role of chemical admixtures in sustainability - the opportunity
DESCRIPTION
.TRANSCRIPT
5/27/2013
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Role of Chemical Admixtures in Sustainability: The Opportunity
Charles Nmai, Ph.D., PE, M.ASCE, FACI
BASF Corporation (Admixture Systems)
Cleveland, OH
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Buildings Consume:• 70% of all electricity• 37% of all energy• 28% of all water• 30% of wood + materials
Buildings Produce:
35% solid waste to landfills
36% CO2 emissions
45% SO2 emissions
19% NOx emissions
10% fine particulate emissions
The case for green building – current construction is not sustainable
The Need for Sustainable Construction
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• Greenhouse Gas Emissions Cement: 3% of GHG
5% of CO2 (96% wrt concrete production)
• Water Consumption
• Material Resources
• Embodied Energy Cement: 85% of Concrete
Worldwide Concrete Industry Concerns
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4
• Primarily used to modify the fresh & hardened properties of concrete
• Play an important role in the construction of environmentally friendly, sustainable concrete structures
• Can help to conserve natural resources
Chemical Admixtures
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Water
Scarce in some regions of U.S. (and the world)
Water resources are heavily managed
Strategies being developed
water conservation
use of markets to allocate water
management practices
Source: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Sustainable Initiatives
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One of the primary uses of chemical admixtures is to reduce mix water content
Water Conservation
Chemical Admixtures
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Lower W/CHigher Strength and Durability
Similar WorkabilityHigher Shrinkage and
Heat Development
Control Concrete
Lower W/C
Higher Strengthand Durability
Same Workability
Similar Strength
Higher Workability
Higher Shrinkage andHeat Development
Similar Strength,Durability and
Workability
Lower Shrinkage andHeat Development
Similar Strengthand Durability
Higher Workability
To Save Cement(-Water, -Cement)
To Increase Strength (+Cement, - Water)
To Increase Workability(+ Cement, + Water)
Benefits of Water‐Reducing Admixtures
8
U.S. Mix Water Savings with High‐Range Water‐Reducing Admixtures
1 gal = 3.785 L
0
100,000,000
200,000,000
300,000,000
400,000,000
500,000,000
600,000,000
86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 07
Year
An
nu
al W
ater
Sav
ing
s (g
al)
Sustainable Initiatives ‐Water
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U.S. Mix Water Savings with High‐Range Water‐Reducing Admixtures
In Perspective:
1.9 billion L (500 million gal) ~6% of 33 billion L (8.7 billion gal) U.S. 2008 Bottled Water
Consumption
Sustainable Initiatives ‐Water
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U.S. Mix Water Savings with High‐Range Water‐Reducing AdmixturesCumulative since 1986
1 gal = 3.785 L
0
500,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,500,000,000
2,000,000,000
2,500,000,000
3,000,000,000
3,500,000,000
4,000,000,000
4,500,000,000
5,000,000,000
86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 07
Year
Cu
mu
lati
ve
Wa
ter
Sav
ing
s (g
al)
Sustainable Initiatives ‐Water
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In Perspective:
17.4 billion L (4.6 billion gal) ~53% of 33 billion L (8.7 billion gal) U.S. 2008 Bottled
Water Consumption
U.S. Mix Water Savings with High‐Range Water‐Reducing AdmixturesCumulative since 1986
Sustainable Initiatives ‐Water
Requirements : 96.5 MPa + 14.5 MPa overdesign @56 d 51.4 GPa MOE @ 56 d Architectural concrete - white No discoloration Self consolidating - self leveling Smooth surface finish - zero bug holes Max. heat of hydration - 71 oC Zero visible cracking High SCM content – pumpable
Solution: Advanced mix optimization 71% SCM replacement Innovative admixture chemistry (HRWR)
440 Park Avenue, New York, NY
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13.8% Reduction in Water Requirement
440 Park Avenue, New York, NY
Water
Water Savings(L/m3)
Total Water Savings(L/yr)
Equivalent Number of Truck Washouts
Equivalent Number of 0.5‐L Bottles of
Water
22.7 1,563,750 1,836 3,127,167
Water Savings(kg/m3)
Total Water Savings(kg/yr)
Equivalent Number of Loads of Laundry
(Loads/yr)
Equivalent Number of Showers(Showers/yr)
22.7 1,563,750 10,320 33,794
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Water reducers enable the judicious use of one of the most precious
natural resources,
Water
Water‐Reducing Admixtures
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Material Resources
Raw materials for cement production
Aggregates
Sustainable Initiatives
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• Water‐reducing admixtures Lower w/cm
Less cement
Higher strength smaller member sizes
Lower Permeability
Improved Durability & increased service life
• Set‐control admixtures Reduce perishable nature of concrete
• Workability retention admixtures Maintain concrete workability for a defined period
• Durability‐enhancing admixtures Help achieve design service lives
Benefits of Chemical Admixtures
Sustainable Initiatives ‐Materials
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U.S. Dept. of Energy Microwave Tower Footing; Monument Valley, Utah:
Several 34 m3 (45 yd3) Concrete Placements
Batched in Flagstaff, Arizona, 400 km (250 miles) away
Haul Time: 8 hours
Excellent Temperature Control, 17 oC to 19 oC (63 oF to 66 ºF)
Slump decreased from 165 to 100 mm (6.5 to 4 in.)
