rogers

Martha rogers ‘s Martha rogers ‘s theorytheory

IntroductionIntroduction

• Born :May 12, 1914, Dallas, TexasBorn :May 12, 1914, Dallas, Texas• Diploma :Knoxville General Hospital Diploma :Knoxville General Hospital

School of Nursing(1936)School of Nursing(1936)• Graduation in Public Health Nursing, Graduation in Public Health Nursing,

George Peabody College, TN, 1937George Peabody College, TN, 1937• MA :Teachers college, Columbia MA :Teachers college, Columbia

university, New York, 1945university, New York, 1945• MPH :Johns Hopkins University, MPH :Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore, Baltimore,

IntroductionIntroduction

• Doctorate in nursing :Johns Hopkins Doctorate in nursing :Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1954University, Baltimore, 1954

• Fellowship: American academy of Fellowship: American academy of nursingnursing

• Position: Professor Emerita, Division Position: Professor Emerita, Division of Nursing, New York University, of Nursing, New York University, Consultant, SpeakerConsultant, Speaker

• Died : March 13 , 1994Died : March 13 , 1994

Publications of Martha Publications of Martha Rogers Rogers

• Theoretical basis of nursing (Rogers Theoretical basis of nursing (Rogers 1970)1970)

• Nursing science and art :a Nursing science and art :a prospective (Rogers 1988)prospective (Rogers 1988)

• Nursing :science of unitary, Nursing :science of unitary, irreducible, human beings update irreducible, human beings update (Rogers 1990)(Rogers 1990)

• Vision of space based nursing (Rogers Vision of space based nursing (Rogers 19901990

Rogers nursing theory Rogers nursing theory

• Nursing is both a science and art. the Nursing is both a science and art. the uniqueness of nursing, like that of any other uniqueness of nursing, like that of any other science, lies in the phenomenon central to its science, lies in the phenomenon central to its focus. focus.

• Nurses long established concern with the Nurses long established concern with the people and the world they live is in a natural people and the world they live is in a natural forerunner of an organized abstract system forerunner of an organized abstract system encompassing people and the environments. encompassing people and the environments.

• The irreducible nature of individuals is The irreducible nature of individuals is different from the sum of the parts. different from the sum of the parts.

Rogers nursing theory Rogers nursing theory

• The integral ness of people and the The integral ness of people and the environment that coordinate with a environment that coordinate with a multidimensional universe of open multidimensional universe of open systems points to a new systems points to a new paradigm :the identity of nursing as paradigm :the identity of nursing as a science. a science.

• The purpose of nurses is to promote The purpose of nurses is to promote health and well-being for all persons health and well-being for all persons wherever they are. wherever they are.

Evolution of abstract Evolution of abstract systemsystem

• The development of the abstract The development of the abstract system was strongly influenced by system was strongly influenced by an early grounding in arts and an early grounding in arts and background of science and her keen background of science and her keen interest in space interest in space

• The science of unitary human beings The science of unitary human beings originated as a synthesis of facts and originated as a synthesis of facts and ideas from multiple sources of ideas from multiple sources of knowledge knowledge

• The uniqueness is in the central The uniqueness is in the central phenomena : people and phenomena : people and environment environment

• The Rogerian view of a causality The Rogerian view of a causality emerges from an infinite universe emerges from an infinite universe

Overview of Rogerian Overview of Rogerian model model

• Rogers model provides the way of viewing Rogers model provides the way of viewing the unitary human being the unitary human being

• Humans are viewed as integral with the Humans are viewed as integral with the universe universe

• The unitary human being and the The unitary human being and the environment are one ,not dichotomous environment are one ,not dichotomous

• Nursing focus on people and the Nursing focus on people and the manifestations that emerge from the manifestations that emerge from the mutual human /environmental field mutual human /environmental field process process

• Change of pattern and organization of Change of pattern and organization of the human field and the environmental the human field and the environmental field is propagated by waves field is propagated by waves

