rf survey and 2g planning

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History of communication

In 1870’s Elisha Gary & Alexander Graham Bell simultaneously research on same topic. Both

are wors on to in!ent a system "y which we are a"le to #ommunicate with other person who is

physically distant $rom us. %hey "oth are success$ul in same and approach the patent o$$ice with

in same day. But Alexander Graham Bell 'ot the patent $rom patent o$$ice "ecause he reached

the patent o$$ice earlier then Elisha Gray. %his de!ice in now as %elephone A$ter 'ettin' patent

$irst success$ul experiment is done in 10 (arch187).

Evolution of mobile communication

In 18*+ a$ter the research o$ existence o$ E( radio "y ,. #. (axwell G.Marconi starts to

research on the possi"ility to use the E( wa!es as medium o$ in$ormation in telephone system.

In 18** he $irstly 'ets the wireless access across the En'lish #hannel. %he $irst success$ul

reception o$ radio 'raphic si'nal "ecomes possi"le in 1*0-. %he patent o$ adio %elephony in the

name o$ Nikola Tesla & Nathan Stuffield.

Telecom Regulatory Authorities in ndia

!e"artment of Telecommunications #!$T%

%he !e"artment of Telecommunications is part o$ the (inistry o$ #ommunications and

In$ormation %echnolo'y in the executi!e "ranch o$ the Go!ernment o$ India. %elecom ser!ices

ha!e "een reco'ni/ed the worldo!er as an important tool $or socioeconomic de!elopment $or anation and hence telecom in$rastructure is treated as a crucial $actor to reali/e the socio

economic o"ecti!es in India. Accordin'ly the 2epartment o$ %elecom has "een $ormulatin'

de!elopmental policies $or the accelerated 'rowth o$ the telecommunication ser!ices. %he2epartment is also responsi"le $or 'rant o$ licenses $or !arious telecom ser!ices lie 3ni$ied

Access 4er!ice Internet and 54A% ser!ice. %he 2epartment is also responsi"le $or $re6uency

mana'ement in the $ield o$ radio communication in close coordination with the international "odies. It also en$orces wireless re'ulatory measures "y monitorin' wireless transmission o$ all

users in the country.

Tnternational Telecommunication &nion%

The International Telecommunication Union is the specialized agency of the United Nations which is responsible for Information and Communicationtechnologies. ITU coordinates the shared global use of the Radio spectrum,promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits, works toimproe telecommunication infrastructure in the deeloping world andestablishes worldwide standards. The ITU is actie in areas includingbroadband Internet, latest!generation wireless technologies, aeronauticaland maritime naigation, radio astronomy, satellite!based meteorology,

UNI"R#IT$ C%&&"'" %( "N'IN""RIN', )*TI*&* )age +

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(India)


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conergence in -ed!mobile phone, Internet access, data, oice, Tbroadcasting, and ne-t!generation networks.

%he I%3 comprises three sectors each mana'in' a di$$erent aspect o$ the matters handled "y the3nion as well as I%3 %elecom

adio communication I%3 9

(ana'in' the international radio$re6uency spectrum and satellite or"it resources is at the heart

o$ the wor o$ the I%3 adio communication 4ector I%39.

4tandardi/ation I%3%9

I%3:s standardsmain' e$$orts are its "estnown ; and oldest ; acti!ity< nown prior to

1**- as the International %elephone and %ele'raph #onsultati!e #ommittee or ''TT $rom its=rench name >#omit?consultati$ international t?l?phoni6ue et t?l?'raphi6ue>9

2e!elopment I%329

Esta"lished to help spread e6uita"le sustaina"le and a$$orda"le access to in$ormation and

communication technolo'ies I#%9.