HCA Dosage: 520 mL/100 kg (8 fl oz/cwt)
Hydration‐Control Admixtures
Reduce rejected loads
Sustainable Initiatives ‐Materials
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• Workability retention without retardation
• Dosage flexibility – for flexible levels of workability retention
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
0 20 40 60 80
Time (minutes)
Wo
rkab
ilit
y R
etai
ned
Primary Water Reducer (PWR)
PWR + Low Dosage
PWR + Medium Dosage
PWR + High Dosage
A revolutionary new admixture formulated to control the workability (slump) retention of concrete without impacting other properties.
Workability Retention Admixture
Sustainable Initiatives ‐Materials
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• Minimizes retempering or re‐dosing of high‐range water‐reducing admixture at the job site
• Promotes greater consistency of concrete workability, compressive strength and air content
• Enhanced in‐place performance
• Fewer rejected loads
• Faster truck turn‐around time
Workability Retention Admixture
Sustainable Initiatives ‐Materials
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Re‐use of Returned Concrete
Volume:
Estimate: 2‐10% concrete production returned to plants
9.6 – 48 million yd3 (7.3 – 36.7 million m3) annually
Hydration‐Control Admixtures
Sustainable Initiatives ‐Materials
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Returned Concrete and Washwater
Volume:
Estimate: 2‐10% concrete production returned to plants
9.6 – 48 million yd3 (7.3 – 36.7 million m3) annually
Estimate: Typical plant generates 1,400,000 gal (5,300,000 L) washwater annually
Sustainable Initiatives ‐Materials
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Hydration Control Admixtures
Same‐Day Stabilization
HCA Washwater Treatment
HCA‐Treated + Fresh Concrete
Sustainable Initiatives ‐Materials
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Benefits:
Reduces landfill waste
Economical reuse of returned concrete and washwater ‐ sustainability
Environmental Audit Reports available through patented software
Promotes community and social responsibility
Hydration Control Admixtures
Sustainable Initiatives ‐Materials
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ASR Damaged Pile Cap
Benefits of Chemical Admixtures
Sustainable Initiatives ‐Materials
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• Durability‐enhancing admixtures Extend useful service life of concrete structures
Benefits of Chemical Admixtures
2003
1992
The High Cost of Repair
Sustainable Initiatives ‐Materials
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Achieving design service lives through the use of low w/cm, low permeability concrete in combination with
durability‐enhancing admixtures will minimize the need for major repairs and replacement of concrete structures.
