rice organic farming is a programme for strengtenning food security in sustainable rural...

7/29/2019 Rice Organic Farming is a Programme for Strengtenning Food Security in Sustainable Rural Development

1/6

Insan Akademika

Publications

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCE

P-ISSN: 2301-4458

E-ISSN: 2301-8038

Vol. 01, No. 01

July 2012www.insikapub.com

1

Rice Organic Farming is a Programme for Strengtenning Food Security in

Sustainable Rural Development

Entun Santosa

Professor of Faculty of Agriculture,

Padjadajaran University, Bandung-IndonesiaJl. Raya Jatinagor, Sumedang-Indonesia

[email protected].

Key Words Abstract

Organic Farming;

Sustaibability;

Rural Development

Rice domestic demand is steadily increase due to populations growth, to increase

rice production by increasing dosage of inorganic fertilizer and pesticide could

not increase rice yield due to bad soil condition. These condition need

improvement because soil is the source of life for soil micro-organism and

biological activities. To overcome the problem, the farmers are supposed to be

educated and trained to be able to analyze and study and practice plant

cultivation emphasizing on local potential management. Rice Organic Farming

(ROF) is intensive and efficient paddy cultivation with the management process of

root system based on soil, plant and water management. The method of ROF was

Rapid Rural Appraisal with Partisipatory Rural Appaisal, continue with Farmers

group Development Plant and farmers learning by doing the programme in theirown land. The result after three planting season indicate that farmers confident

with ROF, used 10 tons/ ha organic fertilizer and natural enemies for plant

protection, increased rice production from 5.440 ton/ ha to 9.733 ton/ ha and

natural enemies is the best solution to manage pest and diseases.

2012 Insan Akademika All Rights Reserved

1 Introduction

Rice domestic demand is steadily growth due to populations growth and better income. To meet the

demand, there is strong desire of the society that domestic production should be a primary source and import

should be minimized. Transforming paddy farming and better meetting human needs from avaliable

resources will require mobilization of social energy from rural communities. Dedicated and motivated agents

of change, both govermental and farmer, acting as catalyst for local initiative and responsibility are central

success of the programmes involving social energy (Sudaryanto, 2003).

The attempt to increase income from rice has long time been done, but in fact, the rice yield tends to

decrease. The followings are the causes of the problem:

1. The decrease of the healthy and the fertility of soil. These conditions need improvement because soilis the source of life. The quality and the balance of soil content: organic substance, micro-organism,

biological activity, the existence of elements and nutritions are important for sustainability.

2.

The trend of paddy potential to yield higher is in fact stagnant. Due to experien-ces, this results frompoint one mentioned above, and from paddy cultivation that has not developed according to its

potential.


2/6

International Journal of Basic and Applied Science,

Vol 01, No. 01, July 2012, pp. 1-6

Santosa

2 Insan Akademika Publications

3. The use of inorganic chemical element, both fertilizers and pesticides is higher and higher. This resultsin that the makrob in the soil doesnt function well anymore.

4. Farmers behavior at the moment is far from wisdom in taking advantage of local potential, forexample, rice stalks as food for micro-organism in the soil is now only burned or left just like that.

The problem is whether or not the farmers are aware of those problems mentioned above. Something has to

be done. To overcome the complex problem of rice farming at the moment as mentioned above, the farmers

are supposed to be educated and trained so that they are able to analyze and make decision on their land and

are able to study and practice plant cultivation emphasizing on local potential management.

1.1 Objective

The objective of this program is to educate farmers using indegenous micro organisme and local potential

resources in paddy cultivation to increase paddy productivity with friendly environmentaly

1.2 Methodology

Methodology of this programme was Rapid Rural Appraisal with Partisipatory Rural Appraisal, continue

with Focus Group Development and implemented by Demonstration plot (Kusnaka, 2000)

2 Rice Organic Farming

Rice Organic Farming (ROF) is intensive and efficient paddy cultivation with the management process of

root system based on soil, plant and water management. For the first time this cultivation implemented wit

Farmer Partisipatory Appraisal method was studied together with farmers in their own land incooperation

with Farmers Organization (FO) and Agricultre Extention Service at Tirtabumi Cikoneng, Ciamis District,

West Java, started from February 2000, integrated with Soil Ecology Study. At the moment, ROF hasdeveloped well enough, being studied and socialized by Farmers Study Group of Tirtabumi, Cinta Alam,

Turangga, Bunirasa, Alam Sejati, Tirtamukti, Bumisejati.

