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M&V Real Results of High Performance Design Matt Cooper, PE, BEMP, HBDP, – Group 14 Engineering Ken Urbanek, PE, HBDP – MKK Consulting Engineers, Inc.

Overview • Measurement & Verification (M&V) – Plan for New

Construction • M&V - Design Specifications • M&V - Construction and CX Requirements • M&V - Case Study

Why M&V? • Many LEED buildings are

not achieving anticipated energy savings

Source: New Buildings Institute and U.S. Green Building Council

EA Credit 5 for New Construction

• IPMVP Volume III: Concepts and Options for Determining

Energy Savings in New Construction, April 2003

• Option D: Calibrated Simulation (Energy Estimation Method) • “Suitable for building with large number of ECMs or interacting

systems” • Option B: Energy Conservation Measure Isolation

• Small and simple projects • ECMs have insignificant or no interaction

EA Credit 5 for New Construction

• M&V Plan minimum requirements

• Table or listing of the project’s energy end use • Method used to model the baseline energy consumption • Model calibration method and party responsible • Baseline conditions • Data collection method/frequency • Corrective action strategies if data deviates • M&V must cover a minimum of one year post-occupancy

M&V Team

• Who should write the Plan? • M&V Agent

• Develop M&V Plan • Design, submittal and installation reviews • Cx the M&V system • Assemble M&V data set(s) • Troubleshoot • M&V report • Owner training

• Energy Engineer/Modeler • Create energy model • Calibrate models to sub-meter & weather data

• Owner

• Ensure M&V data continues to be collected • Continuous education • Utilization of data

M&V Plan – Getting Started • The “M&V Approach” document

• M&V Workshop • What information is needed to write

the plan? • Modeled energy cost by end-use • List of Energy Conservation Measures • Estimate of M&V implementation

costs

Energy End-Use Cost Table

ENERGY COST

TOTAL COST OF ENERGY BY END-USE

Equipment Lighting Water

Heating Heating Cooling Fans Pumps Total

Jan $1,024 $683 $23 $628 $2 $376 $37 $2,772

Feb $995 $621 $22 $560 $2 $355 $31 $2,587

Mar $1,051 $612 $26 $475 $6 $344 $33 $2,546

Apr $1,069 $498 $26 $245 $93 $363 $26 $2,320

May $1,051 $465 $24 $133 $261 $317 $28 $2,279

Jun $1,125 $506 $25 $91 $360 $369 $28 $2,501

Jul $1,129 $507 $25 $42 $461 $411 $31 $2,604

Aug $1,116 $515 $23 $54 $458 $420 $30 $2,614

Sep $1,111 $522 $21 $106 $377 $443 $28 $2,608

Oct $1,060 $505 $21 $219 $112 $458 $28 $2,402

Nov $1,000 $502 $19 $340 $67 $459 $27 $2,413

Dec $1,060 $715 $23 $578 $3 $371 $30 $2,780

Annual $12,789 $6,651 $278 $3,470 $2,203 $4,687 $356 $30,433

% of Annual 42% 22% 1% 11% 7% 15% 1% -

Assessing Performance Risk • “The cost of an M&V program must be balanced against

the added energy cost of a poorly performing building”

High Risk Low Risk

High % of annual energy costs Low % of annual energy costs

Daylight Dimming Control Exhaust Fans

CO2 Ventilation Control Heat Recovery Ventilators

VAV Air Handlers Single-Zone RTUs

Condensing Boilers Non-Condensing Boilers

Under Floor Air Distribution Elevators

Solar Thermal Systems Photovoltaic Systems

Economizer Free Cooling Service Water Heating

M&V Plan – Getting Started • Encourage load segregation on electric panels.

• Does specified equipment have energy monitoring options?

M&V Plan – Getting Started

• Minimize the number of sub-meters.

Source: http://www.xcelenergy.com/Save_Money_&_Energy/For_Your_Business/Additional_Programs/InfoWise_from_Xcel_EnergySM


• Using your Building Automation System (BAS) for M&V • Snow-melt System Example:


• Using your Building Automation System (BAS) for M&V • VAV Electric Reheat Example:

M&V Plan - Data Point Matrix

Equipment Point Description Source Type Typical Unit

Type(s) BAS I /

O Notes: BAS Calculation

Elec Bldg Electrical Energy Electric Meter kW/kWh AI Sub-meter or main breaker provides both kW and kWh to BAS for entire building. Record at minimum 5 min intervals.