Benefits of Chemical Admixtures
Sustainable Initiatives ‐Materials
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Overall, chemical admixtures will extenduseful service life
Conservation of Materialsover Life‐Cycle of Structure
Sustainable Initiatives ‐Materials
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Embodied Energy
Sustainable Initiatives
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Materials that have a lower overall embodied energy are more sustainable and ecologically better than those with a higher
embodied energy
Embodied Energy
Sustainable Initiatives
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Embodied Energy
Concrete has a low embodied energy relative to other materials, but…
Source: Tucker, Selwyn (2001). "The Embodied Energy in Buildings" www.dbce.csiro.au/ind‐serv/brochures/embodied/embodied.htm
Sustainable Initiatives
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Embodied Energy
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world, therefore…
Source: Tucker, Selwyn (2001). "The Embodied Energy in Buildings" www.dbce.csiro.au/ind‐serv/brochures/embodied/embodied.htm
Portland cement accounts for ~85%
Sustainable Initiatives
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Admixture Type
Solids1,2
Content,%
Total2,3
Energy,MJ/kg
Typical2
Dosage,% of cmt
Potential Embodied4 EnergyContribution
MJ/m3 % of Concrete
Air entrainer 3 – 14 2.1 0.2 – 0.5 1.4 – 3.5 < 0.1
Normal water reducer 30 – 45 4.6 0.2 – 0.7 3 – 11 0.09 – 0.3
High-range water reducer 30 – 45 18.3 0.5 – 2.2 30 – 135 0.9 – 4.2
Retarder 17 – 46 15.7 0.2 – 0.8 10 – 42 0.3 – 1.3
Accelerator 35 – 50 22.1 0.5 – 2.0 37 – 148 1.2 – 4.6
Waterproofer 10 – 43 5.6
1Reported valid range; 2 source: EFCA – www.efca.info;3 LCI data for electricity production are based on the European fuel mix; 4 assuming 30-MPa concrete mixture with 335 kg/m3 of cementitious materials (embodied energy of 3180 MJ/m3).
Potential Embodied Energy Contributed by Chemical Admixtures
Sustainable Initiatives ‐ Embodied Energy
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Chemical admixtures can be used tooptimize portland cement content without compromising workability, strength or
durability.
Reduction in the Embodied Energy of Concrete
Benefits of Chemical Admixtures
Sustainable Initiatives ‐ Embodied Energy
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Reducing Embodied Energy of Concrete with SCMs
Source:PCA R&D Serial no. 3011
Sustainable Initiatives ‐ Embodied Energy
Chemical admixtures facilitate the use of higher replacement levels of SCMs.
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Reducing Placement Energy of Concrete with Admixtures
Sustainable Initiatives ‐ Embodied Energy
MRWR, HRWR, VMAs facilitate concrete
placement & finishing
Reduce jobsite energy needs
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Non SCC SCC
Reducing Placement Energy of Concrete with Admixtures
Sustainable Initiatives ‐ Embodied Energy
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Chemical admixtures will provide a net benefit in reducing the total energy associated with a concrete
structure over its life cycle.
Sustainable Initiatives ‐ Embodied Energy
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Chemical admixtures enable other benefits from a social responsibility perspective
Preservation of the environment
Chemical Admixtures
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• Hydration‐control admixtures Reduce/eliminate return concrete waste & washwater
pollution
• Antiwashout admixtures Minimize washout of cement/fines in underwater
concreting
• Specialty concrete mixtures Pervious concrete
Very high‐early strength concrete
Benefits of Chemical Admixtures
Sustainable Initiatives – Social Factors
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Antiwashout Admixtures
Underwater Concreting Challenges:
Difficult placement
Washout of cement & fines
Cloudy surroundings – safety
Quality of in‐place concrete
Environmental concerns
Relatively high cost
19.1%
3.8%1.3%
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
Untreated 10 (650) 15 (975)
Antiwashout dosage fl oz/cwt (mL/100 kg)
% M
ass
Loss
Sustainable Initiatives – Social Factors
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AWA TreatmentAWA Treatment Untreated ConcreteUntreated Concrete
Benefits:
Reduce/eliminate dewatering costs
Superior and predictable in‐place concrete properties
Minimizes environmental impact of cement washout on aquatic life
Lower in‐place cost
Reduction in washout of cement and finesAntiwashout Admixtures
Sustainable Initiatives – Social Factors
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Pervious Concrete No stormwater collection and disposal No contaminated runoff to be treated Increased site utilization No retention & detention ponds
Challenges: Difficult mix to get out of the truck & place Additional water added on site (inconsistent
mix quality) Short workable life
Admixture System: HRWR, MRWR, Hydration Control and VMA
Admixture system facilitates placementBenefits: Allow mix to easily discharge from truck No need to add water on site (user friendly) Increases workability time Improves flow for ease of placement Increases compressive strength Inhibits paste drain down
Sustainable Initiatives – Social Factors
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Pervious Concrete
Sustainable Initiatives – Social Factors
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Heat Island Effects
Source: American Concrete Pavement Association (QD 007P)
Dark surfaces contribute towards “heat island” effects increased lighting requirements
Energy demands increase for cooling lighting
Result: increased power plant emissions heat‐trapping greenhouse gases
Concrete is more light reflective and MUCH cooler than asphalt
Can help to reduce energy demand on electric grids
Sustainable Initiatives – Social Factors
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Pigments & Liquid‐Coloring Admixtures
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and liquid‐coloring admixtures can be used to produce “light‐colored” concretes with high SRI values
Sustainable Initiatives – Social Factors
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Bridge Deck & Pavement Repairs
Highways, roads, and streets need replacement
Traffic volumes have increased
Motorists can be impatient
ACPA estimates
Road user delays = 3.7 billion h
2.3 billion gal (8.7 billion L) wasted fuel
Increased CO2 emissions
FHWA “Highways for Life” program
Patented Admixture System:
Synthetic high‐range water‐reducing admixture ‐ provides fluidity and strength
Hydration control (extended‐set) admixture or workability‐retaining admixture ‐ provides workability control
Accelerating admixture ‐ provides early strength
Sustainable Initiatives – Social Factors
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High‐early strength concrete (3 ‐ 4 hours)
Benefits:
Reduces traffic congestion
Reduces gasoline waste and emissions
Highly durable pavement increases service life – sustainable construction
Sustainable Initiatives – Social Factors
High-Performance Green Concretes
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Admixtures Facilitate Development of…..
