roadmap to well-managed energy · • track monthly our performance in key focus areas • provide...

Roadmap To

Well-managed eneRgy

Well-Managed Energy Program (WMEP) is an energy management program identifying and prioritizing the city of Richmond’s energy consumptions in a user friendly format to manage and control energy expense. The program has eight steps that will be fully developed in this document. A wide range of technologies can be deployed within municipal operations to reduce energy use, either through reuse, reduction in usage, adoption of alternative energy sources with less or no greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and a better educated/managed workforce. In 2010, Mayor Dwight Jones’ administration moved to implement the vision: Tier One City and the mission: Building a Better Richmond through a strategic planning process that resulted in the city’s first Sustainability Plan called RVAGreen: A Roadmap to Sustainability and five focus areas:

Well-Managed Energy will be supplementary and complimentary to the city’s Sustainability Plan and the Mayor’s Triple-Bottom-Line (TBL) vision which is the holistic management of our environmental, social, and economic performance.

In short, Well Managed Energy and the Sustainability Plan will contribute to making Richmond a Tier One City and fulfilling the mission of Building a Better Richmond. Energy Savings for all projects implemented since 2008 total almost $600k.

The Roadmap to Well-Managed Energy is a dynamic document that will need to be updated and revised every two to three years to include advancements in technology and renewable energy resources.

Economic Development

Energy

Environment

Open Space and Land Use

Transportation

Introduction

Table of conTenTs

Table of Contents

Introduction

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

Well-Managed Energy Overview

Well-Managed Energy Roadmap

Energy Conservation Measures

Electric Rate Analysis

Energy Profiles

Walk-Thru Energy Audits

Comprehensive Energy Audits

Lighting Audits

Economic Impact Analysis

Energy Savings Performance Contracting

Measurement and Validation

execuTive summaRy

City Government is the primary focus of the

city’s Well-Managed Energy Program (WMEP).

The program will guide energy conservation and

efficiency efforts and maximize the wise use of

natural gas, water, electricity and fuel consumption

at all city facilities. In addition, the program

will establish long term energy standards and

best practices, enabling the city to reduce its

environmental and energy expenses. Investing in

the right building audits, optimization programs

and major retrofit projects is critical in managing

current and future energy costs. Helping our

residential and business community understand

energy conservation and energy efficiency will be

our secondary focus.

The city’s leadership has committed time, energy

and resources to make Richmond a Tier One City

and energy is a critical part of this mission. On

April 21, 2011 Mayor Dwight Jones issued the

Green Government Order. This Order established

an Energy Reduction Goal for the city to reduce

its annual electricity and fuel consumption by at

least 1 percent per calendar year using the city’s

2008 Greenhouse Inventory as the benchmark

to measure and validate the results of this order.

The goal is pursued through steady investments

in greater energy efficiency in city buildings, the

continued purchase and use of more fuel-efficient

vehicles, investments in advanced traffic signal and

streetlight technology, an employee education and

awareness program, and the purchase and use of

alternative fuels. Natural gas and water savings will

initially be a secondary focus.

Well-managed eneRgy oveRvieW


Purpose/ObjectiveThe program will guide energy conservation and efficiency efforts and maximize the wise use of natural gas, water, electricity and fuel consumption at all city facilities.

2012 Key Metrics The Green Government Order establishing an Energy Reduction Goal for the city to reduce its annual electricity and fuel consumption by at least 1% per calendar year.

The Eight Step Roadmap for Well-Managed Energy

1. Form Energy Teams (Green Teams) and establish an Energy Management Program (the EMP). Provide Energy Efficiency and Conservation Education. The Green Teams will be named:

2. Collect & manage data - define baselines and benchmarks provided from An Energy Accounting Information System entitled “EnergyCAP” (ECAP). Perform the following Energy Conservation Measures (ECM):

3. Set Performance Goals to meet the Mayors Triple Bottom line objectives based on using a combination of the following economic impact analysis tools:

4. Identify Investment Priorities & Changes in Operational Practices needed to reach goals, maintain productivity and reasonable human comfort.

TeamRVAGreen GovernmentTeamRVAGreen Agency and Facility

Billing ReviewRate AnalysisEnergy profile on each facilityPrioritizing auditing/retro commissioningWalk-Thru energy auditLighting Audit

Facility envelope auditHVAC AuditMaintenance auditPlug auditBenchmarking to Energy Star or other LEED Buildings

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) and Return on Investment (ROI)Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)Social Return on Investment (SROI)

5. Implement an Action Plan that identifies technical steps, targets, organizational roles and resources.

6. Evaluate Progress – compare actual performance to goals. Each project will require a final “Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Improvement Report” that provides an executive summary, introduction, background, evaluation procedures, results and economics.

7. Recognize achievements of individuals, teams, and facilities.

8. Annual Energy Report - Beginning in January 2013, the Energy Manager will issue an annual energy report on the previous year’s accomplishments.

Downtown Richmond from the James River

Well-managed eneRgy Roadmap

sTep 1


Step 1 – Form Energy Teams

Team RVAGreen

OverviewThe Sustainability Office is overseeing multiple green teams. TeamRVAGreen is focusing on green initiatives in our city as a whole while TeamRVAGreen Government and TeamRVAGreen Agency/Facility will focus our green efforts inside of city government. We will create a voluntary city-wide Green Team organization led by the Sustainability Office to work with all city agencies and departments to implement the Mayor’s Green Government Order and to create measures, methods for tracking each measure and report annually on each measure.

ThemeSet a “think globally – act locally” example

Purposes Achieve employee focus (grassroots momentum) globally around facility sustainability with the primary focus in an energy efficient facility. Team RVAGreen Government will act as a conduit to communicate the overarching message around sustainability and the Mayor’s Green Government Order to TeamRVAGreen Agency or Facility.

Team RVAGreen Agency or Facility will implement policies, guidelines, and procedures to empower employees to own sustainability in their work environment.

Deliverables • Define and communicate sustainability • Track monthly our performance in key focus areas • Provide monthly report on define key measurable objectives • Provide shared learning on best practices between facilities • Establish goals for each facility team’s sustainability performance • Support the city’s commitment to energy conservation and efficiency to reduce the agency/department’s annual electricity and fuel consumption by at least 1% per calendar years.

Team RVAGreen Government

PurposeThe purpose and business value of creating agency level green teams will be to educate and motivate city employees to get involved to create energy and resource efficiencies and cost savings in their departments. For the purpose of this document, the primary focus will be on the energy side of the Green Teams.

The Sustainability Office will provide assistance and oversight to help the Green Team Steering Committee carry out the Green Government Order, the Energy Management Plan and related initiatives. Objective Each agency will help select a Green Team Steering Committee Leader who will represent their agency in the development of internal Green Teams for each building owned and operated by their agency. Each Agency Head will provide buy in and support to their Green Team Steering Committee Leader in identifying and implementing energy saving initiatives. When agencies share a building with others, each agency will have their own green team for all of the floors occupied by that agency. It is suggested that all Green Teams within a building work together to implement the energy initiatives in a consistent manner.

The Green Team Steering Committee Leaders will select employees who volunteer to work together to identify and implement specific solutions to help their department operate in a more environmentally sustainable and energy efficient fashion. It is highly recommended that the teams be cross sections of employees who have a passion for helping the city reduce energy dependence on foreign energy supplies improve our environment, save money and provide the next generation the same opportunities as our generation.

2012 Key Metrics Achieve employee focus (grassroots momentum) globally around facility sustainability with the primary focus in an energy efficient facility. • Act as a conduit through Team RVA to communicate the overarching message around reducing energy consumption • Set a “think globally – act locally” example • Employee involvement • To Support the city’s commitment to energy conservation and efficiency to reduce the agency/department’s annual electricity and fuel consumption by at least 1 percent per calendar year using the city’s 2008 Greenhouse Gas Inventory as the benchmark to measure and validate the results.

ScopeScope – All city owned facilitiesTeam RVAGreen Government will be responsible for: • Setting policy and direction with local management implementing any reasonable recommendations • Define energy conservation measures and efficiencies • Provide standards for roles and responsibilities of Green Teams • Ensure city agendas are aligned with our goals • Act as a conduit for any and all shared learning • Create accountability verification and practices

Operating Standards • Meeting Frequency: 1 x per month in initial set up and then quarterly • Report out collected key metrics from facility teams • Provide support to facility teams • Provide information to facility for correct alignment with city’s views on sustainability

Deliverables • Define and communicate sustainability • Review monthly reports provided by facility teams • Define key measurable, capabilities: identify best practices • Complete organization assessment of facility team • Establish goals for each facility team’s energy performance

Virginia State Capitol

Team RVAGreen Agency / Facility

Purpose/ObjectiveTeam RVAGreen Agency or Facility will implement policies, guidelines, and procedures to empower employees to own sustainability in their work environment.

ScopeTeam RVAGreen Agency or Facility will be responsible for:

• Act as a conduit through Team RVA Green Government to communicate the overarching message around reducing energy consumption

• Set a “think globally – act locally” example • Employee involvement • Will lead continuous improvement efforts for team members • Will be the forum for communicating sustainability announcements, set policy and direction with local management implementing any reasonable recommendations • Identify energy conservation measures and efficiencies • Provide standards for roles and responsibilities of Green Teams • Ensure city agendas are aligned with our goals • Act as a conduit for any and all shared learning • Create accountability verification and practices

2012 Key Metrics Achieve employee focus (grassroots momentum) globally around facility sustainability with the primary focus in an energy efficient facility. Track monthly our performance in key focus areas: • Electricity Usage • Natural gas consumption • Water usage • Single stream recycling tonnage • Paper consumption • Office supplies • Bio-solids - collected from food area • Compostable materials

Operating Standards • Meeting Frequency: 1 x per month until TBD • Report out collected key metrics from facility teams • Provide support to facility teams • Provide information to facility for correct alignment with city’s views on sustainability

Deliverables • Define and communicate sustainability throughout the Agency or Facility • Review monthly reports provided by facility teams • Define key measurable, capabilities: identify best practices • Complete organization assessment of facility team • Establish goals for each facility team’s energy performance • Report monthly measurements on establish metrics to Team RVA Green Government • Support city’s sustainability efforts in their facility • Provide “Green Tips” for message boards (energy etc)

City Center District

Well managed eneRgy Roadmap

sTep 2

Well Managed Energy Roadmap STEP 2 – Collect & Manage Data

Purpose/ObjectiveTo implement the Mayors Green Government order dated April 21, 2011.

2012 Key Metrics To Support the city’s commitment to energy conservation and efficiency and reduce the agency/department’s annual electricity and fuel consumption by at least 1 percent per calendar year using the city’s 2008 Greenhouse Gas Inventory as the benchmark to measure and validate the results.

ScopeDefine baselines and benchmarks from 2008 Greenhouse Gas Inventory • Collect & manage data - define baselines and benchmarks from EnergyCAP our energy information accounting system and energy audits • Set performance goals based on cost benefit analysis • Identify investment priorities & changes in operational practice needed to reach goals

Operating Standards • Present monthly key tracked metrics for review and feedback • Will lead continuous improvement efforts for team members • Will be the forum for energy communication announcements • Educate and motivate city employees to get involved to create energy and resource efficiencies and cost savings in their departments

Deliverables • Define and communicate energy • Provide monthly report on key measurable objectives • Provide shared learning on best practices

Benchmarking Baseline DataThe baseline data benchmarks the city’s present status and allows measurement and validation on improvement to the city in the future. City government manages natural gas, water, fuel consumption in the city fleet and electricity consumption. The city performed a Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory in 2009 using 2008 as its baseline year to establish the city’s benchmark data for long-term improvement. In 2008, the city of Richmond spent approximately $22,842,220 on energy expense for all city operations (electricity, natural gas, gasoline, and diesel).