%he I%3:s mission is to ena"le the 'rowth and sustained de!elopment o$ telecommunications and

in$ormation networs and to $acilitate uni!ersal access to the emer'in' in$ormation society and

'lo"al economy. %he I%3 assists in mo"ili/in' the technical $inancial and human resourcesre6uired "y such de!elopment. A maor priority o$ the I%3 is "rid'in' the socalled >di'ital

di!ide> "y "uildin' ade6uate and sa$e in$ormation and communication in$rastructure and

de!elopin' con$idence in the use o$ cy"erspace throu'h enhanced online security. %he I%3 alsoconcentrates on stren'thenin' emer'ency communications $or disaster pre!ention and miti'ationespecially in less de!eloped re'ions

Telecom Regulatory Authority of ndia #TRA%

It is the autonomous "ody o$ telecommunication in India. %he responsi"ilities o$ %AI are maerecommendations on a re6uest $rom the licensor on the $ollowin' matters namely

a. @eed and timin' $or introduction o$ new ser!ice pro!ider

". %erms and conditions o$ license to a ser!ice pro!ider

c. e!ocation o$ license $or noncompliance $or terms and conditions o$ license

d. (easures to $acilitate competition and promote e$$iciency in the operation o$ telecommunication ser!ices so as to $acilitate 'rowth in such ser!ices.

e. %echnolo'ical impro!ements in the ser!ices pro!ided "y the ser!ice pro!iders.

$. %ype o$ e6uipment to "e used "y the ser!ice pro!iders a$ter inspection o$ e6uipment

used in the networ.

UNI"R#IT$ C%&&"'" %( "N'IN""RIN', )*TI*&* )age /

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition


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'. (easures $or the de!elopment o$ telecommunication technolo'y and any other matter

relata"le to telecommunication industry in 'eneral.

h. E$$icient mana'ement o$ a!aila"le spectrum.

( . NTR$!&'T$N )

1.1 GSM FUNDAMENTALS

• *rief History

%he Glo"al 4ystem $or (o"ile communication G4(9 is an E%4I European %elecommunication

4tandard Institute9 standard $or -G pan European di'ital cellular with international roamin'. %he

main purpose o$ the 'roup was to de!elop a -G standard to resol!e the roamin' pro"lem in the

six existin' di$$erent 1G analo' systems in Europe. In 1*8) the tas $orce was $ormed and in

1*87 a memorandum o$ understandin' (39 was si'ned. In 1*8* E%4I included G4( in its

domain. In 1**1 the speci$ication o$ the standard was completed and in 1**- the $irst

deployment started. By the year 1** thirty two operators in -- countries adopted the G4(

standard and "y -001 close to 1+0 countries had adopted G4( $or cellular adaptation

•+re,uency *ands

%his G4( system is a $re6uency and time di!ision system. Each physical channel is

characteri/ed "y a carrier $re6uency and a time slot num"er. G4( system $re6uencies include

two "ands at *00 (CD and 1800 (C/ commonly re$erred to as the G4( *00 and 2#4 1800

systems

=or the primary "and in the G4( *00 system 1- radio carriers ha!e "een de$ined and assi'ned

in two su""ands o$ -+ (C/ each in the 8*0 F *1+ (C/ and *+*)0 (C/ ran'es with channel

width o$ -00 C/ these su""ands are always re$erred as downlin as well as uplin

respecti!ely we will see this concept in detailed in channel conceptsH later in this module9.

Each carrier a total channel width o$ -00 C/9 is di!ided into $rames o$ 8 time slots

UNI"R#IT$ C%&&"'" %( "N'IN""RIN', )*TI*&* )age 0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_allocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_allocation


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=or 2#4 F 1800 there are two su" "ands o$ 7+ (C/ in the 1710 F 178+ (C/ and 180+ F 1880

(C/ ran'es

• GSM Services

%o study any system it is !ery important to now the ser!ices which the system supports or

pro!ides. Analo' cellular systems were de!eloped $or a sin'le application that is !oice and in a

manner similar to analo' access to J4%@ other data ser!ices such as $ax and !oice"and

modems were de$ined as o!erlay ser!ices on top o$ the analo' !oice ser!ice. G4( is an

inte'rated !oicedata ser!ice that pro!ides a num"er o$ ser!ices "eyond cellular telephone. %hese

ser!ices are di!ided into three maor cate'ories. %hey are %eleser!ices Bearer ser!ices and

supplementary ser!ices.

