rfid college baggae final doc

8/19/2019 RFID College Baggae Final Doc

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Chapter-I

Introduction

In the proposed system we are going to use latest technology RFID (Radio Frequency

Identification). The RFID technology is used everywhere in which the main factor is Uniqueness.

The unique property is provided y creating unique numer for every RFID Tag. In this Tag we

can store certain amount of data which are used in identification. The data in the Tags are read

via RFID reader. In our proposed system we are going to implement passive RFID for luggage

identification. In every collage ag we are going to give a RFID Tag with the student detail in it.

The main aim of this pro!ect is to trace and chec" the student ag at different security stages.#very ag attached with an RFID card with unique numer. That numer is given to the student

at the entrance of the college. If this RFID tag ma"e in communication with the RFID reader at

the each stage$ the data passes to the %& through the R' cale.

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

*n #medded system is a special+purpose system in which the computer is completely

encapsulated y or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unli"e a general+purpose

computer$ such as a personal computer$ an emedded system performs one or a few predefined

tas"s$ usually with very specific requirements. 'ince the system is dedicated to specific tas"s$

design engineers can optimi,e it$ reducing the si,e and cost of the product. #medded systems

are often mass+produced$ enefiting from economies of scale.

%hysically$ emedded systems ranges from portale devices such as digital watches and

-% players$ to large stationary installations li"e traffic lights$ factory controllers$ or the

systems controlling nuclear power plants.

In terms of compleity emedded systems can range from very simple with a single

microcontroller chip$ to very comple with multiple units$ peripherals and networ"s mounted

inside a large chassis or enclosure.

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Examples of Embedded Systems:

• *vionics$ such as inertial guidance systems$ flight control hardware/software and other

integrated systems in aircraft and missiles.

• &ellular telephones and telephone switches.

• #ngine controllers and antiloc" ra"e controllers for automoile.

• 0ome automation products$ such as thermostats$ air conditioners$ sprin"lers$ and security

monitoring systems.

• 0ousehold appliances$ including microwave ovens$ washing machines$ television sets$

D1D players and recorder.

• &omputer peripherals such as routers and printers.

• 0andheld calculators.

• 0andheld computers.

• -edical equipment.

• %ersonal digital assistant.

• 1ideogame consoles.

Chapter-II

!ID Based Colle"e Ba""a"e System

2

Fig. #medded system.


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RFID is an acronym for Radio Frequency Identification. RFID is

one memer in the family of *utomatic Identification and Data &apture (*ID&) technologies

and is a fast and reliale means of identifying !ust aout any material o!ect. This pro!ect can e

used for security purpose where it gives information aout the authori,ed persons and

unauthori,ed persons. This can e applied in real time systems as such in recording the

attendance$ in the companies and in industries to "now who are authori,ed. RFID is increasingly

used with iometric technologies for security. %rimarily$ the two main components involved in a

Radio Frequency Identification system are the Transponder (tags that are attached to the o!ect)

and the Interrogator (RFID reader). &ommunication etween the RFID reader and tags occurs

wirelessly and generally doesn2t require a line of sight etween the devices.

RFID tags are categori,ed as either active or passive. *ctive RFID tags are powered y

an internal attery and are typically read/write$ i.e.$ tag data can e rewritten and/or modified. *n

active tag3s memory si,e varies according to application requirements4 some systems operate

with up to 5-6 of memory. %assive RFID tags operate without a separate eternal power source

and otain operating power generated from the reader. This pro!ect uses passive tags. Read+only

tags are typically passive and are programmed with a unique set of data (usually to 57 its)

that cannot e modified. The reader has three main functions8 energi,ing$ demodulating and

decoding. The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and to read and write data to it.

0ere we are using RFID ased security scanning system to chec" the ags or 9uggage in

highly secured areas li"e colleges$ *irports$ Railway 'tations$ in various places where security is

primary concern. 0ere we are placing the 9uggage ags which are to e scanned.

The significant advantage of all types of RFID systems is the noncontact$ non+line+of+sight

nature of the technology. Tags can e read through a variety of sustances such as snow$ fog$ ice$

paint$ crusted grime$ and other visually and environmentally challenging conditions$ where

arcodes or other optically read technologies would e useless. This pro!ect can provide security

for the industries$ companies$ etc.

This pro!ect uses regulated :v$ :;;m* power supply.


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the ac output of secondary of ;/5v step down transformer. The RFID module requires a

separate =:v power supply.

#ist of Components

• *T7>': controller

• *T7>': programming oard.

• 5?@ 9&D

• RFID Reader ARBI 5:5

• -*C

• &rystal 55.;:>-0,

• 9#D

• 6u,,er

• %ower 'upply &onnector

• D& *dapter (;1 *& to :1 D&)

• %rogramming cale

• ##%R-

• Transformer

•

6ridge Rectifier

• Reset switch

• Regulator


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Bloc$ Dia"ram

-icro &ontroller (*T7>':) is interfaced with 5? 9&D. 9&D is used for data display

regarding attendance and RFID Tag. RFID reader is connected to the controller to read RFID

Tags. -a is used for the purpose of communication. It interfaces RFID with the &ontroller.

