rm report2
TRANSCRIPT
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Report
On
Socio-Economic condition of female garment workers in Dhaka city- an
empirical study
Course Title: Research Methods
Course code: BBA 3322
Section: A
Semester: SPRING 2012Submitted To: Md. Deluar jahan Moloy
Lecturer
Department of Business Administration
Northern University Bangladesh
Submitted By:
S.M.Samiul BBA 090150504Kazy saad al jubayer BBA 090150521Md. Alamin BBA 090203132MD. shakir hossain Emon BBA 080202740
Date of submission: April 13,2012
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Letter of Transmittal
April 13,2012Md. Deluar jahan Moloy
Lecturer
Department of Business Administration
Northern university, Bangladesh.
Sub: Submission of report on socio-Economic condition of female garment
workers in Dhaka city.
Dear Sir,
In accordance to your advice to us for preparing a report on Socio-Economiccondition of female Garment workers in Dhaka city we would like to inform you thatwe have prepared this report. In preparing this report, we have followed yourguidelines. As per your direction, we have added a lot of information for thementioned topic. From this report we have achieved a lot of basic knowledge and wethink ourselves that it will help us a lot in our future career. We sincerely hope thisreport will fulfill the requirements that suggested by you under the course ResearchMethods (BBA 3322). We truly appreciated this report & we hope it will be acceptedby you.
If you have any question after reading this report, let us know.
Sincerely yours,
Maksudus Zaman Lizen
Md.zahedur Rahman
Md. Shoaib Hossain
S. M. Samiul
Zerin Tasneem Zeem
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AAcckknnoowwlleeddggeemmeenntt
At first, we would like to express our gratitude to almighty Allah for enabling
us the strength and opportunity to complete the report within the schedule time
successfully.
At the very first we wish to tender our sincere gratitude and deep indebtedness
to Md. Deluar jahan Moloy, Lecturer, Department of Business Administration,
Northern University Bangladesh forhis valuable advice and guidance. Without
his support it would have been very difficult for us to complete this report.
We are also very grateful to the female garment workers in Saharia/ gildan
industries ltd. and Alpha composite towels ltd. We wish to express our gratitude
to all of them who have supported us to prepare this report.
Finally, we are grateful to our University Northern University Bangladesh for
giving us an opportunity for taking Higher education.
Thanks By
Group Members
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Table of content
Serial
no.
TITLE Pag
eno.
01 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Chapter
-01
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Origin of the report
1.3. Objective of the study
1.4. Research Hypothesis
1.5. Methodology
1.5.1. Source of data
1.5.2. Primary sources
1.5.3. Secondary sources
1.6.. Limitations of the study
Chapter
- 02
Social Condition
2.O. Age and Marital condition
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2.1. Children and Education Level
2.2.WORKING POSITION &TIME
2.3.Accommodation pattern
2.4.Gender discrimination
2.5.Work environment
Chapter
-03
Economic Condition
3.0. Monthly salary
3.1.Salary Satisfactions3.2. Payment Time
3.3. Discriminations in salary payment
Recommendations
Conclusion
Appendix
References
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EExxeeccuuttiivvee ssuummmmeerryy
Bangladesh is an over populated country where it is very much difficult to ensure
all the basic facilities. However, this country is said to be developing, considering
few important sector. Ready made garments are one of them. Every year the
highest revenue is coming from this sector. Since the early 1980s an export-
oriented garments industry has mushroomed in Bangladesh, with women workers
constituting a significant proportion of its wage labor force. The women worker
working in RMG sector most does not pay according to the law and exploiting
them a lot by bound them to work over the working time. Most of them are coming
from poor family, broken family and the family living under poverty line. As a
result they have no other option to turn back to their family & tolerate the
apprehension. In work sometimes they face gender discrimination and teasing.
Most of the industries they do not get residential facilities. The women working in
garments have a little knowledge of education & they join in this sector at very
early age. The employment of young women in labor-intensive factory production
is seen as arising from their weak economic and social position. Wages for womenare lower because women are seen as supplementary wage earners in the
household and because they lack the support of labor organizations. This report
attempted to assess overall social condition and economic position of female
garment workers in Dhaka city and survey is made from different samples in
Dhaka city to get some different opinion regarding the objectives.
