role of nano technology on agri-green product production process: emerging needs and challanges

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET) Volume 8, Issue 1, January- February 2017, pp. 34–50, Article ID: IJARET_08_01_004 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=8&IType=1 ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499 © IAEME Publication

ROLE OF NANO TECHNOLOGY ON AGRI-GREEN PRODUCT PRODUCTION PROCESS: EMERGING

NEEDS AND CHALLANGES Prof. Dr. Ramesh Chandra Rath

Dean (R&D) Research Cell, Einstein Academy of Technology & Management (EATM), Bhubaneswar Approved by AICTE Govt. of India New Delhi and affiliated to BPUT,

Rourkela Odisha, India

Prof. Puspita Acharya Associate Professor in Applied Chemistry Department of Basic Science & Humanities,

Einstein Academy of Technology & Management (EATM) Bhubaneswar Approved by AICTE Govt. of India New Delhi and affiliated to BPUT, Rourkela Odisha, India

Prof. Anoopa Laly Assistant Professor in Applied Physics Department of Basic Science & Humanities,


Prof. Bishnu Chanran Rout Assistant Professor in Applied Mathematics Department of Basic Science & Humanities,


ABSTRACT Nanotechnology is one of the most important tools in modern agriculture, and in the field of

Agri-Green Technology of product Production .where, Agri-food nanotechnology is anticipated to become a driving economic force in the near future. Agri-food themes focus on sustainability and protection of agriculturally produced foods, including crops for human consumption and animal feeding. Nanotechnology provides new agrochemical agents and new delivery mechanisms to improve crop productivity, and it promises to reduce pesticide use. Nanotechnology can boost agricultural production, and its applications include: 1) Nano formulations of agrochemicals for applying pesticides and fertilizers for crop improvement; 2) the application of nanosensors/nanobiosensors in crop protection for the identification of diseases and residues of agrochemicals; 3) nanodevices for the genetic manipulation of plants; 4) plant disease diagnostics; 5) animal health, animal breeding, poultry production; and 6) postharvest management. Precision farming techniques could be used to further improve crop yields but not damage soil and water, reduce nitrogen loss due to leaching and emissions, as well as enhance nutrients long-term incorporation by soil microorganisms. Nanotechnology uses include nanoparticle-mediated gene or DNA transfer in plants for the development of insect-resistant varieties, food processing and storage, nanofeed additives, and increased product shelf life. Nanotechnology promises to

Dr. Ramesh Chandra Rath, Puspita Acharya, Anoopa Laly and Bishnu Chanran Rout


accelerate the development of biomass-to-fuels production technologies. Experts feel that the potential benefits of nanotechnology for agriculture, food, fisheries, and aquaculture need to be balanced against concerns for the soil, water, and environment and the occupational health of workers. Raising awareness of nanotechnology in the agri-food sector, including feed and food ingredients, intelligent packaging and quick-detection systems, is one of the keys to influencing consumer acceptance. On the basis of only a handful of toxicological studies, concerns have arisen regarding the safety of Nanomaterials, and researchers and companies will need to prove that these nanotechnologies do not have more of a negative impact on the environment.

Key words: Nano System of Agriculture (NSOA), Nano Food andNanotechnology (NFANT), Nanoparticle (NP) Nanopesticides, (NP) Nanosensors Smart Delivery Systems (NSDS).

Cite this Article: Dr. Ramesh Chandra Rath, Puspita Acharya, Anoopa Laly and Bishnu Chanran Rout, Role of Nano Technology on Agri-Green Product Production Process: Emerging Needs and Challanges. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp 34–50. http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=8&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION The practice of agriculture also known as “farming” is the process of producing food, feed, fiber, and many other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of livestock. Agriculture is the backbone of most developing countries and it provides food for humans, directly and indirectly. The world’s population will grow to an estimated 8 billion people by 2 025 and 9 billion by 2 050, and it is widely recognized that global agricultural productivity must increase to feed a rapidly growing world population. The agri-food production is of vital importance, as it has been one of the primary drivers of economy. In addition, it can offer routes to value-added crops. Agricultural practices are often in the public eye because climate change, energy and resource constraints, and rapidly growing global population are placing unprecedented pressure on food and water resources. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations predicts that annual meat production of 200 million tons will be required by 2 050 to respond to the food needs brought about by increasing global population, 1 and this predicted increasing demand for meat puts further pressure on agricultural land because farmers need to grow crops to produce animal feed. Land for food crops also faces increasing competition from the need for crops for other purposes – such as the production of bio-fuels and pharmaceuticals. Thus food production capacity is faced with many challenges, which include a falling ratio of arable land to population. Agriculture as a source of food is becoming increasingly important in a world of diminishing resources and an ever-increasing global population.2 Given the increasing world population, it is necessary to use the modern technologies such as nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology in agricultural and food sciences. Nanotechnology has a tremendous potential to revolutionize agriculture and allied fields, including aquaculture and fisheries. Nanoagriculture focuses currently on target farming that involves the use of nanosized particles with unique properties to boost crop and livestock productivity.