##%R- is used to store the data.

Circuit Dia"ram Description

• The main component of the pro!ect is *T7>&:5 (-icro &ontroller).

• 9&D is used for displaying data. It has 5? pin.

• D6+> female connector consists of > pin. It is used for serial communication. -*C

I& of ; pin is connected. E capacitors are connected with -*C to store charge and

discharge accordingly.

5

6u,,er 9&D *T7>':

##%R-RFID Tags

-a RFID Reader


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• RFID reader and R' are connected to -icrocontroller serially to %.; and %.5 via

!umper. 'o$ while we need to connect the R' to microcontroller !umper is removed

and whenever RFID reader is to e connected !umper is placed in.

• The main component of the pro!ect is *T7>&:5 (-icro &ontroller).

• 9&D is used for displaying data. It has 5? pin.

• D6+> female connector consists of > pin. It is used for serial communication. -*C

I& of ; pin is connected. E capacitors are connected with -*C to store charge and

discharge accordingly.

• RFID reader and R' are connected to -icrocontroller serially to %.; and %.5 via

!umper. 'o$ while we need to connect the R' to microcontroller !umper is removedand whenever RFID reader is to e connected !umper is placed in.

'&9 (?th pin) and 'D* (:th pin) ##%R- are connected to %. and %. respectively.

##%R- is connected via I& us. *n Inter+I& us is used to communicate across

circuit+oard distances.

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%or$in" of !ID eader

hen a person with RFID tag or transponder enters in the range of RFID reader$ the RF

field induces voltage in the coils of tag. The range can e set y using the appropriate reader of

appropriate frequency. This induced field supplies the voltage in case of passive tags and act as a

attery in that case. If active tags are used then the case will e different as they have attery of

their own.

Due to interaction of Tag with Reader 5 characters from tag are sent to controller. This

5 characters are sent to controller via serial communication.

The pro!ect entitled RFID ased &ollege 6aggage 'ystem maintains the record of the

ags of the student while in eaminations$ college events etc.$

In this pro!ect$ The RFID cards are assigned to each students ag such that$ whenever the

ag is swiped over the RFID reader$ It produces the details of the student owning the ag.

e used *T7>': as a microcontroller in this %ro!ect and an RFID Reader module is

interfaced to ta"e the input values from the respective ID card commonly "nown as RFID Tag.

The main &or$in" flo& of our pro'ect is as follo&s

5 The student enters the college ID numer and Game of the student after showing the

RFID tag at the reader module. It2s a one time process.

hen this Tag is assigned to particular student$ the tag is tied with the ag the student

holds and left at the 6ags deposit counter.

hile upon return after the eamination$ once again$ the attender or helper at the counter

need to show the RFID card to the reader section such that

E The reader decrypts the RFID tag numer and transmits the 5; digit numer to the

microcontroller

: The microcontroller compares the tag numer with predefined input tags and displays the

G*-#$ and the students Roll Go. from ##%R- in the pro!ect.

? &onfirming which the ag is safely handed over to the student y confirming the name

and roll numer of the student from college ID card. The Game$ and all the details are

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displayed on the 9&D screen$ such that oth the student and also management can "now

there is no misplacement of the ags.

Chapter III

Components Description

Micro Controller ()T*+S,.

!eatures:

• &ompatile with -&'+:5 %roducts.

• 7B 6ytes of In+ 'ystem Reprogrammale Flash -emory.#ndurance8 5;;; rite/#rase &ycles.

• Fully 'tatic peration8 ;0, to E-0,.

• Three+9evel %rogram -emory 9oc".

• :? 7+6it Internal R*-.

• %rogrammale I/ 9ines.

• Three 5?+it Timer/&ounter.

• #ight Interrupt 'ources.

• %rogrammale 'erial &hannel.

• 9ow %ower Idle and %ower Down -odes.

/0 Description

The *T7>': is a low+power$ high+performance &-' 7+it microcontroller with 7B ytes

of in+system programmale Flash -emory. The device is manufactured using *tmel2s high+

density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatile with the industry+standard 7;&:5

instruction set and pin out. The on+chip Flash allows the program memory to e

reprogrammed in+system or y a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. 6y

comining a versatile 7+it &%U with in+system programmale Flash on a monolithic chip$

the *tmel *T7>': is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly+fleile and cost+

effective solution to many emedded control applications.

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1in Dia"ram and its Description

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1in Description

2CC 'upply 1oltage

34D Hround

1ort 5 %ort ; is an 7+it open drain idirectional I/ port. *s an output port$ each pin can

sin" eight TT9 inputs. hen 5s are written to port ; pins$ the pins can e used as

high+impedance inputs.