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IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
Since the early 1980s an export-oriented garments industry has mushroomed in
Bangladesh, with women workers constituting a significant proportion of its wage
labor force. Perhaps the most notable feature of this industry is its heavy use of
women workers; an estimated 70-80 per cent of those employed in the industry are
women (Majumdar and Chaudhuri, 1994). In explaining the reasons for the
feminized wage labor force, considerable attention has been paid to the
motivations of employers: the lower cost of young women workers, and their
assumed, obedience and quickness in comparison to men. Conventional
understandings of womens entry into wage employment in Bangladesh have
emphasized the role played by extreme poverty and the related dynamic of women
unemployment and abandonment factors. The employment of young women in
labor-intensive factory production is seen as arising from their weak economic and
social position. Wages for women are lower because women are seen as
supplementary wage earners in the household and because they lack the support of
labor organizations. Women are also perceived as quiet and willing to spend long
hours doing. Women work long hours for apparently low wages, the terms and
conditions of their work are better than most of their existing alternatives.
Although income may be pooled, women retain some personal control over it. By
working in a factory outside the home, women earn a certain degree of freedom
from their families and learn no familial social roles. To reduce labor costs,
manufacturers employ underage women. Manufacturers are motivated to locate
their businesses in countries where child-labor laws are not enforced. Therefore,
such countries have a comparative advantage over settings where manufacturers
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are actively prohibited from using child labor. This is very much viewed in this
research where most of the female workers are not adult. Although they are
working but getting a very low wage which is no enough to maintain their
livelihood. They lead a very miserable life. This report attempted to assess overall
social condition and economic position of female garment workers in Dhaka city.
1.2. Objectives of the Research:
General objectives:
To assess the socio-economic condition of female workers employed in garment
sector in Dhaka city.
Specific objectives:
To identify the factor that affects the socio-economic conditions of the
female garments.
To assess the social condition as well as economic position of the female
garment workers in Dhaka city.
To assess the number of female working in garments industries.
To recommend measures to be taken for improving the socio-economic
condition of female garment workers in Bangladesh.
1.3. Research Hypothesis:
The main hypothesis of this research is to carry out the socio-economic condition
of female garments worker and to recommend the factors which accelerate their
condition
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1.4. Methodology:
This report has been prepared on the basis of Personal interview method. In the
report we were conducted in depth interview of the different industries female
workers in different area. The interviews for the study were guided by the mixer of
close ended and open ended questions. The sample of women garment workers
were collected from two different sources/places.
1.4.1. Source of data:
To make the report more meaningful and presentable, two sources of data and
information has been used-
1.4.2. Primary sources
Practical Interview
Direct Discussion
Direct opinion
1.4.3. Secondary sources
Reviewing Relevant literature
Visiting website
Reading books
Sources
of Data
Primary DataSecondary
Data
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Journals
Newspaper
1.5. Limitations of the study
We had more limitations for complete this report these are follows:
Lack of time
Long Distance between respondent & us.
Load shading
Lack of highly speed Lab facilities
Intensive cost of data collection
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Social condition
Analyses of womens entry into wage employment in Bangladesh often emphasize
the role played by extreme poverty and the related dynamic of male unemployment
and desertion in driving women into the wage labor market. Since the 1970s,
growing numbers of rural women in Bangladesh have sought wage employment in
the areas of agricultural labor, as well as earth-cutting, brick-breaking, construction
and road maintenance. Mahmud(1992) notes that two groups of women have been
particularly likely to engage in these jobs: women in low-income male-headed
households, and women heads of household. Thus impoverishment and the
absence of a male breadwinner are two characteristics of the wage-seeking women.
An emphasis on these push. factors is in many ways consonant with the notion that
cultural barriers have been critical in deterring womens wage employment. That
is, it is only under the tremendous pressures of extreme poverty that woman violate
cultural proscriptions against their involvement in paid employment, particularly in
jobs that require them to be in male-Dominated public spaces.
2.0. Age and Marital Status
The majority of the workers in the sample are between the ages of 10 and 20 years,
as shown by table 1, which is the height percentage of near 47 percentages. We can
see, there is a lower percentage which represents women having their age between
20-30 years. And there is medium percentage which represents the women of age
above 30 years.
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It can be said from the table, that female get admitted in this sector at a very early
age.
Table: 1 How old are You?
years Frequen
cy
Percen
t
Valid
Percent
Cumulativ
e Percent
Valid 10-20 14 46.7 46.7 46.7
20-30 7 23.3 23.3 70.0
Above
30
9 30.0 30.0 100.0
Total 30 100.0 100.0
Marital status?
