roaring 20s april 2008 mac ap outline new era: the 1920s republican governments republican...
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Roaring 20Roaring 20 ss
April 2008April 2008
MacMac
AP OutlineAP OutlineNew Era: The 1920sNew Era: The 1920s Republican Republican
governments governments – Business creed Business creed – Harding scandals Harding scandals – Economic development Economic development
Prosperity and wealth Prosperity and wealth Farm and labor Farm and labor
problems problems New culture New culture
– Consumerism: Consumerism: automobile, radio, automobile, radio, movies movies
– Women, the family Women, the family – Modern religion Modern religion – Literature of alienation Literature of alienation – Jazz age Jazz age – Harlem Renaissance Harlem Renaissance
Conflict of cultures Conflict of cultures – Prohibition, bootlegging Prohibition, bootlegging – Nativism Nativism – Ku Klux Klan Ku Klux Klan – Religious Religious
fundamentalism versus fundamentalism versus modernists modernists
Myth of isolation Myth of isolation – Replacing the League of Replacing the League of
Nations Nations – Business and diplomacy Business and diplomacy
Key TermsKey Terms The Roaring 20’sThe Roaring 20’s Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan Emergency Quota Act, 1921Emergency Quota Act, 1921 National Origins Act, 1924National Origins Act, 1924 Harlem Renaissance, Langston Harlem Renaissance, Langston
Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Duke Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Duke Ellington, Louis ArmstrongEllington, Louis Armstrong
Back to Africa Movement, Marcus Back to Africa Movement, Marcus GarveyGarvey
Religious fundamentalismReligious fundamentalism John T. Scopes, William Jennings John T. Scopes, William Jennings
Bryan, Clarence DarrowBryan, Clarence Darrow Car Culture, Henry Ford, Model TCar Culture, Henry Ford, Model T Advertising comes of age, Radio, Advertising comes of age, Radio,
moviesmovies Babe RuthBabe Ruth Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh The Jazz SingerThe Jazz Singer, 1927, Al Jolson, 1927, Al Jolson Changes for Women, FlappersChanges for Women, Flappers Margaret SangerMargaret Sanger Unions in the 1920’s, “American Plan”Unions in the 1920’s, “American Plan” Dawes Plan, 1924Dawes Plan, 1924 Democratic Party turmoilDemocratic Party turmoil Republican Presidents, idealsRepublican Presidents, ideals Warren G. Harding, Return to Warren G. Harding, Return to
Normalcy, scandals, Teapot DomeNormalcy, scandals, Teapot Dome
Calvin CoolidgeCalvin Coolidge Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover Albert B. FallAlbert B. Fall Harry M. DaughertyHarry M. Daugherty Alfred E. SmithAlfred E. Smith "American Plan""American Plan" Norman ThomasNorman Thomas Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922 “ “Lost Generation”, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Lost Generation”, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos
Passos, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, Ernest Passos, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William FaulknerHemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner
Sacco and Vanzetti CaseSacco and Vanzetti Case House Un-American Activities CommitteeHouse Un-American Activities Committee Ku Klux Klan, NativismKu Klux Klan, Nativism Emergency Quota Act 1921Emergency Quota Act 1921 Immigration Quota Act 1924Immigration Quota Act 1924 "Birth of a Nation“"Birth of a Nation“
Prohibition/Volstead ActProhibition/Volstead Act Al CaponeAl Capone Organized CrimeOrganized Crime Election of 1928, Election of 1928, Hoover Foreign Policy-Japan attacks ChinaHoover Foreign Policy-Japan attacks China The Great DepressionThe Great Depression Causes of the DepressionCauses of the Depression “ “Hooverville”Hooverville” Stock Market Crash, “Black Tuesday”Stock Market Crash, “Black Tuesday” Republican Response to Great Depression, “Trickle Republican Response to Great Depression, “Trickle