Support from Ciamis regional government was started in 2001 in the form of financial support for studies

done by Tirtabumi Farmers Study Group for Organic Fertilizer Study and ROF. Soil Ecology Study was

done by other FO. In 2003, regional govern-ment of Ciamis supported the development of ROF in 3 sub-

districts, each of which get 2 hectares of land, for training and implementation. The regional government also

supported FO Tirtamukti, Sub-district Banjarsari by giving 60 goats to provide organic fertilizer. The

government of West Java supported ROF study at FO Tirtamukti, Banjarsari, by providing 10 ha of land

including agriculture field school taking care of environment, farmers laboratory for developing Indigenous

Micro Organism (IMO), for decomposer and liquid organic fertilizer, and conducting Farmers Field Days at

the end of planting season. Soil organic matter is the main source of C, N, P, and S elements.

Healthy soil is generally defined as the ability of soil that is continuously in function as important life system

in ecosystem and takes advantage of soil to produce biologically and catches much oxygen and water from

the environment to keep the healthy of plant, animal and human being. Principally, the healthy soil produces

also the healthy plant.

3 The Implementation of ROF

Experiences show that the farmers who follow Soil Ecology Study understand more about the concept of

healthy soil. When they adopted ROF, and found out that the leaves of their paddy plant were yellow, theywere not panic, because they understand that organic fertilizer has slow effect. They know exactly that the

colour of the leaves will gradually turn green until harvest time. On the contrary, the farmers who do not


3/6

Santosa International Journal of Basic and Applied Science,

Vol 01, No. 01, July 2012, pp. 1-6

www.insikapub.com 3

follow Soil Ecology Study will be panic when they found out that the leaves of their plants were yellow.

They tend to give fertilizer to the plant as soon as possible.

3.1 Soil tillage and fertilization

To get a good growing media, land is tilled as usual (plowing, harrowing and leveling), but at the second

tillage (harrowing) there is organic fertilization. The dosage of organic fertilizer ranges from 7 to 10 tons per

hectare. At the time of organic fertilizing and land leveling, effort should be done to avoid waters carrying

away the nutrition. Ditches should be made at the edge and center of rice fields parcels to get easy water

management.

3.2 Preparing seeds and seedbed

Only seeds underwater are taken and washed to raise seedling. The chosen seeds are germinated for one

night. For each hectare of land, only 5-7 kg of seeds are needed. To make seedbed for ROF, 420-490pipitis

per hectare (pipiti = square basket of plaited bamboo of 20 X 20 cm) are needed. Pipiti is used to get easyobservation and selection of seed. Soil as growing media is mixed with organic fertilizer in proportion of 1:

1.

The followings are stages to make seed bed:

1. Mixing soil with organic fertilizer (Henceforth, this mixture will be called fertilized soil).

2. After being covered with banana leave, fill three fourth of the pipiti with fertilized soil, pour water on

it, so that the fertilized soil is damp.

3. Sow 300-350 seeds per pipiti, cover them with thin layer of fertilized soil, pour water on it again. Put

the seedbeds in a safe and shaded place in the backyard of the house. Keep the seedbeds damp by

pouring them daily with water.

3.2 Planting

At the age of 7-10 days, the seeds are planted, one seed per one hole at the depth of 1-1.5 cm, at the

condition of muddy soil. Per hectare will need 4.9-7 kgs of seeds. When the seeds are planted at the same

time, there will be competition among each other to get nutrition, oxygen and sun shine. The seeds are

planted shallowly and and with horizontal root (L shaped). If its not so treated, the seed would need big

energy to start regrowing.

