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Radio Frequency IDentification

INTRODUCTION

What is RFID ?• Radio –frequency identification(RFID) is an automatic identification method , relying

on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders.

• Radio –frequency identification(RFID) is a technology that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency(RF) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object , animal .or person.

• RFID is also called dedicated short range communication (DSRC).

RFID-What is it ??

An RFID tag is an object that can be struck or incorporated into a product,animal or person for the identification using radio waves.

Tags (Chip + Antenna + Substrate ): Tag Types:• -Active• -Passive• -Read only• -Write only Frequency at which these tags are used between 125 to 134 kilohertz at 13.56 megahertz between 868 to 956 megahertz at 2.45 gigahertz

COMPONENTS OF RFID

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Tags

Chip

Antenna

Substrate

COMPONENTS OF RFID

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PASSIVE TAGS

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Tag contains an antenna, and a small chip that stores a small amount of data

Tag can be programmed at manufacture or on installation

Tag is powered by the high power electromagnetic field generated by the antennas – usually in doorways

The field allows the chip/antenna to reflect back an extremely weak signal containing the data.

Collision Detection – recognition of multiple tags in the read range – is employed to separately read the individual tags

Battery Powered tagHave much greater range – 100mHold much more information – KbytesCan integrate sensing technologyTemperature, GPSCan signal at defined timeMultiple tags can be recorded at onceUsed for higher value items

Shipping containers Babies

Electronic assetsCost between $20 and $40 per itemLife between 2 – 4 years

ACTIVE RFID TAGS

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COMPONENTS OF RFID (CONTD)

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Active RFID Passive RFIDTag Power Source Internal to tag Energy transferred using RF

from readerTag Battery Yes NoAvailability of power Continuous Only in field of readerRequired signal strength to Tag

Very Low Very High

Range Up to 100m Up to 3-5m, usually lessMulti-tag reading 1000’s of tags recognized –

up to 100mphFew hundred within 3m of reader

Data Storage Up to 128Kb or read/write with sophisticated search and access

128 bytes of read/write

•Interrogator ( Antenna + Reader ) : Interrogator are used to read the tags & in certain cases even remotely writes to the tag.

•Middleware: Middleware is the needed interface between the existing company databases & information management software.

•Middleware provides a range of functions: -Data filtering -System monitoring -Multiple reader co-ordination.

•Business application software: used to manage the collected data.

COMPONENTS OF RFID (CONTD)

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Each tag contains a unique code that facilitating the identification process & is known as EPC.

E.g. 613.23000.123456.123456789 (96 bits)

Header – defines version of EPC(8 bits)

EPC Manager – describes originator of EPC (Product manufacturer) (28 bits)

Object Class - Could describe the product type (24 Bits)

Serial Number – Unique ID for that product item (36 Bits)

ELECTRONIC PRODUCT

CODE

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SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS

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(CONTD)

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SYSTEM OVERVIEW

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RFID VS BARCODE

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RFID Barcode

Forging is difficult Forging is easyScanner not required. No need to bring the tag near the reader

Scanner needs to see the bar code to read it

RFID is comparatively fastCan read multiple tags Can read only one tag at a timeRelatively expensive as compared to Bar Codes(Reader 1000$, Tag 20 cents a piece)Can be reusable within factory premises Cannot be reused

• Used where unique identification is needed.

• Large Retail companies – Product Tracking.

• Hospitals & Nursing Homes – Patient Tagging .

• Airports – Baggage Tracking.

• Security Applications – Contactless Smart Cards.

• RFID Sensors to sense temperature, movement, radiation, food quality.

• Passports-UK, Australia, Finland, Ireland.

• RFID is used in Libraries.

• Replacing Barcodes.

BENEFITS

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• Cost of RFID technology.

• Active RFID life – 2 to 4 years.

• Privacy concerns-surreptitious consumer surveillance.

• Extreme weather.

• Security concerns-illicit tracking of RFID tags.

• Global standardization.

• Environmental concern- recycling.

• RFID systems are vulnerable to virus.

ISSUES AND CONCERNS

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THANK YOU

Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands.

Reader and tag communicate via RF signal.

Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request from the host application).

Carrier signal sent out through the antennas.

Carrier signal hits tag(s).

Tag receives and modifies carrier signal -“sends back” modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as “field disturbance device”).

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader.

Reader decodes the data.

Results returned to the host application.


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SYSTEM OVERVIEW

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RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command /

ResponseUnit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR

ISO/IEC 15961 ISO/IEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIRINTERFACE

ISO/IEC 15962 ISO/IEC 15962 Annexes

Logical Memory

Map

Note: The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver. All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag Driver

andMapping

Rules

Application Program

Interface

DEVICECOMMANDS

DEVICERESPONSES

Benefits to retailers, manufactures etc

•Reduced on-hand inventory and less use of “safety stock”.•Increased sales through reduced out-of- stocks.•Increased stock visibility and availability.•Reduced transportation cost and shipping volumes.•More accurate forecasts and stock replenishment.•Reduced shrink and theft in the supply chain.

Benefits to customers

•Better in-stock - product on the shelf when you want it•Improved Product Selection•Product Freshness for Dated Goods•Easier Identification on Recalls

BENEFITS

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