Agri-food nanotechnology is multidisciplinary in nature .Nanotechnology application to the agriculture and food sectors are relatively recent compared with its use in drug delivery and pharmaceuticals. Nanotechnology has the potential to protect plants, monitor plant growth, detect plant and animal diseases, increase global food production, enhance food quality, and reduce waste for “sustainable intensification”. Food and agricultural production are among the most important fields of nanotechnology application.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW In this section, we the researcher have trying to our level best to proof the authenticity and genuineness as taken the said title “ Role of nano technology on Agri-Green product Production Process : Emerging Needs and Challenges ” where, Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field, as it combines the knowledge

Role of Nano Technology on Agri-Green Product Production Process: Emerging Needs and Challanges


from different disciplines: chemistry, physics, and biology amongst others (Schmid, 2006; Schmid, 2010). Nanotechnology is the art and science of manipulating matter at the atomic or molecular scale and holds the

Promise of providing significant improvements in technologies for protecting the environment by producing various Agri-Green products. While many definitions for nanotechnology exist, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses the definition developed by the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). According to National Nanotechnology Initiative of the USA, nanotechnology is defined as: research and technology development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular levels using a length scale of approximately one to one hundred nm in any dimension; the creation and use of structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small size; and the ability to control or manipulate matter on an atomic scale (USEPA, 2007). The technology has excellent prospects for exploitation across the medical, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, engineering, manufacturing, telecommunications and information technology markets in the present world.

3. AIM & OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH In this invited article, we the researcher set the following objectives for observing the impact of nanotechnology for producing Agri-green product production in order to sustaining an ecology through the green innovation with low level of monitoring of nanotechnology .The main theme of this report is to provide a comprehensive overview of nanotechnology developments globally through a systematic and also critical analysis of already available and comparable indicators and statistic. In particular, the report aims to assess the following questions:

What is nanotechnology and how has this field developed?

Which are the expected socio-economic impacts of nanotechnology?

What are the extent, nature and distribution of nanotechnology R&D activities?

Which are the main, emerging, application fields of nanotechnology?

How are countries positioned and specialised in nanotechnology application fields?

How are companies responding, which are the main challenges in commercialisation?

4. WHAT IS NANO TECHNOLOGY? As the word ‘Nanotechnology’ is concerned it is a modern science of engineering, and technology of recent origin by conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering. This was discovered by a famous Physicist named as Richard Feynman in 29th December 1959 in USA, due to his pen contribution he was called the “Father of Nanotechnology”.

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GENERAL PURPOSE OF TECHNOLOGY

5.1. Should provide rapid and significant scope for improvements over existing technologies in economic terms This characteristic is intended to reflect the performance of some function that is vital to the functioning of a large segment of existing or potential products and production systems. For example, “continuous rotary motion” and “binary logic” can be considered to embody these characteristics of steam power and ICT respectively as key examples of previous general purpose technologies.



5.2. Should have a widening variety of uses in a widening number of application areas and industries This characteristic is intended to reflect the enabling and generic nature of general purpose technologies that support its widespread adoption through industries and economies. The widespread adoption may not only be a consequence of the scope of improvements of a technology, it also relates to a variety of actors, and co-ordinating beliefs about the promise of the technology.

5.3. Should also both generate, and depend for its widespread use on, the development of range of other complementary technologies or innovations These technologies and innovations may not only relate to e.g. supporting production Methods, components and other intermediaries. They may also relate to new organisations of companies and industries, different types of business models or changes in the overall business environment of companies.