(.- +eatures of GSM

1.-.1 ncreased 'a"acity

a9 %he G4( system pro!ides a 'reater su"scri"er capacity than analo'ue systems.

"9 G4( allows -+ C/ per user that is ei'ht con!ersations per -00 C/ channel pair a pair

comprisin' one transmit channel and one recei!e channel9.

c9 2i'ital channel codin' and the modulation used maes the si'nal resistant to inter$erence

$rom cells where the same $re6uencies are reused cochannel inter$erence9< a #arrier to

Inter$erence atio #KI9 le!el o$ 1- dB is achie!ed as opposed to the 18 dB typical with

analo'ue cellular.

d9 %his allows increased 'eo'raphic reuse "y permittin' a reduction in the num"er o$ cells in the

reuse pattern.

1.-.- Audio uality

a9. 2i'ital transmission o$ speech and hi'h per$ormance di'ital si'nal processors pro!ides 'ood

6uality speech transmission.



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"9. 4ince G4( is a di'ital technolo'y the si'nals passed o!er a di'ital air inter$ace can "e

protected a'ainst errors "y usin' "etter error detection and correction techni6ues.

c9. In re'ions o$ inter$erence or noiselimited operation the speech 6uality is noticea"ly "etter

than analo'ue.

1.-. m"roved s"eed and 'onfidentiality

a9. G4( o$$ers hi'h speech and data con$identiality 4u"scri"er authentication can "e per$ormed

"y the system to chec i$ a su"scri"er is a !alid su"scri"er or not..

"9. %he G4( system pro!ides $or hi'h de'ree o$ con$identiality $or the su"scri"er. #alls are

encoded and ciphered when sent o!er air.

c9. %he mo"ile e6uipment can "e identi$ied independently $rom the mo"ile su"scri"er. %he

mo"ile has an identity num"er hard coded into it when it is manu$actured. %his num"er is stored

in a standard data"ase and whene!er a call is made the e6uipment can "e checed to see i$ it has

"een reported stolen.

+./.1 Frequency Reuse

a. %here are total 1- carriers in G4( additional +0 carriers are a!aila"le i$ EG4( "and is

used9.

". Each carrier has 8 timeslots and i$ 7 can "e used $or tra$$ic then a maximum o$ 8)8 1- L 79

calls can "e made. %his is not enou'h and hence $re6uencies ha!e to "e reused.

c. %he same = carrier can "e used $or many con!ersations in se!eral di$$erent cells at the same

time.

d. %he radio carriers a!aila"le are allocated accordin' to a re'ular pattern which repeats o!er the

whole co!era'e area.



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e. %he pattern to "e used depends on tra$$ic re6uirement and spectrum a!aila"ility.

$. 4ome typical repeat patterns are K1- 7K-1 etc.

1. 'E//&/AR T E/E0H$N1

1. A cellular telephone system lins mo"ile su"scri"ers into the pu"lic telephone system or to

another cellular su"scri"er.

-. In$ormation "etween the mo"ile unit and the cellular networ uses radio communication.

Cence the su"scri"er is a"le to mo!e around and "ecome $ully mo"ile.

. %he ser!ice area in which mo"ile communication is to "e pro!ided is di!ided into re'ions

called cells.

. Each cell has the e6uipment to transmit and recei!e calls $rom any su"scri"er located within

the "orders o$ its radio co!era'e area

Radio

Cell

Mobile subscriber



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1. 'E//

A cell is the "asic unit o$ a cellular system and is de$ined as the area where radio co!era'e is

'i!en "y one "ase station. 2i$$erent cells are identi$ied "y a uni6ue num"er called #ell Glo"al

Identity #GI9. In a complete networ the num"er o$ cells is lar'e.

%here are a limited num"er o$ $re6uencies a!aila"le within the $re6uency "and speci$ied $or

cellular systems. Each operator licensed to run a cellular networ has "een pro!ided with a

num"er o$ $re6uencies. A cell has one or se!eral $re6uencies dependin' on tra$$ic load. %o co!er

a country $or example the a!aila"le $re6uencies must "e reused. %he same $re6uency cannot "e

used in nei'h"orin' cells due to inter$erence.