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%ort ; can also e configured to e the multipleed low+order address/data us

during accesses to eternal program and data memory. In this mode$ %; has

internal pull+ups

%ort ; also receives the code ytes during Flash programming and outputs the

code ytes during program verification. #ternal pull+ups are required during

program verification.

1ort /

%ort 5 is an 7+it idirectional I/ port with internal pull+ups. The %ort 5 output

uffers can sin"/source four TT9 inputs. hen 5s are written to %ort 5 pins$ they

are pulled high y the internal pull+ups and can e used as inputs. *s inputs$ %ort

5 pins that are eternally eing pulled low will source current(I I9) ecause of the

internal pull+ups.

In addition$ %5.; and %5.5 can e configured to e the timer/counter eternal

count input (%5.;/T) and the timer/counter trigger input (%5.5/T#C)$

respectively$ as shown in the following tale.

%ort 5 also receives the low+order address ytes during Flash programming and

verification.

1ort 1in )lternate !unctions

%5.; T (eternal count input to Timer/&ounter )$ cloc"+out

%5.5 T#C(Timer/&ounter capture/reload trigger and direction control)

%5.: -'I (used for In+'ystem %rogramming)

%5.? -I' (used for In+'ystem %rogramming)

%5.< '&B (used for In+'ystem %rogramming)

1ort

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%ort is an 7+it directional I/ port with internal pull+ups. The %ort output

uffers can sin"/source four TT9 inputs. hen 5s are written to %ort pins$ they


pins that are eternally eing pulled low will source current (I I9 ) ecause of the

internal pull+ups.

%ort emits the high+order address yte during fetches from eternal program

memory and during accesses to eternal data memory that use 5?+it addresses

(-1CD%TR). In this application$ %ort uses strong internal pull+ups when

emitting 5s. During accesses to eternal data memory that use 7+it addresses

(-1C RI)$ %ort emits the contents of the % 'pecial Function Register.

%ort also receives the high+order address its and some control signals during

Flash programming and verification.

1ort 6

%ort is an 7+it idirectional I/ port with internal pull+ups. The %ort output

uffers can sin"/source four TT9 inputs. hen 5s are written to %ort pins$ they


pins that are eternally eing pulled low will source current (I I9) ecause of the

pull+ups.

%ort receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

%ort also serves the functions of various special features of the *T7>':$ as

shown in the following tale.

1ort 1in )lternate !unctions

%.; RCD(serial input port)

%.5 TCD(serial output port)

%.´

∫0 (eternal interrupt ;)

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%.´

∫1 (eternal interrupt ;)

%.E T; (timer ; eternal input)

%.: T5 (timer 5 eternal input)

%.? ẂR (eternal data memory write stroe)

%.< ´ RD (eternal data memory read stroe)

ST

Reset input. * high on this pin for two machines cycles while the oscillator is

running resets the device. This pin drives high for >7 oscillator periods after the

watchdog times out. The DI'T it in 'FR *UCR (address 7#0) can e used to

disale this feature. In the default state of it DI'TR$ the R#'#T 0IH0 out

feature is enaled.

)#E7 ´ PROG

*ddress 9atch #nale (*9#) is an output pulse for latching the low yte of the

address during accesses to eternal memory. This pin is also the program pulse

input ( ´ PROG ) during Flash programming.

In normal operation$ *9# is emitted at a constant rate of 5/? the oscillator frequency and

may e used for eternal timing or cloc"ing purposes. Gote$ however$ that one *9# pulse

is s"ipped during each access to eternal data memory.

If desired$ *9# operation can e disaled y setting it ; of 'FR location 7#0. ith the

it set$ *9# is active only during a -1C or -1& instruction. therwise$ the pin is

wee"ly pulled high. 'etting the *9#+disale it has no effect if the microcontroller is in

eternal eecution mode.

´ EA 7211

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#ternal *ccess #nale.´ EA must e strapped to HGD in order to enale the

device to fetch code from eternal program memory locations starting at ;;;;0

up to FFFF0. Gote$ however$ that if loc" it 5 is programmed$ ´ EA will e

internally latched on reset.

This pin should e strapped to 1cc for internal program eecutions.

This pin also receives the 5+volt programming enale voltage (1 pp) during Flash

programming.

8T)#/

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal cloc" operating

circuit.

8T)#

utput from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Data Memory

The *T7>': implements :?ytes of on+chip R*-. The upper 57ytes occupy

%arallel address space to the 'pecial Function Registers. This means that the

upper 57ytes have the same addresses as the 'FR space ut are physically

separate from 'FR space.

%atchdo" Timer (one-time Enabled &ith eset-out.

