Rocks

http://www.beg.utexas.edu/mainweb/publications/graphics/granite.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USDA_Mineral_Sandstone_93c3955.jpg

http://www.gccaz.edu/earthsci/imagearchive/gneiss.htm

Remember theRock Cycle? Lets look in more detail at Rocks

Atoms combine to make compounds that combine to make minerals.

Minerals are

naturally occurring inorganic elements or compounds

having an orderly internal structure

and a characteristic chemical composition,

crystal form and

physical properties

alunite, amethyst, amphibole, analcite, anatase, andalusite, andesine, andradite, anglesite, anhydrite, ankerite, annabergite, anorthite, anthonyite, anthophyllite, anthraconite, anthraxolite, antigorite, apatite, aphrosiderite, apophyllite, aragonite, ardennite, argentoalgodonite, arsenopyrite, asbestos, atacamite, attapulgite, augite,awarurite, axinite, azurite,

babingtonite, baddeleyite, barite, bassetite, bastnaesite, beaconite, beryl, biotite, bismuthinite , blomstrandine, bornite, bowlingite, brannerite, braunite, brochantite, bronzite, brookite, brucite, brunsvigite, buttgenbachite, byssolite, bytownite,

calciovolborthite, calcite, calderite, calumetite, carnallite, carnelian, celadonite, celestite, cerargyrite, chabazite, chalcedony, chalcocite, chalconatronite, chalcopyrite, chalcotrichite, chamosite, chert , chloanthite, chlorargyrite,

chlorastrolite, chlorite, clinochlore, clino-chrysotile, clinozoisite, collophane, columbite, copiapite, copper, coquimbite, cordierite, corrensite, corundum, covellite, crocidolite, cubanite, cummingtonite, cuprite, dahllite, datolite, daubreelite, delessite, diabantite, diallage, diamond, dickite, digenite, dihydrite, diopside, dioptase, djurleite, dolomite, domeykite,

forsterite, francolite, freirinite, fuchsite, fulgurite, galena, garnet, garnierite, gersdorffite, gibbsite, glauconite, goethite, gold, halite, halloysite, halotrichite, harmotome, heterosite, heulandite, hisingerite, hollandite, hornblende,

hyacinth, hydrocarbon, hydrohausmannite, hydromica, hydromuscovite, hydrotroilite, hypersthene, iddingsite, illite, ilmenite, isle royale greenstone, jacksonite, jacobsite, jasper, jaspilite, julgoldite, kamacite, kamiokite, kaolinite,

kearsargeite, keweenawite, kinoite, koutekite, kupfferite, kutnahorite, kyanite, labradorite, langite, laumontite , lavendulan, lead, lechetelierite, ledouxite, leonhardite, lepidocrocite, lepidolite, manganoan siderite, manganocalcite, marcasite,

margarite, marmolite, martite, masonite, maucherite, melaconite, melanochalcite, melanterite, melilite, mercury, mesolite, meta-autunite, metatorbernite, metatyuyamunite, microcline, millerite, minnesotaite, mirabilite, mohawk-algodonite, mohawkite, molybdenite, monazite, montmorillonite, muscovite, nacrite, nantokite, natrojarosite, natrolite, neltnerite,

neotocite, niccolite, nontronite, oligoclase, oligonite, olivenite, olivine, orientite, orthoclase, ottrelite, palygorskite, paragonite, paramelaconite, pararammelsbergite, paratacamite, pargasite, patricianite, paxite, pectolite, pennine, pentlandite, peristerite, perthite, pharmacolite, phengite, phillipsite, phlogopite, phosphides, phosphorite, picrolite,

picropharmacolite, pigeonite, pistacite, pitchblende, plagioclase, plancheite, plessite, polyhalite, posnjakite, powellite, prehnite, priorite, prochlorite, protolithionite, pyrolusite, pyrope, pyrophyllite, pyrostilpnite, pyroxene , pyrrhotite, quartz, rammelsbergite, rauenthalite, rhodochrosite, rhodonite, riebeckite, ripidolite, roscoelite, rubellan, rutherfordine, rutile,

salite, salt, sanidine, saponite, saussurite, scapolite, scheelite, schefferite, schorl, schreibersite, scolectite, seamanite, semi-whitneyite, sericite, serpentine, siderite, silicon, sillimanite, silver, smaltite, smectite, soapstone, specularite,

