road to the mcat

University of Dayton

OFFICE OF PREMEDICAL PROGRAMS

ROADMAP TO THE MCATTracking MCAT content in your natural and behavioral science courses.

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MCAT Mapping

Introduction: One of the main criteria for selection of students to medical school is their performance on the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). In 2015, the MCAT will change significantly, for the first time since 1991. The modifications reflect changes in both health care and an ever-‐evolving body of medical knowledge. MCAT 2015 will include a new section focusing on the psychological, social and biological foundations of behavior. The exam will test ways these areas influence various factors such as perception, reactions and behavior, as well as psychological, social and cultural differences that influence well-‐being. The MCAT also includes a critical analysis and reasoning skills section, which will test students’ ability to analyze, evaluate and apply information. Finally, two natural science sections will test concepts typically taught in introductory biology, general and organic chemistry, biochemistry and physics. Recently the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) released two documents to help institutions plan for these changes and develop course content which reflects the identified content areas of the new MCAT. The Preview Guide for MCAT 2015 provides a blueprint for the exam in that it describes the exam’s content and format and discusses the exam’s conceptual framework. The “Course-‐Mapping Tool” provides the MCAT content and skills contained in an Excel spreadsheet so that specific topics and subtopics can be identified as being covered or not covered in specific courses. The Office of Premedical Programs has recently completed a course-‐mapping project in which content areas from MCAT 2015 were identified as being covered in specific University of Dayton courses. The following documents were developed as a result of this project involving faculty from the Departments of Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Psychology, and Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work. These faculty members were provided the MCAT course-‐mapping tool and were asked to identify within their courses where specific MCAT content areas are covered. The results of these analyses were compiled by the Office of Premedical Programs. Specifically, the following MCAT sections were included in this course-‐mapping project:

• Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems. • Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems. • Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior.

The fourth section of the MCAT is titled Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills (CARS). It includes passages and questions to test the student’s ability to comprehend. Passages are excerpted from authentic materials found in a variety of books, journals and magazines, often from disciplines in the social sciences and humanities. The CARS section is NOT included in this

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course mapping since it tests comprehension and not knowledge typically covered in a specific course. The first document, titled “Course Listing with Associated Topics,” (page 4) lists courses from the natural and behavioral science departments along with identified MCAT content areas covered in each of these classes. It is expected that this document will be helpful to students and faculty. Students will be able to track and archive materials relevant to the MCAT as they complete these courses. They can also go back over course materials later and pull and archive these portions of the courses. Clearly, these materials will later be helpful for students as they organize and plan their study schedule for the exam. Faculty may find it useful to use this document to identify areas of focus in their courses and identify to students that these areas are typically included in the MCAT. Faculty often look for MCAT content areas to include in their exams as well. The second document is titled “Topic List with Associated Courses”(page 136). It provides a comprehensive listing of all of the content categories in the three identified sections of the MCAT. For each content category, specific courses are listed that include one or more topics or subtopics in that content category. The degree to which a specific topic is covered in a particular course will vary greatly and it is important that the reader look at the more detailed description of content in any given course in the main “Course Listing with Associated Topics” section. This compilation is not intended to be the sole resource for preparation for the MCAT. Instead it is intended as a useful tool to assist in organizing and archiving MCAT-‐related course materials and to help students begin their MCAT study as they are introduced to relevant materials, building a personal portfolio of these materials throughout their undergraduate studies.

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Topic List with Associated Courses This document is a list of the main University of Dayton courses from the natural and behavioral sciences that include content from the MCAT 2015 exam. For each identified course, there is a list of topics typically covered in that course. Table of Contents Page BIOLOGY 5 CHEMISTRY 68 PHYSICS 97 PSYCHOLOGY 100 SOCIOLOGY and ANTHROPOLOGY 129

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BIOLOGY BIO 151 & BIO 151L Amino Acids

● Description ○ Absolute configuration at the position ○ Amino acids as dipolar ions ○ Classifications

■ Acidic or basic ■ Hydrophobic or hydrophilic

● Reactions ○ Sulfur linkage for cysteine and cysteine ○ Peptide linkage: polypeptides and proteins ○ Hydrolysis

Protein Structure ● Structure

○ 1° structure of proteins ○ 2° structure of proteins ○ 3° structure of proteins; role of proline, cystine,

hydrophobic bonding ○ 4° structure of proteins

● Conformational stability ○ Denaturing and folding ○ Hydrophobic interactions

● Separation techniques ○ Electrophoresis

Non-‐Enzymatic Protein Function ● Binding ● Immune system ● Motors

Enzyme Structure and Function ● Function of enzymes in catalyzing biological reaction ● Reduction of activation energy ● Substrates and enzyme specificity ● Induced-‐fit Model ● Mechanism of catalysis

○ Cofactors ○ Coenzyme

● Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity Control of Enzyme Activity

● Kinetics

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○ General (catalysis) ○ Cooperativity

● Feedback regulation ● Inhibition – types

○ Competitive ○ Non-‐competitive

● Regulatory enzymes ○ Allosteric enzymes ○ Covalently-‐modified enzymes ○ Zymogen

Nucleic Acid Structure and Function ● Description ● Nucleotides and nucleosides

○ Sugar phosphate backbone ○ Pyrimidine, purine residues

● Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): double helix, Watson–Crick model of DNA structure

● Base pairing specificity: A with T, G with C ● Function in transmission of genetic information ● DNA denaturation, reannealing, hybridization

DNA Replication ● Mechanism of replication: separation of strands, specific

coupling of free nucleic acids ● Semi-‐conservative nature of replication ● Specific enzymes involved in replication ● Origins of replication, multiple origins in eukaryotes ● Replicating the ends of DNA molecules

Repair of DNA ● Repair during replication ● Repair of mutations

Genetic Code ● Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → protein ● The triplet code ● Codon-‐anticodon relationship ● Degenerate code, wobble pairing ● Missense, nonsense codons ● Initiation, termination codons ● Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transcription ● Transfer RNA (tRNA); ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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● Mechanism of transcription ● mRNA processing in eukaryotes, introns, exons ● Ribozymes, spliceosomes, small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

(snRNPs), small nuclear RNA (snRNAs)

● Functional and evolutionary importance of introns Translation

● Roles of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA ● Role and structure of ribosomes ● Initiation, termination co-‐factors ● Post-‐translational modification of proteins

Eukaryotic Chromosome Organization ● Chromosomal proteins ● Single copy vs. repetitive DNA ● Supercoiling ● Heterochromatin vs. euchromatin ● Telomeres, centromeres

Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes ● Operon Concept, Jacob-‐Monod Model ● Gene repression in bacteria ● Positive control in bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes ● Transcriptional regulation ● DNA binding proteins, transcription factors ● Gene amplification and duplication ● Post-‐transcriptional control, basic concept of splicing

(introns, exons) ● Cancer as a failure of normal cellular controls, oncogenes,

tumor suppressor genes ● Regulation of chromatin structure ● DNA methylation ● Role of non-‐coding RNAs

Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology ● Gene cloning ● Restriction enzymes ● DNA libraries ● Generation of cDNA ● Hybridization ● Expressing cloned genes ● Polymerase Chain Reaction

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● Gel Electrophoresis and Southern Blotting ● DNA sequencing ● Analyzing gene expression ● Determining gene function ● Stem cells ● Practical applications of DNA technology: medical

applications, human gene therapy, pharmaceuticals, forensic evidence, environmental cleanup, agriculture

● Safety and ethics of DNA technology Evidence that DNA is Genetic Material Mendelian Concepts

● Phenotype and genotype ● Gene ● Locus ● Allele: single and multiple ● Homozygosity and heterozygosity ● Wild-‐type ● Recessiveness ● Complete dominance ● Co-‐dominance ● Incomplete dominance ● Hybridization: viability ● Gene pool

Meiosis and Other Factors Affecting Genetic Variability ● Significance of meiosis ● Important differences between meiosis and mitosis ● Segregation of genes

○ Independent assortment ○ Linkage ○ Recombination

■ Single crossovers ■ Double crossovers ■ Synaptonemal complex ■ Tetrad

○ Sex-‐linked characteristics ○ Very few genes on Y chromosome ○ Sex determination ○ Cytoplasmic/extranuclear inheritance

● Mutation

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○ General concept of mutation — error in DNA sequence

○ Types of mutations: random, translation error, transcription error, base substitution, inversion, addition, deletion, translocation, mispairing

○ Advantageous vs. deleterious mutation ○ Inborn errors of metabolism ○ Relationship of mutagens to carcinogens

● Genetic drift ● Synapsis or crossing-‐over mechanism for increasing genetic

diversity Analytic Methods

● Test cross ● Gene mapping: crossover frequencies

Principles of Bioenergetics ● Bioenergetics/thermodynamics

○ Free energy/Keq ■ Equilibrium constant ■ Relationship of the equilibrium constant and

ΔG° ○ Concentration ○ Endothermic/exothermic reactions ○ Free energy: G ○ Spontaneous reactions and ΔG°

● Phosphoryl group transfers and ATP ○ ATP hydrolysis ΔG << 0 ○ ATP group transfers

● Biological oxidation-‐reduction ○ Half-‐reactions ○ Soluble electron carriers ○ Flavoproteins

Carbohydrates ● Description

○ Nomenclature and classification, common names ○ Absolute configuration ○ Cyclic structure and conformations of hexoses ○ Epimers and anomers

● Hydrolysis of the glycoside linkage ● Monosaccharides

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● Disaccharides ● Polysaccharides

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway ● Glycolysis (aerobic), substrates and products

○ Feeder pathways: glycogen, starch metabolism ● Fermentation (anaerobic glycolysis) ● Gluconeogenesis ● Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes

Principles of Metabolic Regulation ● Regulation of metabolic pathways

○ Maintenance of a dynamic steady state ● Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis ● Metabolism of glycogen ● Regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown

○ Allosteric and hormonal control ● Analysis of metabolic control

Citric Acid Cycle ● Acetyl-‐CoA production ● Reactions of the cycle, substrates and products ● Regulation of the cycle ● Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes

Metabolism of Fatty Acids and Proteins ● Description of fatty acids ● Oxidation of fatty acids

○ Saturated fats ○ Unsaturated fats

● Ketone bodies ● Anabolism of fats

Oxidative Phosphorylation

● Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, substrates and products, general features of the pathway

● Electron transfer in mitochondria ○ NADH, NADPH ○ Flavoproteins ○ Cytochromes

● ATP synthase, chemiosmotic coupling ○ Proton motive force

● Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes ● Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation

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● Mitochondria, apoptosis, oxidative stress Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Metabolism

● Higher level integration of hormone structure and function ● Tissue specific metabolism ● Hormonal regulation of fuel metabolism ● Obesity and regulation of body mass

Plasma Membrane ● General function in cell containment ● Composition of membranes

○ Lipid components ■ Phospholipids (and phosphatids) ■ Steroids ■ Waxes

○ Protein components ○ Fluid mosaic model

● Membrane dynamics ● Solute transport across membranes

○ Thermodynamic considerations ○ Osmosis

■ Colligative properties, osmotic pressure ○ Passive transport ○ Active transport

■ Sodium/potassium pump ● Membrane channels ● Membrane potential ● Membrane receptors ● Exocytosis and endocytosis ● Intercellular junctions

○ Gap junctions ○ Tight junctions ○ Desmosomes

Membrane-‐Bound Organelles and Defining Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells

● Defining characteristics of eukaryotic cells: membrane bound nucleus, presence of organelles,

● mitotic division ● Nucleus

○ Compartmentalization, storage of genetic information ○ Nucleolus: location and function

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○ Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores ● Mitochondria

○ Site of ATP production ○ Inner and outer membrane structure ○ Self-‐replication

● Lysosomes: membrane-‐bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes

● Endoplasmic reticulum ○ Rough and smooth components ○ Rough endoplasmic reticulum site of ribosomes ○ Double membrane structure ○ Role in membrane biosynthesis ○ Role in biosynthesis of secreted proteins

● Golgi apparatus: general structure and role in packaging and secretion

● Peroxisomes: organelles that collect peroxides Cytoskeleton

● General function in cell support and movement ● Microfilaments: composition and role in cleavage and

contractility ● Microtubules: composition and role in support and transport ● Intermediate filaments, role in support ● Composition and function of cilia and flagella ● Centrioles, microtubule organizing centers

Tissues Formed From Eukaryotic Cells ● Epithelial cells ● Connective tissue cells

Cell Theory ● History and development ● Impact on biology

Classification and Structure of Prokaryotic Cells ● Prokaryotic domains

○ Archaea ○ Bacteria

● Major classifications of bacteria by shape ○ Bacilli (rod-‐shaped) ○ Spirilli (spiral shaped) ○ Cocci (spherical)

● Lack of nuclear membrane and mitotic apparatus

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● Lack of typical eukaryotic organelles ● Presence of cell wall in bacteria ● Flagellar propulsion, mechanism

Growth and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells ● Reproduction by fission ● High degree of genetic adaptability, acquisition of antibiotic

resistance ● Exponential growth ● Existence of anaerobic and aerobic variants ● Parasitic and symbiotic ● Chemotaxis

Genetics of Prokaryotic Cells ● Existence of plasmids, extragenomic DNA ● Transformation: incorporation into bacterial genome of DNA

fragments from external medium ● Conjugation ● Transposons (also present in eukaryotic cells)

Virus Structure ● General structural characteristics (nucleic acid and protein,

enveloped and nonenveloped) ● Lack organelles and nucleus ● Structural aspects of typical bacteriophage ● Genomic content-‐-‐RNA or DNA ● Size relative to bacteria and eukaryotic cells

Viral Life Cycle ● Self-‐replicating biological units that must reproduce within

specific host cell ● Generalized phage and animal virus life cycles

○ Attachment to host, penetration of cell membrane or cell wall, and entry of viral genetic

○ material ○ Use of host synthetic mechanism to replicate viral

components ○ Self-‐assembly and release of new viral particles

● Transduction: transfer of genetic material by viruses ● Retrovirus life cycle: integration into host DNA, reverse

transcriptase, HIV ● Prions and viroids: subviral particles

Mitosis ● Mitotic process: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase,

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interphase ● Mitotic structures

○ Centrioles, asters, spindles ○ Chromatids, centromeres, kinetochores ○ Nuclear membrane breakdown and reorganization ○ Mechanisms of chromosome movement

● Phases of cell cycle: G0, G1, S, G2, M ● Growth arrest ● Control of cell cycle ● Loss of cell cycle controls in cancer cells

Biosignalling ● Apoptosis

Biosignalling ● Gated ion channels

○ Voltage gated ○ Ligand gated

● Receptor enzymes ● G protein-‐coupled receptors

Lipids ● Description; structure

○ Steroids Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

● Nucleotides and nucleosides: composition ○ Sugar phosphate backbone ○ Pyrimidine, purine residues

● Deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA, double helix ● Chemistry ● Other functions

Enzymes ● Classification by reaction type ● Mechanism

○ Substrates and enzyme specificity ○ Induced-‐fit model ○ Cofactors, coenzymes and vitamins

● Kinetics ○ General (catalysis) ○ Cooperativity ○ Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity

● Inhibition

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● Regulatory enzymes ○ Allosteric ○ Covalently modified

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BIO152 & BIO 152L Mendelian Concepts ● Phenotype and genotype ● Gene ● Locus ● Allele: single and multiple ● Homozygosity and heterozygosity ● Wild-‐type ● Recessiveness ● Complete dominance ● Co-‐dominance ● Incomplete dominance, leakage, penetrance, expressivity ● Hybridization: viability ● Gene pool





● Mutation ○ General concept of mutation — error in DNA

sequence ○ Types of mutations: random, translation error,

transcription error, base substitution, inversion, addition, deletion, translocation, mispairing



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● Hardy–Weinberg Principle ● Test cross ● Gene mapping: crossover frequencies ● Biometry: statistical methods

Evolution ● Natural selection

○ Fitness concept ○ Selection by differential reproduction ○ Concepts of natural and group selection ○ Evolutionary success as increase in percent

representation in the gene pool of the next ○ generation

● Speciation ○ Polymorphism ○ Adaptation and specialization ○ Inbreeding ○ Outbreeding ○ Bottlenecks

● Evolutionary time as measured by gradual random changes in genome

Reproductive System ● Gametogenesis by meiosis ● Ovum and sperm

○ Differences in formation ○ Differences in morphology ○ Relative contribution to next generation

● Reproductive sequence: fertilization, implantation, development, birth

Embryogenesis ● Stages of early development (order and general features of

each) ○ Fertilization ○ Cleavage ○ Blastula formation ○ Gastrulation

■ First cell movements ■ Formation of primary germ layers (endoderm,

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mesoderm, ectoderm) ○ Neurulation

● Major structures arising out of primary germ layers ● Neural crest ● Environment–gene interaction in development

Mechanisms of Development ● Cell specialization

○ Determination ○ Differentiation ○ Tissue types

● Cell–cell communication in development ● Cell migration ● Pluripotency: stem cells ● Gene regulation in development ● Programmed cell death ● Existence of regenerative capacity in various species ● Senescence and aging

Nervous System: Structure and Function (BIO 152) ● Major Functions

○ High level control and integration of body systems ○ Adaptive capability to external influences