The DT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the &%U may e

su!ected to software upsets. The DT consists of a 5E+it counter and the

atchdog Timer Reset (DTR'T) 'FR. The DT is defaulted to disale from

eisting reset. To enale the DT$ a user must write ;5#0 and ;#50 in sequence

to the DTR'T register ('FR location ;*?0). hen the DT timeout period is

dependent on the eternal cloc" frequency. There is no way to disale the DT

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ecept through reset (either hardware reset or DT overflow reset). hen DT

overflows$ it will drive an output R#'#T 0IH0 pulse at the R'T pin.

#i9uid Crystal Display

In 5>?7$ R&* 9aoratories developed the first liquid crystal display (9&D). 'ince then$

9&D2s have een implemented on almost all types of digital devices$ from watches to computer

to pro!ection T12s. 9&D2s operate as a light JvalveK$ loc"ing light or allowing it to pass

through. *n image in an 9&D is formed y applying an electric field to alter the chemical

properties of each 9&& (9iquid &rystal &ell) in the display in order to change a piel2s light

asorption properties. These 9&&2s modify the image produced y the ac"light into the screenoutput as requested y the controller. Through the end output may e in color$ The 9&&2s are

monochrome$ and the color is added later through a filtering process. -odern laptop computer

displays can produce ?:$:? simultaneous colors at resolution of 7;;?;;.

9&D (9iquid &rystal display) screen is an electronic display module. * 5? 9&D

display is very asic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits.

These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment 9#D2s. The

reasons are eing8

• #conomical

• #asily %rogrammale

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• 0ave no limitation of displaying special L even custom characters (unli"e in seven

segments)

* 5? 9&D means it can display 5? characters per line and there are such lines. In this

9&D each character is displayed in :< piel matri. This 9&D has two registers$ namely$

&ommand and Data.

The &ommand register stores the command instructions given to the 9&D. * command is an

instruction given to 9&D to do a predefined tas" li"e initiali,ing it$ clearing its screen$ setting the

cursor position$ controlling display etc. The data register strores the data to e displayed on the

9&D. The data is the *'&II value of the character to e displayed on the 9&D.

1in Dia"ram

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1in Description

#CD Command Codes

Code (ex. Command to #CD Instruction e"ister

5 &lear Display 'creen

Return 0ome

E Decrement &ursor (shift cursor to left)

? Increment &ursor (shift cursor to right)

: 'hift Display Right

< 'hift Display 9eft

7 Display off$ &ursor off

* Display off$ &ursor on

& Display on$ &ursor off

# Display on$ cursor lin"ing

F Display on$ cursor on

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5; 'hift cursor position to left

5E 'hift cursor position to right

57 'hift the entire display to the left

5& 'hift the entire display to the right

7; Force cursor to eginning of 5st line

&; Force cursor to eginning of nd line

7 lines and :< matri

Capacitors

&apacitor is a asic storage device to store electrical charges and release it as it is

required y the circuit. &apacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to perform variety of

tas"s$ such as smoothing$ filtering$ ypassing etcM. ne type of capacitor may not e suitale

for all applications. &eramic capacitors are generally superior than other types and therefore can

e used in a vast ranges of application. The following superior than other types and therefore can

e used in a vast ranges of application. The following is the typical capacitor application in

electronics industries.

DC bloc$in" capacitor:

In this application the capacitor loc"s the passage of D& current (after completely

charged) and yet allows the *& to pass at certain portion of a circuit.

Capacitor as a filter:

&apacitors are the main elements of filters. There are several types of filters that are used

in electronic circuits$ such as 9%F (9ow %ass Filter)$ 0%F (high %ass Filter)$ 6%F (6and %ass

Filter)$ etcM. 'ince the reactance of the capacitor is inversely related to the frequency$ thereforeit can e used to increase or decrease the impedance of the circuit at certain frequencies and

therefore does the filtration !o.

Capacitor as a dischar"e unit:

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&apacitors used as a charging unit and the release of the charge (discharge energy) is used

for triggering$ ignition$ and in high scale as a power source.

By 1ass capacitor:

The reactance of capacitor decreases as the frequency increases. Therefore in certain

application it is used in parallel with other components to ypass it at a specified frequency.

Couplin" capacitor:

The aility of capacitor to pass *& signal$ allows it to couple a section of an electronic

circuit to another circuit.

Decouplin" capacitor:

In high speed electronic logic switching causes draw of significant amount of current

which in turn would cause disturance in the logic voltage level. Decoupling capacitor is

typically located very close to the I& output and serves as a local energy source to provide the

needed etra current and therefore minimi,es the noise and disturances to the logic signal.

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Snubber capacitor:

In some application$ relays or '&R ('ilicon controlled rectifier) are to drive a high

inductance loads. In these circumstances$ when the relay or the '&R opens$ a ma!or transient

voltage could e induced in the contact of the relay or across the !unction of '&R$ which in turn

either shows as an arc on the relay contacts or may damage the internal '&R !unction. Therefore

snuer capacitor is used to limit the high voltage transient across the circuit. There are also

other applications such as Tuned circuits$ signal processing$ etc...