Frequenc
y Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulativ
e Percent
Valid Unmarrie
d12 40.0 40.0 40.0
Married 17 56.7 56.7 96.7
widow 1 3.3 3.3 100.0
Total 30 100.0 100.0
Table2
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Most of the female in the sample are married. Here, 17 out of 30 female are
married, a only one person is widow.
2.1. Children and Education Level
How many children you have?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid None 3 10.0 16.7 16.7
1-2 7 23.3 38.9 55.6
3-4 7 23.3 38.9 94.4
Above 4 1 3.3 5.6 100.0
Total 18 60.0 100.0
Unmarrie
d
12 40.0
Total 30 100.0
Table: 3
In this sample, a good number of female workers who are unmarried and their
percentage are 40. Here we see there are 7 women who have more than 3 children
and there are 7 women who have more than 1 child. There are 3 female workers
who are married but having no children.
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Pie chart: 1
Among the sample there is a huge amount of female who are in the blue color.
Here, blue color indicates who can sign their name and up to primary level. Green
color indicates female entered in to the secondary level, yellow color indicates the
female who have read in secondary and red is for university level.
2.2. Working position
What is your position?
Frequen
cy Percent
Valid
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid helper 9 30.0 30.0 30.0
operator 13 43.3 43.3 73.3
general
stuff6 20.0 20.0 93.3
above 2 6.7 6.7 100.0
Total 30 100.0 100.0
Table: 4
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From this sample we can understand that there are 13 operators and 9 helpers. On
the other hand there are two stuffs.
How many years you are working?
Frequen
cy
Percen
t
Valid
Percent
Cumulativ
e Percent
Valid 1-2 Years 10 33.3 33.3 33.3
2-3 6 20.0 20.0 53.3
3-5 7 23.3 23.3 76.7
more than 5
years7 23.3 23.3 100.0
Total 30 100.0 100.0
Table: 5
The working time varying on age difference. Here about 34 % among sample
working only 1-2 years. There are 7 female who are working more than five years
and between 3-5 years.
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2.3 Accommodations
Here, we can se a high rise up to 20 is the female who live in rented house. It is to
be said that all the married female live in rented house may with their husband of
siblings who also work in garments. That means all of them are coming from
outside. There is only one who has own house and working as a operator. Rests of
them are live in Mesh.
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To sum up, the collective profile of the workers that emerges is of a young
group of women, large numbers of whom are married. On average, they have
had some primary education, although some have no education (just can sing
their name) and some have secondary-level education. There are two who
have the higher education and work as an office administrator. The low
number of women with more than primary education may be a reflection of
the dominance of operators and helpers in the sample, rather than jobs
requiring a higher level of education, such as quality inspector or supervisor.
Most of the women are getting early marriage. Sometimes it may be below the
age of adulthood. They do not residential facilities in work place and have to
arrange their resident in a low salary. Some points have arrived that they
cant maintain their livelihood in the salary they get. They do not any kind of
government help and sometimes face the illegal behavior by other men
workers. Many of them live with their family who has good income. But the
main things that must consider all of them work more than eight hours, which
breaks the rules of law. Often they face gender discrimination, teasing and
mental punishment by the supervisors.
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Economic Condition
Because the primary motivation for seeking a job is to earn a living, salary
histories are an important part of the workers narratives. Their views of the
prospects for economic mobility, management of income, propensity to save, and
patterns of expenditure provide important insights into their lives. Most garment
factories have several categories of workers: entry-level workers are called helpers
or apprentices; helpers capable of reading the English alphabet and numerals are
promoted to become operators, at which point they learn to run machines; some
workers with secondary education may occasionally graduate to the roles of line
chiefs or supervisors. Although the ratio of helpers to operators varies, in a typical
factory, it is about one helper to two operators. The number of senior posts is very
limited. For example, a factory of 300 workers will have fewer than 20 supervisory
posts. Nevertheless, because some supervisors start as helpers, a helper may aspire
to become a supervisor. Salary and incentive structures are similar across
factories. In the quantitative survey, the mean basic monthly wage of helpers was
2000 taka (about US$30) and that of operators was Tk.3600 (about $50). However,
There is an irregularity in payment of overtime rather than the proportion who did
not work overtime. Among those who do receive overtime earnings, the mean for
helpers is Tk.223 ($5) and for operators, Tk.407 ($9) per month.