6. PROBLEM FORMULATION

6.1. Analytical Framework As a theoretical framework, this study is based on the idea of innovation system. Invention is the first occurrence of an idea for a new product or process, while innovation is the first attempt to carry it out in practice ((Fagerberg, 2005). The innovation system permits to study activities, actors, norms, rules, relationships, and other factors which influence innovation .The elements of the innovation system are focused upon universities, research institutions, technological institutes, and R&D laboratories (Lundvall and Borras, 2005). In context of this, the Indian Nanotechnology Innovation system can be assumed that it consists of three broad segments which enable the journey of an idea from human mind to market. The first phase is called the ‘Birth Phase’, where commercially viable idea gets converted into a workable process. The next phase is called the ‘Survival Phase’ wherein up-scaling of the process to the pre-commercial stage is done. The third phase is called the ‘Growth Phase’ wherein the pilot production is up-scaled to commercial production (Gupta and Dutta, 2005). A model of the Indian Nanotechnology Innovation System is illustrated in Figure 1.

7. THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY The relevance of what later became known as nanotechnology was first highlighted by the physicist Richard Feynman in his seminal talk in 1959 at the meeting of the American Physical Society, at the Californian Institute of Technology, entitled “There is plenty of room at the bottom”. In this talk he anticipated the possibility of controlling matter at a very small scale and thus introduced the scientific community to a new field of enquiry. The term “nanotechnology” was first introduced in 1974 by Norio Tangichi from the Tokyo University of Science, while the basic idea of this technology was explored in greater detail by Eric Drexler in his much-cited book “Engines of Creation – The Coming Era of Nanotechnology” from 1986.

8. NANOTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA The Nano science and Technology Mission (NSTM) was established by The Department of Science and Technology (DST) during the 10th plan period (2002- 2007) with an allocation of Rs. 60 crores (about 12 million USD) (GOI, 2002). During the 11th plan period (2007-2012) this program was upgraded through another major initiative known as ‘Nano Mission’ with a budgetary allocation of Rs. 1000 crore (about 250 million USD) for 5 years (GOI, 2007).The Union Cabinet has approved for the second phase of the Nano mission in the 12th plan period (2012-2017) at a total cost of Rs. 650 crores (GOI, 2012).

Nano Mission aims to create the necessary innovation climate for nanotechnology in the country by strengthening basic research through funding support, creating centres of excellence, fund application



oriented R&D projects, foster public private partnerships, organize international collaboration, education and training to researchers and professionals.

Several other government funding agencies are engaged in, supporting nanotechnology in the national arena. Department of Biotechnology (DBT) is one of the key stakeholders in nanotechnology and issued projects related to nanotechnology in the fields of agriculture, including nutrition and mitigating soil pollution, biology, Nano-biotechnology, drug delivery systems and medicine for both fundamental research and technology development. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is a network of 39 laboratories that engages in scientific and industrial R&D in nanotechnology in diverse areas. Department of Electronics and Information Technology (Deity) under the Ministry of Information and CommunicationTechnology as well as the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is also supporting the expansion of nanotechnology in the areas of electronics and health respectively. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is supporting Nano-science and technology in India to utilize its potential in developing renewable energy sources like photovoltaic and fuel cells etc.

8.1. Nano Products in phone Model Nano Centre way to USA

Figure 1 Nano i-phone models

Figure 2 Nano Mission and Technology Facilitation Centrein USA



Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) a network of 50 laboratories under the Ministry of Defence as well as the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) directly under the Government of India is Contributing to the expansion of nanotechnology and Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) under the Ministry of Agriculture as well as the Ministry of Commerce and Industry has shown interest in engaging with nanotechnology in India. Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry in India (ASSOCHAM), Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) are three major industrial associations involved in the promotion of nanotechnology in India. CII started its own nanotechnology initiative in 2002 to create a supporting environment for industry through knowledge exchange missions, awareness programs, workshops, market research and other range of services. Figure 2 exhibits the overview of projects supported by the Nano mission from 2002-2014

9. AGRI-GREEN PRODUCTION PROCESS It is a Production Process in which Agri-Products are produced through the scientific application of Nano

Technology. Here a structural model of Agri-Green product Production Process are given below

Figure 3 A structural model of agri-green product production process

10. WHAT IS GREEN TECHNOLOGY? The term "technology" refers to the application of knowledge for practical purposes .The field of "green technology" encompasses a continuously evolving group of methods and materials, from techniques for generating energy to non-toxic cleaning products .The present expectation is that this field will bring innovation and changes in daily life of similar magnitude to the "information technology" explosion over the last two decades.

In these early stages, it is impossible to predict what "green technology" may eventually encompass .the following components are enhancing the green field .i.e.

