roland clift centre for environmental strategy university of surrey
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Roland Clift
Centre for Environmental Strategy
University of Surrey
![Page 2: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
OVERVIEW What is sustainable development? What are the issues? How does this relate to the role of engineers? Examples Exercise
![Page 3: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Sustainable Development is
“ … development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
Our Common Future, World Commission on Environment and Development, Oxford
University Press (1987) (“The Brundtland Report”)
![Page 4: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The overarching goal of sustainable development is
“… enabling all people throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and enjoy a better quality of life without compromising the quality of life of future generations”
One Future – different paths,
UK Strategic Framework for Sustainable Development, 2005
![Page 5: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
THE HUMAN ECONOMYE
E E
SUN SUN
WASTE
HUMAN
SOCIETY
AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY
DISPERSED
EMISSIONS
NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES
FOODetc.
GOODS&
SERVICES
![Page 6: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:THE APPROACH
An approach which seeks to reconcile human needs and the capacity of the environment to cope with the consequences of economic systems
![Page 7: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ECO-CENTRICCONCERNS
Natural resources and ecological
capacity
TECHNO-CENTRICCONCERNS
Techno-economic systems
SOCIO-CENTRICCONCERNS
Human capital and social expectations
THREE DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY
![Page 8: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Natural resources
Water 1 billion people lack access to clean water 2.5 billion people (more than 1/3 of population)
lack adequate sanitation Air
Air in most cities in the world is pollutedLand
Land contamination Deforestation Desertification
50% of natural resources (fossil fuels, minerals) have already been consumed
![Page 9: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
NATURAL RESOURCES:WHAT DO WE USE?
Number of planets needed to sustain current global consumption in Number of planets needed to sustain current global consumption in 2050 if all countries consumed as Britain does today2050 if all countries consumed as Britain does today
![Page 10: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
WHO USES WHAT? Inequitable distribution of resources between
nations
The US, Japan, Germany, Canada, France, Italy and the UK (less than 12 % of the world's population) consume:
43% of the world's fossil fuel production, 64% of the world's paper, and 55-60% of all the aluminium, copper, lead, nickel and tin
20% of the population in the developed nations consume 86% of the world’s resources
![Page 11: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES Population increase
current 6 billion to 10 billion in this century? Income distribution and poverty
The richest 20% (1.2 billion) of the world’s population receive nearly 83% of total world income
At the same time, the poorest 20% of the population receive 1.4% or less than $1 a day
Almost half of the world's population of six billion lives on less than $2 a day
About 790 million people are hungry and food insecure
![Page 12: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING Sustainable engineering means providing for human
needs and improving quality of life without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
Engineers can contribute to sustainable development in many ways, e.g.designing sustainable buildingsdesigning transportationmanufacturing plantswater and food provision systemsintroducing ICT to reduce material use, emissions and
waste in products and services
![Page 13: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
THE ROLE OF ENGINEERS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Economyto optimise economic returns
Environmentto optimise the use of natural resources and
minimise environmental impacts Society
to supply human needs and improve quality of life
Examples of human needs: Housing, food, health, energy,
communication, mobility…
![Page 14: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION: BUILDINGS
Energy use in buildings constitutes 30-50% of total energy requirements of a society
This energy use contributes to more CO2 emissions than traffic or industryReason: poor insulation
and inefficient combustion systems
Relatively cheap fuels and profligate use of energy
![Page 15: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ICT: TELECOMMUTING For Cambridgeshire CC
Commute miles down by up to 500,000-1.25 million per year
Commute hours could be reduced by 40,000 – 75,000 per year
Reductions in emissions 26,200 kg CO, 323,000 kg CO2 and 4,500 kg NOx per year
Positive high quality of life Self-reported health benefits Greater use of local services see www.sustel.org and www.flexibility.co.uk
![Page 16: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ICT: INTERNET SERVICES
Online services: home shopping, banking, entertainment, even learning
Traffic reduction is difficult to measure. RAC (1997) predicted that by 2007 will cut shopping travel by 17%
Possible dematerialisation e.g. online subscriptions for software updates
Social inclusion Better accountability of service providers Has made the world far smaller Information transfer: news and media
![Page 17: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING:FRESH AND WASTE WATER
The supply problems - shortage of water1 billion people lack access to clean water
Provision of water to developing countries Increasing the efficiency of use and reducing
demand for fresh watere.g. using ‘grey water’ for toilets or to water
the gardens (the example of the eco-house) Rethinking systems for treating and recycling
watere.g. sea water desalination
![Page 18: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING: WASTE Developed countries, each person 500kg p.a. Prevention of waste generation
increased process efficiencies reduced consumption of materials
Re-use and recycling turning waste into valuable resourcesprovision of facilities for recycling
Leasing rather than buying products Waste-to-energy schemes
Incinerating municipal solid waste A plant in Sheffield provides heating to 3,000 homes
and 90 buildings Saves 200,000 MW of fossil fuel and 60,000 t of CO2
![Page 19: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING:FUELS AND ENERGY
Global warming and limited supply of carbon-based fuels will require the use of non-carbon energy sources
Wind and solar power Biomass Hydrogen (generated by using solar energy or
nuclear power) Electric batteries Fuel cells Also more security of supply
![Page 20: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
EXERCISE: YOUR CONTRIBUTION?
Write down three ways in which you will be able to contribute, as an engineer, to sustainable development in future.
Discuss your choices with your neighbour. Write a combined list of six ways you can contribute. Pass your list down to the front, to be collated. See if your ideas change by the end of the semester.