Within an occupational category, variation in wages can be substantial, depending
on seniority and performance. Most workers describe relatively rapid wage
increases in the first year of work. Several young women expressed this prospect
of mobility as an important positive aspect of their work experience and one that is
not a characteristic of any other potential work opportunities
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3.0. Monthly Salary
What is your salary?
Frequen
cy
Percen
t
Valid
Percent
Cumulativ
e Percent
Valid below Tk
.30006 20.0 20.0 20.0
3000-5000 8 26.7 26.7 46.7
5000-
1000012 40.0 40.0 86.7
above tk.
100004 13.3 13.3 100.0
Total 30 100.0 100.0
Table: 6
The higher respondent position 12 indicates the operator who are working more
than 3-4 years and earning over Tk. 5000. A lower sample rate 4 indicates the
office stuff and production basis workers who are getting over ten thousands taka.
And entry level workers referred as helper getting below 3000 taka.
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3.1. Salary Satisfactions
Are you satisfy with salary?
Frequen
cy
Percen
t
Valid
Percent
Cumulativ
e Percent
Valid yes 18 60.0 60.0 60.0
No 12 40.0 40.0 100.0
Total 30 100.0 100.0
Table: 7
Maximum of the female garments worker are not well educated. As a result they
do not know the exact salary of their work. So most of them are satisfied with their
salary as they think this salary is proper.
3.2. Salary in time
Do you get salary in time?
Frequen
cy
Percen
t
Valid
Percent
Cumulativ
e Percent
Valid yes 23 76.7 76.7 76.7
No 6 20.0 20.0 96.7
3 1 3.3 3.3 100.0
Total 30 100.0 100.0
Table: 8
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In terms of salary payment the industry that we have surveyed is very punctual and
they pay salary in due time. Here 23 of the respondent answered positive and only
6 answered negative.
3.3 Salary discrimination
Do you get salary in time?
Frequen
cy
Percen
t
Valid
Percent
Cumulativ
e Percent
Valid yes 23 76.7 76.7 76.7
No 6 20.0 20.0 96.7
3 1 3.3 3.3 100.0
Total 30 100.0 100.0
Table 9
Salary payment in terms of male and female there is a big discrimination between
male and female. Among the respondent total 23 answered positively. That means
there is discrimination between male and female in terms of salary. That means
male get more salary rather than women.
Overall, the women employing in the garments sectors for the family survival.
Many of them work for changing their family conditions and make them affluent.
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Recommendation:
By this research we found some problem regarding to the socio economic of
female garment workers in Dhaka city. And to solute this problem some
recommendation has came from the respondent. Those are as follows.
1. To increase the salary of the female workers
2. To make good working environment
3. To establish equal benefits in men and women
4. To ensure good practice of law
5. To give government facilities
Conclusion
An important part of the new socialization young women experience through
working in the formal sector has to do with their negotiating the various ways that
society stigmatizes working women and constrains all women in their quest for
autonomy, while at the same time valuing their economic contributions. The
perception of factory work as technological and sophisticated and, therefore,
superior to most alternatives is an essential part of constructing a positive image to
combat the stigma attached to violating seclusion rules. The labor force is
differentiated in terms of status and earnings, allowing women to set goals of
advancement. Co-workers form important peer groups: for rotating funds, for
traveling to and from work together, and for providing information and evaluation
about alternative opportunities and even about marriage prospects. The presence of
peers has implications for young womens reproductive health, as does the
increased pressure for sexual activity that comes with the greater mobility and
autonomy of women and their interactions with men. However, the overarching
reproductive health implication of working is that it allows women to delay
marriage and, even after marriage, to delay childbirth, because of the high
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opportunity costs to women of leaving the workforce. All these beneficial
outcomes of garment-industry jobs have been experienced largely by women who
started working as teenagers, many of them at ages that would put them into an
illegal category in terms of existing Bangladeshi child-labor laws. However, where
choices are extremely limited, and where education is rarely a realistic option,
factory work in the garment industry may be regarded as a positive opportunity
enabling girls to delay marriage and motherhood and to reduce their reliance on
alternative and more risky forms of employment.
References:Majumdar and Chaudhuri, 1994).
STUDIES IN FAMILY PLANNING 1998
Nazli kibria, 1998
Wikipedia
And some website