!ormula for Capacitance

The capacitance (&) is a measure of the amount of charge (N) stored on each plate for agiven potential difference or voltage (1) which appears etween the plates

& O N/1

esistors

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* resistor is a passive two terminal electrical component that opposes current flow y

lowering the voltage levels within the circuits. In electronic circuits$ resistors are used to limit

current flow$ to ad!ust signal level$ ias active elements and terminate transmission lines among

other uses. 0igh+power resistors$ that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat$ may

e used as part of motor controls$ in power distriution systems$ or as test loads for generators.

The electrical resistance is equal to the voltage across the resistor divided y the current

through resistor.

R O 1/I

Fied resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature$ time or

operating voltage. 1ariale resistors can e used to ad!ust circuit elements (such as a volume

control or a lamp dimmer)$ or as sensing devices for heat$ light$ humidity$ force$ or chemical

activity.

Identifyin" esistors

-ost aial resistors use a pattern of colored stripes to indicate resistance. 'urface+mount

ones are mar"ed numerically. Resistance can also e calculated using multimeter.

Electronic Color code

Four+and identification is the most commonly used color coding scheme on all resistors. It

consists of four colored ands that are painted around the ody of the resistor. The first two

numers are the first two significant digits of the resistance value$ the third is a multiplier$ and

the fourth is the tolerance of the value. #ach color corresponds to certain numer as shown

elow.

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Transistors

* transistor is a semiconductor device$ commonly used as an amplifier or an electrically

controlled switch. The transistor is the fundamental uilding loc" of the circuitry in computers$

cellular phones$ and all other modern electronic devices.

6ecause of its fast response and accuracy$ the transistor is used in a wide variety of digital and

analog functions$ including amplification$ switching$ voltage regulation$ signal modulation$ and

oscillators. Transistors may e pac"aged individually or as part of an integrated circuit.

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Diode

* diode is a two+terminal electronic component that conducts primarily in one direction

(asymmetric conductance) it has low (ideally ,ero) resistance to the flow of current in one

direction$ and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. * semiconductor diode is a crystalline

piece of semiconductor with a p+n !unction connected to two electrical terminals. * vacuum tue

has two electrodes$ a plate (anode) and a heated (cathode).

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one

direction (called the diode2s forward direction)$ while loc"ing current in the opposite direction

(the reverse direction). Thus$ the diode can e viewed as an electronic version of a chec" valve.

This unidirectional ehavior is called rectification$ and is used to convert alternating current to

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direct current$ including etraction of modulation from radio signals in radio receivers A these

diodes are forms of rectifiers.

Diodes can have more complicated ehavior than this simple on+off action$ due to their nonlinear

current+voltage characteristics. 'emiconductor diodes egin conducting electricity only if a

certain threshold voltage or cut+in voltage is present in the forward direction (a state in which the

diode is said to e forward+iased). The voltage drop across a forward+iased diode varies only a

little with the current$ and is a function of temperature$ this effect can e used as a temperature

sensor or as a voltage reference.

Bu;;er

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* u,,er is an audio signaling device which may mechanical$ electromechanical or

pie,oelectric. Typical uses of u,,er are alarm devices$ timers and conformation of user input

such as mouse clic" or "eystro"e.

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* power supply can e ro"en down into a series of loc"s$ each of which performs a

particular function. * D.& power supply which maintains the output voltage constant

irrespective of *.& mains fluctuations or load variations is "nown as JRegulated D.& %ower

'upplyK.

Transformer:

The transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to

another electrical circuit through the medium of magnetic field and without a change in the

frequency. The electric circuit which receives energy from the supply mains is called primary

winding and the other circuit which delivers electric energy to the load is called the secondary

winding.

ith it$ the voltage and current can e multiplied and divided in *& circuits.

Transformer is of two types step up and step down. In this pro!ect a step down transformer is

used. * step down transformer8 is one whose secondary voltage is less than its primary voltage.

It is designed to reduce the voltage from the primary winding to the secondary winding. This

"ind of transformer Jsteps downK the voltage applied to it.

*s a step+down unit$ the transformer converts high+voltage$ low+current power into low+voltage$

high+current power. The larger+gauge wire used in the secondary winding is necessary due to theincrease in current. The primary winding$ which doesn2t have to conduct as much current$ may

e made of smaller+gauge wire.