● Organization of vertebrate nervous system ● Sensor and effector neurons ● Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems:

antagonistic control ● Reflexes

○ Feedback loop, reflex arc ○ Role of spinal cord and supraspinal circuits

● Integration with endocrine system: feedback control Endocrine System: Hormones and Their Sources

● Function of endocrine system: specific chemical control at cell, tissue, and organ level

● Definitions of endocrine gland, hormone ● Major endocrine glands: names, locations, products ● Major types of hormones ● Neuroendrocrinology ― relation between neurons and

hormonal systems Endocrine System: Mechanisms of Hormone Action

● Cellular mechanisms of hormone action

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● Transport of hormones: blood supply ● Specificity of hormones: target tissue ● Integration with nervous system: feedback control regulation

by second messengers Respiratory System

● General function ○ Gas exchange, thermoregulation ○ Protection against disease: particulate matter

● Structure of lungs and alveoli ● Breathing mechanisms

○ Diaphragm, rib cage, differential pressure ○ Resiliency and surface tension effects

● Thermoregulation: nasal and tracheal capillary beds; evaporation, panting

● Particulate filtration: nasal hairs, mucus/cilia system in lungs ● Alveolar gas exchange

○ Diffusion, differential partial pressure ○ Henry’s Law

● pH control ● Regulation by nervous control

○ CO2 sensitivity Circulatory System

● Functions: circulation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, ions and fluids, removal of metabolic waste

● Role in thermoregulation ● Four-‐chambered heart: structure and function ● Endothelial cells ● Systolic and diastolic pressure ● Pulmonary and systemic circulation ● Arterial and venous systems (arteries, arterioles, venules,

veins) ○ Structural and functional differences ○ Pressure and flow characteristics

● Capillary beds ○ Mechanisms of gas and solute exchange ○ Mechanism of heat exchange ○ Source of peripheral resistance

● Composition of blood

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○ Plasma, chemicals, blood cells ○ Erythrocyte production and destruction; spleen, bone

marrow ○ Regulation of plasma volume

● Coagulation, clotting mechanisms ● Oxygen transport by blood

○ Hemoglobin, hematocrit ○ Oxygen content ○ Oxygen affinity ○ Oxygen transport by blood; modification of oxygen

affinity ● Carbon dioxide transport and level in blood ● Nervous and endocrine control

Lymphatic System ● Structure of lymphatic system ● Major functions

○ Equalization of fluid distribution ○ Transport of proteins and large glycerides ○ Production of lymphocytes involved in immune

reactions ○ Return of materials to the blood

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BIO 301 Mendelian Concepts ● Phenotype and genotype ● Gene ● Locus ● Allele: single and multiple ● Homozygosity and heterozygosity ● Wild-‐type ● Recessiveness ● Complete dominance ● Co-‐dominance ● Incomplete dominance, leakage, penetrance, expressivity ● Hybridization: viability ● Gene pool

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BIO 312 & BIO 312L Amino Acids ● Description

○ Absolute configuration at the position ○ Amino acids as dipolar ions ○ Classifications






● Conformational stability ○ Denaturing and folding ○ Hydrophobic interactions ○ Solvation layer (entropy)

● Separation techniques ○ Isoelectric point ○ Electrophoresis






DNA Replication

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● Mechanism of replication: separation of strands, specific coupling of free nucleic acids

● Semi-‐conservative nature of replication ● Specific enzymes involved in replication ● Origins of replication, multiple origins in eukaryotes ● Replicating the ends of DNA molecules



Transcription ● Transfer RNA (tRNA); ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ● Mechanism of transcription ● mRNA processing in eukaryotes, introns, exons ● Ribozymes, spliceosomes, small nuclear ribonucleoproteins



● Roles of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA ● Role and structure of ribosomes ● Initiation, termination co-‐factors ● Post-‐translational modification of proteins



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Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology ● Gene cloning ● Restriction enzymes ● DNA libraries ● Generation of cDNA ● Hybridization ● Expressing cloned genes ● Polymerase Chain Reaction ● Gel Electrophoresis and Southern Blotting ● DNA sequencing ● Analyzing gene expression ● Determining gene function ● Stem cells ● Practical applications of DNA technology: medical


● Safety and ethics of DNA technology Evidence that DNA is Genetic Material Mendelian Concepts

● Phenotype and genotype ● Gene ● Locus ● Allele: single and multiple ● Homozygosity and heterozygosity ● Wild-‐type ● Recessiveness ● Complete dominance ● Co-‐dominance

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● Incomplete dominance, leakage, penetrance, expressivity ● Hybridization: viability ● Gene pool





● Mutation ○ General concept of mutation — error in DNA

sequence ○ Types of mutations: random, translation error,





● Hardy–Weinberg Principle ● Test cross ● Gene mapping: crossover frequencies ● Biometry: statistical methods


○ Fitness concept ○ Selection by differential reproduction

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○ Concepts of natural and group selection ○ Evolutionary success as increase in percent




Genetics of Prokaryotic Cells (BIO 312L) ● Existence of plasmids, extragenomic DNA ● Transformation: incorporation into bacterial genome of DNA









Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids ● Nucleotides and nucleosides: composition

○ Sugar phosphate backbone

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○ Pyrimidine, purine residues ● Deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA, double helix ● Chemistry ● Other functions


○ Substrates and enzyme specificity ○ Active site model ○ Induced-‐fit model ○ Cofactors, coenzymes and vitamins

● Kinetics ○ General (catalysis) ○ Michaelis-‐Menten ○ Cooperativity ○ Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity

● Inhibition ● Regulatory enzymes

○ Allosteric ● Covalently modified

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BIO 403 & BIO 403L Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Metabolism ● Higher level integration of hormone structure and function ● Tissue specific metabolism ● Hormonal regulation of fuel metabolism ● Obesity and regulation of body mass








○ Gap junctions ○ Tight junctions ○ Desmosomes ○

Nerve Cell ● Cell body: site of nucleus, organelles ● Dendrites: branched extensions of cell body ● Axon: structure and function ● Myelin sheath, Schwann cells, insulation of axon ● Nodes of Ranvier: propagation of nerve impulse along axon ● Synapse: site of impulse propagation between cells ● Synaptic activity: transmitter molecules

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● Resting potential: electrochemical gradient ● Action potential

○ Threshold, all-‐or-‐none ○ Sodium/potassium pump

● Excitatory and inhibitory nerve fibers: summation, frequency of firing

● Glial cells, neuroglia Electrochemistry

● Concentration cell: direction of electron flow, Nernst equation

Endocrine System: Hormones and Their Sources ● Function of endocrine system: specific chemical control at

cell, tissue, and organ level ● Definitions of endocrine gland, hormone ● Major endocrine glands: names, locations, products ● Major types of hormones ● Neuroendrocrinology ― relation between neurons and

hormonal systems Endocrine System: Mechanisms of Hormone Action

● Cellular mechanisms of hormone action ● Transport of hormones: blood supply ● Specificity of hormones: target tissue ● Integration with nervous system: feedback control regulation

by second messengers Respiratory System







● pH control

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● Regulation by nervous control ● CO2 sensitivity

Circulatory System ● Functions: circulation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, ions

and fluids, removal of metabolic waste

● Role in thermoregulation ● Four-‐chambered heart: structure and function ● Endothelial cells ● Systolic and diastolic pressure ● Pulmonary and systemic circulation ● Arterial and venous systems (arteries, arterioles, venules,



● Composition of blood ○ Plasma, chemicals, blood cells ○ Erythrocyte production and destruction; spleen, bone







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reactions ● Return of materials to the blood

Digestive System ● Ingestion

○ Saliva as lubrication and source of enzymes ○ Ingestion, esophagus, transport function

● Stomach ○ Storage and churning of food ○ Low pH, gastric juice, mucal protection against self-‐

destruction ○ Production of digestive enzymes, site of digestion ○ Structure (gross)

● Liver ○ Structural relationship of liver within gastrointestinal

system ○ Production of bile ○ Role in blood glucose regulation, detoxification

● Bile ○ Storage in gall bladder ○ Function

● Pancreas ○ Production of enzymes ○ Transport of enzymes to small intestine

● Small Intestine ○ Absorption of food molecules and water ○ Function and structure of villi ○ Production of enzymes, site of digestion ○ Neutralization of stomach acid ○ Structure (anatomic subdivisions)

● Large Intestine ○ Absorption of water ○ Bacterial flora ○ Structure (gross)

● Rectum: storage and elimination of waste, feces ● Muscular control

○ Peristalsis ● Endocrine control

○ Hormones ○ Target tissues

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● Nervous control: the enteric nervous system Excretory System

● Roles in homeostasis ○ Blood pressure ○ Osmoregulation ○ Acid-‐base balance ○ Removal of soluble nitrogenous waste

● Kidney structure ○ Cortex ○ Medulla

● Nephron structure ○ Glomerulus ○ Bowman’s capsule ○ Proximal tubule ○ Loop of Henle ○ Distal tubule ○ Collecting duct

● Formation of urine ○ Glomerular filtration ○ Secretion and reabsorption of solutes ○ Concentration of urine ○ Counter-‐current multiplier mechanism

● Storage and elimination: ureter, bladder, urethra ● Osmoregulation: capillary reabsorption of H2O, amino acids,

glucose, ions ● Muscular control: sphincter muscle

Reproductive System ● Male and female reproductive structures and their functions

○ Gonads ○ Genitalia ○ Differences between male and female structures

● Hormonal control of reproduction ○ Male and female sexual development ○ Female reproductive cycle ○ Pregnancy, parturition, lactation

● Integration with nervous control Muscle System

● Important functions ○ Support: mobility

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○ Peripheral circulatory assistance ○ Thermoregulation (shivering reflex)

● Structure of three basic muscle types: striated, smooth, cardiac

● Muscle structure and control of contraction ○ T-‐tubule system ○ Contractile apparatus ○ Sarcoplasmic reticulum ○ Fiber type ○ Contractile velocity of different muscle types

● Regulation of cardiac muscle contraction ● Oxygen debt: fatigue ● Nervous control

○ Motor neurons ○ Neuromuscular junction, motor end plates ○ Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation ○ Voluntary and involuntary muscles

Specialized Cell-‐Muscle Cell ● Structural characteristics of striated, smooth, and cardiac

muscle ● Abundant mitochondria in red muscle cells: ATP source ● Organization of contractile elements: actin and myosin

filaments, crossbridges, sliding filament model ● Sarcomeres: “I” and “A” bands, “M” and “Z” lines, “H” zone ● Presence of troponin and tropomyosin ● Calcium regulation of contraction

Skin System ● Structure

○ Layer differentiation, cell types ○ Relative impermeability to water

● Functions in homeostasis and osmoregulation ● Functions in thermoregulation

○ Hair, erectile musculature ○ Fat layer for insulation ○ Sweat glands, location in dermis ○ Vasoconstriction and vasodilation in surface

capillaries ● Physical protection

○ Nails, calluses, hair

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○ Protection against abrasion, disease organisms ● Hormonal control: sweating, vasodilation, and

vasoconstriction Circulatory System

● Arterial and venous systems; pressure and flow characteristics


○ Substrates and enzyme specificity ○ Active site model ○ Induced-‐fit model ○ Cofactors, coenzymes and vitamins

● Kinetics ○ General (catalysis) ○ Michaelis-‐Menten ○ Cooperativity ○ Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity


○ Allosteric ○ Covalently modified

Memory ● Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and

learning ○ Neural plasticity ○ Memory and learning

● Long-‐term potentiation Emotion

● The role of biological processes in perceiving emotion ○ The role of the limbic system in emotion ○ Emotion and the autonomic nervous system

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BIO 411 & BIO 411L Non-‐Enzymatic Protein Function ● Binding ● Immune system ● Motors

Enzyme Structure and Function ● Function of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions

Control of Enzyme Activity ● Kinetics

○ General (catalysis) ● Feedback regulation


Genetic Code ● Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → protein ● Messenger RNA (mRNA)


Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes ● Transcriptional regulation

Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology ● Gene cloning ● Restriction enzymes ● DNA libraries ● DNA sequencing ● Analyzing gene expression ● Determining gene function


○ Free energy/Keq ■ Equilibrium constant ■ Relationship of the equilibrium constant and

ΔG° ○ Concentration

■ Le Châtelier’s Principle ○ Endothermic/exothermic reactions ○ Free energy: G ○ Spontaneous reactions and ΔG°

36


● Biological oxidation-‐reduction ○ Half-‐reactions ○ Soluble electron carriers ○ Flavoproteins


○ Feeder pathways: glycogen, starch metabolism ● Fermentation (anaerobic glycolysis) ● Gluconeogenesis ● Pentose phosphate pathway ● Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes


○ Maintenance of a dynamic steady state ● Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis ● Analysis of metabolic control


Metabolism of Fatty Acids and Proteins ● Description of fatty acids ● Oxidation of fatty acids


● Metabolism of proteins Oxidative Phosphorylation

● Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, substrates and products, general features of the pathway

● Electron transfer in mitochondria ○ NADH, NADPH ○ Flavoproteins ○ Cytochromes

● ATP synthase, chemiosmotic coupling ○ Proton motive force

● Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes

37

● Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation Plasma Membrane

● General function in cell containment ● Composition of membranes






■ Sodium/potassium pump ● Membrane channels ● Membrane potential ● Membrane receptors




● Major classifications of bacteria by shape ○ Bacilli (rod-‐shaped) ○ Spirilli (spiral shaped) ○ Cocci (spherical)

● Lack of nuclear membrane and mitotic apparatus ● Lack of typical eukaryotic organelles ● Presence of cell wall in bacteria ● Flagellar propulsion, mechanism


38










components ○ Self-‐assembly and release of new viral particles

● Transduction: transfer of genetic material by viruses ● Retrovirus life cycle: integration into host DNA, reverse



○ Steroids Enzymes


○ Allosteric ○ Covalently modified

39

BIO 415 Nerve Cell ● Cell body: site of nucleus, organelles ● Dendrites: branched extensions of cell body ● Axon: structure and function ● Myelin sheath, Schwann cells, insulation of axon ● Nodes of Ranvier: propagation of nerve impulse along axon ● Synapse: site of impulse propagation between cells ● Synaptic activity: transmitter molecules ● Resting potential: electrochemical gradient ● Action potential



● Glial cells, neuroglia Specialized Cell -‐ Nerve Cell

● Myelin sheath, Schwann cells, insulation of axon ● Nodes of Ranvier: propagation of nerve impulse along axon

Sensory Processing ● Sensation

○ Thresholds ○ Weber’s Law ○ Signal detection theory ○ Sensory adaptation

● Sensory receptors ○ Sensory pathways

● Types of sensory receptors Vision

● Structure and function of the eye ● Visual processing

○ Visual pathways in the brain ○ Parallel processing

● Feature detection Hearing

● Auditory processing ○ Auditory pathways in the brain

● Sensory reception by hair cells Other Senses

● Somatosensation ○ Pain perception

40

● Taste ○ Taste buds/chemoreceptors that detect specific

chemicals ● Smell

○ Olfactory cells/chemoreceptors that detect specific chemicals

○ Pheromones ○ Olfactory pathways in the brain

● Kinesthetic sense ● Vestibular sense

Cognition ● Information-‐processing model ● Cognitive development

○ Piaget’s stages of cognitive development ○ Cognitive changes in late adulthood ○ Role of culture in cognitive development ○ Influence of heredity and environment on cognitive

development ● Biological factors that affect cognition ● Problem solving and decision making

○ Types of problem solving ○ Barriers to effective problem solving ○ Approaches to problem solving ○ Heuristics, biases, intuition, and emotion

■ Overconfidence and belief perseverance ● Intellectual functioning

○ Multiple definitions of intelligence ○ Influence of heredity and environment on intelligence

● Variations in intellectual ability Consciousness

● States of consciousness ○ Alertness ○ Sleep

■ Stages of sleep ■ Sleep cycles and changes to sleep cycles ■ Sleep and circadian rhythms ■ Dreaming ■ Sleep disorders

○ Hypnosis and meditation

41

● Consciousness altering drugs ○ Types of consciousness altering drugs and their

effects on the nervous system and behavior

● Drug addiction and the reward pathway in the brain Memory

● Encoding ○ Process of encoding information ○ Processes that aid in encoding memories

● Storage ○ Types of memory storage (e.g., sensory, working,

long-‐term) ○ Semantic networks and spreading activation

● Retrieval ○ Recall, recognition, and relearning ○ Retrieval cues ○ The role of emotion in retrieving memories

● Forgetting ○ Aging and memory ○ Memory dysfunctions (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease,

Korsakoff’s syndrome) ○ Decay ○ Interference ○ Memory construction and source monitoring

● Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning

○ Neural plasticity ○ Memory and learning

● Long-‐term potentiation Language

● Theories of language development (e.g., learning, Nativist, Interactionist)

● Influence of language on cognition ● Different brain areas control language and speech

Emotion ● Three components of emotion (i.e., cognitive, physiological,

behavioral) ● Universal emotions (e.g., fear, anger, happiness, surprise, joy,

disgust, sadness)

42

● Adaptive role of emotion ● Theories of emotion

○ James-‐Lange theory ○ Cannon-‐Bard theory ○ Schachter-‐Singer theory

● The role of biological processes in perceiving emotion ○ Generation and experience of emotions involve many

brain regions ○ The role of the limbic system in emotion ○ Emotional experiences can be stored as memories

that can be recalled by similar ○ circumstances ○ Prefrontal cortex is critical for emotional experience,

and is also important in ○ temperament and decision making ○ Emotion and the autonomic nervous system

● Physiological markers of emotion (signatures of emotion) Stress

● The nature of stress ○ Appraisal ○ Different types of stressors (e.g., cataclysmic events,

personal, etc.) ○ Effects of stress on psychological functions

● Stress outcomes/response to stressors ○ Physiological ○ Emotional ○ Behavioral

● Managing stress (e.g., exercise, relaxation techniques, spirituality, etc.)