@ei'h"orin' cells can’t ha!e the same $re6uency.

-. GSM AR'HTE'T&RE



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1. (BIME 4%A%I@ (49

-. Base station su"system

. @etwor and switchin' su"system

. peration and support su"system

2.1 Moile Station

A (o"ile 4tation consists o$ two main elements

+. The mobile e5uipment or terminal.

/. The #ubscriber Identity 6odule 7#I68.

+unctions of MS

%he primary $unctions o$ (4 are to transmit and recei!e !oice and data o!er the air inter$ace o$

the G4( system. (4 per$orms the si'nal processin' $unction o$ di'iti/in' encodin' error protectin' encryptin' and modulatin' the transmitted si'nals. It also per$orms the in!erse

$unctions on the recei!ed si'nals $rom the B4.

SM #Subscriber dentity Module%



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%he 4I( is a smart card that identi$ies the terminal. By insertin' the 4I( card into the terminal

the user can ha!e access to all the su"scri"ed ser!ices. Nithout the 4I( card the terminal is not

operational.

%he 4I( card is protected "y a $ourdi'it Jersonal Identi$ication @um"er JI@9. In order to

identi$y the su"scri"er to the system the 4I( card contains some parameters o$ the user such as

its International (o"ile 4u"scri"er Identity I(4I9.

Another ad!anta'e o$ the 4I( card is the mo"ility o$ the users. In $act the only element that

personali/es a terminal is the 4I( card. %here$ore the user can ha!e access to its su"scri"ed

ser!ices in any terminal usin' its 4I( card.

-.- *ase Station Subsystem #*SS%.

%he B44 connects the (o"ile 4tation and the @44. %he Base 4tation 4u"system B449 can "e

di!ided into two parts

1. %he Base %ranscei!er 4tation B%49 or Base 4tation

-. %he Base 4tation #ontroller B4#9.

*ase Transceiver System #*TS%

(. Candles the radio inter$ace to the mo"ile station.

-. #onsists o$ one or more radio terminals $or transmission and reception

2. Each adio terminal represents an = #hannel

UNI"R#IT$ C%&&"'" %( "N'IN""RIN', )*TI*&* )age :


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3. %L and (4 communicates o!er 3m inter$ace

4. ecei!ed data transcodin'

5. 5oice encryptionKdecryption

6. 4i'nal processin' $unctions o$ the radio inter$ace

7. 3plin adio channel power measurements

*ase station controller #*S'%

1. Jro!ides all the control $unctions and physical lins "etween the (4# and B%4

-. External Inter$aces

a. OA"is’ inter$ace towards the B%4

". OA’ inter$ace towards the (4#

. (onitors and controls se!eral B%4s

. (ana'ement o$ channels on the radio inter$ace

+. Alarm Candlin' $rom the external inter$aces

). Jer$orms intercell Cando!er

7. 4witchin' $rom OA"is’ lin to the OA’ lin

-.2 Net8ork and S8itching Subsystem #NSS%

%he switchin' system 449 is responsi"le $or per$ormin' call processin' and su"scri"er

related $unctions.

UNI"R#IT$ C%&&"'" %( "N'IN""RIN', )*TI*&* )age +;


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%he di$$erent components o$ the @44 are descri"ed "elow

-.2.( Mobile services S8itching 'entre #MS'%

1. Jer$orms call switchin'.

-. Inter$ace o$ the cellular networ to J4%@

. outes calls "etween JM(@ and J4%@

. Pueries CM when calls come $rom J4%@ to mo"ile user

+. InterB4# Cando!er

). Ja'in' and Billin'

-.2.- Home /ocation Register #H/R%

%he CM is a centrali/ed networ data"ase that stores and mana'es all mo"ile su"scriptions

"elon'in' to a speci$ic operator. It acts as a permanent store $or a person’s su"scription

in$ormation until that su"scription is canceled. %he in$ormation stored includes

1. 4u"scri"er identity.