Down,” “Pump Priming”Down,” “Pump Priming” Economic Cycle, Chain Reaction, Unemployment Economic Cycle, Chain Reaction, Unemployment Andrew MellonAndrew Mellon Banking CrisisBanking Crisis Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 1930Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 1930 Reconstruction Finance CorporationReconstruction Finance Corporation Public Works Public Works "Bonus Army," 1932 "Bonus Army," 1932 Election of 1932- “FDR”Election of 1932- “FDR”
Republican Decade Republican Decade Business creed Business creed
Harding scandals Harding scandals
Economic developmentEconomic development Republican Republican
AdministrationsAdministrations Pro-businessPro-business Anti-LaborAnti-Labor Economy is weak Economy is weak
at first but later at first but later boomsbooms
Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding 19201920
Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge 19241924
Herbert Hoover Herbert Hoover 19281928
Dems= Cox and FDR-
Eugene Debbs- Socialist wins 1million votes
RepublicRepublican Poweran Power
President President HardingHarding
Elected 1920, Elected 1920, LandslideLandslide
Legacy of Legacy of Scandals Scandals
““Teapot Dome”Teapot Dome” Died 1923, in Died 1923, in
officeoffice
“Return to Normalcy”
Harding ValuesHarding Values
Pro-businessPro-business End Foreign End Foreign
Activism Activism – (Against Wilsonian (Against Wilsonian
view)view) End Progressive End Progressive
changechange
Corrupt Corrupt AdministrationAdministration
““The Ohio Gang”The Ohio Gang” ““Teapot Dome”Teapot Dome” Officials indicted Officials indicted Oil Leases sold Oil Leases sold
illegally (bribes and illegally (bribes and kickbacks)kickbacks)
1924 prison time 1924 prison time given to officialsgiven to officials
PPresident Coolidgeresident Coolidge “The business of America is “The business of America is
business.”business.”1922-Fordney-1922-Fordney-
McCumber McCumber TariffTariff
No help for No help for farmersfarmers
CoolidgeCoolidge
Low TaxesLow Taxes Reduce SpendingReduce Spending Promised to return Promised to return
the the White House to White House to the Gilded Age the Gilded Age philosophiesphilosophies
Supported big Supported big business business “the man “the man who builds a factory who builds a factory builds a temple”builds a temple”
Anti UnionAnti Union ““There is no right to There is no right to
strike against the strike against the public safety by public safety by anybody, anytime, anybody, anytime, anywhere.” re. Boston anywhere.” re. Boston Police Strike 1919.Police Strike 1919.
Foreign PolicyForeign Policy
In general – In general – isolationisolation Not part of League of NationsNot part of League of Nations But when American business was But when American business was
present some internationalismpresent some internationalism Pulled back from Latin AmericaPulled back from Latin America Examples- Examples-
– Pan American TreatyPan American Treaty– Kellogg Briand PactKellogg Briand Pact– Washington Arms ConferenceWashington Arms Conference
Foreign PolicyForeign Policy
Washington Arms Washington Arms Limitations Limitations ConferenceConference
9 treaties9 treaties Brits, France, Brits, France,
Japan, USJapan, US Fixed # of Fixed # of
warships- Japan warships- Japan gets fewer –racist gets fewer –racist view- Japan will view- Japan will resent.resent.
Kellogg-Briand Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact – Outlawed WarOutlawed War– 62 nations agree62 nations agree– Not enforceableNot enforceable
Reaction against Reaction against WWI experienceWWI experience
Pan American Pan American Treaty-Treaty- – US pledges peaceful US pledges peaceful
resolution of resolution of disputesdisputes
1924 Dawes Plan= German 1924 Dawes Plan= German War DebtsWar Debts
Germans couldn’t pay the Germans couldn’t pay the reparations paymentsreparations payments
US steps in-to negotiate and US steps in-to negotiate and reorganize German reparations reorganize German reparations
Allies owed $10 Billion to the US.Allies owed $10 Billion to the US.