• The manifestations of the field The manifestations of the field patterning that emerge are observable patterning that emerge are observable events events

• The identification of the pattern The identification of the pattern provide knowledge and understanding provide knowledge and understanding of human experience of human experience

• Basic characteristics which Basic characteristics which describes the life process of describes the life process of human :energy field, openness, human :energy field, openness, pattern, and pan dimensionality pattern, and pan dimensionality

• Basic concepts include unitary Basic concepts include unitary human being ,environment, and human being ,environment, and homeodynamic principles homeodynamic principles

Concepts of Rogers Concepts of Rogers model model

• Energy fieldEnergy field • The energy field is the fundamental The energy field is the fundamental

unit of both the living and nonliving unit of both the living and nonliving • This energy field "provide a way to This energy field "provide a way to

perceive people and environment as perceive people and environment as irreducible wholes" irreducible wholes"

• The energy fields continuously varies The energy fields continuously varies in intensity, density, and extent in intensity, density, and extent


• Openness Openness • The human field and the The human field and the

environmental field are constantly environmental field are constantly exchanging their energy exchanging their energy

• There are no boundaries or barrier There are no boundaries or barrier that inhibit energy flow between that inhibit energy flow between fields.fields.


• Pattern Pattern • Pattern is defined as the Pattern is defined as the

distinguishing characteristic of an distinguishing characteristic of an energy field perceived as a single energy field perceived as a single waves waves

• "pattern is an abstraction and it "pattern is an abstraction and it gives identity to the field" gives identity to the field"


• Pan dimensionalityPan dimensionality • Pan dimensionality is defined as "non Pan dimensionality is defined as "non

linear domain without spatial or linear domain without spatial or temporal attributes" temporal attributes"

• The parameters that human use in The parameters that human use in language to describe events are language to describe events are arbitrary. arbitrary.

• The present is relative ;there is no The present is relative ;there is no temporal ordering of lives.temporal ordering of lives.

• Unitary Human Being (person)Unitary Human Being (person) • A unitary human being is an "irreducible, A unitary human being is an "irreducible,

indivisible, pan dimensional (four-indivisible, pan dimensional (four-dimensional) energy field identified by dimensional) energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics that pattern and manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole and which cannot are specific to the whole and which cannot be predicted from knowledge of the parts" be predicted from knowledge of the parts" and "a unified whole having its own and "a unified whole having its own distinctive characteristics which cannot be distinctive characteristics which cannot be perceived by looking at , describing, or perceived by looking at , describing, or summarizing the parts" summarizing the parts"

• Environment Environment • The environment is an The environment is an

"irreducible ,pan dimensional energy "irreducible ,pan dimensional energy field identified by pattern and field identified by pattern and integral with the human field" integral with the human field"

• The field coexist and are integral. The field coexist and are integral. Manifestation emerge from this field Manifestation emerge from this field and are perceived. and are perceived.

• Health Health • Rogers defined health as an Rogers defined health as an

expression of the life process; they expression of the life process; they are the "characteristics and behavior are the "characteristics and behavior emerging out of the mutual, emerging out of the mutual, simultaneous interaction of the simultaneous interaction of the human and environmental fields"human and environmental fields"

• Health and illness are the part of the Health and illness are the part of the sane continuum.sane continuum.

• Nursing Nursing • The concept Nursing encompasses The concept Nursing encompasses

two dimensionstwo dimensions• Independent science of nursingIndependent science of nursing• An organized body of knowledge An organized body of knowledge

which is specific to nursing is which is specific to nursing is arrived at by scientific research and arrived at by scientific research and logical analysislogical analysis

• Art of nursing practice Art of nursing practice • The creative use of science for the The creative use of science for the

betterment of the humanbetterment of the humanThe creative use of its knowledge is The creative use of its knowledge is the art of its practicethe art of its practice