Biological Bases of Behavior ● The nervous system

○ Neurons ■ The reflex arc

○ Neurotransmitters ○ Peripheral nervous system ○ Central nervous system

■ The brain ○ The brainstem ○ The cerebellum

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○ The diencephalon ○ The cerebrum ○ Control of voluntary movement in the

cerebral cortex ○ Information processing in the cerebral

cortex ○ Lateralization of cortical functions ○ Methods of studying the brain

● Neurons communicate and influence behavior ● Influence of neurotransmitters on behavior ● The endocrine system

○ Components of the endocrine system ○ Effects of the endocrine system on behavior

● Behavioral genetics ○ Genes, temperament, and heredity ○ Adaptive value of traits and behaviors ○ Interaction between heredity and environmental

influences ● Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the

development of behaviors ○ Experience and behavior ○ Regulatory genes and behavior ○ Genetically based behavioral variation in natural

populations ● Human physiological development

○ Prenatal development ○ Motor development

● Developmental changes in adolescence Associative Learning

● Classical conditioning ○ Neutral, conditioned, and unconditioned stimuli ○ Conditioned and unconditioned response ○ Processes: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous

recovery, generalization, discrimination ● Operant conditioning

○ Processes of shaping and extinction ○ Types of reinforcement: positive, negative, primary,

conditional ○ Reinforcement schedules: fixed-‐ratio, variable-‐ratio,

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fixed-‐interval, variable-‐interval ○ Punishment ○ Escape and avoidance learning

● Cognitive processes that affect associative learning ● Biological factors that affect associative learning

○ Innate behaviors are developmentally fixed ○ Learned behaviors are modified based on experiences ○ Development of learned behaviors

45

BIO 427 Non-‐Enzymatic Protein Function ● Binding ● Immune system ● Motors

Immune System ● Innate (non-‐specific) vs. adaptive (specific) immunity ● Adaptive immune system cells

○ T-‐lymphocytes ○ B-‐lymphocytes

● Innate immune system cells ○ Macrophages ○ Phagocytes

● Concept of antigen and antibody ● Antigen presentation ● Clonal selection ● Antigen-‐antibody recognition ● Structure of antibody molecule ● Recognition of self vs. non-‐self, autoimmune diseases ● Major histocompatibility complex

46

BIO 440 Amino Acids ● Description













○ Lipid components ■ Phospholipids (and phosphatids)

47

■ Steroids ■ Waxes









● mitotic division ● Nucleus

○ Compartmentalization, storage of genetic information ○ Nucleolus: location and function ○ Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores

● Mitochondria ○ Site of ATP production ○ Inner and outer membrane structure ○ Self-‐replication


● Endoplasmic reticulum ○ Rough and smooth components ○ Rough endoplasmic reticulum site of ribosomes ○ Double membrane structure

48

○ Role in membrane biosynthesis ○ Role in biosynthesis of secreted proteins

● Golgi apparatus: general structure and role in packaging and secretion

● Peroxisomes: organelles that collect peroxides Cytoskeleton

● General function in cell support and movement ● Microfilaments: composition and role in cleavage and








Biosignalling ● Oncogenes, apoptosis




Specialized Cell-‐Muscle Cell

49

● Structural characteristics of striated, smooth, and cardiac muscle

● Abundant mitochondria in red muscle cells: ATP source ● Organization of contractile elements: actin and myosin


50

BIO 442 & 442L Protein Structure ● Separation techniques

○ Isoelectric point ○ Electrophoresis

Non-‐Enzymatic Protein Function ● Motors

Enzyme Structure and Function ● Substrates and enzyme specificity

Nucleic Acid Structure and Function ● Function in transmission of genetic information

Genetic Code ● Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → protein ● Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transcription ● Mechanism of transcription ● mRNA processing in eukaryotes, introns, exons

Translation ● Post-‐translational modification of proteins

Eukaryotic Chromosome Organization ● Chromosomal proteins ● Heterochromatin vs. euchromatin ● Telomeres, centromeres

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes ● Transcriptional regulation ● DNA binding proteins, transcription factors ● Post-‐transcriptional control, basic concept of splicing


tumor suppressor genes ● Regulation of chromatin structure ● DNA methylation

Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology ● Gene cloning ● Restriction enzymes ● DNA libraries ● Generation of cDNA ● Hybridization ● Expressing cloned genes ● Polymerase Chain Reaction ● Gel Electrophoresis and Southern Blotting

51

● DNA sequencing ● Analyzing gene expression ● Determining gene function ● Stem cells ● Practical applications of DNA technology: medical


● Safety and ethics of DNA technology Mendelian Concepts

● Phenotype and genotype ● Gene ● Homozygosity and heterozygosity ● Wild-‐type ● Recessiveness

Meiosis and Other Factors Affecting Genetic Variability ● Important differences between meiosis and mitosis ● Segregation of genes

○ Recombination ■ Single crossovers ■ Double crossovers ■ Synaptonemal complex ■ Tetrad

○ Sex-‐linked characteristics ● Mutation

○ General concept of mutation — error in DNA sequence

● Synapsis or crossing-‐over mechanism for increasing genetic diversity

Plasma Membrane ● Membrane receptors


● Nucleus ○ Compartmentalization, storage of genetic information ○ Nucleolus: location and function ○ Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores

Cytoskeleton

● General function in cell support and movement

52

● Microfilaments: composition and role in cleavage and contractility

● Microtubules: composition and role in support and transport ● Intermediate filaments, role in support ● Composition and function of cilia and flagella ● Centrioles, microtubule organizing centers






Biosignalling ● apoptosis







53





● Cell–cell communication in development ● Cell migration ● Pluripotency: stem cells ● Gene regulation in development ● Programmed cell death

Nervous System: Structure and Function • Major Functions

o High level control and integration of body systems o Adaptive capability to external influences

• Organization of vertebrate nervous system • Sensor and effector neurons • Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems: antagonistic

control • Reflexes

o Feedback loop, reflex arc o Role of spinal cord and supraspinal circuits

• Integration with endocrine system: feedback control Nerve Cell

• Cell body: site of nucleus, organelles • Dendrites: branched extensions of cell body • Axon: structure and function • Myelin sheath, Schwann cells, insulation of axon • Nodes of Ranvier: propagation of nerve impulse along axon • Synapse: site of impulse propagation between cells • Synaptic activity: transmitter molecules • Resting potential: electrochemical gradient • Action potential

o Threshold, all-‐or-‐none o Sodium/potassium pump

• Excitatory and inhibitory nerve fibers: summation, frequency of firing

• Glial cells, neuroglia Biosignalling

• Receptor enzymes

54

• G protein-‐coupled receptors Endocrine System: Hormones and Their Sources

● Major endocrine glands: names, locations, products Endocrine System: Mechanisms of Hormone Action

● Cellular mechanisms of hormone action ● Transport of hormones: blood supply

Respiratory System ● General function

○ Gas exchange, thermoregulation ○ Protection against disease: particulate matter




● Particulate filtration: nasal hairs, mucus/cilia system in lungs Circulatory System


● Four-‐chambered heart: structure and function ● Endothelial cells ● Systolic and diastolic pressure ● Pulmonary and systemic circulation ● Arterial and venous systems (arteries, arterioles, venules,




Lymphatic System ● Major functions


reactions

55

Immune System ● Adaptive immune system cells



● Concept of antigen and antibody ● Structure of antibody molecule










● Large Intestine ○ Absorption of water ○ Bacterial flora

56

○ Structure (gross) ● Rectum: storage and elimination of waste, feces ● Endocrine control






● Storage and elimination: ureter, bladder, urethra Reproductive System

● Male and female reproductive structures and their functions ○ Gonads ○ Genitalia ○ Differences between male and female structures

● Hormonal control of reproduction ○ Male and female sexual development ○ Female reproductive cycle ○ Pregnancy, parturition, lactation

Skeletal System ● Functions

○ Structural rigidity and support ○ Calcium storage ○ Physical protection

● Skeletal structure ○ Specialization of bone types, structures

57

○ Joint structures ○ Endoskeleton vs. exoskeleton

● Bone structure ○ Calcium/protein matrix ○ Cellular composition of bone

● Cartilage: structure and function ● Ligaments, tendons ● Endocrine control



● Functions in thermoregulation ○ Hair, erectile musculature ○ Fat layer for insulation ○ Sweat glands, location in dermis ○ Vasoconstriction and vasodilation in surface


○ Nails, calluses, hair ○ Protection against abrasion, disease organisms

Specialized Cell -‐ Nerve Cell ● Myelin sheath

Geometrical Optics • Optical Instruments, including the human eye

Stoichiometry • Molecular weight • Metric units commonly used in the context of chemistry • Description of composition by percent mass

Solubility • Units of concentration (e.g., molarity)

Separations and Purifications • Separation and purification of peptides and proteins

o Electrophoresis o Quantitative analysis o Chromatography

! Size-‐exclusion ! Ion-‐exchange ! Affinity

o Racemic mixtures, separation of enantiomers

Non-‐Enzymatic Protein Function

58

• Motors Vision

• Structure and function of the eye Other Senses

• Smell o Olfactory cells/chemoreceptors that detect specific

chemicals o Olfactory pathways in the brain

Biological Bases of Behavior • The nervous system

o Neurons ! The reflex arc

o Peripheral nervous system o Central nervous system

! The brain • The brainstem • The cerebellum • The diencephalon • The cerebrum • Control of voluntary movement in the

cerebral cortex • Information processing in the cerebral

cortex • Lateralization of cortical functions • Methods of studying the brain

Psychological Disorders • Biological bases of nervous system disorders

o Alzheimer’s disease o Parkinson’s disease o Stem cell-‐based therapy to regenerate neurons in CNS

59

BIO 462 Protein Structure ● Structure





Enzyme Structure and Function ● Function of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions ● Enzyme classification by reaction type ● Reduction of activation energy ● Substrates and enzyme specificity ● Active Site Model ● Induced-‐fit Model ● Mechanism of catalysis

○ Cofactors ○ Coenzymes ○ Water-‐soluble vitamins

● Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity Control of Enzyme Activity

● Kinetics ○ General (catalysis) ○ Michaelis-‐Menten ○ Cooperativity

● Feedback regulation ● Inhibition – types

○ Competitive ○ Non-‐competitive ○ Mixed ○ Uncompetitive

● Regulatory enzymes ○ Allosteric enzymes

60

○ Covalently-‐modified enzymes ○ Zymogen












● Roles of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

61

● Role and structure of ribosomes ● Initiation, termination co-‐factors ● Post-‐translational modification of proteins






62

BIO 470 DNA Replication ● Mechanism of replication: separation of strands, specific


63

BIO 475 & 475L Reproductive System ● Gametogenesis by meiosis ● Ovum and sperm



Nervous System: Structure and Function • Major Functions

o High level control and integration of body systems o Adaptive capability to external influences

• Organization of vertebrate nervous system • Sensor and effector neurons • Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems: antagonistic

control • Reflexes

o Feedback loop, reflex arc o Role of spinal cord and supraspinal circuits

• Integration with endocrine system: feedback control Endocrine System: Hormones and Their Sources

● Function of endocrine system: specific chemical control at cell, tissue, and organ level

● Definitions of endocrine gland, hormone ● Major endocrine glands: names, locations, products ● Major types of hormones ● Neuroendrocrinology ― relation between neurons and

hormonal systems Respiratory System





● Particulate filtration: nasal hairs, mucus/cilia system in lungs Circulatory System


64

● Four-‐chambered heart: structure and function ● Pulmonary and systemic circulation ● Arterial and venous systems (arteries, arterioles, venules,



Lymphatic System • Major functions

o Equalization of fluid distribution o Transport of proteins and large glycerides o Production of lymphocytes involved in immune reactions o Return of materials to the blood









● Small Intestine ○ Absorption of food molecules and water ○ Function and structure of villi

65

○ Production of enzymes, site of digestion ○ Neutralization of stomach acid ○ Structure (anatomic subdivisions)


● Rectum: storage and elimination of waste, feces ● Endocrine control






● Storage and elimination: ureter, bladder, urethra Reproductive System

● Male and female reproductive structures and their functions ○ Gonads ○ Genitalia ○ Differences between male and female structures

Muscle System ● Important functions

○ Support: mobility ○ Peripheral circulatory assistance ○ Thermoregulation (shivering reflex)

66

● Structure of three basic muscle types: striated, smooth, cardiac

● Nervous control ○ Motor neurons ○ Neuromuscular junction, motor end plates ○ Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation ○ Voluntary and involuntary muscles



● Skeletal structure ○ Specialization of bone types, structures ○ Joint structures

● Cartilage: structure and function ● Ligaments, tendons



● Functions in thermoregulation ○ Hair, erectile musculature ○ Fat layer for insulation ○ Sweat glands, location in dermis ○ Vasoconstriction and vasodilation in surface


○ Nails, calluses, hair ○ Protection against abrasion, disease organisms

Geometrical Optics • Optical Instruments, including the human eye

Sensory Processing • Sensory receptors

o Sensory pathways o Types of sensory receptors

Vision • Structure and function of the eye

Hearing • Auditory processing

o Auditory pathways in the brain

67

Other Senses • Taste

o Taste buds/chemoreceptors that detect specific chemicals • Smell

o Olfactory cells/chemoreceptors that detect specific chemicals

o Pheromones o Olfactory pathways in the brain

• Vestibular sense Biological Bases of Behavior

• The nervous system o Neurons

! The reflex arc o Peripheral nervous system o Central nervous system




• The endocrine system o Components of the endocrine system o Effects of the endocrine system on behavior

68

CHEMISTRY CHM 123 & 123L Work

• Derived units, sign conventions • Mechanical advantage • Work Kinetic Energy Theorem

Energy • Kinetic Energy: KE = ½ mv2; units • Potential Energy

o PE = mgh (gravitational, local) o PE = ½ kx2(spring)

• Conservation of energy • Conservative forces • Power, units

Gas Phase • Absolute temperature, (K) Kelvin Scale • Pressure, simple mercury barometer • Molar volume at 0°C and 1 atm = 22.4 L/mol • Ideal gas

o Definition o Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT o Boyle’s Law: PV = constant o Charles’ Law: V/T = constant o Avogadro’s Law: V/n = constant

• Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases o Heat capacity at constant volume and at constant pressure o Boltzmann’s Constant

• Deviation of real gas behavior from Ideal Gas Law o Qualitative o Quantitative (Van der Waals’ Equation)

• Partial pressure, mole fraction • Dalton’s Law relating partial pressure to composition

Light, Electromagnetic Radiation • Concept of Interference; Young Double-‐slit Experiment • Thin films, diffraction grating, single-‐slit diffraction • Other diffraction phenomena, X-‐ray diffraction • Polarization of light • Circular polarization • Properties of electromagnetic radiation

o Velocity equals constant c, in vacuo o Electromagnetic radiation consists of perpendicularly

oscillating electric and magnetic o fields; direction of propagation is perpendicular to both

• Classification of electromagnetic spectrum, photon energy E = (hf) • Visual spectrum, color

Atomic Nucleus • Atomic number, atomic weight • Neutrons, protons, isotopes • Nuclear forces, binding energy

69

• Radioactive decay o α, β, γ decay o Half-‐life, exponential decay, semi-‐log plots

• Mass spectrometer Electronic Structure

• Orbital structure of hydrogen atom, principal quantum number n, number of electrons per orbital

• Ground state, excited states • Absorption and emission line spectra • Use of Pauli Exclusion Principle • Paramagnetism and diamagnetism • Conventional notation for electronic structure • Bohr atom • Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle • Effective nuclear charge • Photoelectric effect

The Periodic Table -‐ Classification of Elements into Groups by Electronic Structure

• Alkali metals • Alkaline earth metals: their chemical characteristics • Halogens: their chemical characteristics • Noble gases: their physical and chemical characteristics • Transition metals • Representative elements • Metals and non-‐metals • Oxygen group

The Periodic Table -‐ Variations of Chemical Properties with Group and Row • Valence electrons • First and second ionization energy

o Definition o Prediction from electronic structure for elements in different

groups or rows • Electron affinity

o Definition o Variation with group and row

• Electronegativity o Definition o Comparative values for some representative elements and

important groups • Electron shells and the sizes of atoms • Electron shells and the sizes of ions

Stoichiometry • Molecular weight • Empirical versus molecular formula • Metric units commonly used in the context of chemistry • Description of composition by percent mass • Mole concept, Avogadro’s number NA • Definition of density

70

• Oxidation number o Common oxidizing and reducing agents o Disproportionation reactions