![Page 21: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT
Introduction
![Page 22: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Concepts: : setting goals for environmental management activities e.g.Dematerialisation, energy efficiency Sustainable Development, Product
Stewardship, Producer Responsibility. Tools: : measure progress towards goals e.g.
Environmental Auditing, Environmental Impact Assessment, Risk Assessment, Life Cycle Thinking, Life Cycle Assessment
![Page 23: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
MATERIALS/ENERGY (JACKSON)
![Page 24: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
A NEW APPROACH
Increased material efficiency: reducing raw material inputs and waste outputs
Removing hazardous materials for a more acceptable alternative.
Designing service systems to minimise environmental impacts
![Page 25: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
PURCHASING DECISIONS FOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
Often driven by immediate criteria e.g. price, functionality, appearance, etc.
There is another way of thinking:chain of processes upstream and downstream
from the product in the shop e.g. mobile phone
What happens before you purchase?How is it used?What happens when it reaches end of life?
Implications for design
![Page 26: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ENVIRONMENTALINTERVENTIONS
ECONOMICSYSTEM
ENVIRONMENT
SERVICES
MATERIALS ANDENERGY
EMISSIONS AND WASTES
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS
![Page 27: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
PRIMARY RESOURCES
Energyconversion
Extraction
Materialpurification
Manufacturing
PRODUCT IN USE
Recovery
Wastesand
Emissions
Wastes and
Emissions
E
E
E
E
![Page 28: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
FOOD MILES e.g. BEANS FROM KENYA
![Page 29: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
LIFE CYCLE THINKING Thinking qualitatively about impacts:
upstream and downstream Application of systems analysis “Cradle to grave” quantification of:
material and energy inputsoutputs as emissionstogether known as “environmental
interventions” of the system Avoids displacing environmental problems Promotes responsible product design Formal environmental management tool: LCA
![Page 30: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
WHAT IT DOES
Life cycle thinking examines the environmental interventions and potential impacts throughout a product’s life (i.e. cradle-to-grave) from raw material acquisition through production, use and disposal.
The general categories of environmental impacts needing consideration include resource use, human health, and ecological consequences.
![Page 31: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Environmental impactsGlobal warming Ozone layer depletionLoss of biodiversitySummer and winter smogsAcid rainEutrophicationHuman and eco-toxicity
![Page 32: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
PHASES OF LCA
![Page 33: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
DfE Design for the Environment
IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control
EoL End-of-Life
WEEE (EEE) Waste Electronic & Electrical Equipment
ELV End-of-Life Vehicles
IPP Integrated Product Policy
EPD’s Environmental Product Declarations
ACRONYMS, ACRONYMS….
![Page 34: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT (DFE) PROCESS
![Page 35: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
DFE STRATEGIES BENEFITING FROM A LIFE CYCLE APPROACH
Product life extensionMaterial life extensionReduced use of materials
(dematerialisation)Energy efficiencyPollution minimisation
![Page 36: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Material andEnergy
Extracton
WasteManagement
Manufacturing Distribution Use
EARTH
LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT
![Page 37: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Material andEnergy
Extracton
WasteManagement
Manufacturing Distribution Use
EARTH
TAKE-BACK
![Page 38: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
COMPONENTMANUFACTURE
MATERIALSPRODUCTION
ASSEMBLY
USE
RawMaterials
PartialDisassembly
CompleteDisassembly
Inspection
Waste
ASSET RECOVERY
![Page 39: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
FOREGROUND SYSTEM:
Set of processes whose selection or mode of operationis affected directly by decisions based on the study.
BACKGROUND SYSTEM:
All other processes which interact directly with the foreground system, usually by supplying material or energy to the foreground or receiving material energy from it. A sufficient (but not necessary) condition for a
process or group of processes to be in the background is that the exchange with the foreground takes place through a homogeneous market.
![Page 40: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
BACKGROUNDSYSTEM
PRIMARYRESOURCES
MATERIALSAND ENERGY SOLID
WASTE
FOREGROUNDSYSTEM
WASTEMANAGEMENT
EMISSIONS
RECOVEREDMATERIALS
AND ENERGY
FUNCTIONALOUTPUTS
FUNCTONALOUTPUT:
MANAGEMENTOF WASTE
Figure 1: Distinction between Foreground andBackground Systems
![Page 41: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
ASSUME - other products from Foreground are used in Background
- other Functional Outputs from Background unchanged
THEREFORE - other products from Foreground displace activities in Background and so avoid some burdens
TOTAL INVENTORY is then:DIRECT BURDENS from ForegroundplusINDIRECT BURDENS from Background,
due to inputs to ForegroundminusAVOIDED BURDENS from Background
displaced by outputs from Foreground
![Page 42: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
WASTE
USE 3etc.
RE-USEWASTE
USE 3
etc.
RE-PROCESS
CASCADE
RE-USE
RECYCLE
RESOURCE
USE 1
PROCESS
MANUFACTURE 1
EXTRACT
MANUFACTURE 2
USE 2 RE-PROCESS
RE-PROCESS
RECYCLE
![Page 43: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY FOR PLASTICS
RESOURCE
EXTRACTION &PROCESSING
POLYMER-ISATION
BLENDING &FORMING
USE
DISPOSAL
FUEL
ENERGY RECOVERY
CHEMICAL RECYCLING & PYROLYSIS
DEPOLYMERISATION
MECHANICAL RECYCLING
RE-USE
![Page 44: Roland Clift Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551b2f2655034607418b6274/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Life cycle approaches are here to stay…
Skill base is insufficient
Open range for consultants
Professional bodies need to recognise Environmental System Analysis as an essential body of skills and tools
CONCLUDING REMARKS