Assumptions about Assumptions about people and nursingpeople and nursing

• Nursing exists to serve people………..it Nursing exists to serve people………..it is the direct and overriding is the direct and overriding responsibility to the society responsibility to the society

• The safe practice of nursing depends on The safe practice of nursing depends on the nature and amount of scientific the nature and amount of scientific nursing knowledge the individual brings nursing knowledge the individual brings to practice…….the imaginative, to practice…….the imaginative, intellectual judgment with which such intellectual judgment with which such knowledge is made in service to the knowledge is made in service to the man kind man kind

• People needs knowledgeable nursing People needs knowledgeable nursing

Homeodynamic Homeodynamic principlesprinciples

• The principles of homeodynamic The principles of homeodynamic postulates the way of perceiving unitary postulates the way of perceiving unitary human beings human beings

• The fundamental unit of the living The fundamental unit of the living system is an energy field system is an energy field

• Three principle of homeodynamic Three principle of homeodynamic • ResonancyResonancy• HelicyHelicy• integralityintegrality

• Resonance Resonance • Resonance is an ordered arrangement Resonance is an ordered arrangement

of rhythm of rhythm • characterizing both human field and characterizing both human field and

environmental environmental • field that undergoes continuous field that undergoes continuous

dynamic dynamic • metamorphosis in the human metamorphosis in the human

environmental process environmental process

• Helicy Helicy • Helicy describes the unpredictable, Helicy describes the unpredictable,

but continuous, nonlinear evolution but continuous, nonlinear evolution of energy fields as evidenced by non of energy fields as evidenced by non repeating rhythmicties repeating rhythmicties

• The principle of Helicy postulates an The principle of Helicy postulates an ordering of the humans evolutionary ordering of the humans evolutionary emergence emergence

• Integrality Integrality • Integrality cover the mutual, continuous Integrality cover the mutual, continuous

relationship of the human energy field relationship of the human energy field and the environmental field . and the environmental field .

• Changes occur by by the continuous Changes occur by by the continuous repatterning of the human and repatterning of the human and environmental fields by resonance waves environmental fields by resonance waves

• The fields are one and integrated but The fields are one and integrated but unique to each other unique to each other

Rogers concepts of Rogers concepts of nursingnursing

• Nursing is a learned profession-it is Nursing is a learned profession-it is a science and art a science and art

• Nursing is the study of unitary. Nursing is the study of unitary. Irreducible, indivisible human and Irreducible, indivisible human and environmental energy fields environmental energy fields

• The art of nursing involves the The art of nursing involves the imaginative and creative use of imaginative and creative use of nursing knowledge nursing knowledge

• The purpose of nurses is to promote health The purpose of nurses is to promote health and well-being for all person and groups and well-being for all person and groups wherever they are using the art and science wherever they are using the art and science of nursing of nursing

• The health services should be community The health services should be community based based

• Rogers challenges nurses to consider Rogers challenges nurses to consider nursing needs of all people ,including future nursing needs of all people ,including future generation of space kind ;as life continuous generation of space kind ;as life continuous to evolve from earth to space and beyond. to evolve from earth to space and beyond.

• Her view provides a different world view Her view provides a different world view that encompasses a practice of nursing that encompasses a practice of nursing for the present time and for the imagined for the present time and for the imagined and for the yet to be imagined future and for the yet to be imagined future

• Rogers envisions a nursing practice of Rogers envisions a nursing practice of noninvasive modalities, such as noninvasive modalities, such as therapeutic touch, humor, guided therapeutic touch, humor, guided imagery, use of color, light, music, imagery, use of color, light, music, meditation focusing on health potential meditation focusing on health potential of the person. of the person.

• Professional practice in nursing seeks Professional practice in nursing seeks to promote symphonic interaction to promote symphonic interaction between man and environment, to between man and environment, to strengthen the coherence and integrity strengthen the coherence and integrity of the human field, and to direct and of the human field, and to direct and redirect patterning of the human and redirect patterning of the human and environmental fields for realization of environmental fields for realization of maximum health potential maximum health potential

• Nursing aims to assist people in Nursing aims to assist people in achieving their maximum potential. achieving their maximum potential.