The chart identifies the sectors of city government and their contribution to the total expense. These numbers demonstrate the potential for significantly reducing energy costs while also mitigating climate change impacts and helping to stimulate green job development and economic recovery. Saving only 1% per year for 10 years represents $2.3 million dollars in energy savings that keep on giving.

Benchmarks from EnergyCAP and Audits

Energy strategies for the wise use of natural gas, water, electricity and fuel consumption begins with being able to measure and validate (M&V) these commodities on a monthly basis. Electricity accounts for almost 60% of energy use in city government facilities. Tracking all energy usage and expenses on a monthly basis will identify opportunities for performance improvement and savings. They are the cornerstone in an effective energy management program. The chart on the previous page shows the energy expense in millions of dollars for city of Richmond governmental operations.

The city purchased in February 2011, with EECBG ($164k) funding, an Energy Information Accounting System called EnergyCAP. If you cannot measure the energy impact, you cannot manage the results. This system will be installed and fully operational by December 31, 2011.

The energy data base will be populated with up to five years of historical energy data including energy expense. Some of the features include web based application for multiple users with off-site storage for up to 1,500 meters, utility bill audits, electronic data updates, weather normalization of energy usage, 250 reports, charts and graphs for energy profiling by a single building, department or the city, Greenhouse Gas Emissions tracking and Energy Star benchmarking interface to name a few. See Appendix D for full details. Based on the building profiles generated from EnergyCAP, the city will select 3-5 of the worst energy performing buildings (see benchmark evaluation below). After the buildings are selected, then a comprehensive energy audit will be conducted by an outside audit firm. The audit will provide cost effective upgrade recommendations based on a cost benefit analysis and the capital dollars needed to make upgrades. The city will need to commit capital improvement dollars to reach the goals committed to in the Mayor’s Green Government Order dated April 21, 2011.

Long-term energy savings will reimburse the city for the initial investments. As you already know, many of our existing buildings already need critical upgrades due to the aging infrastructure.

As we look at our worst performing buildings, we will use the following benchmarks in our evaluations: • Compare city facility to Energy Star rated buildings

• Compare city buildings to Leadership in Energy Effiencient Design (LEED) certified buildings • Compare internally and externally typical facilities of like size and use

The EPA’s Energy Star Program is a nationally recognized program for superior energy performance and will be used as a guideline for implementing the city’s energy management program. EnergyCAP (ECAP) will interface with Energy Star to help set investment priorities, identify under-performing buildings, verify efficiency improvements, and receive EPA recognition for superior energy performance.

Library of Virginia and Theatre Row buildings


sTep 3

Well Managed Energy RoadmapSTEP 3 – Set Performance Goals

Purpose/ObjectiveThe city of Richmond will set performance goals by identifying the worst performing buildings in the city and comparing them to energy efficient buildings of similar size and types. This will establish a benchmark to set the performance goal expectation and meet the Mayors Triple Bottom Line objectives.

The greatest Return on Investment (ROI) will drive our performance goals with the understanding that emergency needs or social needs may override this economic driver.

2012 Key Metrics To support the city’s commitment to energy conservation and efficiency, to reduce the agency/department’s annual electricity and fuel consumption by at least 1% per calendar year using the city’s 2008 Greenhouse Gas Inventory as the benchmark to measure and validate the results.

ScopeInvesting in the correct building audits, optimization programs and major retrofit projects proves critical in managing current and future energy costs. For a long-term building owner like the city of Richmond, future costs are typically much greater than the initial capital costs to evaluate green building energy design options for new and retrofit buildings. The scope of work for each building will be based on the idea “Do it Right the First Time.” All operational aspects of a building will be evaluated and the right operational guidelines and policies will be developed based on the investments made.

city buildings will be compared to LEED buildings, Energy Star buildings or other high- efficiency buildings in the geographic area that are similar in size and type to benchmark the potential savings.


sTep 4

Well Managed Energy RoadmapSTEP 4 – Identify Investment Priorities and Changes in Operational Practice Need to Reach Goals

Purpose/ObjectiveThe city of Richmond will set performance goals by using three investment methodologies to evaluate green building energy design options for new and retrofit buildings. These methodologies are Cost Benefit Analysis, Life Cycle Cost Analysis and Social Return on Investment.


ScopeCost-Benefit Analysis Cost-benefit analysis (CBA), sometimes called benefit-cost analysis (BCA), is an economic decision-making approach, used particularly in government and business. CBA is used in the assessment of whether a proposed project, program or policy is worth doing, or to choose between several alternative ones. It involves comparing the total expected costs of each option against the total expected benefits, to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs, and by how much.

Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is an economic methodology for selecting the most cost-effective design alternative over a particular timeframe. The methodology is beneficial, as it addresses not only typical owner concerns of design effectiveness and construction cost, but also reflects future costs associated with maintenance, operation and replacement. LCCA looks at the value of a building or capital project over time, overcoming “first cost” limitations.

Social Return on Investment (SROI)Social Return on Investment (SROI) is a principles-based method for measuring extra-financial value (i.e., environmental and social value not currently reflected in conventional financial accounts) relative to resources invested. It can be used by any entity to evaluate impact on stakeholders, identify ways to improve performance, and enhance the performance of investments. The Greenhouse Gas emissions impact will be the primary method for SROI. This method will include the entire energy supply chain, not just the local impact.


sTep 5

Well Managed Energy RoadmapSTEP 5 – Implement an Action Plan that Identifies Technical Steps, Targets, Organizational Roles and Resources

Purpose/ObjectiveThe city of Richmond will strive to implement an action plan that provides technical steps, targets and organizational roles and resources to obtain the energy goals and objectives of the city.


ScopeEnergy Management Action Plan Outline • Energy Information Accounting System (ECAP) - monitor, measure and manage our energy use in city buildings 1. Continuously monitor monthly utility bills for accuracy 2. Maintain the accuracy of the energy data 3. Maintain five-years plus current year of historical energy data 4. Create a five year energy profile on each city building 5. Identify the city’s worst energy performing buildings 6. Identify the city’s best energy performing buildings

• Green Government Order 1. Mayor issues Green Government Order establishing energy benchmarks 2. Create Green Team(s) to implement the provisions of the Green Government Order as it relates to energy and conservation 3. Provide Green Team energy training 4. Provide EnergyCAP training to Green Team members and user access to the software

• Employee Education Program 1. Provide energy training to key facilities personnel in DPW, DPU, Parks & Rec and other departments or agencies. 2. Assist ‘Create Green Team(s)’ in energy training to implement the provisions of the Green Government Order as it relates to energy and conservation. 3. Identify and participate in energy awareness opportunities within Natural Gas Company as well as other departments or agencies within the city. 4. Provide energy tours to high efficiency facilities for better employee understanding of efficiency and the impact on human comfort.

• Facilities 1. Perform walk-thru energy audits to tune up each building in the following areas a) Identify equipment maintenance schedules b) Verify contractor performance and departmental performance in maintaining equipment properly (filter replacements, sealing pipe, etc) c) Temperature settings for heat and a/c d) Hot water temperature settings e) Building envelope issues (proper door/window seals, etc) f) Lighting audit – (LED, T8 and below) g) Occupancy sensors h) Verify most economical billing rate from vendor i) Set up “cut it off” campaigns initiated through green teams j) Provide user access to EnergyCAP to monitor improvements k) Plug audit

2. If general funding is available, perform three-to-five comprehensive energy audits each year on the worst performing buildings based on how the building is supposed to work verses actual.

3. If CIP funding is available, invest in the energy savings improvements identified and justified with a cost-benefit analysis from the comprehensive energy audits.

4. Strive to achieve Energy Star building designations for the city’s high energy performing buildings.

5. When funding is available, invest in renewable Energy Feasibility Studies for alternative energy sources based on good engineering practices and sound economics.

6. When funding is available, install energy monitors in buildings to support energy conservation and energy education.

• Transportation 1. All departments will establish a plan to reduce their fuel consumption to the maximum extent feasible but not less than 1% per year;

2. Fleet Maintenance will track the development and implementation of higher fuel-efficiency standards for the city vehicle fleet. 3. The city will create an Anti-idling policy by December 31, 2011, for all city vehicles to reduce vehicle idling in government operations.

4. Track the fuel savings resulting from the city’s purchase of 25 natural gas powered garbage trucks. The trucks were purchased to save energy dollars and improve the environment.

• Measurement and Validation 1. Energy Information Accounting System (ECAP) – will measure and validate our energy use in city buildings and verify energy reduction performance to validate our energy reduction toward our energy goals.

Evaluate progress (M&V) – compare actual performance to goals - Each project will require a final “Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Improvement Report” that provides an executive summary, introduction, background, evaluation procedures, results and economics


sTep 6

Well Managed Energy RoadmapSTEP 6 – Evaluate Progress - Compare Actual Performance to Goals

Purpose/ObjectiveThe city expects the performance of each improvement to meet or exceed the financial criteria on which the projected was based along with the implementation criteria and functionality of the project scope. See Economic Impact Analysis section for additional information.

2012 Key Metrics Evaluate progress through measurement and verification (M&V) criteria that compare actual performance to goals. Expectations for all projects are to be done right on time and on budget.

Scope Measurement and Validation The city’s Energy Information Accounting System called EnergyCAP will measure and validate our energy use in city buildings and verify energy reduction performance to validate our energy reduction toward our energy goals.

Operating Standards • Do it right the first time with zero tolerance on poor performance • Track and manage monthly key metrics • Continuous improvement efforts before, during and after project completion

Deliverables • Provide monthly report on key measurable • Each project will require a final “Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Improvement Report” that provides an executive summary, introduction, background, evaluation procedures, results and economics. See Measurement and Validation Section


sTep 7

Well Managed Energy RoadmapSTEP 7 – Recognize Achievements of Individuals, Teams, and Facilities

Purpose/ObjectiveThe city is expecting to achieve energy savings through individual achievement within the green teams at every city facility.

2012 Key Metrics Support the city’s commitment to energy conservation and efficiency to reduce the agency/department’s annual electricity and fuel consumption by at least 1 percent per calendar year using the city’s 2008 Greenhouse Gas Inventory as the benchmark to measure and validate the results.

ScopeIndividual employees or green teams that meet and significantly exceed their individual goals will be recognized by the city. The type of recognition is to be determined.

The Energy Information Accounting System entitled “EnergyCAP” (ECAP) – will measure and validate our energy use savings in city buildings and verify energy reduction performance for the employee or green team recognition.


sTep 8

Well Managed Energy RoadmapSTEP 8 – Anual Energy Report

Purpose/ObjectiveBeginning in January 2013, the Energy Manager will issue an annual energy report on the previous calendar year’s accomplishments.

2012 Key Metrics The annual report will provide a detailed breakdown of the savings achieved in the prior year and how those savings compare to the goal. Each agency/department’s annual goal is to reduce the electricity and fuel consumption by at least 1% per calendar year using the city’s 2008 Greenhouse Gas Inventory as the benchmark to measure and validate the results.