-. 4u"scri"er supplementary ser!ices.

. 4u"scri"er location in$ormation.

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. 4u"scri"er authentication in$ormation.

-.2.2 9isitor /ocation Register #9/R%

1. 2ata"ase that contains 4u"scri"er parameters and location in$ormation $or all mo"ilesu"scri"ers currently located in the 'eo'raphical area controlled "y that 5M

-. Identity o$ (o"ile 4u"scri"er

. #opy o$ su"scri"er data $rom CM

. Generates and allocates a %emporary (o"ile 4u"scri"er Identity%(4I9

+. Mocation Area #ode

). Jro!ides necessary data when mo"ile ori'inates call

-.2.3 Authentication 'enter #A&'%

1. 4tores 4u"scri"er authentication data called i a copy o$ which is also stored in the 4I(

card

-. Generates security related parameters to authori/e a su"scri"er 4E44i'ned esponse9

. Generates uni6ue data pattern called #ipher ey c9 $or user data encryption

. Jro!ides triplets A@2 4E4 &c to the CM on re6uest

-.2.4 E,ui"ment dentity Register #ER%

1. EI is a data"ase that contains a list o$ all !alid mo"ile station e6uipment within the

networ where each mo"ile station is identi$ied "y its International (o"ile E6uipment

IdentityI(EI9.

UNI"R#IT$ C%&&"'" %( "N'IN""RIN', )*TI*&* )age +/


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-. EI has three data"ases.

a. Nhite list =or all nown 'ood I(EI’s

". Blac list =or all "ad or stolen handsets

c. Grey list =or handsetsKI(EI’s that are on o"ser!ation

-.3 0ublic S8itching Tele"hone Net8ork #0STN%

(. #onnects landline to G4(

-. #ircuit switchin' is used.

+re,uency S"ectrum

G4(*00 #hannels 1-+ operatin' "and *00(h/ carrier spacin' -00h/ spacin' +(h/9

G4( 1800 #hannels 7 spacin' *+(h/9

G4( 1*003sed in 34A9

GSM systems &"link !o8nlink *and

!u"le:

S"acing

!u"le:

channels

G4( +0

G4( 80

G4( 8+0

+0.+7.)

78.88)

8-8*

)0.)7.)

88.8*)

8)*8*

-x7.-

-x7.-

-x-+

10

10

+

+

+

1-

G4( *00

EG4( *009

G4( *009

8*0*1+

880*1+

87)880

7

-**

-x-+

-x+

-x0

+

+

1

1-

17

0

G4( 1800G4( 1*00

1710178+18+01*10

180+18801*01**0

-x7+-x)0

*+80

2. GSM dentifiers)

UNI"R#IT$ C%&&"'" %( "N'IN""RIN', )*TI*&* )age +0


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2.( nternational Mobile E,ui"ment dentity #ME%

ld I(EIQ%A#R=A#R4@

@ew I(EIQ%A#R4@

%A#%ype Allocation #ode

=A#=inal Assem"ly #ode

4@4erial @um"er

2.- nternational Mobile Subscriber dentity #MS%

I(4IQ(##R(@#R(4I@

(##(o"ile #ountry #ode

(@#(o"ile @etwor #ode

(4I@(o"ile 4u"scri"er Identity @um"er

2.2Tem"orary Mobile Subscriber dentity #TMS%

5M main' the %(4I and store in the 5M

2.3 Mobile Station nternational Subscriber !irectory Number #MSS!N%

(4I42@Q##R@2#R4@

###ountry #ode India 0 or *19

@2#@ational 2estination #ode

4@4erial @um"er

2.4 Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number #MSRN%

%emporary I42@ num"er stores in 5M and CM use $or call routin'.

(4I42@Q##R@2#R4@

2.5 /ocation Area dentity #/A%



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MAIQ(##R(@#RMA#

(##(o"ile #ountry #ode

(@#(o"ile @etwor #ode

MA#Mocation Area #ode

2.6 'ell dentity #'%

It de$ines the di$$erent sectors o$ cell.