• Nursing practice should be emphasized Nursing practice should be emphasized on pain management, supportive on pain management, supportive psychotherapy motivation for psychotherapy motivation for rehabilitation. rehabilitation.

• Maintenance and promotion of health, Maintenance and promotion of health, prevention of disease, nursing diagnosis, prevention of disease, nursing diagnosis, intervention, and rehabilitation intervention, and rehabilitation encompasses the scope of nursing encompasses the scope of nursing

Rules for independent Rules for independent practitioner guided by practitioner guided by

Rogerian model Rogerian model • Nursing is an independent science Nursing is an independent science • Nurse assumes the role of potentiater of care Nurse assumes the role of potentiater of care • She proposes the independent role in various She proposes the independent role in various

setting like school, industry, community, setting like school, industry, community, space (by 2050AD) space (by 2050AD)

• Independent practitioner is an advanced Independent practitioner is an advanced practice registered registered nurse who practice registered registered nurse who focus on well-being or mutual patterning of focus on well-being or mutual patterning of individual, family, community across the life individual, family, community across the life span ,at risk for developing dissonance/illness span ,at risk for developing dissonance/illness

Areas of Rogerian model Areas of Rogerian model applicationapplication

Rules for nursing Rules for nursing research guided by the research guided by the

Rogerian theoryRogerian theory• The Rogerian research require both The Rogerian research require both

basic and applied research basic and applied research • The phenomena to be studied are The phenomena to be studied are

unitary human beings and their unitary human beings and their environmental interaction environmental interaction

• Study participants may be any person Study participants may be any person or group, with the provision that both or group, with the provision that both person and environment are taken person and environment are taken into account into account

Research methodologyResearch methodology

• Qualitative and quantitative methods can be Qualitative and quantitative methods can be applied applied

• Experimental researches are questionable Experimental researches are questionable because she rejects the notion of causality because she rejects the notion of causality

• Case study and longitudinal research are better Case study and longitudinal research are better than cross sectional study than cross sectional study

• Research instruments that are directly derived Research instruments that are directly derived from science of unitary human beings should from science of unitary human beings should be used be used

• Data analysis – multivariate analysis (canonical Data analysis – multivariate analysis (canonical correlation correlation

Research tools derived Research tools derived from science of unitary from science of unitary

human beings human beings • Perceived field motion scale Perceived field motion scale • Human field rhythm scale Human field rhythm scale • Temporal experience scale Temporal experience scale • Assessment of dream experience Assessment of dream experience

scale scale • Person environment participation Person environment participation

scale scale • Leddy healthiness scale Leddy healthiness scale

• Mutual exploration of the healing Mutual exploration of the healing human-environment field scale human-environment field scale

• Garon assessment of pain scale Garon assessment of pain scale • Family assessment tool Family assessment tool • Community health assessment tool Community health assessment tool

Rules for nursing Rules for nursing education guided by education guided by

Rogerian theoryRogerian theory• Focus of the curriculum Focus of the curriculum • Nursing education can be for Nursing education can be for

professional nursing , technical nursing professional nursing , technical nursing • The focus is the transmission of the The focus is the transmission of the

body of knowledge body of knowledge • Teaching and practicing therapeutic Teaching and practicing therapeutic

touch touch • Conducting regular in-service education Conducting regular in-service education

Nursing programs Nursing programs

• Baccalaureate degree program Baccalaureate degree program • Masters program Masters program • Doctoral program Doctoral program • The major concepts are – principal of The major concepts are – principal of