• Description of reactions by chemical equations o Conventions for writing chemical equations o Balancing equations, including redox equations o Limiting reactants

• Theoretical yields Ions in Solutions

• Anion, cation: common names, formulas and charges for familiar ions (e.g., NH4+ ammonium, PO43– phosphate, SO42– sulfate)

• Hydration, the hydronium ion Titration

• Indicators • Neutralization • Interpretation of the titration curves • Redox titration

Covalent Bond • Lewis Electron Dot formulas

o Resonance structures o Formal charge o Lewis acids and bases

• Partial ionic character o Role of electronegativity in determining charge distribution o Dipole Moment

• σ and π bonds o Hybrid orbitals: sp3, sp2, sp and respective geometries o Valence shell electron pair repulsion and the prediction of

shapes of molecules (e.g., NH3, H2O, CO2) o Structural formulas for molecules involving H, C, N, O, F, S, P, Si,

Cl o Delocalized electrons and resonance in ions and molecules

• Multiple bonding o Affect on bond length and bond energies o Rigidity in molecular structure

• Stereochemistry of covalently bonded molecules o Isomers

! Structural isomers ! Stereoisomers (e.g., diastereomers, enantiomers,

cis/trans isomers) ! Conformational isomers

o Polarization of light, specific rotation o Absolute and relative configuration

! Conventions for writing R and S forms o Conventions for writing E and Z forms

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions -‐ Thermochemistry, Thermodynamics ! Thermodynamic system – state function ! Zeroth Law – concept of temperature ! First Law: ΔE = Q – W (conservation of energy)

71

! Second Law – concept of entropy o Entropy as a measure of “disorder” o Relative entropy for gas, liquid, and crystal states

! Measurement of heat changes (calorimetry), heat capacity, specific heat ! Heat transfer – conduction, convection, radiation ! Endothermic/exothermic reactions

o Enthalpy, H, and standard heats of reaction and formation o Hess’ Law of Heat Summation

! Bond dissociation energy as related to heats of formation ! Free energy: G ! Spontaneous reactions and ΔG° ! Coefficient of expansion ! Heat of fusion, heat of vaporization • Phase diagram: pressure and temperature

CHM 124 & 124L Plasma Membrane • General function in cell containment • Composition of membranes

o Lipid components

72

! Phospholipids (and phosphatids) ! Steroids ! Waxes

o Protein components o Fluid mosaic model

• Membrane dynamics • Solute transport across membranes

o Thermodynamic considerations o Osmosis

! Colligative properties, osmotic pressure o Passive transport o Active transport

! Sodium/potassium pump • Membrane channels • Membrane potential • Membrane receptors • Exocytosis and endocytosis • Intercellular junctions

o Gap junctions o Tight junctions o Desmosomes

Electrochemistry o Concentration cell: direction of electron flow, Nernst equation

Equilibrium • Concept of force, units • Analysis of forces acting on an object • Newton’s First Law of Motion, inertia • Torques, lever arms

Electrochemistry • Electrolytic cell

o Electrolysis o Anode, cathode o Electrolyte o Faraday’s Law relating amount of elements deposited (or gas

liberated) at an electrode to o current o Electron flow, oxidation, and reduction at the electrodes

• Galvanic or Voltaic cells o Half-‐reactions o Reduction potentials, cell potential o Direction of electron flow

• Concentration cell • Batteries

o Electromotive force, Voltage o Lead-‐storage batteries o Nickel-‐cadmium batteries

Acid/Base Equilibria • Bronsted-‐Lowry definition of acid, base • Ionization of water

73

o Kw, its approximate value (Kw = [H+][OH–] = 10-‐14 at 25°C, 1 atm) o Definition of pH: pH of pure water

• Conjugate acids and bases (e.g., NH4+ and NH3) • Strong acids and bases (e.g., nitric, sulfuric) • Weak acids and bases (e.g., acetic, benzoic)

o Dissociation of weak acids and bases with or without added salt o Hydrolysis of salts of weak acids or bases o Calculation of pH of solutions of salts of weak acids or bases

• Equilibrium constants Ka and Kb: pKa, pKb • Buffers

o Definition and concepts (common buffer systems) o Influence on titration curves

Solubility • Units of concentration (e.g., molarity) • Solubility product constant; the equilibrium expression Ksp • Common-‐ion effect, its use in laboratory separations

o Complex ion formation o Complex ions and solubility o Solubility and pH

Titration • Indicators • Neutralization • Interpretation of the titration curves • Redox titration

Liquid Phase -‐ Intermolecular Forces • Hydrogen bonding • Dipole Interactions • Van der Waals’ Forces (London dispersion forces)

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions -‐ Thermochemistry, Thermodynamics • Thermodynamic system – state function • Zeroth Law – concept of temperature • First Law: ΔE = Q – W (conservation of energy) • Second Law – concept of entropy

o Entropy as a measure of “disorder” o Relative entropy for gas, liquid, and crystal states

• Measurement of heat changes (calorimetry), heat capacity, specific heat • Heat transfer – conduction, convection, radiation • Endothermic/exothermic reactions

o Enthalpy, H, and standard heats of reaction and formation o Hess’ Law of Heat Summation

• Bond dissociation energy as related to heats of formation • Free energy: G • Spontaneous reactions and ΔG° • Coefficient of expansion • Heat of fusion, heat of vaporization • Phase diagram: pressure and temperature

Rate Processes in Chemical Reactions -‐ Kinetics and Equilibrium • Reaction rate

74

• Dependence of reaction rate upon concentration of reactants o Rate law, rate constant o Reaction order

• Rate-‐determining step • Dependence of reaction rate upon temperature

o Activation energy ! Activated complex or transition state ! Interpretation of energy profiles showing energies of

reactants, products, activation energy, and ΔH for the reaction

o Use of the Arrhenius Equation • Kinetic control versus thermodynamic control of a reaction • Catalysts • Equilibrium in reversible chemical reactions

o Law of Mass Action o Equilibrium Constant o Application of Le Châtelier’s Principle

• Relationship of the equilibrium constant and ΔG°

CHM 313 & 313L Molecular Structure and Absorption Spectra • Infrared region

o Intramolecular vibrations and rotations o Recognizing common characteristic group absorptions,

fingerprint region • Visible region

o Absorption in visible region gives complementary color (e.g.,

75

carotene) o Effect of structural changes on absorption (e.g., indicators)

• Ultraviolet region o π-‐electron and non-‐bonding electron transitions o Conjugated systems

• NMR spectroscopy o Protons in a magnetic field; equivalent protons o Spin-‐spin splitting



• Partial ionic character o Role of electronegativity in determining charge distribution o Dipole Moment

• σ and π bonds o Hybrid orbitals: sp3, sp2, sp and respective geometries o Valence shell electron pair repulsion and the prediction of

shapes of molecules (e.g., NH3, H2O, CO2) o Structural formulas for molecules involving H, C, N, O, F, S, P, Si,

Cl o Delocalized electrons and resonance in ions and molecules

• Multiple bonding o Effect on bond length and bond energies o Rigidity in molecular structure


! Structural isomers ! Stereoisomers (e.g., diastereomers, enantiomers,

cis/trans isomers) ! Conformational isomers


! Conventions for writing R and S forms o Conventions for writing E and Z forms

Separations and Purifications • Extraction: distribution of solute between two immiscible solvents • Distillation • Chromatography

o Basic principles involved in separation process ! Column chromatography, gas-‐liquid chromatography ! High pressure liquid chromatography

o Paper chromatography o Thin-‐layer chromatography

• Separation and purification of peptides and proteins o Electrophoresis o Quantitative analysis o Chromatography

76


o Racemic mixtures, separation of enantiomers Alcohols

• Description o Nomenclature o Physical properties (acidity, hydrogen bonding)

• Important reactions o Oxidation o Protection of alcohol o Preparation of mesylates and tosylates

CHM 314 & 314L Amino Acids

• Description o Absolute configuration at the α position o Amino acids as dipolar ions o Classifications

! Acidic or basic ! Hydrophobic or hydrophilic

77

• Reactions o Sulfur linkage for cysteine and cysteine o Peptide linkage: polypeptides and proteins o Hydrolysis

Nucleic Acid Structure and Function • Description • Nucleotides and nucleosides

o Sugar phosphate backbone o Pyrimidine, purine residues

• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): double helix, Watson–Crick model of DNA structure

• Base pairing specificity: A with T, G with C • Function in transmission of genetic information

o DNA denaturation, reannealing, hybridization Carbohydrates

• Description o Nomenclature and classification, common names o Absolute configuration o Cyclic structure and conformations of hexoses o Epimers and anomers

• Hydrolysis of the glycoside linkage • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids • Nucleotides and nucleosides: composition


• Deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA, double helix • Chemistry • Other functions

Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins • Amino acids: description

o Absolute configuration at the α position o Dipolar ions o Classification

! Acidic or basic ! Hydrophilic or hydrophobic

o Synthesis of α-‐amino acids ! Strecker Synthesis ! Gabriel Synthesis

• Peptides and proteins: reactions o Sulfur linkage for cysteine and cystine o Peptide linkage: polypeptides and proteins o Hydrolysis

• General Principles o 1° structure of proteins o 2° structure of proteins o 3° structure of proteins

78

o o Isoelectric point Carbohydrates

• Description o Nomenclature and classification, common names o Absolute configuration o Cyclic structure and conformations of hexoses o Epimers and anomers

• Hydrolysis of the glycoside linkage • Keto-‐enol tautomerism of monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides

Aldehydes and Ketones • Description

o Nomenclature o Physical properties

• Important reactions o Nucleophilic addition reactions at C=O bond

! Acetal, hemiacetal ! Imine, enamine ! Hydride reagents ! Cyanohydrin

o Oxidation of aldehydes o Reactions at adjacent positions: enolate chemistry

! Keto-‐enol tautomerism (α-‐racemization) ! Aldol condensation, retro-‐aldol ! Kinetic versus thermodynamic enolate

• General principles o Effect of substituents on reactivity of C=O; steric hindrance

• o Acidity of α-‐H; carbanions Carboxylic Acids

• Description o Nomenclature o Physical properties

• Important reactions o Carboxyl group reactions

! Amides (and lactam), esters (and lactone), anhydride formation

! Reduction ! Decarboxylation

• Reactions at 2-‐position, substitution Acid Derivatives (Anhydrides, Amides, Esters)

• Description o Nomenclature o Physical properties

• Important reactions o Nucleophilic substitution o Transesterification o Hydrolysis of amides

• General principles

79

o Relative reactivity of acid derivatives o Steric effects o Electronic effects

• Strain (e.g., β-‐lactams) Phenols

• Oxidation and reduction (e.g., hydroquinones), ubiquinones: biological 2e-‐ redox centers

Polycyclic and Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds • Biological aromatic heterocycles

Phosphorus Compounds • Description, structure of phosphoric acids

CHM 420 Amino Acids • Description

o Absolute configuration at the α position o Amino acids as dipolar ions o Classifications


• Reactions o Sulfur linkage for cysteine and cysteine o Peptide linkage: polypeptides and proteins o Hydrolysis (mentioned without detail)

80

Protein Structure • Structure

o 1° structure of proteins o 2° structure of proteins o 3° structure of proteins; role of proline, cystine, hydrophobic

bonding o 4° structure of proteins

• Conformational stability o Hydrophobic interactions o Solvation layer (entropy)

• Separation techniques o Isoelectric point o Electrophoresis

Non-‐Enzymatic Protein Function • Binding • Immune system • Motors

Enzyme Structure and Function • Function of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions • Reduction of activation energy • Substrates and enzyme specificity • Active Site Model • Induced-‐fit Model • Mechanism of catalysis

o Cofactors o Coenzymes o Water-‐soluble vitamins

Control of Enzyme Activity • Kinetics

o General (catalysis) o Michaelis-‐Menten o Cooperativity

• Feedback regulation • Inhibition – types

o Competitive o Non-‐competitive o Mixed o Uncompetitive

• Regulatory enzymes o Allosteric enzymes o Covalently-‐modified enzymes

Nucleic Acid Structure and Function • Description • Nucleotides and nucleosides



• Base pairing specificity: A with T, G with C

81

Principles of Bioenergetics • Bioenergetics/thermodynamics

o Free energy/Keq ! Equilibrium constant ! Relationship of the equilibrium constant and ΔG°

o Concentration o Endothermic/exothermic reactions o Free energy: G o Spontaneous reactions and ΔG°

• Phosphoryl group transfers and ATP o ATP hydrolysis ΔG << 0 o ATP group transfers

• Biological oxidation-‐reduction o Soluble electron carriers o Flavoproteins

Carbohydrates • Description

o Nomenclature and classification, common names o Absolute configuration o Cyclic structure and conformations of hexoses o Epimers and anomers

• Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway • Glycolysis (aerobic), substrates and products • Fermentation (anaerobic glycolysis) • Gluconeogenesis • Pentose phosphate pathway • Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes

Principles of Metabolic Regulation • Regulation of metabolic pathways

o Maintenance of a dynamic steady state • Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis • Metabolism of glycogen

Citric Acid Cycle • Acetyl-‐CoA production • Reactions of the cycle, substrates and products • Regulation of the cycle • Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes

Metabolism of Fatty Acids • Description of fatty acids • Digestion, mobilization, and transport of fats • Oxidation of fatty acids

o Saturated fats o Unsaturated fats

• Ketone bodies • Anabolism of fats

82

• Non-‐template synthesis: biosynthesis of lipids and polysaccharides • Metabolism of proteins

Oxidative Phosphorylation • Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, substrates and

products, general features of the pathway • Electron transfer in mitochondria

o NADH, NADPH o Flavoproteins o Cytochromes

• ATP synthase o Proton motive force

• Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes Plasma Membrane

• General function in cell containment • Composition of membranes

o Lipid components ! Phospholipids (and phosphatids) ! Steroids ! Waxes




! Colligative properties o Passive transport o Active transport

! Sodium/potassium pump • Membrane channels • Membrane potential • Membrane receptors

Membrane-‐Bound Organelles and Defining Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells • Defining characteristics of eukaryotic cells: membrane bound nucleus,

presence of organelles, • Nucleus • Mitochondria

o Site of ATP production o Inner and outer membrane structure

• Lysosomes: membrane-‐bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes • Endoplasmic reticulum

o Rough and smooth components o Rough endoplasmic reticulum site of ribosomes

• Golgi apparatus: general structure and role in packaging and secretion • Peroxisomes: organelles that collect peroxides

Biosignalling • Gated ion channels

o Voltage gated o Ligand gated

83

• Receptor enzymes • G protein-‐coupled receptors

Lipids • Types

o Storage ! Triacyl glycerols ! Free fatty acids: saponification

o Structural ! Phospholipids and phosphatids ! Sphingolipids ! Waxes

o Signals/cofactors ! Fat-‐soluble vitamins ! Steroids ! Prostaglandins

CHM 451 Amino Acids • Description

o Absolute configuration at the α position o Amino acids as dipolar ions o Classifications


• Reactions o Sulfur linkage for cysteine and cysteine o Peptide linkage: polypeptides and proteins o Hydrolysis

Protein Structure • Structure


84


• Conformational stability o Denaturing and folding o Hydrophobic interactions o Solvation layer (entropy)


Non-‐Enzymatic Protein Function • Binding • Immune system • Motors

Enzyme Structure and Function • Function of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions • Enzyme classification by reaction type • Reduction of activation energy • Substrates and enzyme specificity • Active Site Model • Induced-‐fit Model • Mechanism of catalysis


• Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity Control of Enzyme Activity

• Kinetics o General (catalysis) o Michaelis-‐Menten o Cooperativity


o Competitive o Non-‐competitive o Mixed o Uncompetitive


• Zymogen Nucleic Acid Structure and Function

• Description • Nucleotides and nucleosides



• Base pairing specificity: A with T, G with C • Function in transmission of genetic information

85

• DNA denaturation, reannealing, hybridization Evidence that DNA is Genetic Material Principles of Bioenergetics

• Bioenergetics/thermodynamics o Free energy/Keq

! Equilibrium constant ! Relationship of the equilibrium constant and ΔG°

o Concentration ! Le Châtelier’s Principle

o Endothermic/exothermic reactions o Free energy: G o Spontaneous reactions and ΔG°

• Phosphoryl group transfers and ATP o ATP hydrolysis ΔG << 0 o ATP group transfers

• Biological oxidation-‐reduction o Half-‐reactions o Soluble electron carriers o Flavoproteins



• Hydrolysis of the glycoside linkage • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway • Glycolysis (aerobic), substrates and products

o Feeder pathways: glycogen, starch metabolism • Fermentation (anaerobic glycolysis) • Gluconeogenesis • Pentose phosphate pathway • Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes

Principles of Metabolic Regulation • Regulation of metabolic pathways

o Maintenance of a dynamic steady state • Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis • Metabolism of glycogen • Regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown

o Allosteric and hormonal control • Analysis of metabolic control

Plasma Membrane • General function in cell containment • Composition of membranes

o Lipid components ! Phospholipids (and phosphatids)

86

! Steroids ! Waxes




! Colligative properties, osmotic pressure o Passive transport o Active transport