ScopeThe city’s Green Teams will report monthly on Energy Conservation Measures (ECM) installed. The annual report will include these monthly ECM reports and provide a comprehensive year end impact. Each Agency Head will review their year-end impact with their Green Team Steering Committee Leader prior to the final report.

Measurement and validation will come from the Energy Information Accounting System entitled “EnergyCAP” (ECAP). The system will measure and validate the energy use (kWh) savings in city buildings and verify energy reduction performance.

eneRgy conseRvaTion measuRes

Energy Conservation Measures Overview

Purpose/ObjectiveEnergy Conservation Measures (ECM) are energy initiatives to be used in city buildings to reduce the energy consumption and expense for the city.

2012 Key Metrics The Green Government Order establishing an Energy Reduction Goal for the city to reduce its annual electricity and fuel consumption by at least 1% per calendar year.

Scope

1. Rate Analysis is monitoring the city’s energy rates to make sure that the city is on the most economical rate schedule.

2. Energy Profile is a comprehensive review of energy data for each city-owned facility.

3. A Walk-Thru Energy Audit is a level one and two ASHRAE audit

4. Comprehensive Energy Audit is a level III ASHRAE audit

5. Lighting Audit is specifically designed for lighting retrofits

6. Performance Contracting is an alternative option to internal financing of energy projects with guaranteed savings

7. Economic Analysis is using Cost Benefit Analysis, Life Cycle Costing and Social Return on Investment to prioritize energy investments

8. Measurement and validation is critical initiative in achieving the desired energy reduction goals


elecTRic RaTe analysis

ECM Electric Rates Analysis Overview

Purchase of Electricity Agreement The city negotiated through the Virginia Energy Purchasing Governmental Association (VEPGA) and entered into an Agreement for the Provision of Electric Service to the Municipalities and Counties of the Commonwealth from Virginia Electric and Power Company (trading as Dominion Virginia Power). The term for this Agreement is January 1, 2011, through June 30, 2014. All parties will adhere to the Terms and Conditions and Rate schedule application within this Agreement. See VEPGA Agreement for any issues between Dominion and the city as it pertains to electric service. Cost of Service studies are performed by Dominion using factors like rate class, energy use, fuel costs and the season to develop the rate schedules in this Agreement based on the negotiated settlement. Fuel is a pass through cost and is subject to change every year on July 1st. Bear Garden and Virginia city Hybrid Energy Center Rate Adjustments called Riders R-CM and S-CM may be adjusted after June 30, 2012. Transmission Rate Adjustment Clause Rider T-CM recovers Dominion Virginia Power’s costs associated with transmission upgrades and may be adjusted after July 1, 2012.

Purpose/ObjectiveEach year the city’s Energy Manager will evaluate the electric accounts to determine if the account is billing on the most economical rate schedule. Dominion, by Agreement, is required to provide annual rate comparisons for the city to review. When rate savings are identified by the Energy Manager, he will contact the Facilities Manager of the relevant location to discuss any operating changes in the past or in the future that may affect the validity of the rate comparison. If no operating changes exist and the Facility Manger is in agreement, then the Energy Manger will approve the rate schedule change based on the metrics below. Key Metrics All rate schedule changes must be approved by the energy manger and meet the following criteria:

• Rate changes to an alternate rate schedule; must exceed a 5% savings threshold before being considered Or • Rate changes to an alternate rate schedule; must exceed a $ 1,000 savings threshold before being considered

• No operating changes during the period of the rate comparison evaluation


eneRgy pRofile

Overview of EnergyCAP

The city is implementing an Energy Accounting Information System (“System”) that provides the functionality required to further the city’s sustainability and energy management initiatives. This system named EnergyCAP is the industry standard in energy and utility bill management software, offering tremendous flexibility and value. The valuable functionality of EnergyCAP will enable it to meet the city’s utility bill management and energy accounting needs.

Additionally, the system will be a critical component in the Energy Manager’s efforts to “more efficiently utilize energy resources, realize cost savings in city operations and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.”

The EnergyCAP system will be able to provide the following list of features:

• One vendor-hosted system with online access for an unlimited number of users • Immediate reporting capabilities from a single database • Ability to track approximately 1,500 separate utility accounts, including electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, steam and wastewater • A library of standard and user-defined reports • Ability to benchmark a wide range of facility types of varying shapes and sizes • Electronic entry of monthly billing information, including five years of historical data • Import and analyze local weather data • Direct interface to ENERGY STAR’s Portfolio Manager application for the automatic generation of ENERGY STAR ratings for qualifying facilities • Ability to calculate and report on the city’s greenhouse gas generation • Assistance with the implementation of the System and on-going System support • Training for System users, including upon implementation and in future years • Database to be owned by the city

EnergyCAP and their services are used today by many state and municipal governments to meet their energy goals. A few examples of energy graphs are provided on the next page with detailed information provided in Appendix A.

ReferenceEnergyCAP, INC - software capabilities

Treeview and PowerViews are EnergyCAP Exclusives

One of 250+ Report Formats


Walk ThRu -eneRgy audiT

Walk Thru - Energy Audit

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) identify three levels of energy audits outlined below. The Energy Manager will initially perform Level I and II audits using Dominion’s Energy Advisors on Line Facility Assessment.

See Appendix B for an example of the Facility Assessment Report.

ASHRAE Level I - Walk-thru Analysis

A Level I audit includes the preliminary energy use analysis which is the critical

first step in the auditing process and involves analyzing the facility’s historical

energy use, benchmarking the building, and performing a utility rate analysis

to pinpoint any cost saving opportunities. See Energy Profile Section of

Program for details. An ASHRAE Level I audit also satisfies one of the

pre-requisite requirements for the USGBC’s LEED for Existing Buildings:

Operations and Maintenance.

ASHRAE Level II - Energy Survey and Analysis

A Level II audit includes the preliminary energy use analysis and ASHRAE

Level I analysis, but also includes more detailed energy calculations

and financial analysis of proposed energy efficiency measures. See Walk-Thru

Energy Audit section of Program for details. The financial analysis or

Life Cycle Analysis allows the facility owner (CITY) to truly understand

the financial benefits of installing energy efficient measures. An ASHRAE Level

II audit can also earn additional points for LEED for Existing Buildings: O&M.

ASHRAE Level III – Detailed Analysis of Capital-Intensive Modifications will be covered under the Comprehensive Energy Audit Section


compRehensive eneRgy audiT

Comprehensive Energy Audit

A Comprehensive Energy Audit of the city’s worst performing buildings is the first major step to saving thousands, and ultimately reducing the city’s energy expense. Customized energy audits through a third party professional audit company will identify ways to optimize the city’s use of energy. Investing in the right building audits, optimization programs and major retrofit projects is critical in managing current and future energy expense. The audit includes an in-depth analysis of a business’ facility and equipment, including:

• building envelope (insulation, widow tint, cool roofs, etc.) • equipment operation • HVAC system • industrial processes • lighting • motors • refrigeration • water heating • window coverings • shading

Outlined below is the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) level III energy audit. Level III – Detailed Analysis of Capital-Intensive Modifications will be performed by a professional audit company qualified to perform level III audits.

ASHRAE Level III – Detailed Analysis of Capital-Intensive Modifications

A Level III analysis is a further expansion from the previous levels of effort and

is based on the facility representative’s selection of measures to analyze

further. This may include further refinement of an energy model or more

extensive data collection. This audit will be led by a vendor-neutral licensed

professional engineer (PE) with extensive experience in the energy efficiency

industry, and not by a vendor hoping to sell you a product.

How the Comprehensive Energy Audit Works

• The Energy Manager will conduct a thorough onsite energy analysis to determine the need for a comprehensive energy audit using level I and II audits as a basis.

• After an internal review of the audit findings with the Facility Manager, funding will be requested for the comprehensive energy audit.

• If funded, the city will issue an RFP for a comprehensive energy audit

• The selected vendor will be provided an energy audit report which highlights recommendations of where you can save energy, an analysis of existing systems, proposed efficiency upgrades, an energy cost benefit evaluation, estimated installation costs and applicable incentive amounts.

• Capital Improvement Project dollars will be requested to implement a full building upgrade for all energy measures recommended that meet the city’s life cycle cost, ROI threshold or emergency replacement threshold.

ReferenceAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers(ASHRAE)


lighTing audiT

Lighting Audit

When attempting energy savings, lighting is one of the recommended first places in a facility to look for savings because changes are usually easy, inexpensive and have a quick payback period. The first step is to assess current lighting conditions. Measuring current conditions against calculated upgrades will present the expected savings. Understanding current lighting conditions and needs will aid in determining applicable opportunities and recommendations.

Assess Existing Conditions To conduct a lighting audit you will first need basic lighting information, such as the number of lights, their location and their time in use to help you understand the current energy use attributed to lighting in the facility. This information will help you understand how much you are currently spending and the potential savings available from lighting efficiencies. Use the worksheet in Appendix C to assess your current lighting conditions.

Turn off lights in unoccupied areas • Post reminder stickers to turn off lights when leaving the area. • Install time switches or occupancy sensors in areas of brief occupancy and remote areas (warehouses, storage areas, etc.). • Rewire switches so that one switch does not control all fixtures for multiple work areas. • Ensure wall-switch timers function properly. Determine if existing lighting levels are higher than recommended levels. Use a light meter to measure light levels and consult the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) illumination standards. • Reduce lighting levels where appropriate. • Reduce lighting hours. • Employ uniform or task de-lamping to reduce power and lighting.

Review outside lighting needs • Eliminate outdoor lighting where possible and where safety and security are not compromised. • Manually turn off lights. • Replace burned out lamps with lower wattage lamps. • Replace exterior incandescent lights with more efficiency lights such as high pressure sodium (HPS) or metal halide (MH) or LED. • Install photoelectric or motion sensors where light needs are intermittent. • Ensure existing sensors function properly. • Clean fixtures and lenses and re-lamp when appropriate.

Install more efficient ballasts Ballasts typically have a long life; therefore, replacing ballasts that are still working can be one of the most cost- effective energy improvements. • Upgrade old ballast as lamps are replaced 1. Pre-1979 ballasts are incompatible with 34-watt energy savings lamps. This combination will result in a decrease in lamp life of up to 50 percent. 2. This could include conversion to electronic ballasts and T-8 lamps. • Install electronic ballasts and consider high power factor ballasts

Remove unneeded lamps (de-lamp) • Remove unnecessary tubes and replace them with “dummy” tubes that draw little current and provide the effect of uniform lighting. • Remove fluorescent lamps controlled by magnetic ballasts in pairs since they are operated and wired in pairs (two fluorescent lamps from a four-lamp fixture). With electronic ballasts, each lamp is controlled individually. Some facilities have seen an energy savings of more than 30 percent or more from this action. • Disconnect ballasts, as the ballast will continue to use energy when the fixture is switched on.

Install more efficient lighting • Replace incandescent lamps in offices, workrooms, hallways, etc. with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). • Many LED lamps have become available as replacements for screw-in incandescent or compact fluorescent light bulbs, ranging from low-power 5–40 watt incandescent bulbs, through conventional replacement bulbs for 60 watt incandescent bulbs (typically requiring about 7 watts of power), and as of 2010 a few lamps were available to replacehigher wattage bulbs. The technology is improving rapidly, and new energy-efficient consumer LED lamps are coming on the market quickly. • Use single incandescent lamps of high wattage instead of two or more smaller lamps of combined wattage. Efficiency of incandescent lamps increases as lamp wattage increases. • Replace non-decorative incandescent lamps with fluorescent or high intensity discharge lamps. • Replace standard fluorescent lamps and ballasts with T8 or T 5 and matching electronic ballasts (switching from fluorescent to high-efficiency fluorescent can save 10 to 30 percent in energy costs). • Replace fluorescent lamps with more efficient HPS lamps. • Replace mercury vapor lights with higher efficiency MH or HPS

Employ more effective lighting settings • Lower fixtures or use a lamp extender to increase illumination on a given area. • Install reflectors or lenses to spread out and focus light (specular reflectors can improve efficiency by up to 17 percent in fluorescent lights), Use light-colored paint on walls. • Ensure the layout of room is conducive to light and that light obstructions do not exist.