2.7*ase Station dentity 'ode #*S'%

B4I#Q@##RB##

@##@etwor #olor #ode 079

B##Base 4tation #olor #ode 079

3. Handover or Handoff %he process o$ trans$errin' an out'oin' call or data channel $rom one channel connected

to the core networ to another channel.

3.( Handover causes)

1. x Me!el 4i'nal stren'th uplin or downlin9

-. x Puality BE on data9

. & ( inter!ention. %imin' Ad!ance

+. %ra$$ic or Moad "alancin'

3.- Ty"es of Handover

(. Accordin' to =re6uency

Card Cando!er In this hando!er connection "rea "e$ore mae.%his hando!er used in

G4(.

4o$t Cando!er In this hando!er connection mae "e$ore "rea. %his hando!er used

in #2(A.

-. Accordin' to Area

1. Intra cell Cando!er

-. Inter cell Cando!er

. Inter B4# Cando!er . Inter (4# Cando!er



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4. Multi"le Access Methods &sed in GSM

(ultiple access techni6ues are essential to allow more e$$icient use o$ the radio spectrum. 1st

'eneration systems used only =2(A so that a complete radio carrier was allocated to a user

throu'hout their call. %his made poor use o$ the spectrum "ut was all that was possi"le with an

analo' system.

S Jurpose to allow se!eral users to share the resources o$ the air inter$ace in one cell

S (ethodsS =2(A =re6uency 2i!ision (ultiple Access

S %2(A %ime 2i!ision (ultiple Access

4.( +re,uency !ivision Multi"le Access #+!MA%

1. 2i!ide a!aila"le $re6uency spectrum into channels each o$ the same "andwidth

-. #hannel separation achie!ed "y $ilters1. Good selecti!ity

-. Guard "ands "etween channels

. 4i'nalin' channel re6uired to allocate a tra$$ic channel to a user

1. nly one user per $re6uency channel at any time-. 3sed in analo' systems such as A(J4 %A#4

. Mimitations on

1. =re6uency reuse-. @um"er o$ su"scri"ers per area

4.- Time !ivision Multi"le Access #T!MA%

%2(A "ecame possi"le with di'ital systems such as G4( in which the data stream

could "e di!ided into "ursts and allocated to a timeslot. By sharin' access to the spectrum thetra$$ic capacity o$ the system is enhanced. G4( uses "oth =2(A to pro!ide carriers and %2(A

to share access to the carriers.



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1. Access to a!aila"le spectrum is limited to timeslots-. 3ser is allocated the spectrum $or the duration o$ one timeslot

. %imeslots are repeated in $rames

5. 'hannel 'once"ts in GSM

1. Jhysical #hannels

-. Mo'ical #hannels

5.( GSM 0hysical 'hannels

1. G4( employs "oth =2(A and %2(A at the Air Inter$ace

-. Each B%4 may comprise a num"er o$ %Ls with the carrier o$ each %L operatin' ona di$$erent $re6uency =2(9

. Each G4( carrier supports 8 timeseparated physical channels %2(A9. Each physical channel is allocated to a speci$ic timeslot on the carrier

+.A 'roup o$ 8 timeslots on a carrier is nown as a %2(A $rame



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ne "urst o$ data 0.+77 ms or 1+).-+ "it periods9 is a physical channel. %his is used !ia

multi $rame structures to pro!ide all the lo'ical channels re6uired.

5.- GSM /ogical 'hannels1. %wo types o$ lo'ical channel are de$ined< tra$$ic and control channels

-. Each is $urther su"di!ided as shown

(. T'H Traffic 'hannels%#CK= %ra$$ic #hannel $ull rate9 3K29

%#CKC %ra$$ic #hannel hal$ rate9 3K29

-. *'H *roadcast 'hannels=##C =re6uency #orrection #hannel 294#C 4ynchroni/ation #hannel 29