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Definition – an environmentally preferable, cost-effective concrete with optimized proportions in which supplementary cementitious materials and non-cementitious fillers are used with select chemical admixtures to meet or exceed performance targets.
Utilizes Advanced Concrete Mixture Optimization Techniques
Recycled materials
Specially formulated HRWRs & workability-retaining admixture
Improves ease of constructability
Increases the service-life (durability) of structures
and it’s ecological and economical !!!
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High‐Performance Green Concrete
Redefining the Concrete Space
High High
Low
Low
HighWorkability
Durability
Co
st
Po
rosi
ty
H-P Green Concrete
ReferenceConcrete
Low
Relative performance potential 50
High‐Performance Green Concrete
Low
High
Advanced Optimization+
Recycled Materials+
Chemical Admixtures
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Quantifying the Benefits of Sustainability Initiatives
How do we capture the true sustainability benefits of concrete?
USGBC, GBI, BREEAM???
Sustainable – Quantifying Benefits
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The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System™ encourages and accelerates global adoption of sustainable green building and development practices through the creation and implementation of universally understood and accepted tools and performance criteria.
Quantifying the Benefits of Sustainability Initiatives
USGBC – LEED Rating System
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Quantifying the Benefits of Sustainability Initiatives
USGBC – LEED Rating System
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Typical Green Concrete “Buzz Words”
Reduce cement content
Use more supplementary cementitious materials
Use recycled concrete
Which Mix is More Sustainable?
Cement for Mix A comes from China – larger CO2 footprint
California project – no fly ash Fly ash from east of Mississippi; has carbon footprint
Depends on recycler efficiency and distance
So how does one know which mix is more sustainable???
Sustainable – Quantifying Benefits
Recycled ContentMix A Mix B0 % 20 %
Mix A Mix BMaterial (kg/m3) Material (kg/m3)Cement 307 Cement 335
Mix A Mix BMaterial (kg/m3) Material (kg/m3)Cement 335 Cement 284
Fly Ash 50
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Quantifying the Benefits of Sustainability Initiatives
Current rating systems do not necessarily capture the overall ecological benefits of
green concrete mixtures.
Sustainable – Quantifying Benefits
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Quantifying the Benefits of Sustainability Initiatives
Sustainable – Quantifying Benefits
Eco‐Efficiency Analysis is a strategic life‐cycle methodology for comparing the relative ecological and economic efficiencies of alternative
Products (like baby diapers or concrete)
Processes (curing compounds or steam curing)
Technologies (automobiles or motorcycles)
Sustainable – Quantifying Benefits
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Environmental Impact Categories
Global Warming Potential
Ozone Depletion Potential
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
Acidification Potential
Air Emissions
•Cumulative energy utilized in the production, use, & disposal phases
•Fossil and renewableresources areincluded
Consumptionof Energy
•Cumulative energy utilized in the production, use & disposal phases
•Fossil and renewableresources areincluded
Consumptionof Energy
Emissions
•Described bycategories‐ Air‐ Water‐ Solids
Emissions
•Described bycategories‐ Air‐ Water‐ Solids
Toxicity Potential
•Potential effect on human health toxicity
Toxicity Potential
•Potential effect on human health toxicity
Risk Potential
•Potential for physical haz. (i.e. wrk. accid. & occupational disease)
•Based on published stat.data (e.g . insurance assoc )
Risk Potential
•Potential for physical haz. (i.e. work accid. & occupational disease)
•Based on published stat.data (e.g . insurance assoc )
Consumptionof Raw
Materials
•Materials areweightedaccording to reserves and global consumption
Consumptionof Raw
Materials
•Materials areweightedaccording to reserves and global consumption
Land Use
•Degree of land development needed to fulfil the production, use, & disposal of 1 yd 3 of concrete
Land Use
•Degree of land development needed to fulfill the production, use & disposal of 1 yd 3 of concrete
EEA Environmental Impact Categories
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An Eco‐Efficiency Analysis methodology for concrete has been third‐party validated by TÜV Rheinland® (certificate number: 5711150561).