Based on the experience of Farmers Group Study, good distance among plants at ROF are, among others, 25

X 25 cm, 27 X 27 cm or 30 X 30 cm. The wider the distance, the more the number of productive young

plants, because the less the competition to get nutrition, oxygen and sun energy. The need for organic

fertilizer is 7-10 tons per hectare plus paddy stalks already available in the rice field.

3.3 Water management and weeding

Paddy plant cultivated based on ROF is apparently not water plant but it needs water in its growth. ROF is

cultivated in the uninundated soil condition, so that there is more oxygen available in the soil, that is taken

advantaged by root. In the condition of uninundated, root will grow rapidly, so that the plant can take

nutrition as much as possible. At the age of 1-8 days of paddy, the soil condition is muddy (0 cm water

level). At the age of 9-10 days, the water level is 2-3 cm, so that it will be easier to do weeding. Until the

age of 18 days, the water is drained, at the age of 19-20 days the plant is inundated to make the second

weeding easier. Henceforth, the drain, inundation, and weeding are done with the same interval, until the

plant is in bloom. When the plant is in bloom, the plant is watered, and when the plant starts ripening, then

the water is again drained until harvest time.


4/6


Vol 01, No. 01, July 2012, pp. 1-6

Santosa


3.4 Pest Management

In sustainable agriculture integrate biocontrol agent such as parasitoid, predator and bio-insecticide should be

used if insect pest population more than economic threshold level, there were managing agro-ecosystem

(Santosa, 2004)

3.5 Production

Based on the Farmers Group Study analysis, the yield of paddy cultivation using ROF reaches 7.36-12.6

tons per hectare. This data is supported by the number of productive tillers e.g., 33, medium number of: 45,

and the higher number of 72, even of 92. This is not a miracle. This resulted from the process of soil, plant,

and water management that meet the need of paddy plant. The combination of Soil Ecology Study and ROF

has established the basic concept of right organic agriculture. The following is data on field experience of

paddy cultivation using ROF:

Table 1. Data on Rice Organic Farming from Farmer Organization at Ciherang, Ratawangi and Kawasenvillage, planting season 2002/2003

No Name of Farmers Village Variety Age Number of Tiller

1 H. Suharjadinata Ciherang Towuti 95 29-50

2 D. Supriatna Ciherang Ciherang 95 25-53

3 Sutar Ratawangi Towuti 95 22-59

4 Endin Kawasen Ciherang 98 28-59

5 Dadan Kawasen Ciherang 99 22-53

6 Omed Kawasen Ciherang 98 25-497 Masturmudi Kawasen IR 64 98 24-55

8 Kanang Kawasen Ciherang 99 26-65

9 Usin Kawasen Ciherang 98 23-47

10 Iro Kawasen Ciherang 95 26-37

11 Totong S Kawasen Sintanur 94 29-59

12 Hadman Kawasen Ciherang 94 28-47

13 Parta Kawasen Ciherang 95 27-74

14 Darto Kawasen Ciherang 83 26-56

15 Suherman Kawasen Ciherang 95 22-49

16 Didin Kawasen Ciherang 95 25-32

17 Endang Kawasen Ciherang 94 28-48

18 Danu Kawasen IR 64 95 28-49

19 Sahro Kawasen Ciherang 95 24-46

20 H. Karsa Kawasen IR 64 83 26-49

21 Komarudin Kawasen IR 64 85 25-48

3.6 Farm Analysis

From data above its shown that the average yield of Ciherang variety at Kawasen is 9.733 ton/ha GKP (dry

harvested unhusked paddy), the yield of the same variety using traditional system was 5.440 ton/ha GKP. At


5/6

Santosa International Journal of Basic and Applied Science,

Vol 01, No. 01, July 2012, pp. 1-6

www.insikapub.com 5

Ciherang village average yield were 9.885 and Ratawangi was 9.92 ton/ha GKP.Its apparent from those data

that ROF still has better benefit compared to traditional system. Further analysis can be seen from the

following table:

Table 2. Comparison of Rice Farm Analysis (ROF and Traditional System) at Kawasen Village

No. Description ROF (Rp.) Traditional (Rp.)