B##C Broadcast #ontrol #hannel 29

2. '''H 'ommon 'ontrol 'hannelsJ#C Ja'in' #hannel 29

A#C andom Access #hannel 39AG#C Access Grant #hannel 29

#B#C #ell Broadcast #hannel 29

@#C @oti$ication #hannel 29

3. !''H !edicated 'ontrol 'hannels



19/71

42##C 4tand alone 2edicated #ontrol #hannel 3K29

4A##C 4low Associated #ontrol #hannel 3K29

=A##C =ast Associated #ontrol #hannel 3K29

3 Q 3plin 2 Q 2ownlin

5.-.(. Traffic 'hannels #T'H% 1. ne physical channel 1 timeslot9 can support

-. 1 %#CK= or - %#CKC .T'H;+) 1 "Ks !oice or *.) "Ks data

.T'H;H) ).+ "Ks !oice or .8 "Ks data

5.-.-. *roadcast 'hannels #*'H%*'H channels are all do8nlink and are allocated to timeslot /ero. B#C channels include

1. +''H) =re6uency control channel sends the (4 a "urst o$ all O0’ "its which acts as a

"eacon and allows (4 to $ine tune to the downlin $re6uency and timesynchroni/e.

-. S'H) 4ynchroni/ation channel ena"les %2(A=rame num"er synchroni/ation "ysendin' the a"solute !alue o$ the $rame num"er =@9 to'ether with the B%4’s B4I#

.*''H) Broadcast #ontrol #hannel sends networspeci$ic in$ormation such as radioresource mana'ement and control messa'es Mocation Area #ode etc.

5.-.2. 'ommon 'ontrol 'hannels #'''H%'''H contains all "oint to multi


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1. S!''H) Standalone !edicated 'hannel is used $or call set up location updatin' and

also 4(4

-. SA''H) Slow Associated 'ontrol 'hannel is used $or lin measurements and

si'nalin' durin' a call

. +A''H) +ast Associated 'ontrol 'hannel is used when needed9 $or si'nalin' durin' a

call mainly $or deli!erin' hando!er messa'es and $or acnowled'ement when a %#C is

assi'ned. .

6. 'A// +/$=#all set up can "e classi$ied into two maor cate'ories they are i9 #all =rom (4 (o"ile

ri'inated call9 ii9 #all to (4 (o"ile %erminated call9

UNI"R#IT$ C%&&"'" %( "N'IN""RIN', )*TI*&* )age /;


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UNI"R#IT$ C%&&"'" %( "N'IN""RIN', )*TI*&* )age /+


22/71

UNI"R#IT$ C%&&"'" %( "N'IN""RIN', )*TI*&* )age //


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7. 2G

G is the next 'eneration o$ wireless networ technolo'y that pro!ides hi'h speed "andwidthhi'h data trans$er rates9 to handheld de!ices. %he hi'h data trans$er rates will allow G

networs to o$$er multimedia ser!ices com"inin' !oice and data. 4peci$ically G wireless

networs support the $ollowin' maximum data trans$er rates1. ("itsKsecond to stationary de!ices.-. 8 "itsKsecond $or slowly mo!in' de!ices such as a handset carried "y a walin' user.

. 1-8 "itsKsecond $or $ast mo!in' de!ices such as handsets in mo!in' !ehicles.%hese data rates are the a"solute maximum num"ers. =or example in the stationary case the

-.0+ ("Ksecond rate is $or one user ho''in' the entire capacity o$ the "ase station. %his data rate

will "e $ar lower i$ there is !oice tra$$ic the actual data rate would depend upon the num"er o$

calls in pro'ress9.

%he maximum data rate o$ 1-8"itsKsecond $or mo!in' de!ices is a"out ten times $aster thanthat a!aila"le with the current -G wireless networs. 3nlie G networs -G networs were

desi'ned to carry !oice "ut not data.G wireless networs ha!e the "andwidth to pro!ide con!er'ed !oice and data ser!ices. G

ser!ices will seamlessly com"ine superior !oice 6uality telephony hi'h speed mo"ile IJ

ser!ices in$ormation technolo'y rich media and o$$er di!erse content.4ome characteristics o$ G ser!ices that ha!e "een proposed are

1. Alwayson connecti!ity. G networs use IJ connecti!ity which is pacet "ased.

-. (ultimedia ser!ices with streamin' audio and !ideo.. Email with $ull$led'ed attachments such as JowerJoint $iles.

