robotics and technology
TRANSCRIPT
WHAT IS ROBOTICS• THE WORD ROBOTICS IS USED TO COLLECTIVILY
DEFINE A FIELD IN ENGINEERING THAT COVERS THE MIMICKING OF VARIOUS HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS
• SOUND CONCEPTS IN MANY ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES IS NEEDED FOR WORKING IN THIS FIELD
• IT’S USEFUL IN ALL ASPECTS OF OUR LIFE
What a Robot can mean?• An automatic industrial
machine replacing the human in hazardous work.
• An automatic mobile sweeper machine at a modern home.
• An automatic toy car for a child to play with.
• A machine removing mines in a war field all by itself and many more…
ROBOTICS• It is a field of Engineering that covers the
mimicking of human behavior.• Robotics includes the knowledge of
Mechanical, Electronics, Electrical & Computer Science Engineering.
Laws of Robotics
The term robotics was coined in the 1940s by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov.
Asimov's Laws of Robotics:• A robot may not injure a human being, or, through
inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.• A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings
except where such order would conflict with the First Law.
• A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
WHY ROBOTICS ?
• Speed.• It can work under
hazardous/dangerousenvironment.• To perform repetitive task.• Efficiency• Accuracy• Adaptability
Types of Robot
• Wheeled• Legged• Climbing• Flying
Structure
• The structure of a robot is usually mostly mechanical and can be called a kinematic chain.
• The chain is formed of links (its bones), actuators (its muscles), and joints which can allow one or more degrees of freedom.
Power Supply• Suitable power supply is needed to run the
motors and associated circuitry• Typical power requirement ranges from 3V to
24V DC• 220V AC supply must be modified to suit the
needs of our machine• Batteries can also be used to run robots• Robots are driven by different motors :-
o DC Motorso Stepper Motors o Servo Motors
• DC MotorsoAs the name
suggests, a motor which uses a DC (Direct Current) power
oCan run in both directions
oSpeed Controllable
• Stepper Motorso Used for measured
rotationo Can be held at a
particular position of the shaft
o Ideal for many autonomous robots requiring higher precision
• Servo Motors :o Used in closed loop
control systems in which work is the control variable.
o An integral feedback device (resolver) or devices (encoder and tachometer) are either incorporated within the servo motor or are remotely mounted, often on the load itself
ACTUATION• Actuators are the "muscles"
of a robot, the parts which convert stored energy into movement.
• The most popular actuators are electric motors.
MANIPULATIONRobots which must work in the real world require
some way to manipulate objects; pick up, modify, destroy, or otherwise have an effect.
Thus the 'hands' of a robot are often referred to as end effectors, while the arm is referred to as a manipulator.Some manipulators are:• Mechanical Grippers• Vacuum Grippers
• General purpose effectors
MANIPULATION
LOCOMOTION• It is concerned with the motion of the robot.• Robot contains different types of drives:-
o Differential driveo Car typeo Skid steer driveo Synchronous driveo Pivot driveo Articulated drive
ADVANTAGES• Revolution in Medical science and Health care
systems. • New & wide scope in Education & Training.• A good help in Nuclear industry.• Used tremendously in Sports activities.• Play the role of an efficient assistance in
Research and Development sciences.• Can very well handle household business.
FUTURE PROSPECTS• Scientists say that it is possible that a robot brain
will exist by 2019 .• Vernor Vinge has suggested that a moment may
come when computers and robots are smarter than humans.
• In 2009, some robots acquired various forms of semi-autonomy, including being able to find power sources on their own.
• The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence has researched on this problem.
MEDICAL UTILITY
Minimally Invasive Surgery Benefits• Reduced post-operative discomfort
• Reduced Costs
• Improved access to quality medical care
What has been done:Minimally Invasive Medical Robotics
proximal body
suction pads
distal body
Heartlander
Surgical instruments
Steerable Needles,
Sonic flashlight,
Virtual Incision
Given Imaging Dario Webster
Tissue Engineering
Cyber knife
ROBOTIC TOOLS AS SURGEONS
Vision for Medical Robotics• Blur the boundary between specialist
and surgeon
• Shorter length procedures
• Enable New Procedures– Natural orifice– single port access
• Robotic tools, not robotic surgeon
proximal body
suction pads
distal body
Components of ROBOTS
oStructure oPower sourceoActuation oSensing oManipulation oLocomotion
MILITARY USE
• Broadly defined, military robots date back to World War II and the Cold War in the form of the German Goliath tracked mines and the Soviet teletanks and the MQ-1 Predator drone
• The use of robots in warfare, although traditionally a topic for science fiction, is being researched as a possible future means of fighting wars. Already several military robots have been developed by various armies.
• Some believe the future of modern warfare will be fought by automated weapons systems The U.S. Military is investing heavily in research and development towards testing and deploying increasingly automated systemsHowever, weapons of warfare have one limitation in becoming fully autonomous: there remain intervention points which requires human input to ensure that targets are not within restricted fire areas as defined by for the geneva conventions laws of war
HAZARDS
• In 2009, academics and technical experts attended a conference to discuss the impact of the hypothetical possibility that robots and computers could become self-sufficient and able to make their own decisions. They discussed the possibility and the extent to which computers and robots might be able to acquire any level of autonomy, and to what degree they could use such abilities to possibly pose any threat or hazard.
Robots in modern warfare and defense