! Sodium/potassium pump • Membrane channels • Membrane potential • Membrane receptors • Exocytosis and endocytosis • Intercellular junctions

o Gap junctions o Tight junctions o Desmosomes

Membrane-‐Bound Organelles and Defining Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells • Defining characteristics of eukaryotic cells: membrane bound nucleus,

presence of organelles, • mitotic division • Nucleus

o Compartmentalization, storage of genetic information o Nucleolus: location and function o Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores

• Mitochondria o Site of ATP production o Inner and outer membrane structure o Self-‐replication

• Lysosomes: membrane-‐bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes • Endoplasmic reticulum

o Rough and smooth components o Rough endoplasmic reticulum site of ribosomes o Double membrane structure o Role in membrane biosynthesis o Role in biosynthesis of secreted proteins

• Golgi apparatus: general structure and role in packaging and secretion • Peroxisomes: organelles that collect peroxides

Electrochemistry • Concentration cell: direction of electron flow, Nernst equation

Biosignalling • Gated ion channels

o Voltage gated o Ligand gated

• Receptor enzymes • G protein-‐coupled receptors

87

Lipids • Description; structure

o Steroids • Terpenes and terpenoids



o Electrolysis o Anode, cathode o Electrolyte o Faraday’s Law relating amount of elements deposited (or gas

liberated) at an electrode to o current o Electron flow, oxidation, and reduction at the electrodes

• Galvanic or Voltaic cells o Half-‐reactions o Reduction potentials, cell potential o Direction of electron flow


o Electromotive force, Voltage o Lead-‐storage batteries

• Nickel-‐cadmium batteries Acid/Base Equilibria

• Bronsted-‐Lowry definition of acid, base • Ionization of water

o Kw, its approximate value (Kw = [H+][OH–] = 10-‐14 at 25°C, 1 atm) o Definition of pH: pH of pure water


o Dissociation of weak acids and bases with or without added salt o Hydrolysis of salts of weak acids or bases o Calculation of pH of solutions of salts of weak acids or bases

• Equilibrium constants Ka and Kb: pKa, pKb • Buffers



Separations and Purifications • Extraction: distribution of solute between two immiscible solvents

88

• Distillation • Chromatography





• Racemic mixtures, separation of enantiomers Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotides and nucleosides: composition o Sugar phosphate backbone o Pyrimidine, purine residues







• General Principles o 1° structure of proteins o 2° structure of proteins o 3° structure of proteins o o Isoelectric point

The Three-‐Dimensional Protein Structure • Conformational stability

o Hydrophobic interactions o Solvation layer (entropy)

• 4° quaternary structure • Denaturing and Folding

Non-‐Enzymatic Protein Function • Binding

89

• Immune system • Motor

Lipids • Types






• Hydrolysis of the glycoside linkage • Keto-‐enol tautomerism of monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides

Enzymes • Classification by reaction type • Mechanism

o Substrates and enzyme specificity o Active site model o Induced-‐fit model o Cofactors, coenzymes and vitamins

• Kinetics o General (catalysis) o Michaelis-‐Menten o Cooperativity o Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity

• Inhibition • Regulatory enzymes

o Allosteric o Covalently modified


o Free energy/Keq o Concentration

• § Phosphorylation/ATP o ATP hydrolysis ΔG << 0 o ATP group transfers

• Biological oxidation–reduction

90

o Half-‐reactions o Soluble electron carriers o Flavoproteins

CHM 452 Non-‐Enzymatic Protein Function • Binding • Immune system • Motors



• Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity Control of Enzyme Activity

• Kinetics o General (catalysis) o Michaelis-‐Menten o Cooperativity


o Competitive

91

o Non-‐competitive o Mixed o Uncompetitive


• Zymogen Nucleic Acid Structure and Function

• Description • Nucleotides and nucleosides



• Base pairing specificity: A with T, G with C • Function in transmission of genetic information • DNA denaturation, reannealing, hybridization

DNA Replication • Mechanism of replication: separation of strands, specific coupling of

free nucleic acids • Semi-‐conservative nature of replication • Specific enzymes involved in replication • Origins of replication, multiple origins in eukaryotes • Replicating the ends of DNA molecules

Repair of DNA • Repair during replication • Repair of mutations

Genetic Code • Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → protein • The triplet code • Codon-‐anticodon relationship • Degenerate code, wobble pairing • Missense, nonsense codons • Initiation, termination codons • Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transcription • Transfer RNA (tRNA); ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Mechanism of transcription • mRNA processing in eukaryotes, introns, exons • Ribozymes, spliceosomes, small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs),

small nuclear RNA (snRNAs)

Translation • Roles of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA • Role and structure of ribosomes • Initiation, termination co-‐factors • Post-‐translational modification of proteins

92

Eukaryotic Chromosome Organization • Chromosomal proteins • Single copy vs. repetitive DNA • Supercoiling • Heterochromatin vs. euchromatin • Telomeres, centromeres

Evidence that DNA is Genetic Material Principles of Metabolic Regulation

• Regulation of metabolic pathways o Maintenance of a dynamic steady state

• Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis • Metabolism of glycogen • Regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown

o Allosteric and hormonal control • Analysis of metabolic control

Citric Acid Cycle • Acetyl-‐CoA production • Reactions of the cycle, substrates and products • Regulation of the cycle • Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes

Metabolism of Fatty Acids and Proteins • Description of fatty acids • Digestion, mobilization, and transport of fats • Oxidation of fatty acids

o Saturated fats o Unsaturated fats

• Ketone bodies • Anabolism of fats • Non-‐template synthesis: biosynthesis of lipids and polysaccharides • Metabolism of proteins

Oxidative Phosphorylation • Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, substrates and

products, general features of the pathway • Electron transfer in mitochondria

o NADH, NADPH o Flavoproteins o Cytochromes

• ATP synthase, chemiosmotic coupling o Proton motive force

• Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes • Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation • Mitochondria, apoptosis, oxidative stress

Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Metabolism • Higher level integration of hormone structure and function • Tissue specific metabolism • Hormonal regulation of fuel metabolism • Obesity and regulation of body mass

Lipids

93

• Description; structure o Steroids

• Terpenes and terpenoids Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotides and nucleosides: composition o Sugar phosphate backbone o Pyrimidine, purine residues


Lipids • Types




Phenols • Oxidation and reduction (e.g., hydroquinones), ubiquinones: biological

2e-‐ redox centers Enzymes

• Classification by reaction type • Mechanism





94

CHM 462L Protein Structure • Structure



• Conformational stability o Denaturing and folding o Hydrophobic interactions o Solvation layer (entropy)




95

• Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity Genetic Code

• Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → protein • The triplet code • Codon-‐anticodon relationship • Degenerate code, wobble pairing • Missense, nonsense codons • Initiation, termination codons • Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology • Gene cloning • Restriction enzymes • DNA libraries • Generation of cDNA • Hybridization • Expressing cloned genes • Polymerase Chain Reaction • Gel Electrophoresis and Southern Blotting • DNA sequencing • Analyzing gene expression • Determining gene function • Stem cells • Practical applications of DNA technology: medical applications, human

gene therapy, pharmaceuticals, forensic evidence, environmental cleanup, agriculture

• Safety and ethics of DNA technology Separations and Purifications

• Extraction: distribution of solute between two immiscible solvents • Distillation • Chromatography





• Racemic mixtures, separation of enantiomers •


o Substrates and enzyme specificity

96

o Active site model o Induced-‐fit model o Cofactors, coenzymes and vitamins



o Allosteric • Covalently modified

97

PHYSICS PHY 201 Translational Motion

• Units and dimensions • Vectors, components • Vector addition • Speed, velocity (average and instantaneous) • Acceleration


Work • Derived units, sign conventions • Mechanical advantage • Work Kinetic Energy Theorem




Fluids • Density, specific gravity • Buoyancy, Archimedes’ Principle • Hydrostatic pressure

o Pascal’s Law o Hydrostatic pressure; P = ρgh (pressure versus depth)

• Viscosity: Poiseuille Flow • Continuity equation (A∙v = constant) • Concept of turbulence at high velocities • Surface tension • Bernoulli’s equation • Venturi effect, pitot tube

PHY 202 Electrostatics • Charge, conductors, charge conservation

98

• Insulators • Electric field E

o Field lines o Field due to charge distribution

• Potential difference, absolute potential at point in space Circuit Elements

• Current I = ΔQ/Δt, sign conventions, units • Electromotive force, voltage • Resistance

o Ohm’s Law: I = V/R o Resistors in series o Resistors in parallel o Resistivity: ρ = R•A/L

• Capacitance o Parallel plate capacitor o Energy of charged capacitor o Capacitors in series o Capacitors in parallel o Dielectrics

• Conductivity o Metallic o Electrolytic

• Meters Sound

• Production of sound • Relative speed of sound in solids, liquids, and gases • Intensity of sound, decibel units, log scale • Attenuation (Damping) • Doppler Effect: moving sound source or observer, reflection of sound

from a moving object • Pitch • Resonance in pipes and strings • Ultrasound • Shock waves


o Velocity equals constant c, in vacuo o Electromagnetic radiation consists of perpendicularly

oscillating electric and magnetic o fields; direction of propagation is perpendicular to both

• Classification of electromagnetic spectrum, photon energy E = (hf) • Visual spectrum, color

Geometrical Optics

99

• Reflection from plane surface: angle of incidence equals angle of reflection

• Refraction, refractive index n, Snell’s law: n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 • Dispersion, change of index of refraction with wavelength • Conditions for total internal reflection • Spherical mirrors

o Center of curvature o Focal length o Real and virtual images

• Thin lenses o Converging and diverging lenses o Use of formula 1/p + 1/q = 1/f, with sign conventions o Lens strength, diopters

• Combination of lenses • Lens aberration • Optical Instruments, including the human eye

Electronic Structure • Orbital structure of hydrogen atom, principal quantum number n,

number of electrons per orbital • Ground state, excited states • Absorption and emission line spectra • Use of Pauli Exclusion Principle • Conventional notation for electronic structure • Bohr atom • Effective nuclear charge • Photoelectric effect

100

PSYCHOLOGY PSY 101 Sensory Processing

• Sensation o Thresholds o Weber’s Law o Signal detection theory o Sensory adaptation

• Sensory receptors o Sensory pathways o Types of sensory receptors

Vision • Structure and function of the eye • Visual processing

o Visual pathways in the brain o Parallel processing o Feature detection


o Auditory pathways in the brain • Sensory reception by hair cells

Other Senses • Somatosensation

o Pain perception • Taste

o Taste buds/chemoreceptors that detect specific chemicals


chemicals o Pheromones o Olfactory pathways in the brain

• Kinesthetic sense • Vestibular sense

Perception • Perception

o Bottom-‐up/Top-‐down processing o Perceptual organization (e.g., depth, form, motion,

constancy) o Gestalt principles

Attention • Selective attention • Divided attention

Cognition • Information-‐processing model • Cognitive development

o Piaget’s stages of cognitive development o Cognitive changes in late adulthood o Role of culture in cognitive development

101

o Influence of heredity and environment on cognitive development

• Biological factors that affect cognition • Problem solving and decision making

o Types of problem solving o Barriers to effective problem solving o Approaches to problem solving o Heuristics, biases, intuition, and emotion

! Overconfidence and belief perseverance • Intellectual functioning

o Multiple definitions of intelligence o Influence of heredity and environment on intelligence o Variations in intellectual ability

Consciousness • States of consciousness

o Alertness o Sleep

! Stages of sleep ! Sleep cycles and changes to sleep cycles ! Sleep and circadian rhythms ! Dreaming ! Sleep disorders

o Hypnosis and meditation • Consciousness altering drugs

o Types of consciousness altering drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behavior

o Drug addiction and the reward pathway in the brain Memory

• Encoding o Process of encoding information o Processes that aid in encoding memories

• Storage o Types of memory storage (e.g., sensory, working, long-‐

term) o Semantic networks and spreading activation

• Retrieval o Recall, recognition, and relearning o Retrieval cues o The role of emotion in retrieving memories

• Forgetting o Aging and memory o Memory dysfunctions (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease,

Korsakoff’s syndrome) o Decay o Interference o Memory construction and source monitoring

• Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning o Neural plasticity

102

o Memory and learning o Long-‐term potentiation

Language • Theories of language development (e.g., learning, Nativist,

Interactionist) • Influence of language on cognition

o Different brain areas control language and speech Emotion

• Three components of emotion (i.e., cognitive, physiological, behavioral)

• Universal emotions (e.g., fear, anger, happiness, surprise, joy, disgust, sadness)

• Adaptive role of emotion • Theories of emotion

o James-‐Lange theory o Cannon-‐Bard theory o Schachter-‐Singer theory

• The role of biological processes in perceiving emotion o Generation and experience of emotions involve many

brain regions o The role of the limbic system in emotion o Emotional experiences can be stored as memories that

can be recalled by similar o circumstances o Prefrontal cortex is critical for emotional experience,

and is also important in o temperament and decision making o Emotion and the autonomic nervous system o Physiological markers of emotion (signatures of

emotion) Stress

• The nature of stress o Appraisal o Different types of stressors (e.g., cataclysmic events,

personal, etc.) o Effects of stress on psychological functions

• Stress outcomes/response to stressors o Physiological o Emotional o Behavioral o Managing stress (e.g., exercise, relaxation techniques,

spirituality, etc.) Biological Bases of Behavior


! The reflex arc o Neurotransmitters o Peripheral nervous system o Central nervous system

103




• Neurons communicate and influence behavior • Influence of neurotransmitters on behavior • The endocrine system

o Components of the endocrine system o Effects of the endocrine system on behavior

• Behavioral genetics o Genes, temperament, and heredity o Adaptive value of traits and behaviors o Interaction between heredity and environmental

influences • Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the

development of behaviors o Experience and behavior o Regulatory genes and behavior o Genetically based behavioral variation in natural

populations • Human physiological development

o Prenatal development o Motor development o Developmental changes in adolescence

Personality • Theories of personality

o Psychoanalytic perspective o Humanistic perspective o Trait perspective o Social cognitive perspective o Biological perspective o Behaviorist perspective o Situational approach to explaining behavior

Psychological Disorders • Understanding psychological disorders

o Biomedical vs. biopsychosocial approaches o Classifying psychological disorders o Rates of psychological disorders

• Types of psychological disorders o Anxiety disorders o Somatoform disorders o Mood disorders

104

o Schizophrenia o Dissociative disorder o Personality disorders

• Biological bases of nervous system disorders o Schizophrenia o Depression o Alzheimer’s disease o Parkinson’s disease o Stem cell-‐based therapy to regenerate neurons in CNS

Motivation • Factors that influence motivation

o Instinct o Arousal o Drives

! Negative feedback systems o Needs

• Theories that explain how motivation affects human behavior o Drive reduction theory o Incentive theory o Other: cognitive and need based theories

• Application of theories of motivation to understand behaviors (e.g., eating, sexual, drug and alcohol use, etc.)

o Biological factors in regulation of these motivational processes

o Socio-‐cultural factors in regulation of these motivational processes

Attitudes • Components of attitudes (i.e., cognitive, affective, and

behavioral) • The link between attitudes and behavior

o Processes by which behavior influences attitudes (e.g., foot-‐in-‐the door phenomenon,

o role-‐playing effects) o Processes by which attitudes influence behavior o Cognitive dissonance theory

How the Presence of Others Affects Individual Behavior • Social facilitation • Deindividuation • Bystander effect • Social loafing • Peer pressure

Group Processes • Group polarization • Groupthink

Socialization • Definition of socialization • Norms • Agents of socialization (e.g., the family, mass media, peers,

105

workplace) • Stigma and deviance • Conformity and obedience

Habituation and Dishabituation Associative Learning

• Classical conditioning o Neutral, conditioned, and unconditioned stimuli o Conditioned and unconditioned response o Processes: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous

recovery, generalization, discrimination • Operant conditioning

o Processes of shaping and extinction o Types of reinforcement: positive, negative, primary,

conditional o Reinforcement schedules: fixed-‐ratio, variable-‐ratio,

fixed-‐interval, variable-‐interval o Punishment o Escape and avoidance learning

• Cognitive processes that affect associative learning • Biological factors that affect associative learning

o Innate behaviors are developmentally fixed o Learned behaviors are modified based on experiences o Development of learned behaviors

Observational Learning • Modeling • Biological processes that affect observational learning

o Mirror neurons o Role of the brain in experiencing vicarious emotions

• Applications of observational learning to explain individual behavior

Theories of Attitude and Behavior Change • Elaboration Likelihood Model

o Information processing routes to persuasion (e.g., central and peripheral route processing)

• Social Cognitive theory • Factors that affect attitude change (e.g., changing behavior,

characteristics of the message and target, social factors) Self-‐Concept and Identity

• Definitions of self-‐concept, identity, and social identity • The role of self-‐esteem, self-‐efficacy, and locus of control in self-‐

concept and self-‐identity • Different types of identities (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender, age,

sexual orientation, class) Formation of Identity

• Stages of identity development o Theories of developmental stages (e.g., Erikson,

Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Freud) • Influence of social factors on identity formation

o Influence of individuals (e.g., imitation, role-‐taking)

106

o Influence of group (e.g., reference group) • Influence of culture and socialization on identity formation