Follow a regular maintenance schedule • Establish a regular inspection and cleaning schedule for lamps and fixtures. • Establish a group re-lamping schedule to replace lamps as they burn out, usually done at 70 percent of rated lamp life. Group re-lamping will cut down on both energy and labor costs. Energy is still consumed while lumen output of fluorescent lamps decreases with age. • Replace yellow or hazy lens shading with new acrylic lenses that do not discolor. • Clean room surfaces, such as tables, walls, etc. to remove dirt, increasing reflectivity.

Use day lighting effectively • Locate workstations with high illumination needs adjacent to windows. • Turn off lights when daylight is sufficient. • Educate occupants on benefits of using natural light and effectively utilizing blinds. Replace dark narrow blinds with wide white blinds allowing more light into the room. • Install light sensors/dimming equipment that automatically compensate for natural light variance. • Clean windows and skylights. • Reschedule housekeeping duties to operate during the day so additional after-hours lighting is not needed.

Upgrade exit signs • Retrofit by replacing incandescent lamps with CFLs. • Retrofit by replacing incandescent lamps with light-emitting diode (LED) lamps, which use one-tenth the electricity of incandescent lamps and have a lifespan of more than 100,000 hours. • Replace old exit signs with new LED signs. This saves energy and reduces maintenance expense.

Additional changes • Remove unnecessary lighting in beverage machines and use motion detectors to lower energy use during unoccupied times.. • Train staff, especially housekeeping staff, on lighting policies/efficiency. • Post lighting schedules that display necessary hours of use for lights so that staff members know when turning off lights is appropriate.

Calculate the Savings For each change use the following formulas to calculate annual savings:

____ kWh x cost per kWh per year = ____ total annual kWh charges saved by this change

Pollution Prevention SavingsUpgrading a typical four-lamp, 2-foot by 4-foot fixture from a magnetic ballast and 34 watt T-12 lamps to a partial output electronic ballast and 32 watt T-8 saves 43 watts. Based upon an average 3,000 annual operating hours, upgrading 35 fixtures would reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the power plant equivalent to that of removing a car from the road. The payback on this investment would be 2.74 years at a rate of 8 cents/kWh. As another comparison, if every household were to substitute two compact fluorescent lamps for their incandescent lamps, the pollution reduction would be equivalent to removing 77,000 cars from the road.

Recycling TipsPotential Hazardous Substances Some pre-1979 ballasts contain PCBs, which are categorized as hazardous waste and require proper disposal. Ballasts manufactured after 1979 are required to be clearly marked “no PCBs.” The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) regulations allow for intact, non-leaking ballasts to be disposed of in a landfill. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) encourages additional disposal preparation. The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), also known as “Superfund,” which also regulates non-leaking PCB-containing ballasts, requires notification when disposing of a pound or more of PCBs in a 24-hour period (roughly 12 to 16 fluorescent ballasts) by contacting the National Response Center at (800) 424-8802. Leaking PCB-containing ballasts must be incinerated at an EPA-approved incinerator.

1,000 wh/kWh= ____ kilowatt hours (kWh)

(__watts x __hours per day x __ days per year)

Fluorescent and HID lamps contain a small amount of mercury and could be classified as hazardous waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). According to RCRA, fluorescent and HID lamp generators are responsible for determining whether the lamps are hazardous. CERCLA requires notification to the National Response Center at (800) 424-8802 for disposal of mercury-containing lamps exceeding one pound or more of mercury (roughly equivalent to 11,000 four-foot fluorescent lamps) in a 24-hour period.

Under CERCLA, persons and generators of hazardous substances could be held liable for response costs if a release or threat of release of a hazardous substance to the environment. Recycling OptionsNon-leaking PCB-containing material and mercury containing fluorescent and HID that have been determined not to be hazardous waste can be recycled. EPA’s Green Lights Lighting Upgrade Manual provides a list of recyclers for each. www.epa.gov/cfl/cflrecycling.html Many states have developed regulations for PCB-containing ballasts and mercury beyond the federal requirements.

Many hardware supply stores and other retailers offer in-store recycling. Visit Earth911.com to find stores in your area or check the list below. Make sure you check directly with the store before you go; not all stores in regional or nationwide chains may be equipped to recycle. • Ace/True Value Hardware store locator • Home Depot’s CFL recycling program • Lowe’s recycling program and store locator

In addition, for a full list of Virginia recycling vendors, visit the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality’s Website: Virginia Department of Environmental Quality’s website

Considerations for selecting a lamp Use the following criteria to determine whether the lamp selection is compatible with lighting needs for a given location. Additional information on lighting basics can be obtained from the following website: www.energysavers.gov/your_home/lighting_daylighting/index.cfm/mytopic=12030 • Light output • Input wattage • Efficacy/efficiency • Cost • Rated life • Size • Color rendering/ temperature - very important as we see best in daylight • Brightness

• Start time and temperature • Dimming capability • Requirements of additional equipment (ballast) • Electrical, physical and operational characteristics of light, ballast and controls [ballast, effects on other equipment, total harmonic distortion (THD)] • Ability to handle both typical and atypical operational conditions (break in power) • Maintenance required • Presence of computer of other systems that could be affected by harmonic effects

See Appendix D for example lighting audit

ReferencesNorth Carolina Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental AssistanceLighting Waste Disposal. Lighting Upgrade Manual. Environmental Protection Agency Green Lights Program. September 1998. http://yosemite1.epa.gov/Estar/business.nsf/attachments/wastedi.pdf/$file/wastedi.pdf


economic impacT analysis

Economic Impact Analysis

The city will evaluate the benefit of energy projects or programs by using a combination of Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA), Life Cycle Costing and Social Return on Investment (SROI). The tools are outlined below and may be used together or individually depending on the project or program to help make an informed decision that is both cost effective and connected to the city’s sustainability goals.

Cost-Benefit AnalysisCost-benefit analysis (CBA), sometimes called benefit-cost analysis (BCA), is an economic decision-making approach to analyze the cost effectiveness of different alternatives in order to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs (i.e. whether it is worth intervening at all), and by how much (i.e. which intervention to choose) based on The Return on Investment (ROI). The aim is to gauge the efficiency of the intervention relative to each other and the status quo.

In CBA, benefits and costs are expressed in money terms, and are adjusted for the time value of money, so that all flows of benefits and flows of project costs over time (which tend to occur at different points in time) are expressed on a common basis in terms of their “present value.”

ValuationThe benefit of a government energy project or program are usually financial and are often evaluated in terms of the public’s willingness to pay for them, minus their willingness to pay to avoid any adverse effects. The guiding principle of evaluating benefits is to list all parties affected by an intervention and place a value, usually monetary, on the (positive or negative) effect it has on the citizens welfare as it would be valued by them. Therefore, environmental impact analysis using Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction will be included in the valuation. This analysis will include the entire energy supply chain, not just the local impact.

TimeThere is often no consensus on the appropriate discount rate to use - e.g. whether it should be small (thus putting a similar value on future generations as on ourselves) or larger (e.g. a real interest rate or market rate of return, on the basis that there is a theoretical alternative option of investing the cost in financial markets to get a monetary benefit). The rate chosen usually makes a large difference in the assessment of interventions with long-term effects such as those affecting the environment, and thus is a source of controversy. Therefore, the cost of money rate for energy project evaluations will be the city’s current or forecasted bond rate (if available) plus an adjustment based on the current forecast for long term energy cost.

Risk and uncertaintyRisk associated with the outcome of projects is minimal given the nature of the energy projects or programs. Energy supply and price have been factored into the discount rate.

Life Cycle Cost Analysis Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is an economic methodology for selecting the most cost-effective design alternative over a particular time frame (Appendix E). The methodology is beneficial as it addresses not only typical owner concerns of design effectiveness and construction cost, but also reflects future costs associated with maintenance, operation and replacement. LCCA looks at the value of a building or capital project over time, overcoming “first cost” limitations.

For a long-term building owner like The city of Richmond, future costs are typically much greater than the initial capital costs. Figure 1 illustrates a cost breakdown for a typical building. The graph shows that capital costs can account for less than half of the total building costs to the owner. The remaining costs consist of maintenance and replacement, energy and security. Therefore, it is valuable to take into account future costs as well as present costs when making capital budget decisions.

The methodology can be applied to a wide variety of decisions, including accepting or rejecting options, design and sizing, location, replacement, lease or buy options, system interdependence, budget allocation and priority or ranking methodologies.

LCCA is traditionally used to assess direct costs of a building such as energy costs, building renewal and replacement, and operation & maintenance (O&M) costs. LCCA can also be applied to indirect costs such as staff salaries, staff productivity, lost construction time, fire insurance, lost revenues due to downtime and other costs that are not directly related to the

cost of the building. While these indirect costs are often more difficult to estimate, they are significant and should be considered in the decision-making process.

Figure 2 shows how different building design alternatives are compared using LCCA. The X-axis represents possible configurations with differing O&M costs and differing initial capital costs.

If LCCA is not used, the only consideration for deciding among the alternatives is the initial capital cost. In that case, alternatives with the lowest initial capital cost would be preferred. However, when LCCA is applied to the decision-making process, operating and maintenance costs and long-term savings are also considered. Looking at the total life-cycle cost, the most economic choice is one towards the middle of the chart (i.e. the lowest combined costs for capital and O&M).

Social Return on Investment (SROI) analysisSocial Return on Investment (SROI) is a principles-based method for measuring extra-financial value (i.e., environmental and social value not currently reflected in conventional financial accounts) relative to resources invested. It can be used by any entity to evaluate impact on stakeholders, identify ways to improve performance and enhance the performance of investments.

SROI for the city is mainly used for one of the following two objectives: • What is the (expected) social value of an energy project or program? • Just how big was the environmental impact of the energy decision?

Greenhouse Gas Emissions addition or reduction will be the city’s measure and validation for energy projects and programs. City Policy and Governance will be complimentary and supplementary to the sustainability initiative being implemented for the city of Richmond and will not be included in the SROI analysis.

Reference - King County Washington


eneRgy savings peRfoRmance conTRacTing

Energy Savings Performance Contracting

ENERGY Performance Contracting (EPC) Defined Energy Performance Contracting is an alternative turn-key option for the city who wants to retrofit an existing building and make it more energy efficient. The city can provide the capital to finance the project(s) or the ESPC can provide the capital and include this cost in the total cost of the project. Energy savings pay for the project over a designated period time resulting in the city upgrading its facilities and receiving future energy savings after the project is fully paid.

Time Line on InvestmentManaging expectation along the time line is critical in producing the desired results. Understanding that the cost of energy is going up significantly every year, creates a sense of urgency in getting our building as energy efficient as possible and mitigating some of these future expenses. Graph below provides profile of this process.