Resonancy, Helicy, Integrality Resonancy, Helicy, Integrality • The faculty in the nursing education The faculty in the nursing education

must be prepared must be prepared

Teaching- learning Teaching- learning strategies strategies

• Emphasis should be on developing self Emphasis should be on developing self awareness as an aspect of the clients awareness as an aspect of the clients environmental energy field and the environmental energy field and the dynamic role of nurse pattern dynamic role of nurse pattern manifestation on the client manifestation on the client

• Emphasis on laboratory study- the lab Emphasis on laboratory study- the lab setting include homes, schools, industry, setting include homes, schools, industry, clinics, hospitals, other places where clinics, hospitals, other places where people lives people lives

• Importance of use of media in education Importance of use of media in education

Rules for nursing Rules for nursing administration guided by administration guided by

Rogerian theory Rogerian theory • Purpose of nursing services Purpose of nursing services • Nursing services is the center of any Nursing services is the center of any

health care system health care system • The purpose of nursing services is The purpose of nursing services is

health promotion health promotion

Characteristics of Characteristics of nursing personnel nursing personnel

• The administrators should hold higher The administrators should hold higher degrees in nursing and licensed degrees in nursing and licensed

• Leaders must be visionary and willing Leaders must be visionary and willing to embrace innovative and creative to embrace innovative and creative change change

• Leaders should be able to identify the Leaders should be able to identify the patterning to ensure the integrated patterning to ensure the integrated behaviors for client and employees behaviors for client and employees

• Management strategies and Management strategies and administrative policiesadministrative policies

• Administrative policies foster an open Administrative policies foster an open and supportive administrative climate and supportive administrative climate that enhances staff members self that enhances staff members self esteem , actualization, and freedom of esteem , actualization, and freedom of choice and provide opportunity for staff choice and provide opportunity for staff development and continuing education development and continuing education

• The ultimate goal is the clients well-The ultimate goal is the clients well-being being

Management strategies and administrative policies •Administrative policies foster an open and supportive administrative climate that enhances staff members self esteem , actualization, and freedom of choice and provide opportunity for staff development and continuing education •The ultimate goal is the clients well-being

Nursing process Nursing process Assessment Assessment

• Areas of assessment Areas of assessment • Simultaneous states of the individual and the Simultaneous states of the individual and the

environment environment • Total pattern of events at any given point in Total pattern of events at any given point in

space –time space –time • Rhythms of life process Rhythms of life process • Supplementary data Supplementary data • Categorical disease entities Categorical disease entities • Subsystem pathology Subsystem pathology • Pattern appraisal Pattern appraisal

• It is a comprehensive assessment It is a comprehensive assessment of:of:• Human field patterns of communication, Human field patterns of communication,

exchange, rhythms, dissonance exchange, rhythms, dissonance • Environmental fields pattern of Environmental fields pattern of

communication, rhythmscommunication, rhythms• Validation of the appraisalValidation of the appraisal• Validate with self Validate with self • Validate with the client Validate with the client

• Mutual patterning of human and Mutual patterning of human and environmental fieldenvironmental field

• Sharing knowledge Sharing knowledge • Offering choices Offering choices • Empowering the client Empowering the client • Fostering patterning Fostering patterning • Evaluation Evaluation • Repeat pattern appraisal Repeat pattern appraisal

• Identify dissonance and harmony Identify dissonance and harmony • Validate appraisal with the client Validate appraisal with the client • Self reflection for the client Self reflection for the client • Pattern appraisal include Pattern appraisal include

appraisal of multiple lifestyle appraisal of multiple lifestyle rhythms such as: rhythms such as:

• Nutrition Nutrition • Work/leisure activities Work/leisure activities

• Exercise Exercise • Sleep / wake cycles Sleep / wake cycles • Discomfort or pain Discomfort or pain • Fear /hopes Fear /hopes • Patterning activities for the clientPatterning activities for the client• MeditationMeditation

Imagery Imagery Journaling Journaling Modifying Modifying the surroundings the surroundings

SummarySummary

Thank youThank you

rogers

Health & Medicine