Attributing Behavior to Persons or Situations • Attribution theory

o Fundamental attribution error o How culture affects attributions

• How self-‐perceptions shape our perceptions of others • How perceptions of the environment shape our perceptions of

others Prejudice and Bias

• Definition of prejudice • Processes that contribute to prejudice

o Power, prestige, and class o The role of emotion in prejudice o The role of cognition in prejudice

• Stereotypes • Ethnocentrism

o In-‐group and out-‐group o Ethnocentrism vs. cultural relativism

Processes Related to Stereotypes • Self-‐fulfilling prophecy • Stereotype threat

Elements of Social Interaction • Statuses • Roles • Groups • Networks • Organizations

Self-‐presentation and Interacting with Others • Expressing and detecting emotion

o Gender shapes expression o Culture shapes expression

• Impression management o Front stage vs. back stage self (Dramaturgical

approach) • Verbal and nonverbal communication • Animal signals and communication

Social Behavior • Attraction • Aggression • Attachment • Social support • Biological explanations of social behavior in animals

o Foraging behavior o Mating behavior and mate choice o Applying game theory o Altruism o Inclusive fitness

Discrimination

107

• Individual vs. institutional discrimination • The relationship between prejudice and discrimination • How power, prestige, and class facilitate discrimination

PSY 321 Perception • Perception

o Bottom-‐up/Top-‐down processing

108

o Perceptual organization (e.g., depth, form, motion, constancy)

o Gestalt principles Attention

• Selective attention • Divided attention


o Piaget’s stages of cognitive development o Cognitive changes in late adulthood o Role of culture in cognitive development o Influence of heredity and environment on cognitive

development • Biological factors that affect cognition • Problem solving and decision making



o Multiple definitions of intelligence o Influence of heredity and environment on intelligence o Variations in intellectual ability o


o Alertness o Sleep




o Drug addiction and the reward pathway in the brain Memory

• Encoding o Process of encoding information o Processes that aid in encoding memories

• Storage o Types of memory storage (e.g., sensory, working, long-‐

term) o Semantic networks and spreading activation

109




• Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning o Neural plasticity o Memory and learning o Long-‐term potentiation



o Different brain areas control language and speech Biological Bases of Behavior









influences

110

• Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of behaviors

o Experience and behavior o Regulatory genes and behavior o Genetically based behavioral variation in natural



PSY 322 Attention • Selective attention • Divided attention


o Neurons

111

















fixed-‐interval, variable-‐interval o Punishment

112

o Escape and avoidance learning • Cognitive processes that affect associative learning • Biological factors that affect associative learning





PSY 323 Sensory Processing • Sensation

o Thresholds o Weber’s Law o Signal detection theory o Sensory adaptation


113














Attention • Selective attention • Divided attention


o Neurons ! The reflex arc

o Neurotransmitters o Peripheral nervous system o Central nervous system



cortex • Lateralization of cortical functions

114

• Methods of studying the brain • Neurons communicate and influence behavior • Influence of neurotransmitters on behavior • The endocrine system







PSY 341 Attitudes • Components of attitudes (i.e., cognitive, affective, and




How the Presence of Others Affects Individual Behavior • Social facilitation • Deindividuation

115

• Bystander effect • Social loafing • Peer pressure


Culture • Assimilation • Multiculturalism • Subcultures






characteristics of the message and target, social factors) Self Concept and Identity

• Definitions of self-‐concept, identity, and social identity • The role of self-‐esteem, self-‐efficacy, and locus of control in self-‐





o Influence of individuals (e.g., imitation, role-‐taking) o Influence of group (e.g., reference group)

• Influence of culture and socialization on identity formation Attributing Behavior to Persons or Situations

• Attribution theory o Fundamental attribution error o How culture affects attributions


others Prejudice and Bias

• Definition of prejudice • Processes that contribute to prejudice

116





Elements of Social Interaction • Statuses • Roles • Groups • Networks • Organizations


o Gender shapes expression o Culture shapes expression


approach) • Verbal and nonverbal communication • Animal signals and communication



PSY 351 Cognition • Information-‐processing model • Cognitive development



o Types of problem solving o Barriers to effective problem solving o Approaches to problem solving

117

o Heuristics, biases, intuition, and emotion ! Overconfidence and belief perseverance

• Intellectual functioning o Multiple definitions of intelligence o Influence of heredity and environment on intelligence o Variations in intellectual ability



o Different brain areas control language and speech Stress












• Behavioral genetics o Genes, temperament, and heredity o Adaptive value of traits and behaviors

118

o Interaction between heredity and environmental influences

• Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of behaviors

o Experience and behavior o Regulatory genes and behavior o Genetically based behavioral variation in natural














Self Concept and Identity • Definitions of self-‐concept, identity, and social identity • The role of self-‐esteem, self-‐efficacy, and locus of control in self-‐




Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Freud)

119

• Influence of social factors on identity formation o Influence of individuals (e.g., imitation, role-‐taking) o Influence of group (e.g., reference group)

• Influence of culture and socialization on identity formation

PSY 361 Personality • Theories of personality

o Psychoanalytic perspective o Humanistic perspective o Trait perspective o Social cognitive perspective o Biological perspective o Behaviorist perspective o Situational approach to explaining behavior

Self Concept and Identity • Definitions of self-‐concept, identity, and social identity • The role of self-‐esteem, self-‐efficacy, and locus of control in self-‐



120



o Influence of individuals (e.g., imitation, role-‐taking) o Influence of group (e.g., reference group)


PSY 366 Emotion • Three components of emotion (i.e., cognitive, physiological,

behavioral) • Universal emotions (e.g., fear, anger, happiness, surprise, joy,

disgust, sadness) • Adaptive role of emotion • Theories of emotion


• The role of biological processes in perceiving emotion o Generation and experience of emotions involve many

brain regions o The role of the limbic system in emotion o Emotional experiences can be stored as memories that

can be recalled by similar o circumstances o Prefrontal cortex is critical for emotional experience,

121

and is also important in o temperament and decision making o Emotion and the autonomic nervous system o Physiological markers of emotion (signatures of

emotion) Stress














development of behaviors o Experience and behavior o Regulatory genes and behavior

122

o Genetically based behavioral variation in natural populations

• Human physiological development o Prenatal development o Motor development o Developmental changes in adolescence



• Types of psychological disorders o Anxiety disorders o Somatoform disorders o Mood disorders o Schizophrenia o Dissociative disorder o Personality disorders


Motivation • Factors that influence motivation

o Instinct o Arousal o Drives


• Theories that explain how motivation affects human behavior o Drive reduction theory o Incentive theory o Other: cognitive and need based theories







o role-‐playing effects)

123

o Processes by which attitudes influence behavior o Cognitive dissonance theory


Attributing Behavior to Persons or Situations • Attribution theory

o Fundamental attribution error o How culture affects attributions


others Health Disparities

• Race, gender, and class inequalities in health Healthcare Disparities

• Race, gender, and class inequalities in healthcare

PSY 368 Culture • Symbolic culture

o Language and symbols o Values and beliefs o Norms and rituals

124

PSY 422 Vision • Structure and function of the eye • Visual processing









• Kinesthetic sense

125

• Vestibular sense Consciousness

• States of consciousness o Alertness o Sleep




o Drug addiction and the reward pathway in the brain Stress











126











127

PSY 443 Culture • Symbolic culture


• Evolution and human culture

128

SOCIOLOGY and ANTHROPOLOGY SOC 101 • Culture

o Assimilation o Multiculturalism o Subcultures

• Socialization o Definition of socialization o Norms o Agents of socialization (e.g., the family, mass

media, peers, workplace) o Stigma and deviance

• Formation of Identity

o Influence of culture and socialization on identity formation

• Prejudice and Bias o Definition of prejudice o Stereotypes o Ethnocentrism

! In-‐group and out-‐group ! Ethnocentrism vs. cultural relativism

• Elements of Social Interaction o Statuses o Roles o Groups o Networks o Organizations

• Discrimination o Individual vs. institutional discrimination o The relationship between prejudice and

discrimination o How power, prestige, and class facilitate

discrimination • Theoretical Approaches

o Functionalism o Conflict theory o Symbolic interactionism o Social constructionism

• Social Institutions o Education o Family o Religion o Government and economy o Health and medicine

• Culture o Material culture o Symbolic culture

! Values and beliefs

129

! Norms and rituals o Culture and social groups

• Demographic Structure of Society o Age o Gender o Race and ethnicity

• Demographic Shifts and Social Change o Demographic transition o Fertility, migration, and mortality o Globalization

• Spatial Inequality o Global inequalities

• Social Class o Aspects of social stratification

! Class, status, and power ! Cultural capital and social capital ! Social reproduction ! Privilege and prestige ! Intersections with race, gender and age

o Patterns of social mobility ! Intergenerational and intragenerational

mobility ! Downward and upward mobility ! Meritocracy

o Poverty ! Relative and absolute

• Social exclusion (segregation and isolation)

SOC 303 • Theoretical Approaches

130

o Functionalism o Conflict theory o Symbolic interactionism o Social constructionism

SOC 322 • Self-‐presentation and Interacting with Others o Gender shapes expression

• Demographic Structure of Society o Sexual orientation

SOC 325 • Socialization o Stigma and deviance o Conformity and obedience

SOC 328 • Prejudice and Bias o Processes that contribute to prejudice

! Power, prestige, and class • Demographic Structure of Society

o Race and ethnicity SOC 330 • Demographic Structure of Society

o Age SOC 331 • Social Institutions

o Family SOC 332 • Self-‐presentation and Interacting with Others

o Gender shapes expression • Demographic Structure of Society

o Gender SOC 333 • Demographic Structure of Society

o Sexual orientation SOC 334 • Social Institutions

o Religion SOC 337 • Social Institutions

o Government and economy

SOC 339 • Prejudice and Bias o Processes that contribute to prejudice

131

! Power, prestige, and class • Discrimination

o Individual vs. institutional discrimination o The relationship between prejudice and

discrimination o How power, prestige, and class facilitate

discrimination • Social Class

o Aspects of social stratification ! Class, status, and power ! Cultural capital and social capital ! Social reproduction ! Privilege and prestige ! Intersections with race, gender and age

o Patterns of social mobility ! Intergenerational and intragenerational

mobility ! Downward and upward mobility ! Meritocracy

o Poverty ! Relative and absolute ! Social exclusion (segregation and

isolation)

SOC 340 • How the Presence of Others Affects Individual Behavior

o Social facilitation

132

o Deindividuation o Bystander effect o Social loafing o Peer pressure

• Group Processes o Group polarization o Groupthink

• Socialization o Conformity and obedience

• Self-‐Concept and Identity o Definitions of self-‐concept, identity, and social

identity • Formation of Identity

o Stages of identity development ! Theories of developmental stages (e.g.,

Erikson, Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Freud) o Influence of social factors on identity formation

! Influence of individuals (e.g., imitation, role-‐taking)

! Influence of group (e.g., reference group)

o Influence of culture and socialization on identity formation

• Elements of Social Interaction o Statuses o Roles o Groups o Networks o Organizations

• Self-‐presentation and Interacting with Others o Expressing and detecting emotion

! Gender shapes expression ! Culture shapes expression

o Impression management ! Front stage vs. back stage self

(Dramaturgical approach) o Verbal and nonverbal communication o Animal signals and communication

• Culture o Symbolic culture

! Language and symbols

SOC 341 • Self-‐Concept and Identity o Definitions of self-‐concept, identity, and social

133

identity o Different types of identities (e.g., race/ethnicity,

gender, age, sexual orientation, class) • Formation of Identity

o Influence of social factors on identity formation ! Influence of individuals (e.g., imitation,

role-‐taking) ! Influence of group (e.g., reference

group) • Self-‐presentation and Interacting with Others

o Impression management ! Front stage vs. back stage self

(Dramaturgical approach) SOC 342 • Demographic Shifts and Social Change

o Social movements SOC 351 • Demographic Shifts and Social Change

o Urbanization • Spatial Inequality

o Racial segregation(neighborhoods) SOC 368 • Demographic Structure of Society

o Immigration status SOC 435 • Demographic Shifts and Social Change

o Globalization • Spatial Inequality

o Global inequalities SWK 335 • Spatial Inequality

o Environmental justice (location and exposure to health risks)

ANT 150 • Culture o Assimilation o Multiculturalism o Subcultures

134

• Prejudice and Bias o Ethnocentrism

! In-‐group and out-‐group o Ethnocentrism vs. cultural relativism

• Self-‐presentation and Interacting with Others o Culture shapes expression

• Culture o Material culture o Symbolic culture

! Values and beliefs ! Norms and rituals

o Culture and social groups ANT 300 • Culture

o Evolution and human culture ANT 315 • Self-‐presentation and Interacting with Others

o Verbal and nonverbal communication • Culture

o Symbolic culture ! Language and symbols

135

Topic List with Associated Courses This document lists the topics that will be found on the MCAT 2015 exam, arranged by content category, along with the University of Dayton course numbers for any course that covers material in that content category. Specifically, content from the following sections of the MCAT are listed:

• Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems – p. 137 • Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems – p. 157 • Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior – p. 168

Note that not every listed course covers every topic in a given content category. Every effort has been made to highlight what topics in a given content category are covered or not covered in each course. However, this document should be used in conjunction with the companion “Course Listing with Associated Topics” to fully discern what content may be found in a given course. The list in this document follows the order and organization found in the AAMC publications: Preview Guide for the MCAT 2015 Exam and The Official Guide to the MCAT (MCAT 2015) Exam. The fourth section of the MCAT is titled Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills. It includes passages and questions to test the student’s ability to comprehend. Passages are excerpted from authentic materials found in a variety of books, journals, and magazines, often from disciplines in the social sciences and humanities. This MCAT section is NOT included in this course mapping since it does not test knowledge typically covered in a specific course.

136

Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems Content Category 1A: Structure and function of proteins and their constituent amino acids

Amino Acids ● Description




CHM 314, 420, 451 & BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 440




● Conformational stability ○ Denaturing and folding (Not CHM 420) ○ Hydrophobic interactions ○ Solvation layer (entropy) (Not BIO 151)

● Separation techniques ○ Isoelectric point (Not BIO 151) ○ Electrophoresis

CHM 420, 451, 462L & BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 440, 442L, 462


BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 411, 411L, 427,442 & CHM 420, 451, 452

Enzyme Structure and Function ● Function of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions (BIO 411) ● Enzyme classification by reaction type (Not BIO 151) (Not CHM

420) ● Reduction of activation energy

BIO 151, 151L, BIO 411, 442L, 462 & CHM 420, 451, 452

137

● Substrates and enzyme specificity ● Active Site Model (Not BIO 151) ● Induced-‐fit Model ● Mechanism of catalysis

○ Cofactors (BIO 411) ○ Coenzymes (BIO 411) ○ Water-‐soluble vitamins (Not BIO 151)

● Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity

Control of Enzyme Activity ● Kinetics

○ General (catalysis) (BIO 411) ○ Michaelis-‐Menten(Not BIO 151) ○ Cooperativity

● Feedback regulation (BIO 411) ● Inhibition – types

○ Competitive ○ Non-‐competitive ○ Mixed (Not BIO 151) ○ Uncompetitive(Not BIO 151)

● Regulatory enzymes ○ Allosteric enzymes ○ Covalently-‐modified enzymes ○ Zymogen (Not CHM 420)

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 462 & CHM 420, 451, 452

Content Category 1B: Transmission of genetic information from the gene to the protein




● Base pairing specificity: A with T, G with C ● Function in transmission of genetic information (Not CHM 420) ● DNA denaturation, reannealing, hybridization (Not CHM 420)

CHM 314, 420, 451, 452 & BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 442, 462


BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 440,

138


462, 470 & CHM 452


BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 411, 411L, 440, 462 & CHM 452

Genetic Code ● Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → protein (BIO 411) ● The triplet code ● Codon-‐anticodon relationship ● Degenerate code, wobble pairing ● Missense, nonsense codons ● Initiation, termination codons ● Messenger RNA (mRNA) (BIO 411)

BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 411, 442, 462 & CHM 452, 462L



● Functional and evolutionary importance of introns

BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 442, 462 & CHM 452

Translation ● Roles of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA ● Role and structure of ribosomes ● Initiation, termination co-‐factors ● Post-‐translational modification of proteins

BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 442, 462 & CHM 452

Eukaryotic Chromosome Organization ● Chromosomal proteins ● Single copy vs. repetitive DNA ● Supercoiling ● Heterochromatin vs. euchromatin

BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 442, 462 & CHM 452

139

● Telomeres, centromeres


BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 411, 411L, 462

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes ● Transcriptional regulation(BIO 411) ● DNA binding proteins, transcription factors ● Gene amplification and duplication ● Post-‐transcriptional control, basic concept of splicing (introns,

exons) ● Cancer as a failure of normal cellular controls, oncogenes, tumor

suppressor genes ● Regulation of chromatin structure ● DNA methylation ● Role of non-‐coding RNAs

BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 411, 442, 462

Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology ● Gene cloning (BIO 411) ● Restriction enzymes (BIO 411) ● DNA libraries (BIO 411) ● Generation of cDNA ● Hybridization ● Expressing cloned genes ● Polymerase Chain Reaction(BIO 411) ● Gel Electrophoresis and Southern Blotting ● DNA sequencing (BIO 411) ● Analyzing gene expression (BIO 411) ● Determining gene function (BIO 411) ● Stem cells ● Practical applications of DNA technology: medical applications,

human gene therapy, pharmaceuticals, forensic evidence, environmental cleanup, agriculture