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2olta"e e"ulators:

1oltage regulator I&s is availale with fied (typically :$ 5 and 5:1) or

variale output voltages. The maimum current they can pass also rates them. Gegative

voltage regulators are availale$ mainly for use in dual supplies. -ost regulators include

some automatic protection from ecessive current (3overload protection3) and overheating

(3thermal protection3). -any of the fied voltage regulators I&s have leads and loo" li"e

power transistors$ such as the


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* ridge rectifier is an arrangement of four or more diodes in a ridge circuit configuration

which provides the same output polarity for either input polarity. It is used for converting an

alternating current (*&) input into a direct current (D&) output. * ridge rectifier provides full+

wave rectification from a two+wire *& input$ therefore resulting in lower weight and cost when

compared to a rectifier with a +wire input from a transformer with a center+tapped secondary

winding. The load resistance is connected etween the other two ends of the ridge. For the

positive half cycle of the input ac voltage$ diodes D5 and D conduct$ whereas diodes D and DE

remain in the FF state. The maimum efficiency of a 6ridge Rectifier is 75.Q

!ID

RFID is acronym for Radio Frequency Identification. Henerally a RFID system consistsof parts. * Reader$ and one or more Transponders$ also "nown as Tags. RFID systems evolved

from arcode laels as a means to automatically identify and trac" products and people.

%or$in"

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In every RFID system the transponder Tags contain information. This information can e

as little as a single inary it$ or e a large array of its representing such things as an identity

code$ personal medical information$ or literally any type of information that can e stored in

digital inary format.

'hown is a RFID transceiver that communicates with a passive Tag. %assive tags have no power

source of their own and instead derive power from the incident electromagnetic field. &ommonly the

heart of each tag is a microchip. hen the Tag enters the generated RF field it is ale to draw enough

power from the field to access its internal memory and transmit its stored information. hen the

transponder Tag draws power in this way the resultant interaction of the RF fields causes the voltage at

the transceiver antenna to drop in value. This effect is utili,ed y the Tag to communicate its information

to the reader. The Tag is ale to control the amount of power drawn from the field and y doing so it can

modulate the voltage sensed at the Transceiver according to the it pattern it wishes to transmit.

C

• *n antenna or coil

• * transceiver (with decoder)

• * transponder (RF tag) electronically programmed with unique information

These are descried elow8

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)4TE44)

The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and read and write data to it. *ntennas are the

conduits etween the tag and the transceiver$ which controls the system3s data acquisition and

communication. *ntennas are availale in a variety of shapes and si,es4 they can e uilt into a

door frame to receive tag data from persons or things passing through the door$ or mounted on an

interstate tollooth to monitor traffic passing y on a freeway.

!i"ure8 )ntenna

The electromagnetic field produced y an antenna can e constantly present when multiple tags

are epected continually. If constant interrogation is not required$ a sensor device can activate the

field. ften the antenna is pac"aged with the transceiver and decoder to ecome a reader (a.".a.

interrogator)$ which can e configured either as a handheld or a fied+mount device. The reader

emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to 5;; feet or more$ depending upon its

power output and the radio frequency used. hen an RFID tag passes through the

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electromagnetic ,one$ it detects the reader3s activation signal. The reader decodes the data

encoded in the tag3s integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer

for processing.

T)3S (Transponders.

*n RFID tag is comprised of a microchip containing identifying information and an

antenna that transmits this data wirelessly to a reader. *t its most asic$ the chip will contain a

seriali,ed identifier$ or license plate numer$ that uniquely identifies that item$ similar to the way

many ar codes are used today. * "ey difference$ however is that RFID tags have a higher data

capacity than their ar code counterparts. This increases the options for the type of information

that can e encoded on the tag$ including the manufacturer$ atch or lot numer$ weight$

ownership$ destination and history (such as the temperature range to which an item has een

eposed). In fact$ an unlimited list of other types of information can e stored on RFID tags$

depending on application needs. *n RFID tag can e placed on individual items$ cases or pallets

for identification purposes$ as well as on fied assets such as trailers$ containers$ totes$ etc.

There are three options in terms of how data can e encoded on tags8 (5) Read+only tags

contain data such as a seriali,ed trac"ing numer$ which is pre+written onto them y the tag

manufacturer or distriutor. These are generally the least epensive tags ecause they cannot

have any additional information included as they move throughout the supply chain. *ny updates

to that information would have to e maintained in the application software that trac"s 'BU

movement and activity. () rite once tags enale a user to write data to the tag one time in

production or distriution processes. *gain$ this may include a serial numer$ ut perhaps other

data such as a lot or atch numer. () Full read+write tags allow new data to e written to the

tag as neededSand even written over the original data. #amples for the latter capaility mightinclude the time and date of ownership transfer or updating the repair history of a fied asset.

hile these are the most costly of the three tag types and are not practical for trac"ing

inepensive items$ future standards for electronic product codes (#%&) appear to e headed in

this direction.

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!i"ure: !ID Ta"s

! Transcei>er

The RF transceiver is the source of the RF energy used to activate and power the passive RFID

tags. The RF transceiver may e enclosed in the same cainet as the reader or it may e a

separate piece of equipment. hen provided as a separate piece of equipment$ the transceiver is

commonly referred to as an RF module. The RF transceiver controls and modulates the radio

frequencies that the antenna transmits and receives. The transceiver filters and amplifies the

ac"scatter signal from a passive RFID tag.