-

Gas Bldg Gas Energy Utility Bill therms Manual

Input Owner to input into BAS at GUI. TC to provide input fields (Dates and therms)

-

Boilers Building Heating Energy Gas Sub-meters

therms AI BAS records therms at minimum 5 minute intervals

BAS Outdoor Air Temp Temp Sensor(s) °F AI Provide for each OAT sensor. If multiple devices, provide average of sensor values.

RTU-1 Return Air CO2 CO2 sensor ppm AI - -

RTU-1 Return Air Temp Temp Sensor °F AI - -

RTU-1 Exhaust Fan Energy VFD Output or Current xfmr

kW / kWh AI BAS records kW at 5 min intervals. kWh calculated as average of hourly kW readings.

RTU-1 Exhaust Fan Speed Setpt BAS Command % or Hz AO - -

RTU-1 OA Damper Position BAS Command % AO - -

RTU-1 OA Airflow AFMS CFM AI - -

RTU-1 Mixed Air Temp Temp Sensor °F AI - -

RTU-1 Supply Fan Energy VFD Output or Current xfmrs

kW / kWh AI BAS records kW at 5 min intervals. kWh calculated as average of hourly kW readings.

RTU-1 Supply Fan Speed Setpt BAS Command % or Hz AO - -

RTU-1 Heating Valve Position BAS Command % AO -

RTU-1 Discharge Air Temp Temp Sensor °F AI - -

RTU-1 Discharge Air Setpt BAS Command °F AO - -

M&V Plan – M&V Operator Interface

To facilitate ongoing energy management, include

“pre-programmed” energy summary graphics.

M&V - Design Specifications • “Pre-Plan” Effort

• Ensure that M&V is covered in your contract! • Determine the E.T.A of the official M&V Plan. • Deliverables Prior to the M&V Plan?

• Ensure that these deliverables (Planning Scope, SD Narratives, Pricing Documents, etc…) include an initial, if only ball-park, estimate of the M&V design requirements.

• Attempt to be clairvoyant about what will be in the M&V Plan…cover this information.

M&V - Design Specifications • “Plan” Creation Effort

• It is ok for the Design team to Review and Comment on the written M&V Plan. It isn’t written in stone.

• Keep the following in mind when reviewing: • What data are we trying to measure? • What are the various ways that we can obtain this or similar data? • What is the best way to obtain this information? • Buying more meters isn’t always the best solution. • Weigh: dollars, accuracy, % of the energy pie, etc… • Don’t spend $$$$ tracking down the energy use of a small domestic

hot water system…will this effort pay back?

M&V - Design Specifications • “Post-Plan” Effort, i.e. implementing the plan direction.

• The M&V Plan should outline what is required for: • Drawings & Specifications • Critical Control Interface Requirements

• Big Picture, the M&V Plan can be broken down into energy utilities

• This allows for distribution among the design team…who is covering what systems

• These energy utilities can be further broken down into system uses

M&V - Design Specifications • Starting Simple…moving towards the more complicated • Water

• Domestic Water Use • Process Use (cooling towers, etc…) • Irrigation

• Gas (or Propane) • Gas Heating • Domestic Hot Water • Process (kitchen, autoclaves, etc…)

• Electric Power • Lighting • Plug loads • Major Mechanical

M&V - Design Specifications • Water:

• Domestic Water Use Only: • Normally this information can be

obtained from utilities. • If that is all you have you are done.

• Process Use, example Cooling Tower • The cooling tower use can be

measured by providing a sub-meter on the cooling tower feed.

• This amount can be tracked via the BAS.

• This amount can be taken from the utility total thus giving an indication of the normal domestic water use.

M&V - Design Specifications • Gas (or Propane):

• Gas has a “low performance risk” • Propane on the other hand has a “HIGH Performance Risk” • Heating use Only:

• Furnaces or Heating Boilers • Normally this information can be obtained from utilities. • No short term requirements, just monthly therm use • If that is all you have you are done.

