right-sized: equipment and controls for super efficient buildings--energy flows - landry
DESCRIPTION
presented at the Seminar/Training series "Getting to AIA+2030/SB2030 Energy Goals"TRANSCRIPT
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RIGHT-SIZED:Equipment and Controls for Super Efficient Buildings|March 9, 2012|
PRESENTERS: Jim Keller, Jay Denny, Russ Landry,Julianne Laue
Funded By: ARRA Funds Energy Resource Manage office
Minnesota
Developed By: In partnership with:
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Funded By: ARRA Funds Energy Resource Manage office
Minnesota
Developed By: In partnership with:
Special Thanks to:
Erik Kolderup, PE, LEED APKolderup Consulting
www.kolderupconsulting.com [email protected]
(415) 531-5198
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Learning Objectives
• Right-sizing after applying passive energy conservation strategies
• Utilize controls to optimize the efficiency of equipment
• Energy efficient strategies to maintain occupant comfort
• Understanding energy flows in a building
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Agenda
• Part 1 (12:30-2:00)– IAQ and Ventilation– Thermal Comfort– HVAC Loads– Energy Flows
• Break• Part 2 (2:10-3:00)
– HVAC System Alternatives– “Right-Sizing” HVAC Components– HVAC Controls– Selecting an HVAC System– The Architect’s Role
• Break• Exercise (3:10-3:40)• Right Sizing in Practice (3:40-4:00)• Case Studies (4:00-4:20)• Wrap Up (4:20-4:30)
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EnergyFlows
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Three Key Energy Flow IssuesHeat Flow from One “Thing”
to AnotherMoving Heat from One Place
to Another
Moving Heat “Uphill”
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Getting Heat from One “Thing” to Another
• Heat Naturally Flows “Downhill” from Hot to Cold– The bigger the temperature difference, the faster the heat
flows– The bigger the area, the faster the heat flows
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Carrying Heat from One Place to Another
• Heat Carried by Water or Air– Depends on temperature change (TD or T)– Depends on water or air flow rate
Temperature
Ener
gy P
er P
ound
=
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Carrying Heat from One Place to Another
• Refrigerants--Evaporation(Boiling)/Condensing is “Freeze-Dried” Version– Can carry a lot of energy with
little fluid– Little temperature change needed– Used in Refrigeration systems
(evaporation = boiling)
Temperature
Ener
gy P
er P
ound
Boiling orCondensing
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Carrying Heat from One Place to Another• Refrigerants—Controlling
Temperature of Heat– Change pressure to control
temperature of evaporation/condensing
– Pressurize to move heat uphill
Pressure
Boiling/Condensation Temperature
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Carrying Heat from One Place to Another
Temperature
Ener
gy P
er P
ound
Evap
orati
on --
>Pressure
Boiling/Condensation Temperature
Condensation -->
Pressure
Pressure
• Refrigerants—Controlling Temperature of Heat– Change pressure to control
temperature of evaporation/condensing
– Pressurize to move heat uphill
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Moving Heat “Uphill” (aka Refrigeration)
– Energy must be added to move heat uphill
– That extra energy ends up as more heat
– The farther “uphill” the heat is moved, the more energy it takes
Tem
pera
ture
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Moving Heat “Uphill” (aka Refrigeration)
Tem
pera
ture
– Energy must be added to move heat uphill
– That extra energy ends up as more heat
– The farther “uphill” the heat is moved, the more energy it takes
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Moving Heat “Uphill” (aka Refrigeration)
Tem
pera
ture
– Energy must be added to move heat uphill
– That extra energy ends up as more heat
– The farther “uphill” the heat is moved, the more energy it takes
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Room Heat Gain & Loss Components
Lighting
Other?
Occupants
Conduction through opaque
envelope
Solar radiation through windows
Conduction through
windows Office equipment
Internal heat gains
External heat gains
Infiltration through cracks
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Getting Heat Into a Space in a Building:“Typical” Central System
-20°F
0°F
20°F
40°F
60°F
80°F
100°F
120°F
140°F
160°F
180°F
Gas, Coal or Oil3,500 – 4,000F
Boiler Water 180FBoiler
Radi
ator
s
Air H
andl
er/V
AV
Space
Heated Air
Mixed or Cooled Air
Mi x
~350 to 400F
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Getting The “Rated” Efficiency Out of Condensing Boilers (>90% Efficiency)
Heated Air
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F
Entering Water Temperature
Bo
iler
Eff
icie
ncy
Natural Draft
EnergyStar Min
Condensing Boiler
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_______ Chart for Showing Moisture in Air Issues
• Curve at Top Shows When Air Can’t Hold Any More Moisture (aka saturated)
• Once At the Top, Cooling More Condenses Moisture Out of Air
Air Temperature
Amou
nt o
f Moi
stur
e (a
ka S
team
) in
Air
140F100F60F
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Getting The “Rated” Efficiency Out of Condensing Boilers (>90% Efficiency)
Heated Air
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F
Entering Water Temperature
Bo
iler
Eff
icie
ncy
Natural Draft
EnergyStar Min
Condensing Boiler
Direct-Fired Heater
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_______ Chart for Showing Moisture in Air Issues
• Moisture is Much More Diluted in Direct-Fired Heater
• It Reaches a Lower Temperature, but Never Condenses(THANK GOODNESS!)
