ROLE OF NEEM IN PEST CONTROL

INTRODUCTION HISTORY Of R&D On NEEM GLOBAL RECOGNITION Of NEEM ACTIVE PRINCIPLEs & APPLICABLE

PLANTPARTs HOW NEEM Is Better than CHEMICAL

PESTICIDEs ? MODE Of ACTION

INDEX

EXAMPLEs Of PESTs according to MODE Of ACTION

COMPATIBILITY EXAMPLEs with DOSAGE Of SOME

NEEM BASED BOTANICAL PESTICIDE

CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX

Agriculture had to face the destructive activity of numerous pests like fungi, weeds, insects, etc. from time immemorial; leading to radical yield losses . Though with the advent of chemical pesticides this crisis to a great extent became resolved but reliance on synthetic chemicals to pest control has also given rise to a number of problems such as pesticide resistance, pest resurgance, residual toxicity, adverse effect on natural enimies of pests, direct toxicity to ploughmen . CONTD. -

Introduction

That’s why botanicals like neem has now become necessary to find out a sustainable alternative means for pest control which can minimize indiscriminate usage of chemical pesticides due to its endowed multifarious features of pesticidal activities like repellancy, antifeedance, IGR, ovicidal, antifungal and so on .

CONTD. -

In modern era usage of neem based botanical pesticides is not found only in organic farming but also in intensive agriculture with GAPs(Good Agrl. Practices) and is gaining momentum in IPM.

CONTD. -

Use of dried leaves between folds of cloths to ward off stored grain pests is an age-old practice .

By 1960, it was established from IARI that the bioactive principles of Neem were exudable in organic solvents .

In 1962, IARI’s entomologists reported a breakthrough observation on its insecticidal application . Antifeedance & repellancy effect firstly reported on Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria) and even the experimental success with neem on given locust drew the global attention & aroused keen interest especially due to their coincidence with

History of R&D on Botanical Pesticide from Neem [Margosa(Azadirachta indica : Meliaceae]

the publication of the “Silent Spring” by American Biologist Mrs. Rachel Carson .

Besides locust it was further reported on BPH (Nilaparvata lugens) & RLF(Cnaphalocrosis medinalis) .

Later on, the effects due to IGR type of activity were reported on DBM (Plutella maculipennis syn. P. xylostella), Bollworms(H. armigera , P. gossypiella), Epilachna varivestis respectively .

CONTD. -

Recently ovipositional deterance & ovicidal effect of neem on pests have been reported .

It has also been recently reported that more than 500 insect-pest specieses become susceptible to neem .

CONTD. -

The observation of IARI’s scientists on the activity of neem received initially a lukewarm response from global community.

While validation trials carried out by different national & international groups yielded inconsistant result; confirmation of the activity by group of Prof. Schmutterer, H. in Germany sparked the interest of global community on given versatile tree .

Global Recognition

Two IARI research bulletines “Neem in Agriculture” in year of 1983 & 1993 respectively; consolidated the progress made world over . Neem Newsletter initiated by IARI in 1984 and published quaterly sustained the involvement of global community .

The tree’s global recognition was borne out by “Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems”, a NAS(National Academy of Science, US) publication by 1992 .

CONTD. -

Subsequently two another publication “Neem Research & Development” (1993) & “The Neem Tree” (1995) projected the potential of the plant .

Following these large number of pest control products became prevalent in international markets. Several of them are now registered in US and other countries for diverse applications in agriculture .

CONTD. -

Nearly 100 protolimonoids, limnoids cum tetranortriterpenoids, pentanor-triterpenoids, hexanortriterpenoids, and some non-terpenoids have been isolated from various plantparts . However azadirachtin belonging to limonoids has been found to be most important bioactive component .All plantparts are useful but NSKs are most effective .

Active principles & Applicable Plantparts of Neem

Ecofriendly due to be biodegradable & non-pollutable because of no residual toxicity and quitely safety for natural enemies .

Economical because of abundant availability of the plant & due to be easier cheaper technique for isolation of active ingrediants .

More Effective – it can affect adversely on eggs where chemical pesticides become failure .

MHI – It has MHI for only three days .

How NEEM Based Botanical Pesticide is far Better than Chemical Pesticides?

No pesticide resistance – neem oil contains multiple active ingredient in difficult concentration which act simultaneously; thus make the resistance development, virtually impossible for pests .

CONTD. -

Repellant Antifeedant Oviposition deterrent Ovicide IGR Sterilant Fumigant Antifungal Antiviral Antibacterial Nematicidal

Mode of Action

Entomological Pests:-Scirpophaga sps. Sogatella furciferaRecilia dorsalis Nephotettix sps.Sesamia inferens Melanagromyza obtusaSitophilus sps. Tribolium sps. Oryzaephilus sps. Corcyra cephalonica Ephestia cautella Callosobruchus sps.

Example of Pests according to Modes of Action

Lipaphis erysimi Athalia lugens proxima

Agrotis ipsilon Pthoraemia operculella

Epilachna sps. Aulacophora foveicollisBactrocera sps. Anomis sabulifera Earias sps. A. biguttula biguttula Dysdercus sps. Pempherulus affinis Amsacta moorei Bemisia tabaci Spodoptera sps. Spilosoma obliqua

CONTD. -

Pyrilla perpusilla Diaphornia citri Papilio demoleus Helopeltis antoniiSaissetia coffeae Edwardsiana rosaeRhopanonomyia chrysanthemi

CONTD. -

Acarological Pests :- Oligonychus oryzae Tetranychus telariusAceria cajani Aceria mangiferae Aceria litchii Aceria tulipae Aceria jasmini Aceria crotalariae Aceria lycopersici Aceria sacchari Aceria guerrerhonis Petrobia latensPolyphagotarsonemus latus

CONTD. -

Pathological Pests :-Pests responsible for Rots, Blights, Mildews, Rusts, Leafspots, Scab; are susceptable to neem .

Entopathological Pests :- Meloidogyne incognitaM. javanica Rotylenchulus reniformisM. graminicola Protylenchus sp.

CONTD. -

Neem based botanical pesticides show the compatibility with all major groups of chemical pesticides .

Compatibility

Examples with Dosage of Some Neem based Botanical Pesticides

Tech’l. Name Trade Name Dosage

AZA. 300ppm. Nimbecidine, Niconeem, Econeem, Trasconeem, Multineem

50 ml/Ltr. of water

AZA. 1500ppm. Nimbecidine, Niconeem, Achook, Neemarin, Neemaray

10 ml/Ltr. of water

AZA. 3000ppm. Nimbecidine, Niconeem, Trascoultineem

5 ml/Ltr. of water

AZA. 10000ppm. Nimbecidine, Niconeem, Multinemor, Neemazol–T/S, Neemarin

3 ml/Ltr. of water

AZA. 50000ppm. Nimbecidine Plus, Neemarin, Neemazol-F

1 ml/Ltr. of water

Neemate 10G 4 kg/Acre

Fungicides in Plant Disease Control – Y. L. Nene & P. N. Thapliyal ; 2nd. Edition ; Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. ; pp. 507

Plant Disease – R. S. Singh ; 5th. Edition ; Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. ; pp. 608

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dr. Anil Kr. Chowdhury , Ex-Prof. in BCKV & our respective class teacher

Mr. A. N. Das W.B.A.S. (Admn.)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ARNAB DAS

Thanking you