11. SALIENT FEATURE OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY It is an Environmental Friendly Technology

It conserve natural resources & the environment Sustainable Development

It focuses a radical thinking to change

It is an innovation technology.



11.1. Goals of Green Technology The Green technology having a specific aim to achieve number of goals like

11.2. Re-Thinking It focuses radical Things of fundamental Changes.

11.3. Recycling It is an aggregate & concrete, paper, plastic, Can, Batteries, clothing etc.

11.4. Renewing It consists of renewing energy, wind power, water power, solar Energy, Bio-fuel, waste water etc.

11.5. Reducing It reduces Fuels, waste, Energy, Consumption etc.

11.6. Responsibility It emphasized for one world & one dream.

12. TYPES OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY As the types of green Technology Concerned, it has classified in to the followings i.e.)Green Energy b)Green Building c)Green Purchasing d)Green Chemistry e)Green Nano Technology etc. let us come to discuss in briefly as follows

12.1. Green Energy Perhaps the most urgent issue for green technology, this includes the development of alternative fuels, new means of generating energy and energy efficiency.

It is one type of energy which collects from the natural resources used in the energy generation process is on the decline. Increasing pollution caused by the Non-Renewable sources

12.2. Green Building Green building encompasses everything from the choice of building materials to where a High initial cost of setting up the projects. Emerging technology, so risks involve Does not cater to the promoter’s short term interest of profit.

13. ADVANTAGES Green Technology has certain advantages by which we make the world pollution free & expected a sustainable eco-environment. .i.e.

It helps to reduce the cost of operation in the long term.

It focuses about consumer’s more consciousness regarding a green environment.

14. GREEN PURCHASING The government innovation involves the search for products whose contents and methods of production have the smallest possible impact on the environment, and mandates that these be the preferred products for government purchasing.



14.1. Product A product has a need satisfying entity which will be satisfying the needs, desires, and wants of customer due to its tangibility and intangibility characters or nature. In other words a product may be treated as: A product dimension includes providing & using engineering with market drives, Trends for green Product attributes such as energy savings ,organic, clothing ,low volatile organic compounds etc.

Greener selection & use of resources results in savings from less waste, less chemicals & less processing.Wall mart has made tremendous strides in greening their transportation, Energy usages, facility design and adoption of some greener products, such as organic clothes etc.

14.2. Green Chemistry The invention, design and application of chemical products and processes to reduce or to eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances

Its design of process to maximise the amount of raw material that ends up in the product.

Use of safe, environment –begin substances including solvents, whenever possible.

Design of energy efficient processes

Best form of waste disposal not to create it in the first place.

15. Micro Scale of Atom Molecule Nanotechnology It refers about the Atom Molecules of product production by Nano Technology in micro scale application.

Figure 4 A Micro model of Atom Molecules of Nano Technology

Figure 5 Nano-Architecture Models of Green Buildings

Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the scale of the nanometre, one billionth of a meter. Some scientists believe that mastery of this subject is forthcoming that will transform the way that everything in the world is manufactured. "Green nanotechnology" is the application of green chemistry and green engineering principles to this field building is located .i.e.



It refers to the use of Nano-technology to enhancing the environmental Sustainability of processes, currently producing negative externalities.

It aims to minimise potential environmental & human health risks associated with the manufacturer and use of Nano-Technology Products and to encourage replacement of existing products with new Nano-Products that are more environmentally, friendly throughout their life cycle.

16. SUSTAINABILITY OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY In order to meeting the needs of society in ways that can continue indefinitely into the future without damaging or depleting natural resources. In short, meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."Cradle to cradle" design:-Ending the "cradle to grave" cycle of manufactured products, by creating products that can be fully reclaimed or reused

17. SOURCE REDUCTION It reducing waste and pollution by changing patterns of production and consumption.

17.1. Innovation It developing alternatives to technologies - whether fossil fuel or chemical intensive agriculture - that have been demonstrated to damage health and the environment.

17.2. Viability It creating a centre of economic activity around technologies and products that benefit the environment, speeding their implementation and creating new careers that truly protect the planet.

18. APPLICATIONS OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY The application of green technology is a wide spread in every sector of human & environmental life, which can be applied in the following sectors i.e.

The use of green technology can reduce the amount of waste & pollution & provide early warning, message that is caused that’s created during production, consumption & impact of natural disaster.

This issue /suggestion provide an international forum for scientists, research scholars, investigators, Environmentalist, ecologist and professors for an open discussion. Besides that technocrats, engineers and academician for consolidating research activities and findings in all experimental, theoretical & practical aspects of green science, technology & engineering in to single & unique reference source.