Measurement and VerificationMeasurement and verification are critical steps in creating the actual savings to support future investment. When a project scope is identified, then the magnitude of the project will determine the correct measurement and validation method used to properly the results. If the project is a partial retrofit then an isolation measurement and validation methodology would be used to validate the savings. A similar process would be used for a whole facility approach except expending the parameters. Graph below provides a profile of this process.

Facility Operating ProfileThe facility energy operating profile is critical in evaluating areas of improvement for the facility. Every facility has its unique profile and every facility has energy opportunities to be obtained.

The graph below shows an energy profile based on the actual operating characteristics of a building before and after an energy retrofit. A facility that operates only one shift per day has an operating profile different than a two or three shift operation.

Cash FlowCash flow is sometimes more difficult to validate given constantly changing weather conditions impacting the consumption of energy and energy commodity pricing over the investment time line of a project. Therefore, it is critical to set aside energy savings dollars in the initial year of the project to fully pay for the investment. Long term savings will be realized in actual dollars and future avoided expense dollars to pay for the project.

The chart below provides a profile of cash flow with energy cost fixed.

FundingThe chart below outlines the funding profile. The first choice of funding for the city’s capital energy projects are internal through the allocated budget process or bond issue.

PerformancePerformance like cash flow is sometimes more difficult to validate given constantly changing weather conditions impacting the consumption of energy and energy commodity pricing over the investment time line of a project. However, if the Measurement and Validation (M&V) methodology is properly established in the beginning and managed over the project time line, performance can be measured correctly. This allows for the city to collect the guaranteed savings from the ESPC when the project under performs.

Choosing an Energy Service CompanyThe city will follow the Commonwealth of Virginia’s procurement process in selecting the Energy Service Company. The chart below is a similar profile of that process.

Risk TypesThe chart below provides the different risks associated with an ESPC project.

ReferenceDepartment of Energy (DOE) Mid- Atlantic Peer Group - July 2011

Performance Contracting Process Summary

Phase 1 – Preliminary Analysis • Identify project goals, create a list of target buildings for improvement and determine the overall benefit of implementing a performance contract • Identify internally the worst performing buildings within the target building list and select every year 3-5 buildings to retrofit • Interview with facility / agency owners and other stakeholder to compare critical equipment needs of each building selected and determine funding levels • Determine potential energy savings to support the project(s) and set funding objective(s) for the city to fund the Capital cost or a third party

Phase 2 – Detailed Analysis

• Interview and select a vendor through the RFP process using the Commonwealth of Virginia format to perform a comprehensive audit/assessments on the buildings selected • Review internally the audit recommendations and verify savings • Determine final scope of project and pricing • If appropriate, issue a RFP for a performance Contract on the buildings selected based on the Commonwealth of Virginia’s process

Phase 3 – Implementation • Construction, Commissioning and Training

Phase 4 – Performance Period

• Compare pre-retrofit and post retrofit conditions through a pre-established • Measurement and Validation process and then set up designated funds to pay for contract with savings offsetting the expense.


measuRemenT and validaTion

Measurement and Validation

PurposeMeasurement and Validation (M&V) is the process of using measurement to reliably determine actual savings created within an individual facility by an energy management, energy conservation or energy efficiency project or program. As savings cannot be directly measured, the savings can be determined by comparing measured use before and after implementation of a project, making appropriate adjustments for changes in conditions. It aims to provide a basis for demonstrating emission reduction and delivering enhanced environmental quality.

M&V of energy savings, generated through building systems retrofits and upgrades, requires special project planning as well as unique engineering practices. Although several common practices exist for M&V of energy savings, it is not an exact science.

Measurement & Validation OptionsM&V provides four Options for determining savings (A, B, C and D). The choice among the Options involves many considerations. The selection of an MVP Option is the decision of the energy manager for each project. These Options are summarized below:

• Option (A) Retrofit Isolation: Key Parameter Measurement

• Option (B) Retrofit Isolation: All Parameter Measurement

Savings are determined by field measurement of the key performance parameter(s) which define the energy use of the energy conservation measure’s (ECM) affected system(s) and/or the success of the project. Parameters not selected for field measurement are estimated. Estimates can be based on historical data, manufacturer’s specifications, or engineering judgment. Documentation of the source or justification of the estimated parameter is required. Typical applications may include a lighting retrofit, where the power drawn can be monitored and hours of operation can be estimated.

Savings are determined by field measurement of all key performance parameters which define the energy use of the ECM-affected system. Meters used to provide field measurements will be certified for accuracy by an independent certification company. These meters will be installed prior to project, to obtain accurate benchmark data and after project completion to verify the energy savings. Typical applications may include a lighting retrofit where both power drawn and hours of operation are recorded.

• Option (C) Whole Facility Savings are determined by measuring energy use at the whole facility or sub- facility level using EnergyCAP. This approach requires a regression analysis to account for independent variables such as outdoor air temperature, for example.

Typical examples may include measurement of a facility where several ECMs have been implemented, or where the ECM is expected to affect all equipment in a facility.

• Option (D) Calibrated Simulation Savings are determined through simulation of the energy use of the whole facility, or of a sub-facility. Simulation routines are demonstrated to adequately model actual energy performance measured in the facility.

Benchmark DataThe city benchmarking energy data will be provided by Option A, B, and C above. Option D usually requires considerable skill in calibrated simulation and most likely will never be used by the city except under extenuating circumstance.

ReferenceDepartment of Energy (DOE)

appendix a

eneRgycap funcTionaliTy

Energy CAP Functionality

EnergyCAP and their services are used today by many state and municipal governments to meet their energy goals. A few examples of energy graphs are provided with detailed information provided in Appendix A. , including but not limited to the following: • Receive and audit incoming utility bills from external vendors • Automate the collection of energy consumption and billing data • Create chargeback transactions for reimbursable accounts from submeter readings, bill percentage splits and formulas. • Display energy cost and consumption data in over 250 useful charts, graphs and reports • Benchmark and rank data in order to quickly spot anomalies and outliers • Submit buildings to EPAs ENERGY STAR system to receive efficiency ratings • Calculate and report greenhouse gas emissions and green energy credits • Automatically download daily weather data from AccuWeather®; normalize for degree days • Identify areas of potential energy and cost savings • Illustrate and document the energy and cost savings benefits associated with retrofits and other energy conservation efforts undertaken by the city • Prepare cost, usage and unit cost budgets and forecasts • Make reports and other data readily accessible by authorized city personnel

Detailed Description of EnergyCAP® EnterpriseEnergyCAP is the most powerful, flexible and capable energy information system available today. Below is a detailed overview of the functionality in the current versions of the EnergyCAP installed client and web browser client

EnergyCAP can track two types of energy information: (1) billing data and (2) channel data

Billing data is information that comes from utility bills, such as monthly consumption and cost. Sample Monthly Utility Bill

Use the Account and Meter setup wizard to start tracking energy usage and cost.

Once the building and meters are setup using EnergyCAP’s Facility Manager. Use the totally flexible treeview on the left to navigate to any building, meter or organizational level (department, division, region, area, district, zone, campus, etc.). On the right you’ll see EnergyCAP’s exclusive PowerViews. Cost, usage and unit cost charts are instantly and constantly updated.

At the meter level, PowerViews show usage and cost per day and unit cost trends...

Composite Use & Cost per Day and Unit Cost Trend Charts

…, billed demand, load factor…even a ledger of individual bills.

Demand/Load Factor Trends and Complete Bill Ledger

An EnergyCAP innovation is instant Benchmarking! Create a Benchmark group, assign buildings or meters, and you’ll have a variety of instant Benchmark charts that rank by cost per square foot, usage per square foot and more.

Instant User-Defined Benchmarking Charts

Now we’ll jump to the Account Manager and review the bill entry and auditing process.

Bills can be manually keyed or imported via EDI 810 (ANSI x12 electronic bills) or flat file (Excel) format.

View of a Multi-Meter Bill

Any level of bill line items can be tracked, from basic to detailed

A Detailed Monthly Utility Bill

EnergyCAP’s Work Flow Manager gives you control over bill entry options such as batch mode, which lets you key bills into batches and track batch control totals as you go.

Track Batch Control Totals

Work Flow Manager also gives you control over bill approvals, export to accounts payable and general ledger, accruals, bill reversals, charge backs, splits and audits.

The bill auditing system lets you use any of almost fifty audits to look for abnormal values in bills.

Almost Fifty Available Audits

You can attach memos, notes, even bill images, to each bill record.

Store Bill Images

In addition to billing data, EnergyCAP tracks channel data. Channel data is any time-series data such as electric meter interval data, production and weather data. Powerful data analysis functions are included, such as the ability to overlay multiple weeks in order to quickly spot week-to-week variations…

Superimpose Electric Meter Data to Spot Variations

…and chart production efficiency.

Chart of Plant Efficiency, Natural Gas MCF per Ton of Product

Another EnergyCAP exclusive is Cost Avoidance. Cost Avoidance is the measurement and verification of energy savings attributable to energy management activities. Drawing on twenty-five years experience in calculating the cost avoidance for thousands of projects, EnergyCAP uses a linear regression statistical process to make year-to-year weather adjustments…

Linear Regression Model is Created for Each Meter

…break down each bill into daily weather and non-weather components…

Daily Breakdown of Pre-Retrofit Baseline

…chart monthly savings…

Cost Avoidance Chart

… and explain how savings were calculated.

Explanation of Cost Avoidance

EnergyCAP’s extensive menu of 250+ reports continues to grow! Each report has many filtering options…

Report Menu and Filter Options

…and can be previewed, printed, exported to Excel, PDF, HTML and other formats, or automatically e-mailed. Samples of each report are available on our Website.Some other features that add to EnergyCAP’s power and ease-of-use include flexible access control per menu and per organizational level.

Extensive use of rate schedules for bill validation and creation of bills from meter readings, percentage splits or even complex formulas.

Rate Manager

Meter-by-meter and month-by-month budgets

Detailed Month-by-Month Budget vs. Actual

Track Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factors using EPA’s eGrid factors or enter/import factors of your choosing. Track emissions credits that are purchased.

Track all 3 emission scope types and all Greenhouse Gas typesEnergyCAP uses a powerful Microsoft SQL Server 2005/2008 database and can be accessed via LAN, Web or both. With our new EnergyCAP on-line and EnergyCAP desktop versions, there is sure to be a solution that meets your needs and budget!

