roma poverty and deprivation: the need for multidimensional measures andrey ivanov, fra 1
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Roma poverty and deprivation: the need for multidimensional measures Andrey Ivanov, FRA
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Outline• Why monitoring progress on Roma inclusion is
important?• What are the myths around data and what are
the available data sources?• What the available data say – and what they do
not say?• How multidimensional poverty monitoring might
help?
2
The EU: ‘cascading’ involvement in Roma integration (1)
• The European Commission Communications 2010-2013– Framing the issue in line with the Inclusive Growth
priority of the EU 2020 strategy; calling for National Roma Integration Strategies and clear local-level focus with active role of Roma civil society; assessing the first drafts of the strategies and their results.
• The European Council – 2013 Council Recommendation on effective Roma
integration measures in the Member States and on monitoring and evaluation 3
The EU: ‘cascading’ involvement in Roma integration (2)
European Parliament and the Council• 2013: Ring-fence allocation of 20 % of the total ESF
resources for “promoting social inclusion, combating poverty and any discrimination” and
• Ex-ante conditionalities for improvement of the situation of marginalised communities such as the Roma – the implementation of a National Strategic Policy
Framework for Poverty Reduction (Conditionality 9.1)– a national Roma Inclusion Strategic Policy Framework
(Conditionality 9.2).
Three myths about data on Roma1. There is no data, so we don’t know
• A number of countries use ethnic markers on censuses and standardized European social surveys
• Territorial mapping• Custom surveys
2. There is no need of data because we know how bad it is anyway
• It is important to know not just how bad it is – but most of all, why?
3. We might need but it can’t be collected because of legal constraints
• Constraints exist but they are overestimated
Measuring progress• Progress of who?
– Defining the target group is misleadingly – The outcome differs depending on the approach one
takes• Research (historical or ethnological)• Pragmatic (policy-driven)
• Progress in what – integration vs. inclusion• Measuring how? What indicators to populate with
the data?– Input-output-outcome– Structure-process-outcome 6
Data examples: census, Bulgaria (1)Gross enrolment rate in primary, secondary and tertiary educational levels
(share of the respective age group)
7Source: NSI, census 2011
Data examples: census, Bulgaria (2)
8
Highest achieved educational level (population aged 7 and above who are not in education)
Source: NSI, census 2011
Data examples: census, Bulgaria (3)
9
Employment, unemployment and activity rates
Source: NSI, census 2011
Data examples: LFS, Hungary Labour market participation of Roma and Non-
Roma, 2013
10Source: LFS, 2013
Data examples: LFS, Hungary (2) Security of employment among Roma and Non-
Roma, 2013
11Source: LFS, 2013
Data examples: custom surveys (FRA, UNDP/WB/EC)
• Data derived from representative surveys in 11 EU Member States (FR, ES, PT, IT, PL, EL,CZ, SK, BG, RO, HU)
• Two samples – Roma – Their non-Roma neighbours
• Levels of comparability: – within groups, – between groups, – with national averages (on major indicators) 12
Population at risk of povertyPopulation in household with equivalent expenditure below 60% of the national median, in %)
Sources: FRA Roma survey 2011, EUROSTAT 2011
Structure of household income, 2011
Roma Non-Roma
Source: UNDP/WB/EC Roma survey 2011
The share of total work-related incomes (from “employment” and “other labour related activity”) is remarkably similar between both groups. The same applies for social transfers with the only difference in pensions (higher share among non-Roma) and social assistance (higher share among non-Roma)
Structure of household expenditures, 2011
Non-Roma
Source: UNDP/WB/EC Roma survey 2011
RomaThe income structure of Roma households is dominated by expenditure on food –
typical for developing countries
25 to 64 who completed at least upper secondary education (vocational or general) (%)
Sources: FRA Roma survey 2011 - LFS 2011
Attainment rates
Source: FRA Roma survey 2011
School (un)attendanceRespondents aged 16 and above who have never been to school (%)
…or in other words – who have not had the chance of exercising their fundamental right to education
MalnutritionShare of persons living in households in which someone went hungry at least once last
month because the family couldn’t afford buying food
Source: FRA Roma survey 2011
High share of Roma families cannot exercise a fundamental right of being free from hunger
Unemployment rates by gender and ethnicity
19Source: UNDP/WB/EC Roma survey 2011, EUROSTAT
Discrimination and prejudiceExperience of discrimination in employment in the last five years because of being Roma in the 5 EU
Member States (%)
20Source: FRA Roma survey 2011
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Having the data is just the first step. Making sense of it (and using it for policy purposes) does not come automatically
We have the data… Now what?