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Chapter I2

ard&are Desi"nin" and Soft&are Implementation

ard&are Desi"nin"

1roteus?0? Tool

%roteus


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• 'ave the design y creating a new folder with specified pro!ect name.

• Ho to 9irary menu %ic" the Device symol.

• %ic" the component to e placed from the lirary list.

• %lace the selected &omponent on the 'chematic sheet with grids.

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• 'elect all the required components and place them on the schematic sheet.

• &onnect the components.

• For connecting power and groundgo to Terminal -ode.

• *fter the Design completion.

• 9oad the J.heK file which is generated from Beil software.

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• 'tart the simulation utton.

• If the design and code are appropriate simulation gives the valid output.

• For further modification stop the simulation$ modify the circuit.

• To modify the J.heK file modify the code in Beil uild the code then he while will e

manipulated.

Soft&are Implementation

@Aeil IDE

The Beil 7;:5 Development Tools are designed to solve the comple prolems facing

emedded software developers.

Beil ID# is asically an assemler and a compiler. *ssemly or & language code can e

written and compiled in Beil. Furthermore$ it supports many of the 7;:5 variants.

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The Beil 1ision Deugger accurately simulates on+chip peripherals (I&$ &*G$ U*RT$

'%I$ Interrupts$ I/ %orts$ */D &onverter$ D/* &onverter$ and %- -odules) of your 7;:5

device. 'imulation helps you understand hardware configurations and avoids time wasted on

setup prolems. *dditionally$ with simulation$ you can write and test applications efore target

hardware is availale.

Steps to create a pro'ect

• Doule clic" on Beil shortcut.

• &lic" on run option.

• Ho to %ro!ect menu select new 1ision pro!ect.

• 'ave the pro!ect in aove I'I' folder with the same pro!ect name.

• 'elect the controller to e used .

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• 'ave that document with J.cK etension as it a Jc codeK.

• 'ave the code in the same folder.

• Right clic" on 'ource Hroup 'elect J*dd Files to Hroup V'ource Hroup52.

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• *dd the J.cK file to that source group.

• &lic" on &lose option.

• #dit the code in J.cK file.

• 6uild the code.

• If the code is appropriate code is compiled without any errors.

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• *fter compilation he file is generated.

• This generated J.heK file is emedded on microcontroller in I'I' tool for software

testing

• If simulation results are perfect the .he file is loaded into real+time micro controller chip.

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Solderin" iron

* soldering iron is a hand tool most commonly used in soldering. It supplies

heat to melt the solder so that it can flow into the !oint etween two

wor"pieces.

* soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated

handle. 0eating is often achieved electrically$ y passing an electric current

(supplied through an electrical cord or attery cales) through the resistive material of

a heating element. *nother heating method includes comustion of a suitale gas$ which

can either e delivered through a tan" mounted on the iron (flameless)$ or through an

eternal flame.

9ess common uses include pyrography (urning designs into wood) and

welding. 'oldering irons are most often used for installation$ repairs$ and limited

production wor". 0igh+volume production lines use other soldering methods.

%ire Stripper:

ire stripper is used to strip off wire insulator from its conductor efore it is

used to connect to another wire or soldered into the printed circuit oard. 'ome wire

stripper or wire cutter has a measurement engraved on it to indicate the length that will e

stripped.

Side-Cuttin" 1lier:

* E+inch side cutting plier will come in handy as oneof the electronic tools when one need to trim off ecess

component leads on the printed circuit oard. It can also e used

to cut wires into shorter length efore eing used. Twee,er

42

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_tool


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'mall twee,er is used to hold small components especially when doing

soldering and de+soldering of surface mount components.

1CB Desi"nin" and %or$in"

1CB #ayout

The entire circuit can e easily assemled on a general purpose %&6 oard respectively.

9ayout of desired diagram and preparation is first and most important operation in any printed

circuit oard manufacturing process. First of all layout of component side is to made in

accordance with availale components dimensions. The following points are to e oserved

while forming the layout of %&6.

5 6etween two components$ sufficient space should e maintained.

0igh voltage/ma dissipated components should e mounted at sufficient distance

from semiconductor and electrolytic capacitors. The most important points are the components layout is ma"ing proper

compromise with copper side circuit layout. %rinted circuit oard is used to avoid

most of all the disadvantages of conventional readoard. These are small in si,e

and efficient in performance.

1reparin" Circuit #ayout

First of all the actual si,e circuit layout is to e drawn on the copper side of the copper clad

oard. Then enamel paint is applied on the trac"s of connection with the help of a shade rush.

e have to apply the paints surrounding the point at which the connection is to e made. It

avoids the disconnection etween the leg of the component and circuit trac". *fter completion of

painting wor"$ it is allowed to dry.