Air Temperature
Amou
nt o
f Moi
stur
e (a
ka S
team
) in
Air
140F100F60F
Direct Fired Heater
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21
Getting Heat Into a Space in a Building:“Typical” Central System
-20°F
0°F
20°F
40°F
60°F
80°F
100°F
120°F
140°F
160°F
180°F
Gas, Coal or Oil3,500 – 4,000F
Boiler Water 180FBoiler
Radi
ator
s
Air H
andl
er/V
AV
Space
Heated Air
Mixed or Cooled Air
Mi x
~350 to 400F
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22
Getting Heat from One “Thing” to Another
• Heat Naturally Flows “Downhill” from Hot to Cold– Via conduction (key in solids), convection (moving gas or liquid),
and/or radiation
– The bigger the temperature difference, the faster the heat flows
– The bigger the area, the faster the heat flows• Moving Heat “Uphill” Takes Energy
– There’s a minimum possible energy required for a given rise in temperature
– The farther “uphill” the heat is moved, the more energy it takes– All Forms of Energy Put into Something Eventually End up as
Heat
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Central System Designed for Condensing Boilers
-20°F
0°F
20°F
40°F
60°F
80°F
100°F
120°F
140°F
160°F
180°F
Gas at 3,500F
Boiler Water 160F Average
BoilerRa
diat
ors
Space 75F
Heated Air
Mixed or Cooled Air
M ix
Radi
ant
Fl
oor
+
Air
Han
dler
/VAV
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Central System Designed for Condensing Boilers
-20°F
0°F
20°F
40°F
60°F
80°F
100°F
120°F
140°F
160°F
180°F
Boiler Water 150F Average
Space 75F
60F DropTraditional 20F Drop
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Getting The “Rated” Efficiency Out of Condensing Boilers (>90% Efficiency)
Heated Air
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F
Entering Water Temperature
Bo
iler
Eff
icie
ncy
Natural Draft
EnergyStar Min
Traditional 20F Drop
60F Drop
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-20°F
0°F
20°F
40°F
60°F
80°F
100°F
120°F
Getting Heat Into a Space in a Building:Heat Pumps—Air Source & Ground Source
Air Source HP
Space
Heated Air
MixAir Source H
P
Mix
Air Source
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-20°F
0°F
20°F
40°F
60°F
80°F
100°F
120°F
Getting Heat Into a Space in a Building:Heat Pumps—Air Source & Ground Source
Air Source HP
Space
Heated Air
MixAir Source H
P
Mix
Ground
Air Source Ground Source
Ground Source H
P
Water/Glycol
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-20°F
0°F
20°F
40°F
60°F
80°F
100°F
120°F
Getting Heat Out of a Space in a Building:Typical Systems
Space
ChillerM ix
Chilled Water
Chiller
Cooled Air
Refrigerant in Chiller
Refrigerant in Chiller
Air CooledHigher Peak Lift
Water CooledLower Peak Lift
Cooling Tower Water
M ix
DX
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_______ Chart for Showing Moisture in Air Issues
• Air Cooled Refrigerant Loses Heat to Air Temperature
• Evaporation Loses Heat to a Lower Temperature (Wet Bulb)
Air Temperature
Amou
nt o
f Moi
stur
e (a
ka S
team
) in
Air
95F75F55F
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30
-20°F
0°F
20°F
40°F
60°F
80°F
100°F
120°F
Getting Heat Out of a Space in a Building:Economizer
Space
M ix
Chilled Water Cooled Air
Refrigerant in Chiller
Recirculated & Cooled Air
Economizer(Outdoor Air)
At Low Temperatures Mixing Outdoor and Room Air Does All Cooling
At Mild Temperatures All Outdoor Air Does Part of Cooling
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Moving Heat from One Place to Another
Air Water RefrigerantTemperature Drop 20 10 -
Heat Carrying Capacity: BTU per Pound 5 10 50
Fluid Transport Energy Factor: Watts per lb/hr 0.17 0.04 0.27
Heat Transport Enegy Factor: Watts per BTU/hr 35 4 5
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Water vs. Air
• Water good…– Moving heat via water typically requires less energy– Pipe much smaller than equivalent duct
• But…– Still need ventilation in many cases
• May need a fan and duct anyway
– Air distribution system typically less expensive– Air system can provide “free” cooling with outdoor air