19. WHAT WE DO & WHAT WE DON’T DO FOR GREEN ECOLOGY? For a sustainable greenlogy, we should have responsible the followings to be followed i.e.

We responsible for create a good environment

Responsible for re- thinking the way we live.

Reducing exhaustion.

Re-Cycling waste Renewing new energy of petroleum and CNG fuels, Gasoline etc



Agriculture Hydroponics

Nano Food

Nano Technology

Nano Technology

Figure 6 Refers about the Agri food Nano-Technology production Process]

20. NANO TECHNOLOGY IN NANODENTISTRY Besides the above that Nano Technology is not restricted in the process of production, it also useful in medical sciences by producing number of nanoparticle such nano teeth, jaws, bones, covers of bony skull etc.(Fiber) for example if you have a cavity? Ask your dentist about filling it with a mixture of nanoparticle including silica and zirconium. These white fillings (known as nano-composite resins) resemble teeth better than their metal alternatives and are less likely to come loose or fracture teeth. This is just the beginning argue Brazilian scientists in a review of "Nano dentistry," Published on October 19 in Trends in Biotechnology. Next-generation dental materials incorporating nanotechnology aim to help teeth self-heal, rebuild enamel, and protect against bacterial infections.

"Nanotechnology can be faced sometimes as a paradigm that promised a lot and delivered very little," says senior author Nelson Durán of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas. "The evolution of dental materials though nanotechnology is real and remarkable, reflecting on a billionaire market. In this way, dentistry was in fact one of the most benefited areas from the development of nanotechnology."In this section, we have studied number of application part of nano technology in the therapeutic application of various nano materials in diiferent section i.e in dentistry Oral Application ,Oral Cancer Management ,organ fixation, hydrogels, dendrimers,solid lipid and quantum dots etc.By application of this the medical science has tremendiously developed in its research and product production for meets the requirements of patient.

Figure 7 A Therapeutic use of Nanomaterials in nanotechnology and dentistry

Bio Technology Nano Chemicals

Live stock

Nano bio -Technology



Table 1 A schematic data table of Various Companies using Nano Technology in the Process of production in world

[A schematic data table of Various Companies using

Nano Technology in the Process of

production in world Table :01Countries

Name of Companies/ Industries

Category /Nature of product producing

No. of Company

Response

USA Nano Bizz.pvt.Ltd. Nano product (Food) 12 Positive USA Nano Technology. Nano Food 11 Positive USA Nano pro food Nano Pro food GMBH 08 Positive USA Industrial nano Tech. Nano Product 06 Positive

CHINA Top China Nano science and Technology

Nano Pro. Tech Pvt..Ltd. 07 Positive

CHINA Changzhou Keyuam Pvt. Ltd. Nano Green Product 06 Positive CHINA Shanghai Herzberg Nano

Technology co ltd. Nano Particle 44 Positive

INDIA Inspiraj Nanofood 07 Positive INDIA Chemical industry limited. Nano Product 06 Positive INDIA Bioni CS Nano Product 06 Positive

UK Nanosys Nano Product 15 Positive UK Dimond fusion International Nano Product 05 Positive

FRANCE CTC Nano tech. Nano Product 16 Positive JAPAN n.Tech Gmbh. Nano product 06

SOUTH AFRICA Surf pore SA Nano Product 13 Positive. Total 162

21. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In this section, the researcher have followed the methodology as followed by the previous researchers of ourselves that we collected the data’s through the empirical mode of study rather than the primary mode of study. We collect the data from the reliable sources of various magazines , web portal and publishing sources of print and electronic of various industries and companies which were producing green and agricultural products However, the researcher had followed the methodology of research work i.e data collection ,data presentation , data analysis and data interpretation and finally got the findings .here, we have gone through the on line surveys around 162 companies and industries of various segmentation of the world and their response’s are tabled in the followings