TUV appraises, tests and certifies technical equipment and products according to international quality standards and then registers those in compliance.
Methodology also validated by NSF International. (Protocol P352)NSF International, a not‐for‐profit, non‐governmental organization, develops national standards and provides third‐party conformity assessment services.
Data acquisition and calculation typically in line with ISO environmental protocol ISO 14040 and 14044 (ecological part).
Eco‐Efficiency Analysis (EEA) of Concrete Mixtures
Sustainable – Quantifying Benefits
Concrete Plant
Cement Production
Aggregate Quarry
•Blast/mine
•Crush
•Separate sizes
•Store/load/ship
•Mine raw materials
• Heat in kiln
•Grind with gypsum
• Store/load/ship
Cement Production
• Receive raw material
•Manufacture molecules
• Blend ingredients
• Store/load/ship
Chemical Admixtures
• Reduced usage of potable water
Water
• Separate and process
• Store/load/ship
RecycledMaterials
EEA concrete analyses can be conducted on ready mixed, precast, manufactured concrete products, paving, self-consolidating and pervious concrete.
EEA of Concrete – Cradle to Gate
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1. Customized Interactive Programspecifically for concrete mixtures
Data gathered from Chemical Company, Industry Associations, Government Databases, Contract Consultants
2. Evaluates environmental and economical impact of concrete ingredients based on input
3. Compares five different concrete mixture proportions for six environmental impact areas
4. Quantifies environmental and economical impact for each mix
Eco-Efficiency Analysis can be used to quantify the economical and ecological impact of Green Concrete mixtures
Eco-Efficiency Analysis
Eco‐Efficiency Analysis (EEA) of Concrete Mixtures
Sustainable – Quantifying Benefits
Based on an annual production of 60,000 yd3 (45,900 m3) of concrete
Example of CO2 emissions, energy usage, and annual
water consumption savings and practical equivalents
compared to reference mix.
Environmental impact categories include:
Energy consumption
Emissions (air, water, and solid waste)
Toxicity potential
Risk potential
Raw material consumption
Use of area (land)
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Water Saved - Truck Washout and Bottled Water
AlternativeWater Saved
(gal/yd3)
Annualized Water Saved
(gal/yr)
Equivalent Annualized
Number of Truck Washouts
Equivalent Number of 1/2 liter
Bottles of Water
Fly Ash 15% 1 43,217 192 327,155
Fly Ash 40% 3 180,072 800 1,363,145
Slag 50% 4.20 252,101 1,120 1,908,403
Green Sense 7 396,158 1,761 2,998,920
Energy Saved - US Homes Equivalent
AlternativeEnergy Saved
(kWh/yd3)
Annualized Energy Saved
(kWh/yr)
Annualized US Energy Savings
Equivalent (homes/yr)
Fly Ash 15% 69 4,116,295 356
Fly Ash 40% 181 10,884,852 941
Slag 50% 158 9,480,149 819
Green Sense 199 11,945,185 1,032
Smaller Carbon Footprint -Volume of Gasoline Equivalent
Alternative
Emissions Saved (lb CO2
equiv./yd3)
Annualized Emissions
Saved (lb CO2
equiv./yr)
Annualized Volume of Gas Saved
(gal/yr)
Fly Ash 15% 87 5,245,325 276,070
Fly Ash 40% 235 14,084,608 741,295
Slag 50% 254 15,218,338 800,965
Green Sense 247 14,807,727 779,354
Ecological Analysis
The impact of each ingredient is determined for each of the six environmental impact categories and more.