Powerful new features now available include: • Contracts module to track energy supply procurement • Forecasting and budgeting by consumption units • New browser version using the latest browser technology • Energy consumption and price forecasting added to existing cost budgets

Current EnergyCAP functionality that will be available to the city as included or optional features is summarized below. Additional details can be viewed in the online Help Manual at http://Help.EnergyCAP.com

Bill TrackingTrack any type of utility bill (any commodity, energy or non-energy)Track any level of bill details (taxes, various charges, KW demand)Bill entry screen layout looks like actual billBill entry screen shows past history with tables and graphs“Fat finger” tests to catch obvious keying errors (select bill entry “audits” from a list of 49 available tests)Provisions for complex unbundled/deregulated accounts with multiple vendorsRate schedules can recreate and verify accuracy of bills, wizard to easily create simple to complex rate schedulesBill audits to spot potential problemsUser-defined work flow process for optional supervisor approval of billsBill ‘Batch Entry’ with batch control totalsFlexible interface with A/P systems; use EnergyCAP as a “smart” front-end to the bill payment processScanned image of each bill can be retrieved and viewedImports and charts Interval Data (15-minute ‘raw’ data from large electric meters; data files are imported to EnergyCAP in CSV or other formats)Budgets/Forecasts – Create multiple budgets by cost, blended rate and consumption, print reportsSubmeter Readings – establish reading routes, enter readings manually or via upload of data from metering systems

Simple or complex formulas to split usage and costs in shared facilities using Virtual Meters: example: Split electric bill to two agencies 60%-40%

Assign costs to submeters and virtual meters via rate schedulesTenant and customer/reimbursable account billing using rate schedulesEDI 810 bill entry – Electronic Data Interchange formats accepted as well as CSV flat file for bill import Accrual functions for month and year-end accounting needsOrganizational StructureTotal flexibility for regions, departments, divisions, units, sites, etc. No limits on levels or complexityUnlimited number of buildings, meters, accounts, vendors“Treeview” interface to easily navigate within organizationUser-defined fields for building, meter, account, vendor data can link to external URLs Unlimited number of user-defined “groups” of meters or buildings for reportingData importer allows new user to easily lay out entire structure (accounts, meters, buildings, etc) in Excel and import to EnergyCAP.Security & AccessLogin requires user name and strong passwordVariable levels of user access (view only, view & edit, etc)User access can be limited to specific buildings, depts., etcNo limit on number of usersActive Directory capableReportsPowerViews™ – Exclusive EnergyCAP feature! Instant charts, continuously updated, of cost, use, unit cost and current year vs. last yearOver 250 available reports, charts and graphsReports use Crystal Reports engineCrystal Reports, Access or Excel can be used to design new reportsReport settings can be saved as FavoritesMany reports can be packaged into batches; one click runs many reportsFlexible options for filtering report dataReports can be exported to many file formatsReports can be directly emailed (no prior export required)Special export formats designed specifically for Excel

Auto-Groups give you instant benchmark charts and rankings by unit cost, cost/sq ft and more. Groups are automatically maintained. Benchmarks are the #1 way to spot outliers and problems.

Deployment and DevelopmentLAN client-server version using Microsoft SQL Server 2000, 2005 or laterWeb-based with browser client Web-based with ‘rich’ Windows client (port 80, no ODBC)Company track record in upgrading this software - At least one major software upgrade released per year for the last six yearsSpecialty FeaturesWeather normalization using tried and true degree day statistical techniques first pioneered by the EnergyCAP development team in 1983. Cost Avoidance – Measurement & verification of savings in accordance with IPMVP, U.S. Dept of Energy, and industry standards. Loadshape manager creates normalized load profiles – benefits electric procurement process, helps ensure the best possible quotes/bidsRate/Tariff analysis compares your rates with alternativesProduction tracking – occupancy, production, etcElectric interval data features - import via CSV or MV-90 format, charting, analysis, application of rate schedule to range of datesIssue Tracking feature to easily track savings opportunities and problems; assign to any user, track status, email to building managers.Greenhouse Gas emissions & Green Energy credits tracking & reporting; ability to import or create own emission factors.ENERGY STAR benchmarking interface stores and distributes building attribute data to ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager and receives energy efficiency ratings back. Energy supply contract tracking and administrationEmail report publisher automatically distributes reports to lists of recipients per your schedules and filter options.

Reporting FeaturesReporting Features are specific for system functionality requirements. Following is each of those requirements:

A. Energy Management Features

1. Comprehensive Utility Bill Tracking – The software needs to be able to track any commodity at any level and type of bill detail. Must include:

FEATURE COMMENTa) Work flow manager to track batches, bills with audit-identified problems, bill for A/P export, bill on export hold

Meets Requirement

b) Link to scanned bill images Meets Requirementc) Memo and messaging system Meets Requirementd) Two separate tree view systems for easy navigation – one for cost centers and accounts and one for departments, buildings and meters

Meets Requirement

e) Ability to track deregulated bills Meets Requirementf) Bill entry using the convenient “Enter” key on the numeric pad as opposed to using the “Tab” key

Meets Requirement

g) Ability to create and maintain any number of user-defined fields for accounts, meters, buildings and vendors

Meets Requirement

2. Rate Tariff Analysis

FEATURE COMMENTa) Must be able to create and maintain simple or complex rates to be used in a rate engine to verify billing or run alternative rate analysis.

Meets Requirement

b) The rate engine needs to be able to use either historical bill data or interval data as the data source.

Meets Requirement

3. Comprehensive Utility Bill Tracking – Needs to contain a library of audits that check bills for various problems listed:

FEATURE COMMENTa) Excessively high or low usage, unit cost, demand

Meets Requirement

b) Duplicate bills Meets Requirementc) Abnormal dates and monthly days in the billing period (i.e., 22, 29, 35 days)

Meets Requirement

d) Missing bills Meets Requiremente) Need to allow for a flag indicating estimated bills and accounts that systematically get “ratcheted”

Meets Requirement

f) Load factors less than 5% or above 100%

Meets Requirement

g) City-definable sensitivity settings Meets Requirementh) User-definable audit groups Meets Requirement

4. Budgets

FEATURE COMMENTa) Use historical cost data to create any number of budgets and budget scenarios (what-ifs) on a detailed meter-by-meter level, month-by-month basis for individual buildings, departmental and city-wide levels

Meets Requirement

b) Budget vs. actual charts and reports indicating surplus/deficit for each level

Meets Requirement

5. Auto-Updated Charts

FEATURE COMMENTa) Usage, cost, demand and unit cost trend charts are automatically displayed and constantly updated in the user interface without the need to execute a report

Meets Requirement

6. Benchmarking Charts

FEATURE COMMENTa) Ability to create any number of building and meter “peer groups” and instantly rank the buildings by cost/sq ft, peak watts/sq ft, MMbtu/sq ft, and cost per person occupying the building

EnergyCAP provides the ability to rank buildings by cost/sq ft, use/sq ft, demand/sq ft, total cost, and total use. There is a report that displays cost per occupant.

b) Rank meters by usage, cost per day, unit cost and cost per person

EnergyCAP provides the ability to rank meters by total cost, unit cost, total use, unit cost by cost, unit cost by use and demand. There is a report that displays cost per occupant.

c) Indicate the group average and instantly highlight abnormal meters, buildings and bills

Meets Requirement

7. Reports and Graphs

FEATURE COMMENTa) Create reports and graphs in these categories: billing analysis, energy analysis, including ability to combine multiple energy sources into MMbtu/sq ft reporting, weather, year-to-date invoices, cost avoidance by project and project summary, budget, channel, setup

EnergyCAP’s reports are organized into the following categories: Analysis, Setup, Billing, Budget, Channel, Year-to-Year, Invoice, Cost Avoidance, Weather and Greenhouse Gas. Cost Avoidance calculations take place at the meter level and can be reported on at the meter or building level or on a commodity basis.

b) Run cumulative reports by building, department, or city-wide showing one year or multiple years of savings

Meets Requirement

8. Weather Data Tracking

FEATURE COMMENTa) Capable of creating degree day reports and graphs based on AccuWeather imports from Richmond International Airport

Meets Requirement

b) Overlay weather information into the billing analysis for summer/winter sensitivity analysis

Meets Requirement

c) Track weather data on a mean daily temperature basis and calculate degree days for any user-defined summer and winter balance point temperatures, allowing for dead bands

Meets Requirement

9. Interval Data Analysis – Can be purchased

FEATURE COMMENTa) Track electric meter interval data through a third-party data acquisition system; chart, audit

Meets Requirement

b) Aggregate and analyze kWh, KW, KVAR, power factor, current voltage, etc.

Meets Requirement

c) Interval data tracking to be integrated into the same application as the bill tracking and allow reconciliation of usage from bills by calculating the usage from the interval data

Meets Requirement; there is a standard bill reconciliation report.

10. Standby Generator Tracking Can be Purchased

FEATURE COMMENTa) Track generators by building, department and have the ability to aggregate all generators

Meets Requirement. Generator will be created as a commodity and then can be reported on like all other commodities.

b) Track size, fuel capacity, connected load, year installed, percent capacity of building served by the generator, and any air quality/noise restrictions

Meets Requirement. Through the use of User Defined Fields (UDF) any attribute can be tracked and assigned to a meter, account and/or building.

c) Track generator operating hours, contract demand requirements, payments received for demand-side initiatives

Meets Requirement. Using UDFs, Contract Tracker, and standard bill tracking to track payments.

11. Split Bills

FEATURE COMMENTa) Automatically split bills by percentages for shared facilities on multiple funding centers

Meets Requirement

b) Percentage split formulas to be date-stamped for audit purposes

Meets Requirement

12. Accruals – Can be Purchased

FEATURE COMMENTa) Create estimated bills (accruals) based on actual historic bills to complete period reports

Meets Requirement

NOTE: The accruals functionality as described in the RFP, is provided in EnergyCAP through the optional Accruals Module. As an option to the actual creation of estimated bills, EnergyCAP provides an Estimate Accruals By Commodity report that is available to all licensees at no additional charge. The city stated in Addendum No. 1 that the “accrual report will suffice to meet this requirement.” Therefore, in the Price Proposal the Accruals Module is listed as an optional product.

b) Accrued bills can be exported to G/L and then reversed after closeout or when the actual bill is received

Meets Requirement

13. Sub-Meter Readings – Can be Purchased

FEATURE COMMENTa) Import submeter readings to create bill/chargebacks to other entities using a facility

Meets Requirement

14. Cost Avoidance

FEATURE COMMENTa) Track and calculate cost avoidance (dollar savings) on energy management maintenance projects and major energy retrofits using a pre-retrofit ‘baseline’ year

Meets Requirement

b) Automatically adjust for billing period length, weather, energy unit price, and other variables in accordance with the USDOE “whole building method” of energy savings measurement and verification

Meets Requirement

c) Weather adjustment methodology needs to match each bill’s start/end dates with the daily degree days from the date range

Meets Requirement

d) Perform linear regression to determine the weather sensitivity

Meets Requirement

e) Allow user-defined special adjustments Meets Requirement

15. Meter Tracking

FEATURE COMMENTa) Track energy consumption on up to 500 meters simultaneously

Meets Requirements

16. ENERGY STAR Benchmarking Interface

FEATURE COMMENTa) Provide an interface for buildings to be ranked against their peer group and provide energy efficiency rating

Meets Requirement

b) Configure buildings for the ENERGY STAR interface by automatically collecting the points from fields in the tracking system

Meets Requirement

c) Ability to manually enter required building attributes

Meets Requirement

d) Submit data and return rating results automatically

Meets Requirement

17. Command Line Task Executables

FEATURE COMMENTa) Ability to run reports, audits, import and export tasks from command-line task applets that can be executed after-hours as scheduled tasks

Meets Requirement

B. Sustainability Features

1. Comprehensive Sustainability Tracking & Reporting on Greenhouse Gas – Software needs to have the ability to import data from the energy management section to track any Greenhouse Gas project to include the following:

FEATURE COMMENTa) By account number, address, avoided cost data, meter, bills

EnergyCAP summarizes and reports greenhouse gases at any organizational level, including meter, building, department or city-wide.

b) Track projects from the beginning to implementation, allowing for project management timelines to be added to these projects

Does Not Meet Requirement

c) Provide summary of greenhouse gases on individual projects or by department or by overall city-wide summary. Including a cumulative summary by building, department or city-wide. The software needs to provide report summary for up to and including one year and multiple years.