21.1. Hypothesis For this invited article, we the researchers have taken 100 companies of international repute of different location and their employees regarding to study the aforesaid problem. (See figure -07) Thus, we had taken two hypotheses for proof the authenticity of the above said titled problem such as Observational Hypothesis (Ho) and Alternative hypothesis (He) with comparison of between two through rejection zone of Normal Probability Curve (NPC) and taken Null hypothesis if required. Henceforth we have taken two variables as related with the said two hypotheses such as variable I(One) refers as “Role of Nano Technology on Agri-Green Product Production has a tremendous impact for qualitative product Production where as the variable II (Second) refers about “The application of Nano-Technology in various sector has a great impact for facilitating and sustaining an Ecological Environment in world (He).finally we observe that in both the taken hypothesis has a tremendous impact and useful for both the condition that product production and application in number of segmentation such as , agriculture, food Processing, Management, Engineering ,Sciences ,medicines ,product production, construction technology and even the socialization



etc.it is too useful in both the levels of alpha i.e 0.1 and 0.5 and the obtained result is higher than the expectation. Henceforth, we accept the observed hypothesis (Ho) and rejected the Null hypothesis (Please see the Pie chart and graphical model of Nano Technology Application)

Figure 8 A Semiotic Model of Nano-Technologyin therapeutic use of Nanomaterials

Figure 9 A graphical model of Nano-Technologyin therapeutic use of Nanomaterials

22. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANO MATERIALS Nanoscale refers to size dimensions typically between approximately 1–100 nm and more appropriately, 0.2–100.0 nm) because it is at this scale that the properties of materials differ with respect to their physical, chemical, and biological properties from those at a larger scale. A single nanometer (nm) is 1 billionth of a meter. Nanotechnology refers to the understanding and control of matter at nanoscale, where a unique phenomenon enables novel applications. The Nanosensors can be utilized to detect the presence of insects or fungus accurately inside the stored grain bulk in storage rooms. Researchers suggested models for use of nanobiotechnology, either on a standalone basis or through complementarities with the existing technologies. In 2004, the researchers had been able to alter rice colour from purple to green.Cellular

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

5

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

Series 1

Series 2

Series 3



“injection” with carbon nanofibers containing foreign DNA has been used to genetically modify golden rice. Nanobiotechnology provided industry with new tools to modify genes and even produce new organisms. This is due to the fact that it enables nanoparticle, nanofibers, and nanocapsules to carry foreign DNA and chemicals that modify genes. In addition, novel plant varieties may be developed using synthetic biology (a new branch that draws on the techniques of genetic engineering, nanotechnology, and informatics).

In a recent breakthrough in this area, researchers completely replaced the genetic material of one bacterium with that from another – transforming it from one species to another. Nanotechnology possesses the potential to augment agricultural productivity through genetic improvement of plants and animals along with cellular level delivery of genes and drug molecules to specific sites in plants and animals. Using a medicinally rich vegetable crop, bitter melon, researchers demonstrated the accumulation of carbon-based nanoparticle Fullerol (C60(OH)20) in tissues and cells of root, stem, petiole, leaf, flower and fruit at particular concentrations, as the causal factor of increase in biomass yield, fruit yield, and phytomedicines content in fruits. Fullerol treatment resulted in increases of up to 54% in biomass yield and 24% in water content. Increases of up to 20% in fruit length, 59% in fruit number, and 70% in fruit weight led to an improvement of up to 128% in fruit yield. Further, contents of two anticancer phytomedicines, cucurbitacin-B and lycopene, were enhanced up to 74% and 82%, respectively, and contents of two antidiabetic phytomedicines, charantin and insulin, were augmented up to 2 0% and 9 1%, respectively. Chemists have successfully made DNA crystals by producing synthetic DNA sequences that can self-assemble into a series of three-dimensional triangle-like patterns. When multiple helices are attached through single-stranded sticky ends, a three-dimensional crystal is formed. This technique helps in improving important crops by organizing and linking carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to this crystal Chemically coated mesoporous silica nanoparticle help in delivering DNA and chemicals into isolated plant cells. The coating triggers the plant to take the particles through the cell walls, where the genes are inserted and activated in a precise and controlled manner, without any toxic side or after effects. This technique has been applied to introduce DNA successfully to plants, including tobacco and corn plants

23. NANOSENSORS /NANOBIOSENSORS IN AGRI-FOOD PRODUCTION Nanobiosensors can be effectively used for sensing a wide variety of fertilizers, herbicide, pesticide, insecticide, pathogens, moisture, soil pH, and their controlled use can support sustainable agriculture for enhancing crop productivity. Precision farming, with the help of smart sensors, could increase productivity in agriculture, as this Technology provides farmers with better fertilization management, reduction of inputs, and better management of time and the environment. Nanosensors and nanobased smart delivery systems could help in the efficient use of agricultural natural resources like water, nutrients, and chemicals through precision farming. Precision farming’s enabling technologies include satellite positioning systems, geographic information systems, and remote sensing devices that could remotely detect crop pests or evidence of stress such as drought.