• One might consider providing a meter on this system if there are numerous gas uses….

M&V - Design Specifications • Gas (or Propane) - Continued:

• Complicated Gas Heating Systems, Example Central Boiler Plant: • Serving terminal heating, outside air heating, snowmelt, domestic

hot water generator, etc… • These individual uses can be measured using BTU Meters on the

hydronic side. • The total of the BTU Meters should be equivalent to the gas utility

measurements


• What does that look like?


• Domestic Hot Water – Gas Fired: • Small use is a “low performance risk” • Little to gain by monitoring $100 to $500/yr of water

heating • Larger Domestic Hot Water Systems, Example:

• Commercial Kitchen or Laundry • Provide a gas meter at the water heater(s) • This amount can be tracked via the BAS. • This amount can be taken from the utility total thus

giving an indication of the normal domestic water use.

M&V - Design Specifications • Electric Power

• 3 Major Categories • Lighting


• 3 Major Categories • Plug loads


• 3 Major Categories • Major mechanical

M&V - Design Specifications • Electric Power – Continued:

• Perfect World – Basic Approach: • Even more Perfect World we would monitor energy use at every

circuit in the building!


• We live in a Non-Perfect World and need to think outside the box. • What are some other approaches? • For Plug there isn’t a lot other than a meter OR subtraction:

• For Lighting we can… • Monitor run-time for fixed output lamps. • Interface via the BAS to the lighting control system and pull usage.


• For Major Mechanical we can… • Pull kW usage directly from major components, i.e. Chillers • Pull kW usage directly from VFDs

• NOTE: You must ensure this kW point is actually pulled to the BAS and is available from the VFD.

• Pull Amps using a current transducer, convert to kW • Pull run time using a current switch for fixed output devices.

• Flow and temperature change calculations also work. • However…you must specify the components and specify what needs

to be pulled by the BAS.


• Difficult Mechanical Components To Look Out For • Fan Powered VAV Boxes • Split Systems • CRAC Units • Terminal Heaters Electric OR Hydronic • Exhaust Fans • Etc….Pretty much any item that is distributed out in the building.

• Asses the “Performance Risk” of these difficult components • Implement different approaches accordingly

M&V - Design Specifications • We have determined how to get information…NOW we must

collect, store, access and interpret • All of this requires controls • A few things to keep in mind

• The controls contractor cannot read your mind! • You must tell them what you want, for instance:

• Grab a particular piece of data… • Record that piece of data at this interval… • Store that piece of data for this long…. • Make the following computations with that data… • Report the results of these computations and data streams…

• You must tell them what to do to meet the M&V plan requirements.

M&V - Design Specifications • Control Point Matrix Example

Point Collected Data

Calculated Data

Trend Interval

Storage Timeframe

Reporting

Water Heater Gas Meter

CFH Therms Hourly 24 Months Daily Use, 3 Month Interval

M&V - Construction and CX Requirements • Design Team Role – Submittal Phase

• Verify that the design specifications for M&V are covered by the various contractors: mechanical, electrical, controls, etc…

• Pay close attention to special requirements on individual pieces of equipment, examples:

• Does the chiller have an electrical meter submitted with it? Is this meter being picked up by the controls contractor?

• Did you specify any special requirements with the VFDs? Are these picked up by the controls contractor?

• Design Team Role – Construction Observation • Verify that the design specification for the M&V are being

installed. • Again pay close attention to special details, example:

• Are water meters being installed for cooling tower feed or direct/indirect AHUs?