● Safety and ethics of DNA technology

BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 411, 442, & CHM 462L

140

Content Category 1C: Transmission of heritable information from generation to generation and the processes that increase genetic diversity

Evidence that DNA is Genetic Material

BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, & CHM 451, 452

Mendelian Concepts ● Phenotype and genotype ● Gene ● Locus ● Allele: single and multiple ● Homozygosity and heterozygosity ● Wild-‐type ● Recessiveness ● Complete dominance ● Co-‐dominance ● Incomplete dominance, leakage, penetrance, expressivity (Not

BIO 151) ● Hybridization: viability ● Gene pool

BIO 151, 151L, 152, 152L, 301, 312, 312L, 442





● Mutation ○ General concept of mutation — error in DNA sequence ○ Types of mutations: random, translation error,

BIO 151, 151L, 152, 152L, 312, 312L, 442, 442L

141




diversity

Analytic Methods ● Hardy–Weinberg Principle (Not BIO 151) ● Test cross ● Gene mapping: crossover frequencies ● Biometry: statistical methods (Not BIO 151)

BIO 151, 151L, 152, 152L, 312, 312L


○ Fitness concept ○ Selection by differential reproduction ○ Concepts of natural and group selection ○ Evolutionary success as increase in percent




BIO 152, 152L, 312, 312L

Content Category 1D: Principles of bioenergetics and fuel molecule metabolism


○ Free energy/Keq ■ Equilibrium constant ■ Relationship of the equilibrium constant and ΔG°

○ Concentration

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L & CHM 420, 451

142

■ Le Châtelier’s Principle (Not BIO 151) (Not CHM 420)

○ Endothermic/exothermic reactions ○ Free energy: G ○ Spontaneous reactions and ΔG°


● Biological oxidation-‐reduction ○ Half-‐reactions (Not CHM 420) ○ Soluble electron carriers ○ Flavoproteins

Carbohydrates ● Description

○ Nomenclature and classification, common names ○ Absolute configuration ○ Cyclic structure and conformations of hexoses ○ Epimers and anomers

● Hydrolysis of the glycoside linkage ● Monosaccharides ● Disaccharides ● Polysaccharides

BIO 151, 151L & CHM 314, 420, 451


○ Feeder pathways: glycogen, starch metabolism (Not CHM 420)

● Fermentation (anaerobic glycolysis) ● Gluconeogenesis ● Pentose phosphate pathway (Not BIO 151) ● Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L & CHM 420, 451


○ Maintenance of a dynamic steady state ● Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis ● Metabolism of glycogen (Not BIO 411) ● Regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown (Not BIO 411)

(Not CHM 420)

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L & CHM 420, 451, 452

143

○ Allosteric and hormonal control (Not BIO 411) (Not CHM 420)

● Analysis of metabolic control(Not CHM 420)


BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L & CHM 420, 452

Metabolism of Fatty Acids and Proteins ● Description of fatty acids ● Digestion, mobilization, and transport of fats (Not BIO 151) (Not

BIO 411) ● Oxidation of fatty acids


● Ketone bodies (Not BIO 411) ● Anabolism of fats (Not BIO 411) ● Non-‐template synthesis: biosynthesis of lipids and

polysaccharides (Not BIO 151) (Not BIO 411) ● Metabolism of proteins (Not BIO 151) (Not CHM 420)

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L & CHM 420, 452

Oxidative Phosphorylation ● Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation,

substrates and products, general features of the pathway ● Electron transfer in mitochondria

○ NADH, NADPH ○ Flavoproteins ○ Cytochromes

● ATP synthase, chemiosmotic coupling (Not CHM 420) ○ Proton motive force

● Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes ● Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation (Not CHM 420) ● Mitochondria, apoptosis, oxidative stress (Not BIO 411) (Not

CHM 420)

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L & CHM 420, 452

Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Metabolism ● Higher level integration of hormone structure and function ● Tissue specific metabolism ● Hormonal regulation of fuel metabolism

BIO 151, 151L, 403, 403L, & CHM 452

144

● Obesity and regulation of body mass

Content Category 2A: Assemblies of molecules, cells, and groups of cells within single cellular and multicellular organisms







■ Sodium/potassium pump ● Membrane channels ● Membrane potential ● Membrane receptors ● Exocytosis and endocytosis(Not BIO 411) (Not CHM 420) ● Intercellular junctions (Not BIO 411) (Not CHM 420)


BIO 151, 151L, 403, 403L, 411, 411L, 440, 442 & CHM 124, 420, 451



● Mitotic division (Not CHM 420) ● Nucleus (Not CHM 420)

○ Compartmentalization, storage of genetic information ○ Nucleolus: location and function ○ Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores

BIO 151, 151L, 403, 403L, 440, 442 & CHM 420, 451

145

● Mitochondria ○ Site of ATP production ○ Inner and outer membrane structure ○ Self-‐replication (Not CHM 420)


● Endoplasmic reticulum ○ Rough and smooth components ○ Rough endoplasmic reticulum site of ribosomes ○ Double membrane structure (Not CHM 420) ○ Role in membrane biosynthesis (Not CHM 420) ○ Role in biosynthesis of secreted proteins (Not CHM 420)

● Golgi apparatus: general structure and role in packaging and secretion (Not CHM 420)

● Peroxisomes: organelles that collect peroxides

Cytoskeleton ● General function in cell support and movement ● Microfilaments: composition and role in cleavage and


BIO 151, 151L, 440, 442


BIO 151, 151L, 440, 442

Content Category 2B: The structure, growth, physiology, and genetics of prokaryotes and viruses


BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L, 440



● Major classifications of bacteria by shape

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L

146

○ Bacilli (rod-‐shaped) ○ Spirilli (spiral shaped) ○ Cocci (spherical)

● Lack of nuclear membrane and mitotic apparatus ● Lack of typical eukaryotic organelles ● Presence of cell wall in bacteria ● Flagellar propulsion, mechanism



BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L



BIO 151, 151L, 312L, 411, 411L



BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L





components

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L

147

○ Self-‐assembly and release of new viral particles ● Transduction: transfer of genetic material by viruses ● Retrovirus life cycle: integration into host DNA, reverse


Content Category 2C: Processes of cell division, differentiation, and specialization





BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 440, 442

Biosignalling ● Oncogenes (Not BIO 151), apoptosis

BIO 151, 151L, 440, 442




BIO 152, 152L, 442, 475, 475L



BIO 152, 152L, 442

148






● Cell–cell communication in development ● Cell migration ● Pluripotency: stem cells ● Gene regulation in development ● Programmed cell death ● Existence of regenerative capacity in various species ● Senescence and aging

BIO 152, 152L, 442

Content Category 3A: Structure and functions of the nervous and endocrine systems and ways in which these systems coordinate the organ systems

Nervous System: Structure and Function ● Major Functions

○ High level control and integration of body systems ○ Adaptive capability to external influences

● Organization of vertebrate nervous system ● Sensor and effector neurons ● Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems:

antagonistic control ● Reflexes

○ Feedback loop, reflex arc ○ Role of spinal cord and supraspinal circuits

● Integration with endocrine system: feedback control

BIO 152, 442, 442L, 475, 475L

Nerve Cell ● Cell body: site of nucleus, organelles ● Dendrites: branched extensions of cell body

BIO 403, 403L, 415, 442

149

● Axon: structure and function ● Myelin sheath, Schwann cells, insulation of axon ● Nodes of Ranvier: propagation of nerve impulse along axon ● Synapse: site of impulse propagation between cells ● Synaptic activity: transmitter molecules ● Resting potential: electrochemical gradient ● Action potential



● Glial cells, neuroglia

Electrochemistry ● Concentration cell: direction of electron flow, Nernst equation

BIO 403, 403L & CHM 124, 451




BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 440, 442 & CHM 420, 451


○ Steroids ○ Terpenes and terpenoids (Not BIO 151) (Not BIO 411)

BIO 151, 151L, 411, 411L & CHM 451, 452

Endocrine System: Hormones and Their Sources ● Function of endocrine system: specific chemical control at cell,

tissue, and organ level ● Definitions of endocrine gland, hormone ● Major endocrine glands: names, locations, products ● Major types of hormones ● Neuroendrocrinology ― relation between neurons and

hormonal systems

BIO 152, 152L, 403, 403L, 442, 442L, 475, 475L

Endocrine System: Mechanisms of Hormone Action ● Cellular mechanisms of hormone action ● Transport of hormones: blood supply

BIO 152, 152L, 403, 403L, 442

150

● Specificity of hormones: target tissue ● Integration with nervous system: feedback control regulation by

second messengers

Content Category 3B: Structure and integrative functions of the main organ systems

Respiratory System ● General function

○ Gas exchange, thermoregulation ○ Protection against disease: particulate matter






● pH control ● Regulation by nervous control

○ CO2 sensitivity

BIO 152, 152L, 403, 403L, 442, 442L, 475, 475L

Circulatory System ● Functions: circulation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, ions and

fluids, removal of metabolic waste

● Role in thermoregulation ● Four-‐chambered heart: structure and function ● Endothelial cells ● Systolic and diastolic pressure ● Pulmonary and systemic circulation ● Arterial and venous systems (arteries, arterioles, venules, veins)

○ Structural and functional differences ○ Pressure and flow characteristics


BIO 152, 152L, 403, 403L, 442, 442L, 475, 475L

151







○ Equalization of fluid distribution ○ Transport of proteins and large glycerides ○ Production of lymphocytes involved in immune reactions ○ Return of materials to the blood

BIO 152, 152L 403, 403L, 475, 475L

Immune System ● Innate (non-‐specific) vs. adaptive (specific) immunity ● Adaptive immune system cells



● Concept of antigen and antibody ● Antigen presentation ● Clonal selection ● Antigen-‐antibody recognition ● Structure of antibody molecule ● Recognition of self vs. non-‐self, autoimmune diseases ● Major histocompatibility complex

BIO 427, 442, 442L

Digestive System BIO 403, 403L,

152

● Ingestion ○ Saliva as lubrication and source of enzymes ○ Ingestion, esophagus, transport function









● Rectum: storage and elimination of waste, feces ● Muscular control

○ Peristalsis ● Endocrine control


● Nervous control: the enteric nervous system

442, 442L, 475, 475L

Excretory System BIO 403, 403L,

153




● Formation of urine ○ Glomerular filtration ○ Secretion and reabsorption of solutes ○ Concentration of urine ○ Counter-‐current multiplier mechanism

● Storage and elimination: ureter, bladder, urethra ● Osmoregulation: capillary reabsorption of H2O, amino acids,

glucose, ions ● Muscular control: sphincter muscle

442, 442L, 475, 475L

Reproductive System ● Male and female reproductive structures and their functions

○ Gonads ○ Genitalia ○ Differences between male and female structures

● Hormonal control of reproduction ○ Male and female sexual development ○ Female reproductive cycle ○ Pregnancy, parturition, lactation ○ Integration with nervous control

BIO 403, 403L, 442, 442L, 475, 475L

Muscle System ● Important functions

○ Support: mobility ○ Peripheral circulatory assistance

BIO 403, 403L, 475, 475L

154

○ Thermoregulation (shivering reflex) ● Structure of three basic muscle types: striated, smooth, cardiac ● Muscle structure and control of contraction

○ T-‐tubule system ○ Contractile apparatus ○ Sarcoplasmic reticulum ○ Fiber type ○ Contractile velocity of different muscle types

● Regulation of cardiac muscle contraction ● Oxygen debt: fatigue ● Nervous control

○ Motor neurons ○ Neuromuscular junction, motor end plates ○ Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation ○ Voluntary and involuntary muscles

Specialized Cell-‐Muscle Cell ● Structural characteristics of striated, smooth, and cardiac

muscle ● Abundant mitochondria in red muscle cells: ATP source ● Organization of contractile elements: actin and myosin


BIO 403, 403L, 440



● Skeletal structure ○ Specialization of bone types, structures ○ Joint structures ○ Endoskeleton vs. exoskeleton

● Bone structure ○ Calcium/protein matrix ○ Cellular composition of bone

● Cartilage: structure and function ● Ligaments, tendons

BIO 442, 442L, 475, 475L

155

● Endocrine control



● Functions in homeostasis and osmoregulation ● Functions in thermoregulation

○ Hair, erectile musculature ○ Fat layer for insulation ○ Sweat glands, location in dermis ○ Vasoconstriction and vasodilation in surface capillaries

● Physical protection ○ Nails, calluses, hair ○ Protection against abrasion, disease organisms

● Hormonal control: sweating, vasodilation, and vasoconstriction

BIO 403, 403L, 442, 475, 475L

156

Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems Content Category 4A: Translational motion, forces, work, energy, and equilibrium in living systems

Translational Motion • Units and dimensions • Vectors, components • Vector addition • Speed, velocity (average and instantaneous) • Acceleration

PHY 201 PHY201 does not cover items in heat, temperature, kinetic theory, and thermodynamics.


PHY 201 & CHM 124, 420, 451 PHY201 does not cover items in heat, temperature, kinetic theory, and thermodynamics.

Work • Derived units, sign conventions • Mechanical advantage • Work Kinetic Energy Theorem

PHY 201 & CHM 123 PHY201 does not cover items in heat, temperature, kinetic theory, and thermodynamics.




PHY 201 & CHM 123 PHY201 does not cover items in heat, temperature, kinetic theory, and thermodynamics.

Content Category 4B: Importance of fluids for the circulation of blood, gas movement, and gas exchange

Fluids • Density, specific gravity • Buoyancy, Archimedes’ Principle • Hydrostatic pressure

o Pascal’s Law o Hydrostatic pressure; P = ρgh (pressure versus

depth) • Viscosity: Poiseuille Flow • Continuity equation (A∙v = constant) • Concept of turbulence at high velocities • Surface tension • Bernoulli’s equation • Venturi effect, pitot tube

PHY 201 PHY201 does not cover items in heat, temperature, kinetic theory, and thermodynamics..

Circulatory System • Arterial and venous systems; pressure and flow

characteristics

BIO 403, 403L

Gas Phase • Absolute temperature, (K) Kelvin Scale

CHM 123

157

• Pressure, simple mercury barometer • Molar volume at 0°C and 1 atm = 22.4 L/mol • Ideal gas

o Definition o Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT o Boyle’s Law: PV = constant o Charles’ Law: V/T = constant o Avogadro’s Law: V/n = constant

• Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases o Heat capacity at constant volume and at constant

pressure o Boltzmann’s Constant

• Deviation of real gas behavior from Ideal Gas Law o Qualitative o Quantitative (Van der Waals’ Equation)

• Partial pressure, mole fraction • Dalton’s Law relating partial pressure to composition

Content Category 4C: Electrochemistry and electrical circuits and their elements

Electrostatics • Charge, conductors, charge conservation • Insulators • Electric field E

o Field lines o Field due to charge distribution

• Potential difference, absolute potential at point in space

PHY 202

Circuit Elements • Current I = ΔQ/Δt, sign conventions, units • Electromotive force, voltage • Resistance

o Ohm’s Law: I = V/R o Resistors in series o Resistors in parallel o Resistivity: ρ = R•A/L

• Capacitance o Parallel plate capacitor o Energy of charged capacitor o Capacitors in series o Capacitors in parallel o Dielectrics

• Conductivity o Metallic o Electrolytic

• Meters

PHY 202


o Electrolysis o Anode, cathode o Electrolyte

CHM 124, 451

158

o Faraday’s Law relating amount of elements deposited (or gas liberated) at an electrode to

o current o Electron flow, oxidation, and reduction at the

electrodes • Galvanic or Voltaic cells

o Half-‐reactions o Reduction potentials, cell potential o Direction of electron flow


o Electromotive force, Voltage o Lead-‐storage batteries o Nickel-‐cadmium batteries

Specialized Cell -‐ Nerve Cell • Myelin sheath, Schwann cells, insulation of axon • Nodes of Ranvier: propagation of nerve impulse along axon

BIO 415, 442

Content Category 4D: How light and sound interact with matter Sound

• Production of sound • Relative speed of sound in solids, liquids, and gases • Intensity of sound, decibel units, log scale • Attenuation (Damping) • Doppler Effect: moving sound source or observer, reflection

of sound from a moving object • Pitch • Resonance in pipes and strings • Ultrasound • Shock waves

PHY 202


o Velocity equals constant c, in vacuo o Electromagnetic radiation consists of

perpendicularly oscillating electric and magnetic o fields; direction of propagation is perpendicular to

both • Classification of electromagnetic spectrum, photon energy E

= (hf) • Visual spectrum, color

PHY 202 & CHM 123

Molecular Structure and Absorption Spectra • Infrared region

o Intramolecular vibrations and rotations o Recognizing common characteristic group

CHM 313

159

absorptions, fingerprint region • Visible region

o Absorption in visible region gives complementary color (e.g., carotene)

o Effect of structural changes on absorption (e.g., indicators)

• Ultraviolet region o π-‐electron and non-‐bonding electron transitions o Conjugated systems

• NMR spectroscopy o Protons in a magnetic field; equivalent protons o Spin-‐spin splitting

Geometrical Optics • Reflection from plane surface: angle of incidence equals

angle of reflection • Refraction, refractive index n, Snell’s law: n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 • Dispersion, change of index of refraction with wavelength • Conditions for total internal reflection • Spherical mirrors

o Center of curvature o Focal length o Real and virtual images

• Thin lenses o Converging and diverging lenses o Use of formula 1/p + 1/q = 1/f, with sign

conventions o Lens strength, diopters

• Combination of lenses • Lens aberration • Optical Instruments, including the human eye

PHY 202 & BIO 442, 442L, 475, 475L

Content Category 4E: Atoms, nuclear decay, electronic structure, and atomic chemical behavior

Atomic Nucleus • Atomic number, atomic weight • Neutrons, protons, isotopes • Nuclear forces, binding energy • Radioactive decay

o α, β, γ decay o Half-‐life, exponential decay, semi-‐log plots

• Mass spectrometer

CHM 123

Electronic Structure • Orbital structure of hydrogen atom, principal quantum

number n, number of electrons per orbital • Ground state, excited states • Absorption and emission line spectra • Use of Pauli Exclusion Principle • Conventional notation for electronic structure • Bohr atom

PHY 202 & CHM 123 PHY202 does not cover items in nuclear physics.