Nanosensors dispersed in the field can also detect the presence of plant viruses and other crop pathogens, and the level of soil nutrients. Levels of environmental pollution can be evaluated quickly by nano-smart dust (the use of tiny wireless sensors and transponders) and gas sensors. Nanobarcodes and nano-processing could also be used to monitor the quality of agricultural produceNanotechnology-based plant regulation of hormones such as auxin helps scientists understand how plant roots adapt to their environment, especially to marginal soils

The development of sensors/biosensors based on specific interactions makes atomic force spectroscopy more effective in detecting enzyme-inhibiting herbicides. A nanobiosensor based on an atomic force microscopy tip functionalized with the acetolactate synthesis enzyme was successfully detected for the herbicide metsulfuron-methyl (an acetolactate syntheses inhibitor) through the acquisition of force curves.



BioNanosensors also allow the more quantification and rapid detection of bacteria and viruses, thereby increasing the safety of the food for the customer.

Noble metal (palladium, platinum, and gold)/DNA/single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) hybrid nanostructure-based gas sensor arrays were fabricated by means of inkjet printing of metal ion-chelated DNA/SWCNTs on micro fabricated electrodes, followed by electro less deposition to reduce metal ions to metal. DNA served as a dispersing agent to effectively solubilize pristine SWCNTs in water and as metal ion-chelating centres for the formation of nanoparticle. The results on the sensitivity and selectivity of the gas sensors toward various gases such as H2, H2S, NH3, and NO2 indicated the enhancement of the sensitivity and selectivity toward certain analytes by functionalizing with different metal nanoparticle (e.g., PD/DNA/SWCNTs for H2 and H2S). The combined responses give a unique pattern or signature for each analyte by which the system can identify and quantify an individual gas.

Nanosensors are expected to impact agricultural, food, and environmental sectors. The Nanotechnology Signature Initiative “Nanotechnology for Sensors and Sensors for Nanotechnology: Improving and Protecting Health, Safety, and the Environment” is the fifth to be launched by agencies of the National Nanotechnology Initiative. Portable nanodevices can rapidly detect insects, diseases, pathogens, chemicals, and contaminants and can result in faster treatments.

Nanosensors based on using electrochemically functionalized SWCNTs with either metal nanoparticle or metal oxide nanoparticle, and metal oxide nanowire and nanotube for gases such as ammonia, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, and volatile organics have potential application in monitoring agricultural pollutants for the assessment of impacts of these pollutants on biological and ecological health and in increase of crop productivity and reducing land burden. Researchers addressed the fabrication, functionalization, assembly/alignment, and sensing applications of field-effect transistors based on carbon nanotubes, silicon nanowire, and conducting polymer nanowire. Further, they evaluated how such sensors have been used for detection of various biological molecules and how such devices have enabled the achievement of high sensitivity and selectivity with low detection limits.

Nanotechnology-enabled devices will increase the use of sensors linked to global positioning systems for real-time monitoring of crops. In the field of sensor research and development, bio nanotechnology is poised to make significant contributions and has the potential to radically alter the way sensors are designed, constructed, and implemented. Biomimetic nanosensor designs based on immobilized tyrosinase for determination of toxic compounds and smart biosensors for determination of mycotoxines were reported. Biosensor design showed good compatibility between membranes and enzymes without a change of the conformation of the enzyme molecule, and binding always takes place outside the enzyme active centres.

Carbon–ceramic electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes–ionic liquid nanocomposite was used for electrochemical determination of the food dyes, sunset yellow and tartrazine, in food and beverage samples.

24. CONCLUSION In sum, we conclude that many diverse opportunities for nanotechnology exist to play an important role in agriculture and food production as well as in livestock production. The potential uses and benefits of nanotechnology are enormous. Productivity enhancement through nanotechnology-driven precision farming and maximization of output and minimization of inputs through better monitoring and targeted action is desirable. Nanotechnology enables plants to use water, pesticides, and fertilizers more efficiently. Nanotechnology use may bring potential benefits to farmers through food production and to the food industry through development of innovative products through food processing, preservation, and packaging. Anticipated Agri-Green Nanotechnology applications include Nanosensors/Nanobiosensors for detecting pathogens and for soil quality and for plant health monitoring, nanoporous zeolites for slow-release and efficient dosage of water and fertilizers for plants and of nutrients and drugs for livestock, nanocapsules for agrochemical delivery, creating bio-fuels, nanocomposite for plastic film coatings used in



food packaging, antimicrobial nanoemulsions for applications in decontamination of food, nanobiosensors for identification of pathogen contamination, and improving plant and animal breeding.