Drillin"

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*fter completion of painting wor"$ holes 5/inch (5mm) diameter are drilled at desired points

where we have to fi the components.

Etchin"

The removal of ecess of copper on the plate apart from the printed circuit is "nown as etching.

From this process the copper clad oard with printed circuit is placed in the solution of Fe&l with

+E drops of 0&9 in it and is "ept so for aout 5; to 5: minutes and is ta"en out when all the

ecess copper is removed from the %&6. *fter etching$ the %&6 is "ept in clean water for aout

half an hour in order to get %&6 away from acidic field$ which may cause poor performance of

the circuit. *fter the %&6 has een thoroughly washed$ paint is removed y soft piece of cloth

dipped I thinner or turine. Then %&6 is chec"ed as per the layout$ now the %&6 is ready for use.

Solderin"

'oldering is the process of !oining two metallic conductor the !oint where two metal

conductors are to e !oin or fused is heated with a device called soldering iron and then as allow

of tin and lead called solder is applied which melts and converse the !oint. The solder cools and

solidifies quic"ly to ensure is good and durale connection etween the !oined metal converting

the !oint solder also present oidation.

Solderin" )nd Desolderin" Techni9ues0

There are asically two soldering techniques.

• -anual soldering with iron.

• -ass 'oldering.

Solderin" &ith Iron

The surface to e soldered must e cleaned and flued. The soldering iron switched on and

ellowed to attain soldering temperature. The solder in form of wire is allied hear the component

to e soldered and heated with iron. The surface to e soldered is filled$ iron is removed and !oint

is cold without disturing.

Solder oint are Supposed to:

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5 %rovide permanent low resistance path.

-a"e a roust mechanical lin" etween %&6 and leads of components.

*llow heat flow etween component$ !oining elements and %&6.E Retain adequate strength with temperature variation. The following precaution should e

ta"en while soldering8

• Use always an iron plated copper core tip for soldering iron.

• 'lightly for the tip with a cut file when it is cold.

• Use a wet sponge to wipe out dirt from the tip efore soldering.

• Tighten the tip screw if necessary efore iron is connected to poor supply.

• &lean component lead and copper pad efore soldering.

• *pply solder etween component leads$ %&6 pattern and tip of soldering iron.

• Iron should e "ept in contact with the !oint for + seconds only instead of

"eeping for very long or very small time.

• Use optimum quantity of solder.

Conclusion

In this proposed system$ Implementation of RFID dramatically increases efficiency and lowers

operational costs$ avoids cost of lost aggage L saves the time. * numer of technologies have

een implemented to speed these processes ut one technology that has the potential to

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revolutioni,e aggage handling technique is Radio+Frequency Identification Technology (RFID).

RFID is used to enhance the aility for aggage trac"ing$ dispatching and conveyance so as to

improve the management efficiency and the user2s satisfaction. The RFID enaled system

provides aggage handlers real+time and historical trac" and trace data.

)pplications

• Hovernment 1ehicles li"e *irplanes$ trains$ uses

• 0ospitals

• 'chools$ &olleges

• Industries

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Code

WincludeXreg:.hY

WincludeXlcdp5.hY

WincludeXstring.hY

sit u,O%5Z;4

char uffer[5\4

int "O;4

void serial]intr(void) interrupt E

^

u,O54

if(RIOO5)

^

uffer["==\O'6UF4

RI O ;4

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cmd]lcd(;;5)4

while(5)

^

if("OO5)

^

//uffer[55\O3`;34

uffer[5\O3`;34

uffer[5\O3`;34

lOstrcmp(uffer$;>;;>?6*6F>*)4 //;>;;>?6*6F>*

//;>;;>?D?:;5>

mOstrcmp(uffer$;>;;>?D?:;5>)4

cmd]lcd(;;5)4

if(lOO;mOO;)

^

if(lOO;)

^

display]lcd(ID8TRR # /5E)4

delay]ms(5;;;)4

_

if(mOO;)

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^

display]lcd(ID8TRR # /


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_

_

eferences

5. -uhammad *li -a,idi $ JThe 7;:5 -icrocontroller L #medded 'ystems K

. *T7>&: Datasheet4 *tmel &orporation. -odified -ay$ ;;;. www.microchip.com.

60 http8//www.electronicshu.org/interfacing+5?+lcd+7;:5/0 http8//www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/7;:5pro!ects/interface+rfid+*T7>&:5+

circuit
http://www.electronicshub.org/interfacing-16x2-lcd-8051/http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/interface-rfid-AT89C51-circuithttp://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/interface-rfid-AT89C51-circuithttp://www.electronicshub.org/interfacing-16x2-lcd-8051/http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/interface-rfid-AT89C51-circuithttp://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/interface-rfid-AT89C51-circuit

rfid college baggae final doc

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