Construction Cx of M&V

• M&V Agent Role – Submittal Phase • Confirm all measuring devices

submitted • Submitted equipment meets

the M&V Plan Intent

• M&V Agent Role – Construction Phase • Commission devices • Verify trends and interval

rates • Confirm data archiving and

backup

• M&V Agent Role – Occupancy Phase • Reconfirm data collection • Data Analysis

Case Study – Supermarket in Maine

• Energy conservation Measures: • Refrigeration Heat Recovery • Dual-Path Dehumidification • Tubular Daylight Devices &

Daylight Dimming Controls • Low-Heat Refrigerated Case

Doors • Floating-Head Condenser

Control • Glass-Door Medium

Temperature Cases


• kWh is 95% of

energy costs • Focus on

Daylighting & Dual Path HVAC

• Trended HVAC, lighting, and refrigeration data

Sub-Meter

August 2011 Sub-

Meter kWh

% of Total kWh Data Source

House Electric Meter 310,836 100% MeterBldg Gas Meter 7,830 MeterWater Meter 1,628 MeterSales Area Lighting 0%

Circuit-1 32,509 10% MeterCircuit-2 10,482 3% Meter

Exterior Lights 3,007 1% MeterWarehouse Lighting 10,439 3% Fixture kW & Run TimeOther Space Lighting 15,714 5% Fixture kW & Run TimeSales AHUs & CUs

DPAH-1 8,327 3% MeterDPAH-2 14,985 5% Meter

DPAH-CU-1 29,091 9% MeterDPAH-CU-2 22,157 7% Meter

Other HVAC Systems 6,849 2% Fan & CU run timesMisc Process Loads 24,000 8% Assumed Refrigerated Cases 57,110 18% MeterCompressor Rack-1 17,931 6% MeterCompressor Rack-2 8,797 3% MeterCompressor Rack-3 17,454 6% MeterCompressor Rack-4 19,019 6% Meter

Case Study - Supermarket

Case Study – Supermarket in Maine • Model Calibration

• Performance Issues • Daylighting controls not performing correctly • Dual path dehumidification poorly controlled

• Modeling Issues • Store operating hours modified • Warehouse is not cooled • Anti-sweat heater use over predicted

Case Study – Office

• Energy conservation measures: • High-Efficient Lighting • Daylight dimming

controls • Demand Controlled

Ventilation • Variable Refrigerant

Flow / Volume • Underfloor Air

Distribution • Heat Recovery

Ventilator

Case Study - Office

Energy End Use Measurement Method

Lighting (Interior and Exterior) Electric Sub-meter

Space Heating/Cooling (VRF) Electric Sub-meter

Ventilation - Heating (Gas) Monthly Utility Meter Data

Ventilation - Cooling (Evap) Water sub-meter

Domestic Water Heating (Gas) None

Fans VFD Outputs

Pumps None

Plug Loads Estimated by Subtraction

Case Study - Office

• Lighting Controls Cx identified 12 deficiencies. Contractor maintained installation, “is per design.”

Case Study – High-Rise Office • Energy conservation measures:

• Spectrally Selective Glazing • High-Efficient Lighting • Daylight dimming controls • Demand Controlled Ventilation • Frictionless Centrifugal Chillers • 92% Efficient Condensing Boilers • 50°F delta T Heating System • Energy Star Office Equipment

Case Study – High-Rise Office

Energy End Use Measurement Method

Lighting (Interior and Exterior) Central Lighting Control System

Cooling BAS interface with Chiller controls and Cooling Tower VFDs

Fans BAS interface with fan VFDs

Pumps BAS interface with pump VFDs

Domestic Water Heating (Gas) None

Space Heating (Gas) Utility’s Energy Meter Data

Space Heating (Elec) Calculated from VAV box trend data

Plug Loads Sub-meter on bus duct serving office floors less lighting and electric reheat energy

Thank you!

M&V Real Results of High Performance DesignOverviewWhy M&V?EA Credit 5 for New ConstructionEA Credit 5 for New ConstructionM&V TeamM&V Plan – Getting StartedEnergy End-Use Cost TableAssessing Performance RiskM&V Plan – Getting StartedM&V Plan – Getting StartedM&V Plan – Getting StartedM&V Plan – Getting StartedM&V Plan - Data Point MatrixM&V Plan – M&V Operator InterfaceM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Design SpecificationsM&V - Construction and CX RequirementsConstruction Cx of M&VCase Study – Supermarket in MaineCase Study – Supermarket in MaineCase Study – Supermarket in MaineCase Study - SupermarketCase Study – Supermarket in MaineCase Study – Supermarket in MaineCase Study – OfficeCase Study - OfficeCase Study - OfficeCase Study – High-Rise OfficeCase Study – High-Rise OfficeThank you!