EnergyCAP summarizes and reports greenhouse gases at any organizational level, including meter, building, department or city-wide. Project-specific summarization and reporting are not provided by EnergyCAP.

d) Provide manual input to estimate emission from indirect use

Meets Requirement

e) Ability to benchmark and forecast greenhouse gas emissions

Does Not Meet Requirement

f) Software needs to be flexible in reporting any type of greenhouse emissions, like solid waste.

Meets Requirement

Data Entry (Electronic) ECI will electronically manipulate and enter whatever data is available in electronic format, such as facilities data provided by the city databases and vendor files of historical bills.

Data Entry (Manual) ECI will manually enter setup data – organizational hierarchies, user records, rate schedules, specialty items (interval data meters, submeters), and accounts/meters – that is not available electronically. The city will be responsible for manually entering historical billing data that is not available electronically.

Data Interfaces ECI will develop data interfaces to all metering systems, to the city’s accounting system, and for ongoing bill upload from city vendors.

Training ECI will provide training as outlined herein.Technical Support ECI will provide ongoing technical support

and software upgrades.

appendix b faciliTy assessmenT RepoRT

Online Facility Assessment Wizard Custom Report Provided by Dominion Virginia Power

Provided below are general benchmarking statistics on energy use within the School’s Industry and a set of recommendations tailored specifically to address your facility’s needs, challenges and opportunities. The following graphs represent the average annual energy consumption by End Use for the Schools Industry. They can be used to analyze your own energy consumption and identify areas where your facility may be inefficient or operating above average in energy consumption.

Total Electric Intensity (kWh/sqft, annual basis): 09.00Average Electric Consumption (kWh): 414,000Average Enclosed Floor space (sqft): 46,000

Total Gas Intensity (kBtu/sqft, annual basis): 46.10Average Gas Consumption (kBtu): 2,120,600Average Encloses Floor space (sqft): 46,000

Recommendations Based On Your Responses

Below are specific energy efficiency, management and delivery recommendations based on the responses you provided throughout the wizard. Links to more detailed and supporting information are provided for many of these recommendations.

Heating General Recommendations • Smart thermostat controls to operate the HVAC system according to occupancy schedules and nighttime temperature setbacks. • Determine the building’s heating lad and rightsize the heating system’s capacity accordingly. • Boiler Maintenance and Upgrades • Temperature and pressure reset controls minimize fuel waste by matching the supply of team with the demand for heat instead of supplying steam at a higher pressure than is needed. “Getting Steamed About Boiler Operating Costs? Follow these Energy Savings Ideas” • A boiler economizer can capture waste heat in the exhaust flue gases and use it to preheat the boiler feed water. “Heat Recovering Economizers - Beyond Large Boiler Applications”

Cooling General Recommendations • Raise the indoor thermostat temperature setting through proper humidity control. • Studies show that in the Summer, operation at 78˚F/30% RH provides the same level of occupant comfort as doe’s 74˚F/70%RH. “Energy Efficient Air Conditioning Tips for Businesses” • Use temperature and time controls, incorporating standard programmable thermostats or digital controls, to lower energy costs. “New Technology Makes Energy Management Easier and More Affordable” • Use airdoors, airlocks and air curtains to minimize the negative impact of door openings on cooling loads. “Justifying Air Doors/ Air Curtains: Invisible Barriers to Cold and Heat “ • Consider window replacements, window coverings and window films to lower solar heat gain. “Selecting High Performance Windows“Chillers • Reduce the condenser water (cooling tower) temperature set-point to improve efficiency at partial load. Check with the manufacturer to make sure that the chiller can operate properly at a lower temperature. • Replace oversized water impellers, pumps, and motors with right-sized pumps and smaller, energy efficient motors. Trim the pump impeller rather than using a balancing valve to reduce flow in constant pump speed applications. Pump power can be reduced significantly.

“The Basics of Cooling Towers” • Use two-speed fan motors for cooling towers in combination with fan cycling to provide an improvement in control and efficiency over fan cycling alone.

“Optimizing Pumps and Pump Systems” • Chillers over 10 years old are good candidates for replacement because there may be refrigerant replacement issues to address, and the newer models are significantly more efficient. The most efficient chillers currently available operate at efficiencies of 0.50 kilowatts per ton (kW/ton), a savings of 0.15 to 0.30 kW/ton over most existing installed equipment.

“The Basic of Cooling Towers” • Convert single-loop chilled water and condenser water flow configurations to primary-secondary loop configurations. Replace three-way valves with two- way valves on cooling coils and implement variable flow control on the chilled water loop.

“Considerations for Improving Chiller Efficiency”

• Chiller operating costs are a significant expense for schools. Depending on the age and efficiency of the equipment, chiller upgrades can provide reasonable payback periods.

“Chiller Applications in Schools: Case Studies” • Chilled-water storage tanks (typically >500,000 gallons) that are cooled during off- peak hours are economically attractive in larger buildings.

“Keeping it Cool with Thermal Energy Storage”

Heat Pumps • Geothermal heat pumps can utilize the cooling capacity of 50˚F to 55˚F water. “Geothermal Heat Pump Primer” • Some models of heat pumps can be equipped with variable-speed or dual-speed indoor fans (blowers), outdoor fans, or both, to keep the air moving at a comfortable velocity, minimizing cool drafts and maximizing electrical savings. “Taking the Mystery Out of Industrial Heat Pumps” • Many high-efficiency heat pumps can be equipped with another energy-saving feature known as a “desuperheater.” In the heat pump’s cooling mode, the unit recycles some of the waste heat from the facility to generate hot water. A desuperheater-equipped heat pump can heat water 2 to 3 times more efficiently than an ordinary electric water heater.

Packaged/Unitary • Desiccant dehumidification systems can be added to lower the humidity of the incoming outside air.

“The Benefits of Desiccants” • Install an air conditioning economizer to bring in outside air when it is cool.

“Basics of HVAC Economizers”

Lighting General Recommendations • Replace existing T12 fluorescent lamps with T8 fluorescent lamps. The T8 lamp is more efficient-meaning it produces the same amount of lumens as a T12 but uses less power to do so. Another benefit of switching to the T8 is that it appears brighter due to the fact that it has a higher “surface brightness” and a higher color-rendering index (CRI) than the T12. This can provide even more savings because it may be possible to reduce the number of lamps. “Make the Right Choice for Your Lighting Application”

• Replace all old magnetic ballasts with electronic ballasts. In accordance with the new Federal Fluorescent Ballast Rule that went into effect in 2005, magnetic ballasts used in luminaries may no longer be manufactured or sold for all but a few specific T12 lamp applications.

“Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Final Rule” • Replace low-pressure sodium lights in parking lots and stadiums with low wattage HID metal halide lamps using fixtures that direct light down. Metal halide lamps produce light closer to the blue end of the spectrum, which appears brighter to people and makes it easier for them to see objects. A brighter light in turn reduces the number of lamps necessary even when using low wattage lamps.

“Lighting Ideas for Small Businesses” • Install a centralized control system to monitor and control lighting across the campus. By programming lighting on a timer, lights will automatically turn off when not in sue. Schools have very patterned hours of operation and by programming lighting on a timer, lights will automatically turn off when not in use.

“Electronic Programmable Time Controls” • When replacing exit signs, use light emitting diodes (LED). Light emitting diodes are quickly becoming the standard in exit sign lighting due to their high efficiency and long life (20-25 years).

“Energy Efficient Exit Lighting”Ventilation General Recommendations • Control of pollutants at the source is the most effective strategy for maintaining clean indoor air. Control or mitigation of all sources, however, is not always possible or practical. Ventilation, either natural or mechanical, is the next most effective approach to providing acceptable indoor air. “Improving the Air Quality Within Your Facility” • Proper code clearance requires that outside air intakes maintain a fixed distance from adjacent buildings, operable windows, building edges, exhaust airstreams, and sanitary waste vents. This is to prevent short-circuiting of foul air back into the building ventilation systems or contaminating adjacent building air intakes. • The rooftop geometry (layout) must be reviewed to ensure that parapets, roof, screens, or equipment do not inadvertently create negative air pockets and provide short-circuiting of bad air back into the building. • The goal in air balancing is to maintain a positive overall building pressure to prevent uncontrolled infiltration from entering the building. All outside air used for A/C, ventilation, or make-up air must be processed through mechanical systems that can filter and condition the air as required for the various application. Code standards must be met for the various airstreams and to satisfy the air balance needed to maintain a positive building pressure. “Improving the Air Quality Within Your Facility”

• ASHRAE recommends no more than 700 ppm carbon dioxide (CO2) above outdoor air levels, which typically range between 3--0500 ppm. Use demand controlled ventilation systems sensibly, with appropriate CO2 monitoring device and procedures. “Demand Controlled Ventilation: A Balancing Act” • ASHRAE recommendations are voluntary standards that only become enforceable when a state or locality adopts their standards in their building codes. “Ventilation and Air Quality in Commercial Buildings” • Failure to maintain proper temperature, humidity, and air movement in a building can lead occupants to block supply registers if they emit air that is uncomfortably hot or cold; this disrupts air flow patterns. Placement of partitions or other barriers within a space can also impair air movement. • Air balance calculations require complex analysis of air intake and exhaust systems. Note that any HVAC equipment changes will impact the air balance within a given facility. Be sure to consult with a design engineer. “Ventilation and Air Quality in Commercial Buildings” • Air filters have a design pressure loss designed into the HVAC system. The disposable filters should be regularly changed to ensure that they are operating within the design specifications. Clogged filters will slow down airflow, lowering cfm of airflow and reducing indoor air quality. Energy costs go up, as well as personnel discomfort levels. • Indoor humidity levels of 70% and higher, combined with temperatures above 70˚F, provide an ideal environment for the growth of mold. Every effort should be made to eliminate or reduce the risk of toxic mold conditions. “Moisture, Mold, and Mildew Control in Buildings” • Exterior corners are common locations for mold and mildew growth in heating climates, and in poorly insulated buildings in cooling climates. Buildings with forced air heating systems and/or room ceiling fans tend to have fewer mold and mildew problems than buildings with less air movement, other factors being equal. “Lighting Terminology: All You Ever Needed To Know” • Be sure to be in compliance with local building codes. In addition, guidelines from the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and the American Institute of Architects (AIA) are recommended for building design and new construction. • Indoor air pollution is caused by an accumulation of contaminants that come primarily from inside the building, although some originate outdoors. These pollutants may be generated by a specific, limited source or several sources over a wide area, and may be generated periodically or continuously.

