4.4. Immoral PapacyImmoral Papacy5.5. NationalismNationalism

AgesAges•• 3BC Jesus and the 3BC Jesus and the

ApostlesApostles•• 70 AD catholic Christianity70 AD catholic Christianity•• 312 AD Christian Roman 312 AD Christian Roman

EmpireEmpire•• 590 AD Middle Ages590 AD Middle Ages•• 1517 AD Reformation1517 AD Reformation

•• Jesus BornJesus Born•• Temple Temple

DestroyedDestroyed•• Milvian BridgeMilvian Bridge•• Gregory I is Gregory I is

PopePope•• ………………....

roman empire iii st. jerome 340-420 - calvaryabq.org...roman empire iii augustine, east v. west, and...

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