Consumer Consumer EconomyEconomy
Consumer Consumer EconomyEconomy
1920’s Booming economy
Slight depression after the war War economy=HIGH After war-
– Soldiers come back wanting jobs
– Women out of jobs Auto industry
– Ford---Assembly line, Detroit, Model T
– GM--- credit for buying a car new
– 1921- 9 million cars registered
– 1929- 16 million– Federal roads built
Radio- mass media Aeronautics
– Navy– Big in the west– Lindbergh first non
stop flight across the Atlantic
Industries Related to autoIndustries Related to auto– SteelSteel– Paint/Chemical—Dow/DuPointPaint/Chemical—Dow/DuPoint– RubberRubber– TextilesTextiles– ConstructionConstruction– ElectronicsElectronics– GlassGlass– OilOil– RoadsRoads– New Businesses related to carsNew Businesses related to carsgas gas
stationsstations– Car cultureCar culture– SuburbsSuburbs– MotelsMotels– DinersDiners– Fast FoodFast Food– Sex in carsSex in cars
ElectronicsElectronics– Irons, Fans, Toasters, Vacuums, StoveIrons, Fans, Toasters, Vacuums, Stove– Washing machine, SewingWashing machine, Sewing– Fridge, General ElectricFridge, General Electric– 70% of country is “electrified”70% of country is “electrified”– EDISON = father of electricity EDISON = father of electricity
Edison Electric Edison Electric invented electric invented electric chairchair
DEBTDEBT installment plans installment plans
Culture of the Roaring 20’sCulture of the Roaring 20’sRadio
KDKA PittsburghGE, Westinghouse,&
RCA form NBC
Silent MoviesCharlie Chaplin
“Talkies”The Jazz SingerStarring Al Jolson
Mary Pickford“America’s Sweetheart”
CelebritiesCelebritiesBabe Ruth &Ty Cobb
Jack Dempsey
Charles Lindbergh The Spirit of St. Louis
The 20’s The 20’s isis The Jazz The Jazz AgeAge
The Flappersmake upcigarettes
short skirts
MusiciansLouis ArmstrongDuke Ellington
WritersF. Scott FitzgeraldErnest Hemingway
Hoover ProfileHoover Profile
Typical RepublicanTypical Republican US economy was US economy was
booming booming ““A chicken in every A chicken in every
pot and a car in pot and a car in every garage.”every garage.”
The “Great The “Great Engineer”Engineer”
OrphanOrphan
Degree in Geology Degree in Geology from Stanfordfrom Stanford
Rich Mining Rich Mining engineerengineer
BusinessmanBusinessman Retired at age 40 Retired at age 40
and devoted life to and devoted life to public servicepublic service
During War Food During War Food AdministrationAdministration
The Great DepressionThe Great Depression
Hoover Elected Hoover Elected 19281928
Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge decided not to run.decided not to run.
Hoover won 58% Hoover won 58% landslide 444 landslide 444 electoral voteselectoral votes
Dems nominate Dems nominate Alfred E. Smith of Alfred E. Smith of NYC, Irish Catholic, NYC, Irish Catholic, Anti-Prohibition Anti-Prohibition (Wet)(Wet)
Nativist, KKK and Nativist, KKK and middle Americamiddle America
President March President March 19291929
Hoover Economic Hoover Economic PhilosophyPhilosophy
Believed social problems could be Believed social problems could be solved by solved by – Volunteerism- voluntary changes and Volunteerism- voluntary changes and
helpinghelping– Government encouragementGovernment encouragement– Hard WorkHard Work
Before The Great Before The Great DepressionDepression
In 1929- the US was In 1929- the US was richest nation in the richest nation in the worldworld
Salaries and wages Salaries and wages above 1800sabove 1800s
Large urban middle Large urban middle classclass
Increase in Home Increase in Home ownership ownership
New appliancesNew appliances AutomobilesAutomobiles
Huge optimism in this Huge optimism in this periodperiod
““No Congress of the No Congress of the United States ever United States ever assembled has met assembled has met with a more pleasing with a more pleasing prospect than that prospect than that which appears at the which appears at the present time.”present time.”
Andrew MellonAndrew Mellon
Secretary of the Secretary of the TreasuryTreasury
Spokesman for Spokesman for business Community business Community and richand rich
““High tide of prosperity High tide of prosperity will continue.”will continue.”