160

• Effective nuclear charge • Photoelectric effect

The Periodic Table -‐ Classification of Elements into Groups by Electronic Structure

• Alkali metals • Alkaline earth metals: their chemical characteristics • Halogens: their chemical characteristics • Noble gases: their physical and chemical characteristics • Transition metals • Representative elements • Metals and non-‐metals • Oxygen group

CHM 123

The Periodic Table -‐ Variations of Chemical Properties with Group and Row

• Valence electrons • First and second ionization energy

o Definition o Prediction from electronic structure for elements in

different groups or rows • Electron affinity

o Definition o Variation with group and row

• Electronegativity o Definition o Comparative values for some representative

elements and important groups • Electron shells and the sizes of atoms • Electron shells and the sizes of ions

CHM 123

Stoichiometry • Molecular weight • Empirical versus molecular formula • Metric units commonly used in the context of chemistry • Description of composition by percent mass • Mole concept, Avogadro’s number NA • Definition of density • Oxidation number

o Common oxidizing and reducing agents o Disproportionation reactions

• Description of reactions by chemical equations o Conventions for writing chemical equations o Balancing equations, including redox equations o Limiting reactants o Theoretical yields

CHM 123, BIO 442L

Content Category 5A: Unique nature of water and its solutions Acid/Base Equilibria

• Bronsted-‐Lowry definition of acid, base • Ionization of water

o Kw, its approximate value (Kw = [H+][OH–] = 10-‐14 at

CHM 124, 451

161

25°C, 1 atm) o Definition of pH: pH of pure water


o Dissociation of weak acids and bases with or without added salt

o Hydrolysis of salts of weak acids or bases o Calculation of pH of solutions of salts of weak acids

or bases • Equilibrium constants Ka and Kb: pKa, pKb • Buffers


Ions in Solutions • Anion, cation: common names, formulas and charges for

familiar ions (e.g., NH4+ ammonium, PO43– phosphate, SO42–

sulfate) • Hydration, the hydronium ion

CHM 123

Solubility • Units of concentration (e.g., molarity) • Solubility product constant; the equilibrium expression Ksp • Common-‐ion effect, its use in laboratory separations

o Complex ion formation o Complex ions and solubility o Solubility and pH

CHM 124, BIO 442L


CHM 123, 124, 451

Content Category 5B: Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions



• Partial ionic character o Role of electronegativity in determining charge

distribution o Dipole Moment

• σ and π bonds o Hybrid orbitals: sp3, sp2, sp and respective

geometries o Valence shell electron pair repulsion and the

prediction of shapes of molecules (e.g., NH3, H2O, CO2)

o Structural formulas for molecules involving H, C, N,

CHM 123, 313

162

O, F, S, P, Si, Cl o Delocalized electrons and resonance in ions and

molecules • Multiple bonding

o Affect on bond length and bond energies o Rigidity in molecular structure


! Structural isomers ! Stereoisomers (e.g., diastereomers,

enantiomers, cis/trans isomers) ! Conformational isomers


! Conventions for writing R and S forms ! Conventions for writing E and Z forms

Liquid Phase -‐ Intermolecular Forces ! Hydrogen bonding ! Dipole Interactions ! Van der Waals’ Forces (London dispersion forces)

CHM 124

Content Category 5C: Separation and purification methods Separations and Purifications

• Extraction: distribution of solute between two immiscible solvents

• Distillation • Chromatography

o Basic principles involved in separation process ! Column chromatography, gas-‐liquid

chromatography ! High pressure liquid chromatography


• Separation and purification of peptides and proteins o Electrophoresis (BIO 442L) o Quantitative analysis o Chromatography


• Racemic mixtures, separation of enantiomers

CHM 313, 451, 462L

Content Category 5D: Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-‐relevant molecules

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids • Nucleotides and nucleosides: composition



BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L & CHM 314, 451, 452

163






• General Principles o 1° structure of proteins o 2° structure of proteins o 3° structure of proteins o o Isoelectric point

CHM 314, 451

The Three-‐Dimensional Protein Structure • Conformational stability

o Hydrophobic interactions o Solvation layer (entropy)

• 4° quaternary structure • Denaturing and Folding

CHM 451

Non-‐Enzymatic Protein Function • Binding • Immune system • Motor (BIO 442)

CHM 451

Lipids • Types




CHM 420, 451, 452



• Hydrolysis of the glycoside linkage

CHM 314, 451

164

• Keto-‐enol tautomerism of monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides

Aldehydes and Ketones • Description


• Important reactions o Nucleophilic addition reactions at C=O bond

! Acetal, hemiacetal ! Imine, enamine ! Hydride reagents ! Cyanohydrin

o Oxidation of aldehydes o Reactions at adjacent positions: enolate chemistry

! Keto-‐enol tautomerism (α-‐racemization) ! Aldol condensation, retro-‐aldol ! Kinetic versus thermodynamic enolate

• General principles o Effect of substituents on reactivity of C=O; steric

hindrance o o Acidity of α-‐H; carbanions

CHM 314

Alcohols • Description

o Nomenclature o Physical properties (acidity, hydrogen bonding)

• Important reactions o Oxidation o Protection of alcohol o Preparation of mesylates and tosylates

CHM 313

Carboxylic Acids • Description


• Important reactions o Carboxyl group reactions

! Amides (and lactam), esters (and lactone), anhydride formation

! Reduction ! Decarboxylation ! Reactions at 2-‐position, substitution

CHM 314

Acid Derivatives (Anhydrides, Amides, Esters) • Description


• Important reactions o Nucleophilic substitution o Transesterification o Hydrolysis of amides

CHM 314

165

• General principles o Relative reactivity of acid derivatives o Steric effects o Electronic effects o Strain (e.g., β-‐lactams)

Phenols • Oxidation and reduction (e.g., hydroquinones), ubiquinones:

biological 2e-‐ redox centers

CHM 314, 452

Polycyclic and Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds • Biological aromatic heterocycles

CHM 314

Content Category 5E: Principles of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics




• Inhibition • Regulatory enzymes (BIO 411)


BIO 151, 151L, 312, 312L, 403, 403L & CHM 451, 452, 462L


o Free energy/Keq o Concentration

• § Phosphorylation/ATP o ATP hydrolysis ΔG << 0 o ATP group transfers

• Biological oxidation–reduction o Half-‐reactions o Soluble electron carriers o Flavoproteins

CHM 451

Phosphorus Compounds • Description, structure of phosphoric acids

CHM 314

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions -‐ Thermochemistry, Thermodynamics

! Thermodynamic system – state function ! Zeroth Law – concept of temperature ! First Law: ΔE = Q – W (conservation of energy) ! Second Law – concept of entropy

o Entropy as a measure of “disorder”

CHM 123, 124

166

o Relative entropy for gas, liquid, and crystal states ! Measurement of heat changes (calorimetry), heat capacity,

specific heat ! Heat transfer – conduction, convection, radiation ! Endothermic/exothermic reactions

o Enthalpy, H, and standard heats of reaction and formation

o Hess’ Law of Heat Summation ! Bond dissociation energy as related to heats of formation ! Free energy: G ! Spontaneous reactions and ΔG° ! Coefficient of expansion ! Heat of fusion, heat of vaporization ! Phase diagram: pressure and temperature

Rate Processes in Chemical Reactions -‐ Kinetics and Equilibrium • Reaction rate • Dependence of reaction rate upon concentration of

reactants o Rate law, rate constant o Reaction order

• Rate-‐determining step • Dependence of reaction rate upon temperature

o Activation energy ! Activated complex or transition state ! Interpretation of energy profiles showing

energies of reactants, products, activation energy, and ΔH for the reaction

o Use of the Arrhenius Equation • Kinetic control versus thermodynamic control of a reaction • Catalysts • Equilibrium in reversible chemical reactions

o Law of Mass Action o Equilibrium Constant o Application of Le Châtelier’s Principle

• Relationship of the equilibrium constant and ΔG°

CHM 124

Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior Content Category 6A: Sensing the environment Sensory Processing

• Sensation o Thresholds o Weber’s Law o Signal detection theory o Sensory adaptation


PSY101, 323 & BIO 415, 475

167



PSY 101, 323, 422 & BIO 415, 442, 442L, 475, 475L



PSY 101, 323, 422 & BIO 415, 475, 475L







PSY 101, 323, 422 & BIO 415, 442, 475, 475L




PSY 101, 321, 323

Content Category 6B: Making sense of the environment Attention

• Selective attention • Divided attention

PSY 101, 321, 322, 323





PSY 101, 321, 351 & BIO 415

168


o Multiple definitions of intelligence o Influence of heredity and environment on

intelligence o Variations in intellectual ability


o Alertness o Sleep




o Drug addiction and the reward pathway in the brain

PSY 101, 321, 422 & BIO 415

Memory • Encoding

o Process of encoding information o Processes that aid in encoding memories

• Storage o Types of memory storage (e.g., sensory, working,

long-‐term) o Semantic networks and spreading activation




• Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning (BIO 403)

o Neural plasticity o Memory and learning o Long-‐term potentiation

PSY 101, 321 & BIO 415



PSY 101, 321, 351 & BIO 415

169

• Different brain areas control language and speech Content Category 6C: Responding to the world Emotion

• Three components of emotion (i.e., cognitive, physiological, behavioral)

• Universal emotions (e.g., fear, anger, happiness, surprise, joy, disgust, sadness)

• Adaptive role of emotion • Theories of emotion


• The role of biological processes in perceiving emotion o Generation and experience of emotions involve

many brain regions o The role of the limbic system in emotion (BIO 403) o Emotional experiences can be stored as memories

that can be recalled by similar o circumstances o Prefrontal cortex is critical for emotional

experience, and is also important in o temperament and decision making o Emotion and the autonomic nervous system (BIO

403) o Physiological markers of emotion (signatures of

emotion)

PSY 101, 366 & BIO 415

Stress • The nature of stress

o Appraisal o Different types of stressors (e.g., cataclysmic events,


• Stress outcomes/response to stressors o Physiological o Emotional o Behavioral

• Managing stress (e.g., exercise, relaxation techniques, spirituality, etc.)

PSY 101, 351, 366, 422 & BIO 415

Content Category 7A: Individual influences on behavior Biological Bases of Behavior

• The nervous system (BIO , 442, 442L, 475, 475L) o Neurons


! The brain o The brainstem o The cerebellum

PSY 101, 321, 322, 323, 351, 366, 422 BIO 312, 415

170

o The diencephalon o The cerebrum o Control of voluntary movement in

the cerebral cortex o Information processing in the

cerebral cortex o Lateralization of cortical functions o Methods of studying the brain

• Neurons communicate and influence behavior • Influence of neurotransmitters on behavior • The endocrine system (BIO 475, 475L)







Personality • Theories of personality

o Psychoanalytic perspective o Humanistic perspective o Trait perspective o Social cognitive perspective o Biological perspective o Behaviorist perspective

• Situational approach to explaining behavior

PSY 101, 366




PSY 101, 366, 422

171

• Biological bases of nervous system disorders (BIO 442) o Schizophrenia o Depression o Alzheimer’s disease o Parkinson’s disease o Stem cell-‐based therapy to regenerate neurons in

CNS Motivation

• Factors that influence motivation o Instinct o Arousal o Drives


• Theories that explain how motivation affects human behavior

o Drive reduction theory o Incentive theory o Other: cognitive and need based theories




PSY 101, 366





PSY 101, 341, 366

Content Category 7B: Social processes that influence human behavior


PSY 101, 341, 366 & SOC 340


PSY 101, 341 & SOC 340

Culture PSY 341 & SOC 101

172

• Assimilation • Multiculturalism • Subcultures



PSY 101, 341 SOC 101 SOC 101 SOC 101 SOC 101, 325 SOC 325, 340

Content Category 7C: Attitude and behavior change Habituation and Dishabituation

PSY 101, 322, 351

Associative Learning • Classical conditioning

o Neutral, conditioned, and unconditioned stimuli o Conditioned and unconditioned response o Processes: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous






o Innate behaviors are developmentally fixed o Learned behaviors are modified based on

experiences o Development of learned behaviors

PSY 101, 322, 351 BIO 415




PSY 101, 322, 351




characteristics of the message and target, social factors)

PSY 101, 341

Content Category 8A: Self-‐identity

173

Self-‐Concept and Identity • Definitions of self-‐concept, identity, and social identity • The role of self-‐esteem, self-‐efficacy, and locus of control in

self-‐concept and self-‐identity • Different types of identities (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender,

age, sexual orientation, class)

PSY 101, 341, 351, 361 & SOC 340, 341

Formation of Identity • Stages of identity development

o Theories of developmental stages (e.g., Erikson, Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Freud)

• Influence of social factors on identity formation o Influence of individuals (e.g., imitation, role-‐taking) o Influence of group (e.g., reference group)


PSY 101, 341, 351, 361 SOC 340 SOC 340 SOC 340 & 341 SOC 340 & 341 SOC 101 & 340

Content Category 8B: Social thinking Attributing Behavior to Persons or Situations

• Attribution theory o Fundamental attribution error o How culture affects attributions

• How self-‐perceptions shape our perceptions of others • How perceptions of the environment shape our perceptions

of others

PSY 101, 341, 366

Prejudice and Bias • Definition of prejudice • Processes that contribute to prejudice




PSY 101, 341 & SOC 101, 328PS PSY 101, 341 SOC 101 SOC 328, 339 SOC 101 & ANT 150 SOC 101 & ANT 150


PSY 101, 341

Content Category 8C: Social interactions Elements of Social Interaction

• Statuses • Roles • Groups • Networks • Organizations

PSY 101, 341 & SOC 101, 340


o Gender shapes expression (SOC 322,332) o Culture shapes expression (ANT 150)


PSY 101, 341 & SOC 340, 341 SOC 322, 332 ANT 150 SOC 341

174

approach) • Verbal and nonverbal communication (ANT 315) • Animal signals and communication

ANT 315



PSY 101, 341

Discrimination • Individual vs. institutional discrimination • The relationship between prejudice and discrimination • How power, prestige, and class facilitate discrimination

PSY 101 & SOC 101, 339

Content Category 9A: Understanding social structure Theoretical Approaches

• Functionalism • Conflict theory • Symbolic interactionism • Social constructionism

SOC 101, 303

Social Institutions • Education • Family • Religion • Government and economy • Health and medicine

SOC 101 SOC 101, 331 SOC 101, 334 SOC 101, 337 SOC 101

Culture • Material culture • Symbolic culture


• Culture and social groups • Evolution and human culture

SOC 101 & ANT 150 SOC 101 & ANT 150 & PSY 368, 443 SOC 340 & ANT 315 SOC 101 & ANT 150 SOC 101 & ANT 150 SOC 101 & ANT 150 ANT 300 & PSY 443

Content Category 9B: Demographic characteristics and processes

Demographic Structure of Society • Age • Gender • Race and ethnicity • Immigration status • Sexual orientation

SOC 101, 330 SOC 101, 332 SOC 101, 328 SOC 368 SOC 333, 322

Demographic Shifts and Social Change

175

• Demographic transition • Fertility, migration, and mortality • Social movements • Globalization • Urbanization

SOC 101 SOC 101 SOC 342 SOC 101, 435 SOC 351

Content Category 10A: Social inequality Spatial Inequality

• Residential segregation (neighborhoods) • Environmental justice (location and exposure to health

risks) • Global inequalities

SOC 351 SWK 335 SOC 101, 435

Social Class • Aspects of social stratification

o Class, status, and power o Cultural capital and social capital o Social reproduction o Privilege and prestige o Intersections with race, gender and age

• Patterns of social mobility o Intergenerational and intragenerational mobility o Downward and upward mobility o Meritocracy

• Poverty o Relative and absolute o Social exclusion (segregation and isolation)

SOC 101, 339

Health Disparities • Race, gender, and class inequalities in health

PSY 366

Healthcare Disparities • Race, gender, and class inequalities in healthcare

PSY 366

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