Roma Multidimensional poverty index
• Follows Alkire and Foster (2007) methodology• Structured in two areas
a. Human capabilities
b. Material wellbeing
• Six equally weighted dimensionsa.1. Basic rightsa.2. Healtha.3. Educationb.1. Housingb.2. Standard of livingb.3. Employment
• 12 indicators (two for each dimension) 22
‘Human capabilities’ areaDimension Indicators Criterion of deprivation and threshold Level of
observ.
Basic rights
Civil status Having an ID – yes/no (personal document, birth certificate etc.) I
Discrimination HH member lives in a HH where a member has been discriminated against while looking for a job P
Health
Disability status A household member having a disability – yes/no I
Limited access to medical services
Any HH member living in a HH responding "yes" to the question "were there any periods in the past 12 months when you couldn’t visit a doctor when you needed?”
P
Education
Highest completed education
For adults: any HH member above schooling age who hasn’t completed primary education or lower secondaryFor children: children in school age who are not in school
I
Self-declared illiteracy rate Any HH member stated as unable to read and write I23
‘Material wellbeing’ area
Dimension Indicators Criterion of deprivation and threshold Level of observ.
Housing
Access to basic infrastructure
A composite indicator –any HH member living in a HH without two of the three (toilet or bathroom inside the house; running water; electricity)
H
Shares of the population not having access to secure housing
Any HH member living in "ruined houses" or "slums" H
Standard of living
Extreme povertyAny HH member living in a HH that experienced that in the past month somebody ever went to bed hungry because they could not afford enough food for them
H
Access to various HH amenities
Any HH member living in a HH, which doesn't possess four of six categories falling in the "Material deprivation" index
I
Employment
Unemployment Any HH member living in a household with none of the adult HH members employed (16+). H
Lack of working experience
Any HH member living in a HH in which the HH head or his/her spouse has no working experience H
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Measuring poverty – but which exactly?
Source: UNDP/WB/EC Roma survey 2011
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Composition of Roma poverty (BG, RO)
Non-severe and severe poverty rates bars left scale) and the value of MPI (right scale)
29Source: UNDP/WB/EC Roma survey 2011
Multidimensional poverty 2004-11 (BG, RO)Change in multidimensional poverty rates of Roma and non-Roma
30Sources: UNDP Roma survey 2004; UNDP/WB/EC Roma survey 2011
Structure of deprivationsChanges in multidimensional poverty deprivations
structure of Roma in BG and RO, 2004-2011
31Source: UNDP/WB/EC Roma survey 2011
Quantitative data is not enough
• Data outlines the status and rarely the determinants
• Figures are rarely put in their specific context• We keep measuring what is measurable• The missing dimensions
– Agency– Fundamental rights– Discrimination
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The missing dimensions: aspirations
Educational aspirations and multidimensional poverty
33Source: UNDP/WB/EC Roma survey 2011
Conclusions - data• Data from different sources have different strengths
and weaknesses and should be used in complementary manner
• Including ethnic identifiers makes possible – For censuses to provide reliable and robust data for
monitoring long-term changes– For standardized European surveys to yield data with
higher frequency
• Custom sample surveys can – Fill the gap in cases when applying ethnic identifiers is
not possible and – Provide comparability across countries 34
Conclusions - indicators• Multidimensional poverty concept reflects better
the specific challenges of Roma inclusion• It yields lower poverty rates but reflects the
reality better• From policy perspective, it allows understanding
better the drivers of poverty• Important dimensions (namely agency and
aspirations) are still not sufficiently covered– An area that might be addressed through thematic
modules in the standardized European Surveys35
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