Even so, less effort is going into applications of nanotechnology in agri-food sectors. Further, existing efforts are more oriented to reduce the negative impact of agrochemical products in the environment and human health, rather than the utilization of nanotechnology applications to improve their properties for food and livestock production.

Experts envision numerous nanoparticulate agro formulations with higher bioavailability and efficacy and better selectivity in the near future. Multidisciplinary approaches could potentially improve food production, incorporating new emerging technologies and disciplines such as chemical biology integrated with nanotechnologies to tackle existing biological bottlenecks that currently limit further developments. The potential benefits of nanotechnology for agriculture, food, fisheries, and aquaculture need to be balanced against concerns for the soil, water, environment, and the occupational health of workers.

Finally we conclude of the above said titled, with the followings recommendations that: Green technology has some defects; everything done should have both positive & negative impact in world.

Global warming & energy cross cannot be solved with one & two years.

It really requires our determination & continues effort in improving the situation.

Green technology, will definitely help us to the afore said problem solution to get the potential in order to solve those problems & improve our environment

25. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, We the researcher are tender our deep thanks and obligatory to the almighty for their blessing to us by given this opportunity to complete this article

Secondly, we also tender solidarity and gratitude with bowing heads to our beloved parents for their valuable support and encouragement to us in order to complete the said invited research article

Besides, we also thank full to the esteemed Management of EATM, for providing their valuable support for doing the research work at the centre of Excellence of EATM by the personal guidance of Prof. (Dr.) Ramesh Chandra Rath Dean (R&D) for his personal guidance from time to time for doing the valuable research work.

Lastly. We are also thankful to our friends, colleagues, research scholars, Professors, readers for their valuable support and encouragement to us, without their support it is not possible to complete the research article.

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AUTHOR PROFILES

Prof. Dr. Ramesh Chandra Rath He is an eminent Professor & Academician of an international repute in the field of management education (Mkt. & HR) and psychology, he served 23 years service in various Government Colleges. Universities in Odisha and abroad. He has obtained his PG in Psychology from Sambalpur University, Concurred his MBA Degree from Delhi University in 1996, PhD, Degree Department of Management Studies “Birla Institute of Technology , Meshra , Ranchi” in 2000 on the area of Green Marketing & Supply

Chain Management (Marketing Management specialization) and Concurred his Post- Doctorate Degree from Patna University in 2003,on the area of “Advanced physiology and Criminology ” He has presently working as a Professor-Cum-Dean at Research & Development Cell, EATM Bhubaneswar. Dr. Rath has guided four PhD research scholars in area of Green Marketing & supply Chain Management, Consumer Behaviour, and Organizational Behaviour, Production & Operational Management etc. There are 25 International journals and 28 National Journals with two books of publication in his credit.

Prof. Anoopa Laly Prof. Anoopa Laly is a well known Teacher since last 4 years with Specialization of applied physics and secured 8.17 SGPA. She has completed her M.S.C Degree in applied physics from VSSUT, Burla Sambalpur Odisha she is a reputed research scholar with publishing many research articles in national and international repute of journals. Presently she is working as an Assistant professor in Physics, Department of

Basic science and Humanities, at EATM, Bhubaneswar. Odisha.



Prof. Puspita Acharya Prof. Puspita Acharya is a well known Teacher in the field of Chemistry with specialization polymer, Nanoscience and organic Chemistry since last 18 year. She has completed her M.S.C Degree in polymer from Ravenshaw College Cuttack, and M.Phil Degree Analytical chemistry from Utkal University, vanivihar, Bhubaneswar Odisha. Besides she has also completed PGDCA, from institute of Neuron Cuttack and pursuing her PhD in the area of solution chemistry from BPUT, Rourkela. She is

a reputed research scholar with publishing many research articles in national and international repute of journals. Presently she is working as an associate professor cum-Head of the Department of Basic science and Humanities, at EATM, Bhubaneswar. Odisha

Prof. Bishnu Charan Rout Prof. Bishnu Chanran Rout is a well known Teacher in the field of pure mathematics from Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odishahe is a reputed research scholar with publishing many research articles in national and international repute of journals. Presently she is working as an assistant professor at the Department of Basic science and Humanities, at EATM, Bhubaneswar. Odisha.