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
ReferenceMix
Fly Ash 15% Fly Ash 40% Slag 50% Green Sense
lb C
O2-e
qu
ival
ent/
yd3
Transportation
Admixtures
Water
Aggregates
Powders
Cement
Green Concrete
Ecological Analysis – Emissions Potential
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The four concrete alternatives are shown to be progressively more environmentally preferable in relation to the Reference Mix.
0.00
Energy consumption
Emissions
Toxicity potential
Risk potential
RM consumption
Use of area
Reference Mix
Fly Ash 15%
Fly Ash 40%
Slag Cement 50%
Green Sense Concrete
Ecological Fingerprint
65
0.5
1.0
1.5
0.5
Costs (normalized)
Environmental Im
pact (norm
alized)
Reference Mix
Fly Ash 15%
Fly Ash 40%
Slag Cement 50%
Green Sense Concrete
1.5 1.0
The Green Concrete mixture has the lowest overall environmental burden and is the most economical to produce.
Eco‐Efficiency Profile
Challenges:
Homeowner demands for green construction
Home builders looking to meet demand and differentiate
Solution:
Sustainable concrete mixes Foundations
Sidewalks
Driveways
Slabs
HPGC in Residential Construction
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Environmental SavingsParameter Reference Optimized % Savings
Energy (kWh/yd3) 388.28 367.40 5.4%
Raw Material Resource Consumption (lb/yd3) 45.85 41.33 9.9%
Fossil Fuel Consumption (lb/yd3) 17.72 17.14 3.3%
Global Warming Potential (lb CO2eq/yd3) 388.33 339.92 12.5%
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
[Summer Smog] (lb Ethene eq/yd3)0.07 0.07 3.1%
Acidification Potential [Acid Rain] (lb SO2eq/yd3) 2.62 2.34 10.5%
Solid Waste (lb/yd3) 93.77 83.58 10.9%
Land Use (ft2/yd3) 213.14 210.92 1.0%
120 Home Sub DivisionCategory
Environmental Parameter
Optimized Concrete Savings
Practical Equivalent Savings
Value
Energy Energy (kWh) 175,456 Homes: (homes/year) 15
Carbon FootprintAir Emissions
(lb CO2 equiv.)406,631 Forest: (acres/project) 231
Acidification Potential
Air Emissions
(lb SO2 equiv.)2,317 Air Conditioners:(number/year) 154
Solid Waste Generation
Solid Emissions (lb)
85,555 Solid Waste: (persons/day) 17,111
Fossil Fuel Consumption
Fossil Fuel (lb) 10,864 Barrels of Oil Saved on Project 220
HPGC in Residential Construction
Project Specifications and Other Details:
4 High Rise Buildings
WTC 9/11 Memorial
1 Transportation Hub
Up to 74% SCM Replacement using fly ash, slag cement & silica fume
96.5 MPa @ 28 days
13.8 MPa overdesign
Modulus of Elasticity > 48.3 GPa
Nearly 765,000 m3 to be used
Required SCC spread of 685 mm
Specifier – Port Authority of New York / New Jersey
68
World Trade Center Project, New York
96‐MPa Mix 83‐MPa Mix 55‐MPa Mix*
Cement, kg/m3 178 171 178
Fly Ash, kg/m3 42 95 59
Slag Cement, kg/m3 288 294 267
Silica Fume, kg/m3 42 21 ‐‐
SCM Content, percent 68 70 65
s/a 0.41 0.43 0.47
w/cm 0.24 0.26 0.40
PCE HRWR, mL/m3 5,100 4,060 1,930 – 2,320
HCA, mL/m3 1,860 1,930 1,930 – 2,710
Defoamer, mL/m3 620 ‐‐ ‐‐
Workability Retainer, mL/m3 As needed As needed As needed
Slump Flow Spread, mm 685 725 635 – 760
* Winter version of mix. Source: Port Authority of New York / New Jersey 69
World Trade Center Project, New York
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Total Project
Environmental Impacts Environmental Savings
Energy (kWh) 25,402,200 kWh savings
Resource Consumption (kg) 1,261200 kg savings
Fossil Fuel Consumption (kg) 504,570 kg savings
GHG (lb CO2 eq) 15,857,300 kg CO2 reduction
POCP (lb ethene eq) 1,290 kg ethene reduction
AP (lb SO2 eq) 100,830 kg SO2 reduction
Water Production (L) 588,440 L water production savings
Water Emissions (L) 19,860,080 L water emissions savings
Solid Waste (kg) 781,860 kg solid waste savings
Land Use (m2) 206,370 m2 land savings
70
World Trade Center Project, New York
One World Trade Center won The Concrete Producer “Readers Choice” 2010 Green Site Award
for use of
High‐Performance Green Concrete
71September 2010
World Trade Center Project, New York
Owner: City & County of San Francisco
General Contractor: Webcor Builders
Concrete Producer: Central Concrete
Resilient Post‐Tensioned Concrete Structure