A The Component of Input/Ha

- Seed (Rp 3.400/kg) 16,660.- 166,600.-

- Fertilizer

1. Organic 1,050,000.- -

2. Inorganic - 873,250.-

- Soil Tillage 500,000.- 500,000.-

- Cultivation

1. Seedbed 30,000.- 105,000.-

2. Seedbed Media 112,000.- -

3. Transplanting 75,000- 75,000.-

4. Weeding 735,000,- 735,000,-

5. Pest Control - 100,000,-

- Cost of Harvest 1,358,000.- 705,600.-

- Labour for daily maintenance 90 MD x

Rp 15.000

1,350,000.- 1,350,000.-

Total Input/ha 4,682,190.- 4,610,450.-

B The Component of

Output ( price of paddy Rp 1.230.-/kg )

(9,733 kg)

11,971,590.-

(5,440 kg)

6,691,200.-

Profit 7,289,400,- 2,080,750.-

C Difference between ROF - Traditional 9,733 kg-5,440 kg = 4,293 kg

Rp. 11,971,590.- - Rp. 6,691,200.- =

Rp 5,210,237.-

The table above shows that ROF is more profitable compared to traditional system, however, it doesnt mean

that ROF will also be successful in other locations, because those locations have their own difference

characteristics of soil conditions and farmers behavior. Therefore, its suggested that the farmers make trial

of ROF first in a small scale at their own locations.

Table 3. The behavioral changes of farmers from traditional system of paddy cultivation to ROF

No. Activities Before ROF After ROF

1. Soil Tillage - Using tractor: Plowing,Harrowing, leveling

- Using tractor: Plowing, Harrowing,organic fertilizing, leveling

2. Seed Treatment - No special seed treatment - There is seed treatment to getqualified seed. Seeds are submerged

in salty water. Only seeds underwater

are used for seedbed


6/6


Vol 01, No. 01, July 2012, pp. 1-6

Santosa


No. Activities Before ROF After ROF

3 Land for seedbed - Make special seedbed at ricefield

- Using pipiti of 20x20 cm.

- 400-500 pipitis are needed per

hectare.

4 The need for seed 35 \-49 kg of seeds are needed per

hectare

5-7 kg of seeds are needed per hectare

5 Seed treatment before

being planted

Seeds are pulled out. Part of their

leaves are cut. Left one hour or one

day before being planted

Seeds are directly planted From pipiti

6 Planting The age of seed is 18-25 days. 5-8seeds are planted at the depth of 4-6

cm

- The age of seed is 6-7 days.

- One seed is planted per one hole at

the depth of 1-2 cm.

7 Water manage-

Ment

The height of water is 5-7 cm No need much water. Wet condition is

needed, except at time of soil tillage, water

is managed based on weeding frequencies

with interval of 10 days.

8 Fertilizing Use 200 kg Urea, 100 kg TSP, and100 kg KCl per hectare.

- Use organic fertilizer in the amount of10 ton per hectare.

- Additional fertilizer: fermented kitche

waste and MOL (Micro-Organism

Local)

9 Weeding Objective: only to get rid of weeds Objective:

- to get rid of weeds

- to improve soil structure, so that

there is supply of oxygen in the soil.

10 Pest Control - Using pesticide - Using botanical insecticide, raiseparasitoid and predators.

4 Conclusion

After three planting seasons, farmers confidence that ROF environmentally friendly and using organic

fertilizer and natural enemies increase rice production from 5.440 ton/ha to 9.733 ton/ha.

Refferences

Adimihardja, K. and Harry (2000), Partisipatory Rural Appraisal, LPM Unpad.

Pusat Pengembangan Ketersediaan Pangan. 2002. Analisis permintaan dan produksi beras Indonesia 2001-2004. Available at http://www.deptan.go.id., on August 22th, 2011.

Santosa, E. (2004) Pemanfaatan Parasitoid dan Predator dalam Pengendalian Hama Utama Padi Secara

Berkelanjutan. Unpad Bandung

Sudaryanto, T. (2003). Sustainable Food Crops Production Programm to Strengthen Food Security,

Directorate Geneneral of Food Crops Production Development, Ministry of Agriculture. Jakarta.

rice organic farming is a programme for strengtenning food security in sustainable rural...

Documents