Optimism in Stock MarketOptimism in Stock Market Prices rose after 1921Prices rose after 1921 Stocks doubled in Stocks doubled in
value by 1927value by 1927 Some drops but Some drops but
always recoveryalways recovery Americans put savings Americans put savings
in stock marketin stock market
Only 3% of Americans Only 3% of Americans Owned stockOwned stock
1928- Summer prices 1928- Summer prices rose/increasedrose/increased
Huge amount of Huge amount of speculation or Gamblingspeculation or Gambling
People thought prices People thought prices would risewould rise
Example- Example- G. E. $128 March 1928G. E. $128 March 1928 $400- September 1929$400- September 1929
Buying stocks on MarginBuying stocks on Margin 50-30 or even 10% 50-30 or even 10%
downdown Chain of borrowingChain of borrowing
Buying on MarginBuying on Margin
Buying stocks on Buying stocks on MarginMargin
50-30 or even 10% 50-30 or even 10% downdown
Chain of borrowingChain of borrowing Consumer buys Consumer buys
stock 10% downstock 10% down Borrows difference Borrows difference
from brokerfrom broker
Broker borrows Broker borrows from bank and from bank and corporationscorporations
Works fine until the Works fine until the Broker makes a Broker makes a “Margin Call”“Margin Call”
If stock prices drop If stock prices drop Loans are due by Loans are due by
the end of the day.the end of the day.
Stock Market CrashStock Market Crash
$30. could buy $100 worth of stock$30. could buy $100 worth of stock Sold later for $150 = profitSold later for $150 = profit October 23 stocks dropOctober 23 stocks drop Triggered “Margin calls”- which Triggered “Margin calls”- which
causes sellingcauses selling
Sales= demand drops--Sales= demand drops-- prices drop prices drop Nationwide Nationwide stampede to sell unload stampede to sell unload
stockstock
Great Great Depression Depression SufferingSuffering
Okies and Okies and “Hooverville”“Hooverville”
Weakness of Banking Weakness of Banking SystemSystem
Barrowers could repay loans Barrowers could repay loans – Caused bank failuresCaused bank failures
Savings lost by consumersSavings lost by consumers Reduced credit supplyReduced credit supply
Banks close and people lose their Banks close and people lose their supplysupply
Savings and value wiped Savings and value wiped outout
100,000s of people lose savings100,000s of people lose savings
Economy was in “Free Fall”Economy was in “Free Fall” People thought the economy was just People thought the economy was just
in a in a temporary recessiontemporary recession or “Panic” or “Panic”
Problem lasted 10 yearsProblem lasted 10 years
Economic Decline DeepensEconomic Decline Deepens
1929-33 – there 1929-33 – there was 33% drop in was 33% drop in outputoutput
Prices fell 20-35%Prices fell 20-35% Unemployment rate Unemployment rate
25%- 193325%- 1933 9.9% 19419.9% 1941
– 1931-1940 8-1931-1940 8-13million 13million unemployedunemployed
More than ½ of all More than ½ of all households felt households felt economic economic consequencesconsequences
Wages cutWages cut Hours cutHours cut Reduced spendingReduced spending Lost savingsLost savings
People SufferPeople Suffer
Eating lessEating less Not using ElectricityNot using Electricity No spending on No spending on
non-essentialsnon-essentials Ending visits to Ending visits to
doctorsdoctors Limited heatingLimited heating People move in with People move in with
relativesrelatives
People take to the People take to the road to search for road to search for workwork
““Hobos” on the Hobos” on the road/rails road/rails
““HoovervillesHoovervilles” = ” = shanty Towns shanty Towns where homeless where homeless create shelterscreate shelters
Industries Hurt by Poor Industries Hurt by Poor EconomyEconomy
ManufacturingManufacturing ConstructionConstruction MiningMining SteelSteel Automobiles- 1931 GM laid off Automobiles- 1931 GM laid off
100,000 of 260,000100,000 of 260,000
Hoover’s Reaction Hoover’s Reaction Hoover thought the economy Hoover thought the economy
would rebound in a year or would rebound in a year or twotwo
Hoover ActionsHoover Actions Called Called bankersbankers and and
industrialists industrialists to the White to the White HouseHouse
Asked Asked them not to cut them not to cut wages + keep interest wages + keep interest rates down (rates down (Volunteerism)Volunteerism)