• Common sources of indoor air pollution include tobacco smoke, biological organisms, building materials and furnishings, cleaning agents, copy machines, and pesticides. “Indoor Air Facts: Sick Building Syndrome”Water Heating General Recommendations • Install low-flow shower heads and aerated faucets to reduce the amount of hot water used during showers and washing hands or instruments. Aerated faucets mix air and water using a screen to limit the amount of water flow and improve water pressure. “Using Less Water: Ideas that Reduce Total Operating Costs” • Investigate the possibility of a heat pump water heater. Heat pump water heaters work the same as a regular heat pump except that they extract heat from the ground or air and deliver it to water. Typically, a heat pump water heater can deliver about twice the heat for the same electricity cost as electric resistance water heaters. “Get Yourself Into Hot Water: Selecting the Right Water Heater” • Explore solar water heaters. School roofs are usually a very good place to install solar collectors. A solar water heater can supplement traditional hot water systems, especially in warm, sunny, climates. • Turn down water heaters over the weekend and when school is out of session. “Conserving Water Helps Reduce Fuel Costs” Refrigeration General Recommendations • Be sure that refrigerant is properly charged. Undercharged and overcharged systems experience excessive compressor and fan motor cycling with little impact on ambient temperature. “Chiller Maintenance Ideas That Reduce Costs and Downtime” • Upgrade refrigerator appliances- Newer refrigerators are equipped with better insulation, improved heat transfer surfaces, more efficient compressors, and more precise temperature and defrost mechanisms. These new modifications reduce compressor run time, which in turn eliminates any excess heat caused by running the compressor. “Refrigerator Energy Use” • Maintain the refrigeration system per manufacturer recommendations. At a minimum, keep the fan vent, coils and any filters clean and clear of dust. These can overburden the compressor and fans, in addition to raising the electricity bills. “Chiller Maintenance Ideas That Reduce Costs and Downtime”

• Refrigeration control systems can reduce peak demand by shifting compressor, motor and fan operation away from peak periods. The amount of demand reduction can be 5 to 15%, depending on the specific load requirements of the refrigeration system. “Refrigeration Control Systems Save Energy & Increase Equipment Life” • Upgrade to high efficiency compressors. Also, a distributed compressor refrigeration system may be more efficient than a central compressor system because it can more closely match each refrigerated load requirement where there are multiple loads, and can also lower line pressure drop by eliminating long lengths of piping. “Frequently Asked Questions on Refrigeration & Chillers” • Waste heat recovery is becoming more common in refrigeration systems. This heat can be used to preheat water for hot water or space heating applications. Overview of Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers • Where appropriate, use “floating” head instead of “fixed” head pressure control. • The concept of floating simply means allowing the compressor head pressure to vary with outdoor conditions. The compressor has to do less work at lower head pressures. This control method reduces refrigerator compression ratios, improves system efficiency, and helps extend the life of the compressor. • Convert single-loop chilled water and condenser water flow configurations to primary-secondary loop configurations. The use of multiple secondary fluid loops with temperatures more closely matching the refrigerated load temperature requirements can improved energy efficiency because it raises the effective average evaporator temperature of the system. • Most refrigeration systems have heaters that control condensation. It is typically the case that these heaters operate at full power all the time. Control systems with humidity sensors can be used to better match condensation load with heater use. “Technology Options for Energy Savings in Commercial HVAC Systems”

Office Equipment General Recommendations • Consider upgrades. Newer computers are more energy efficient. A 17” LCD monitor consumes less than half the energy of a 17” CRT monitor. Laptops use 1/4 the energy use compared to a desktop PC. “Saving Energy on Computer & Office Equipment” • Turn off screen savers. While these programs do help with burn damage to monitors, they actually waste power keeping your computer active. “Efficient Office Equipment for Your Energy Dollar”

• Look at both the sleep (or standby) energy use and compare to the actual energy use while the equipment is operating. “Saving Energy on Computer & Office Equipment” • Even for office equipment with a low-power sleep mode, you can save more energy if you manually shut them off completely at night and on weekends. A typical desktop PC can save about $100 annually if shut down at night and on weekends. “Efficient Office Equipment for Your Energy Dollar” • Networked systems that allow several nearby users to share a single (faster) printer generally save time, cost, and energy compared with each computer having a dedicated printer. “Saving Energy on Computer & Office Equipment” • Do your copying in batches and with the duplex setting where possible to spend less time in the active mode. “Do You Have Energy Hogs in the Office?” • Plug-in timers automatically turn equipment off at the power sources at certain times of day, and are especially useful for copiers and printers. For copiers, be sure to check with the equipment supplier to find out if the copier needs to remain on continuously. “New Technology Makes Energy Management Easier and More Affordable” • Power-saver features need to be set up by the user on many products. Check the setup when new equipment is installed and then periodically to ensure that the power-saver functions are still working. “Efficient Office Equipment for Your Energy Dollar” Miscellaneous Motors • When loads vary, variable speed drives or two-speed motors can reduce electrical energy consumption in escalators, elevators, pumps, fans, and other application- sometimes by 50% or more. “Reducing Energy Costs with Variable Frequency Drive Motors” • Water pumping (e.g. for wastewater facilities, pipeline operations, hospitals). Instead of trying to pump all of a material in a short period of time with a high horsepower pump - use a smaller pump and accomplish the task over longer time periods. “Case Studies - Pump System Efficiency Projects” Warehouse Space • Use slower charging battery chargers for forklifts. Many battery chargers will charge a battery in a short time period. Most applications do not require a “fast- charge.” If so, ensure that the charging takes places over an entire shift (or two shifts) so as to spread the load. “An Introduction to Lift Trucks”

Energy Management General Recommendations •An Energy Management System (EMS) can be utilized to ensure that certain equipment at the facility will not peak and/or operate at the same time as other equipment. “Energy Management Systems: An Introduction” • Understanding current and past energy use is essential to the success of the EMS. “Energy Accounting: A Critical Part of Energy Management” • An EMS is typically applied to the largest electrical loads, including HVAC equipment, cooling towers, pumps, water heaters, and lighting. “Determining Electricity Use Within a Facility” • An EMS can perform various functions, from a simple single-point control to multifunction systems with complex decision logic. Be sure that the EMS is sized to fit the application and is capable of communicating with the targeted energy end use functions. “Case Studies in Energy Management” • Setting clear and measurable goals is critical for understanding intended results, developing effective strategies, and achieving energy reductions. Well-stated goals guide daily decision-making and are the basis for tracking and measuring progress. “Senior Management Support for Energy Management” • The electronic controls can be prone to problems with electrical power quality, including surges, spikes, brownouts, and outages. Putting this equipment on circuits with surge suppression or uninterruptible power supply (UPS) may be advisable. “Wading Through Power Quality Issues” • Sensors should be checked and calibrated on a regular maintenance schedule. Failed sensors and false readings can waste a considerable amount of energy. “Electronic Programmable Time Controls” • Wireless controls that communicate via radio waves rather than wires are increasingly becoming available to monitor and control many aspects of and EMS through the use of sensors, actuators, and controllers.

Make the Right Choice for Your Lighting Application Key Points • High output (HO) fluorescent lamps can now effectively compete against high intensity discharge (HID) lighting. • The T5 uses a miniature bi-pin connector, necessitating new fixtures and ballasts for any retrofit. • Metal halide (MH) lamps offer much higher efficiency than mercury vapor lamps. Many factors affect lighting choices. The following scenarios are provided to serve only as guidelines in evaluating these choices - a comprehensive comparison is beyond the scope of this analysis.

Fluorescent Versus High Intensity Discharge (HID) - High Bay Applications • Historically, HID lights such as metal halide and high-pressure sodium have dominated indoor high bay applications. These lights require fewer fixtures for an equivalent lumen output than fluorescents, thereby lowering capital and installation costs. However, the development of high output (HO) luorescent lamps have raised the ceiling height level at which fluorescents can effectively compete against HID lighting. There are now many commercial and industrial fluorescent applications at the 20 to 25 foot ceiling level, and in some cases even higher.

Key factors for consideration include the following: • Evaluate initial lumen output, as well as lumen degradation. HID lights typically lose 35-40% of their lumen output, while fluorescent lights may lose 15-20%. Over the full service life, a fluorescent light of equivalent initial lumen output will deliver considerably more lumens than a comparable HID light. • HID lights are a more concentrated light source than fluorescent, with fewer fixtures and lamps required to yield similar lumen output. Lighting preferences vary by individual and by application, so there are typically no absolute answers. • Fluorescent lights have more effective dimming capability. Most HID lights do not yield much energy savings when dimmed. • Fluorescent lights can be used with occupancy sensors. HID lights with re-strike times of 5 to 10 minutes are not effective with occupancy sensors. • Fluorescent lights have better color rendition, with CRI ratings in the 80 to 90 range, compared to 60 to 65 for the better higher temperatures (peak light output at 95˚F).

T5HOWith up to twice the lumen output of standard T5’s, this High Output fluorescent is about 10-15% less efficacious than the standard T5. The T5HO is also most efficient when the lamp temperature is hotter (95˚F), so it may not operate as efficiently in open luminaries if the tube temperature falls below 95˚F. It can be found in ceiling heights in excess of 15 ft. Metal Halide Versus Other HID and Fluorescents Metal halide (MH) lamps offer much higher efficiency than mercury vapor lamps and better light quality than either mercury or sodium lamps. Compared to fluorescent, a metal halide application would require fewer fixtures, perhaps lessening capital cost expenditures. Metal halide arc tubes are either ceramic or quarts. Advantages: • White lights than the yellowish hues of sodium lamps. • Fewer fixtures than fluorescent systems for similar lumen output. • The efficiency of identical metal halide lamps can be improved by 20% in some cases by specifying pulse start (only recently available above 150 watts) in place of probe starts ballasts. Pulse start can also increase lamp life by up to 50%, in addition to providing better color capability, faster warm-up, and faster re-strike capability. • Ceramic metal halides (only available for 150 watts and below) have greatly improved color capability, making them good competitors to halogen incandescent lamps for retail applications like spot and track lighting. Limitations: • Not as efficient as sodium lamps (both HPS and LPS). • Electronic ballasts are relatively new for HID, so proceed with caution, particularly above 150 watts. • Sometimes shift color erratically, compared to fluorescent and other HID lamps. • Can take up to five minutes to start and up to 20 minutes to restart after loss of power. • Can only be dimmed to about 50% of full output (and generally have minimal energy savings when dimmed). • Fluorescent color rendering capability is higher than metal halide.

Reference:Dominion Virginia Power – Energy Advisor

appendix c

exisTing condiTions

lighTing suRvey

Existing Conditions assessment worksheet

For each lighting location, use the following information to guide answers to the questions below. Not every topic will be relevant to every location.

Location of lights______________ Number of fixtures_______________

Type of fixture ______________ Spacing between fixtures__________

Type of lamp in fixture__________ Number of lamps per fixture_________

Watts per fixture______________ Type of ballast__________________

Number of lamps per ballast_____ Watts per ballast_________________

Desired light level (Task Based) _____ Fixture condition_________________

Fixture mounting height____________ Availability of daylight____________

Operating hours per week of the fixture___ Weeks per year the fixture is in use__

Presence of reflectance in room_________ Layout and dimensions of room_____

Structural obstructions (partitions)_______ Maintenance schedule ____________

Safety and security measures required _____ Conditioned Space ______________

Presence of automatic timers___________ Electricity cost per kWh __________

Electricity demand charges_____________ Fixture condition _______________

Fixture mounting height _______________ Availability of daylight ___________

appendix d

example lighTing audiT

Example Lighting Audit

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Proposal Pricing is effective 60 days from date of proposal.

WHAT ARE THE PROJECT OBJECTIVES? Lighting Improvement and Energy Cost Reduction

WHAT ARE THE PROPOSED MODIFICATIONS? As Outlined in Attached Specifications

WHAT ARE THE FINANCIAL BENEFITS? As Outlined Below

Project Cost * $38,956

Net Cost after Rebate $38, 956

Total Annual Energy Savings $9,573

Percentage of Lighting Energy Saved 44.1%

Projected Annual Maintenance Savings 3,120

Payback in Years 3.2

Ten Year Net Cash Flow * * $95,132

Exisitng Fixtures and Lamps

Proposed Fixtures and Lamps

roadmap to well-managed energy · • track monthly our performance in key focus areas • provide...

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