13‐Story; 277,000 ft2 (25,730 m2)
LEED® Platinum
Up to 70% SCM Replacement
CO2 Emissions – 7.4 x 106 lb (3.4 x 106 kg) net savings
72
San Francisco PUC Building, CA
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Project:
Pushing the boundaries of engineering :‐height of 2,625 ft (800 m)
Compressive Strength:‐ 14,500 psi (145 MPa)
Concrete Volume:‐ 222,340 yd3 (170,000 m3)
Challenge:
Pumping concrete to formidable heights
Solution:
Advanced mix optimization
Fly ash (performance – durability [life cycle] and heat of hydration control)
Special PCE admixture
The Burj Khalifa, Dubai
Environmental Benefits and Trade Offs
Optimized
The Burj Khalifa, Dubai
Solid Waste Generated
Emissions SavingsSolid Waste Equivalent
Mass per UnitVolume
ProjectTotal
Persons/day
12.9 lb/yd3
(7.6 kg/m3)2,878,825 lb(1,305,810 kg)
575,675
Optimized
31.9% Savings
The Burj Khalifa, Dubai
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Developed in partnership with Rockefeller Group Development Corporation
One of New Jersey’s largest sustainable buildings
Designed to achieve LEED® “Double” Platinum certification
5-story building, 2-story lobby
325,000 ft2 (30,190 m2) building with space for up to 1,400 people
Construction time: August 2010 to May 2012
High-Performance Green Concrete used exclusively
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Sustainable design features:
Water Efficiency
Indoor water usage is estimated to be reduced by at least 40% by using low‐flow plumbing fixtures.
Landscape plan incorporates native and non‐invasive plantings that require 85% less water to survive.
Site Development
Maximize open space: over 40% of site will remain as open space.
Natural filtering and recharge of storm water achieves more than the 80% TSS (total suspended solids) removal rate.
Material Selection
At least 20% of the materials purchased for the project have recycled content, while at least 10% were purchased from local suppliers lessening the transportation impacts and benefiting the local economy.
At least 75% of the construction waste was diverted from landfills and recycled.
Porous pavement system is made from 100% post‐consumer recycled glass and polyurethane binder. The system prevents stormwater runoff, allows water to return to natural aquifers and can filter as much as 4,000 L (1,070 gal) of water per hour.
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CATEGORY LEED Core & Shell v2.0
Commercial Interiors v2009
Sustainable Sites 11/15 15/21
Water Efficiency 4/5 11/11
Energy & Atmosphere 10/14 31/37
Materials & Resources 8/11 7/14
Indoor Environmental Quality 11/11 14/17
Innovation in Design 5/5 3/6
Regional Priority n/a 4/4
PLATINUM 49/61* 85/110*
* Total points pending final Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI) review.
BASF Headquarters LEED Points Potential
USGBC’s Highest Achievement
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4000 psi (27.6 MPa) High-Performance Green Concrete
4000 psi (27.6 MPa) Mix
5000 psi (34.5 MPa) High-Performance Green Concrete
5000 psi (34.5 MPa) Mix
BASF Headquarters EEA Fingerprint
Cement Replacement – 32.9%Recycled Material Content – 32.2 %
Environmental Savings from Green Concrete:
Environmental Benefits in Human Terms!
Quantity Practical Equivalence
Water Savings 71,654 L143,308 0.5‐L bottles of water
Energy Savings 885,010 kWhAnnual energy used by 69 U.S. homes
CO2 Equivalent Savings
520,923 kg 228,800 L of gasoline
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• Provide Sustainable Concrete Construction Opportunities
– Reduce water usage & facilitate use of SCMs
– Reduce and help manage returned concrete and washwater
– Help in facilitating stormwater management
– Contribute towards reducing heat island effects
– Reduce energy consumption
– Help protect aquatic life
– Reduce gasoline waste and emissions
– Benefits can be quantified through Eco‐Efficiency Analysis
Performance‐Based Sustainable Construction
Benefits of Chemical Admixtures
Sustainable Concrete – In Summary
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Thank You!