AskedAsked industries to build industries to build (Volunteerism)(Volunteerism)
Gov cut expenditures to Gov cut expenditures to balance budgetbalance budget– Raised taxes- problem took $ Raised taxes- problem took $
out of the economyout of the economy
Hoover Hoover NO Deficit FinancingNO Deficit Financing
Falling productionFalling production Rising unemploymentRising unemployment
Refused to provide FED relief Refused to provide FED relief for the unemployedfor the unemployed– The “Dole” corruptsThe “Dole” corrupts– Took no steps to relieve the Took no steps to relieve the
suffering of joblesssuffering of jobless
Hoover’s ResponseHoover’s Response Opposed Democrat Opposed Democrat
Senate LawSenate Law– For Unemployment For Unemployment
InsuranceInsurance Typical Republican Typical Republican
ViewsViews Did make some Gov Did make some Gov
Spending to help Spending to help stimulate the economystimulate the economy
Public Works ProjectsPublic Works Projects Asked states to create Asked states to create
these programsthese programs
1929- Agricultural 1929- Agricultural Marketing Act-Marketing Act-
Attempted to address Attempted to address Agriculture problemsAgriculture problems
To maintain prices To maintain prices (tariff was part of this)(tariff was part of this)
Hoover’s Hoover’s International Economic PolicyInternational Economic Policy
Protectionist measures= tariffs Protectionist measures= tariffs reduces tradereduces trade
Smoot-Hawley Tariff high tariffSmoot-Hawley Tariff high tariff Didn’t help the economyDidn’t help the economy
Hoover and “Bank Relief”Hoover and “Bank Relief”
Reconstruction Finance Corporation Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)(RFC)– Idea to help banksIdea to help banks– Gov provides loans for banks, Rail Gov provides loans for banks, Rail
Roads, and corporationsRoads, and corporations– Strengthen creditStrengthen credit– Reduce foreclosures Reduce foreclosures – Facilitate lendingFacilitate lending– Too little $ devoted to thisToo little $ devoted to this
Popular Responses to Popular Responses to HooverHoover
Farmers created: Farming Holiday Farmers created: Farming Holiday AssociationAssociation (protest act) \ (protest act) \– Farmers wanted to withhold produce from Farmers wanted to withhold produce from
market to raise prices.market to raise prices. The Bonus March-July 1932The Bonus March-July 1932
– WWI Veterans wanted to be paid a bonus they WWI Veterans wanted to be paid a bonus they were promised- were promised-
– payment was not due until 1945payment was not due until 1945– They march and camp in Washington They march and camp in Washington – Hoover calls out the Army to disburse them, Hoover calls out the Army to disburse them,
(MacArthur does it violently, tanks, cavalry..) (MacArthur does it violently, tanks, cavalry..) – Causes huge public criticism Causes huge public criticism
Election of 1932Election of 1932
Hoover very un popularHoover very un popular Depression is getting worse.Depression is getting worse. ““Hoovervilles” “Hoover Flags”Hoovervilles” “Hoover Flags” ““troubled times are ’Hoovering’ over troubled times are ’Hoovering’ over
us”us” Republicans lose seats in CongressRepublicans lose seats in Congress Hoover is increasingly blamed for the Hoover is increasingly blamed for the
depressiondepression He seemed insensitive to the Misery He seemed insensitive to the Misery
of the people.of the people.
The Dust BowlThe Dust Bowl
On the farmOn the farm Prices for products Prices for products
downdown Had food and shelter Had food and shelter
but no disposable but no disposable incomeincome
Began to default on Began to default on loans and loose farmsloans and loose farms– OkalahomaOkalahoma– TexasTexas– KansaKansa– ColoradoColorado
Bad weatherBad weather Low rainLow rain DroughtDrought Dried up Farm land + Dried up Farm land +
wind=Dustbowlwind=Dustbowl Dust blew into the Dust blew into the
atmosphereatmosphere
Dust Bowl CultureDust Bowl Culture
Woody Guthrie Woody Guthrie Folk SingerFolk Singer Sang about the Sang about the
“Okies”- Dust Bowl “Okies”- Dust Bowl victimsvictims
Who went on the Who went on the road to find new road to find new liveslives
Many go to Many go to CaliforniaCalifornia
John SteinbeckJohn Steinbeck Grapes of WrathGrapes of Wrath Famous book of Famous book of
the “Okie” Dust the “Okie” Dust Bowl Joad FamilyBowl Joad Family
FDR WinsFDR Wins