spessartite, sphalerite, sphene, spinel, spodumene, staurolite, steatite, stellerite, stibiodomeykite, stilbite, stilpnomelane, stinkstone, strontianite, sulfur, sussexite, sylvanite, sylvite, synchisite, szaibelyite, taenite, talc, tantalite, tellurium, tenorite,

tetrahedrite, thomsonite, thuringite, tirodite, titanite, titanomagnetite, topaz, tourmaline, tremolite, trichalcite, tridymite, troilite, tyrolite, uralite, uraninite, uranothorite, uvarovite, vaterite,, vesuvianite, violarite, viridite, vivianite, vladimirite, wairakite, whitneyite, williamsite, wollastonite, wurtzite, xanthosiderite, xonotlite, zeolite, zircon, zoisite, zonochlorite

There are over 3000 types of minerals

Minerals combine to form

Rocks

Some Rocks are made up of just

one mineral - like rock salt (made up of the mineral halite) that is mined near Detroit.

Others Rocks are made up of many minerals - like the

granites and gneisses (made up of feldspars, quartz, and other minerals) found near Marquette.

This slide show is intended to help you understand important types of rocks.

The diagram in the next slide represents the ROCK CYCLE—a scheme that represents the processes of continuous changes that connect the three major groups of rocks:

SEDIMENTARYIGNEOUSMETAMORPHIC

It also shows two other important parts of the “Rock Cycle” – SEDIMENTS and molten LAVA and MAGMA

Here is another version of the Rock Cycle

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1- Igneous Rock 8 -Sedementary Rock 15- Metamorphic Rock

1) IGNEOUS ROCKS

• Form by solidification (crystallization) of melted minerals

• Beneath the surface, MAGMA hardens to form 2) INTRUSIVE rocks with easily visible (COARSE-GRAINED) crystal texture.

• At the surface, LAVA hardens to form 3) EXTRUSIVE rocks with tiny (FINE-GRAINED) crystals or GLASSY (no crystal) TEXTURES

4) Granite

• Light-colored, coarse- grained, no pattern

• Mostly quartz, feldspar, mica, and hornblende

• Often used for buildings and monuments

Intrusive IGNEOUS ROCKS

5) Basalt

• Dark-colored, fine- grained, extrusive

• Formed where lava erupted onto surface

• Most widespread igneous rocks

Extrusive IGNEOUS ROCKS

6) Gabbro

• Dark-colored, coarse- grained intrusive

• Similar composition to basalt—plagioclase feldspar with some pyroxene and olivine

Intrusive IGNEOUS ROCKS

7) Obsidian

• Natural volcanic glass• Forms when lava cools

very quickly• Usually dark, but small

pieces may be clear• Fractures along curved

(conchoidal) surface• Used as spear and

arrow points, knives

Extrusive IGNEOUS ROCKS

Pumice and other igneous rocks

• Light colored, frothy (many air spaces)• Same minerals as in granite, but finer in grain size

IGNEOUS ROCKS

Back to Chart

8) Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary rocks may be made of rock fragments—sediments—or by chemical reactions. The classification of sediments is shown below.

9) Clastic rocks–made of cemented sediments—are classified by their grain

sizes.

Sedimentary Rocks

Non-clastic rocks form by 10) chemical precipitation (settling out from a solution.) Limestone is made from calcite, chert from quartz, and halite is rock salt.

Sedimentary Rocks

11)

12) Biologic sedimentary rocks come from the remains of organic

matter.• The most important of

these is coal. Anthracite coal results from the greatest pressure and releases the most energy when burned. Other varieties are bituminous and lignite. “Petrified” (permineralized) wood is another organic rock.

Sedimentary Rocks

13)

More about sedimentary rocks

• 14) Shale is the most common sedimentary rock

• Sedimentary rocks cover about three-quarters of the land surface

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

Back to Chart

15) Metamorphic Rocks

• Formed by heat and pressure changing existing rocks

• REGIONAL METAMORPHIC affects a large area and results from plate tectonics

• CONTACT METAMORPHISM affects rocks on a local scale, such as “baking” sedimentary rocks next to magma or lava

16) “Foliated” rocks contain much mica and other rocks that produce layering or banding

Gneisses and schists are common in New York City and Westchester.

Metamorphic Rocks

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19) Non-foliated metamorphic rocks include marble, which comes from limestone, and

quatzite, which comes from sandstone

Metamorphic Rocks

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Name____________________________ Period____