Rights in the Postwar World (1) The United Nations (2) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (3) The Cold War (4) Covert Ops (5) The Third World: Beyond the UN?

Criminalizing War 1. U.S. Army Order No. 100 (Lieber Code), 1863 2. International Standing Committee for Aid to Wounded Soldiers (Red Cross), 1863, resulting in “Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field,” 1864 3. First Hague Peace Conference, 1899 4. Second Hague Peace Conference, 1907, resulting in Convention No. IV on “laws and customs of war” 5. Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 6. Geneva Convention, 1929 7. Charter of the United Nations, 1945 8. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 9. Fourth Geneva Convention, 1949 10. Additional Protocols, 1977

Charter of the United Nations (1945) Article 2 The Organization and its Members . . . shall act in accordance with the following Principles: 1. The Organization is based on the sovereign equality of all its Members. . . .

Charter of the United Nations (1945) Article 2 The Organization and its Members . . . shall act in accordance with the following Principles: 1. The Organization is based on the sovereign equality of all its Members. . . . 3. All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.

Charter of the United Nations (1945) Article 2 4. All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat of use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.

Charter of the United Nations (1945) Article 2 4. All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat of use of force against the territorial inte-grity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. 7. Nothing contained in the present Charter shall author-ize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter. . .

Charter of the United Nations (1945)

Article 33 1. The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotia-tion, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice. Article 39. The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken . . .

Charter of the United Nations (1945) Article 51 4. Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if any armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. . . .

Eleanor Roosevelt

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Drafting Committee Charles Malik (Lebanon) Alexandre Bogomolov (USSR) Peng-chun Chang (China) René Cassin (France) Eleanor Roosevelt (US) Charles Dukes (UK) Wm. Hodgson (Australia) Hernan Santa Cruz (Chile) John Humphrey (Canada)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Peng-chun Chang

Peng-chun Chang

Article I All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 2 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. . . .

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Article 3 Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Article 4 No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. Article 5 No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Article 9 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. Article 10 Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Article 11 1. Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence. 2. No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. . . .

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Article 13 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State. 2. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. Article 14 1. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. 2. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Article 18 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. Article 19 Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. .

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Article 20 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. 2. No one may be compelled to belong to an association. Article 21 1. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. . . . 3. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Article 22 Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Article 23 1. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. 2. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. 3. Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. 4. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Article 28 Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Harry Truman and Joseph Stalin

Harry Truman and Joseph Stalin

US Secretary of State 1947-53 (Truman) Dean Acheson

John Foster Dulles

John Foster Dulles

Allen Dulles CIA Director 1953-61 (Eisenhower, Kennedy)

Nehru (india) Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)

Bandung Conference 1955

Zhou Enlai (China)

Bandung Declaration 1955 1.Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. 2.Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations. 3.Recognition of the equality of all races and . . . all nations large and small. 4.Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country. 5.Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself.

Bandung Declaration 1955 6. (a) Abstention from the use of arrangements of collective defence to serve any particular interests of the big powers. (b) Abstention by any country from exerting pressures on others. 7. Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country. 8. Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means . . . 9. Promotion of mutual interests and cooperation. 10. Respect for justice and international obligations.

Allen Dulles CIA Director 1953-61 (Eisenhower, Kennedy) Fidel Castro in NY 1960

CIA Director 1953-61 (Eisenhower, Kennedy) Allen Dulles Fidel Castro with Nikita Khrushchev at UN 1960

CIA Director 1953-61 (Eisenhower, Kennedy) Allen Dulles Bay of Pigs 1961

Ho Chi Minh