. Instant messa'in' with !ideoKaudio clips.

+. =ast downloads o$ lar'e $iles such as $axes and JowerJoint $iles.). Access to corporate applications.

>. Architecture

UNI"R#IT$ C%&&"'" %( "N'IN""RIN', )*TI*&* )age /0


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>.(. &ser E,ui"ment #&e%

4I(R(BIME SM1. 4u"scri"er in$ormation-. Authentication eyi9

.Al'orithm

Mobile 1. adio =unctionin'

-. (odulation and 2emodulation . #odin' and 2ecodin'

. Encryption and 2ecryption

>.-. N$!E *1. adio =unctionin'

-.4preadin'

.4cram"lin'.(easurement

+.Jower #ontrol

). peration and (aintenance =unctionin'

>.2. Radio Resource Management #RN'%1. Jower #ontrol-. Cando!er #ontrol

. #onnection 4peci$ic =unctionin'

. esource (ana'er +. Moad #ontrol

). Jacet 4cheduler

7. Admission #ontrol



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>.3. Mobile S8itching 'entre Server #MS'


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In this 1 carrier is o$ +(CD and 3A=#@ is 1-

=ideband 'ode !ivision Multi"le Access #='!MA%

By de$inition the "andwidth o$ a N#2(A system is + (C/ or more and this + (C/ is also the

nominal "andwidth o$ all G N#2(A proposals.%his "andwidth was chosen "ecause

S It is enou'h to pro!ide data rates o$ 1 and 8 "ps these were G tar'ets9 and e!en -("ps in 'ood conditions.

S Bandwidth is always scarce and the smallest possi"le allocation should "e used especially i$

the system must use $re6uency "ands already occupied "y existin' -G systems.S %his "andwidth can resol!e more multipaths than narrower "andwidths thus impro!in'

per$ormance

++. 'odes

'odes

Scrambling 'ode 'hanneli@ation 'ode

&"link !o8nlink &"link !o8nlink

&ser ! 'all ! (. !ata !ifferent Services

-. Signaling (. 9ideo

-. !ata



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2. 9oice

((.( Scrambling 'ode

It is used $or user identi$ication and cell I2. %hese codes are used to pro!ide security and to

a!oid inter$erence. ( adio esource (ana'ement9 pro!ides these codes.

4#3p Min0+119 +1- codes =or user I29

4#2own Min F 1 to 1) million users %o identi$y user9

((.- 'hanneli@ation 'ode

In 3p Min%o di$$erentiate data and si'nalin'.

In 2own Min%o di$$erentiate dedicated users.

'hanneli@ation 'ode Tree

an'e o$ spreadin' $actor is $rom 1 to +1- 1-81)-)1-8-+)+1-9 But in practical to

-+) are used. +1- 2KM9 and -+)3KM9



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(-. 'hannel conce"t in 2G

(-.(. /ogical channel

Mo'ical channels were created to transmit a speci$ic content. %here are $or instance lo'ical

channels to transmit the cell system in$ormation pa'in' in$ormation or user data. Mo'ical

channels are o$$ered as a data trans$er ser!ice "y the (edium Access #ontrol (A#9 layer

to the next hi'her layer. #onse6uently lo'ical channels are in use "etween the mo"ile

phone and the @#. Mo'ical channels are characteri/ed "y the speci$ic content to "e

transmitted user data 2%#C9 control messa'es 2##C ###C9 "roadcast data #%#C9

and cell system in$ormation B##C9.

(-.(.( *roadcast 'ontrol 'hannel #*''H9

4ystem in$ormation is made a!aila"le on this channel. %he system in$ormation in$orms the

3E a"out the ser!in' JM(@ the ser!in' cell nei'h"orhood lists measurement parameters

etc. %his in$ormation is permanently "roadcast in the downlin

(-.(.-. 0aging 'ontrol 'hannel #0''H%

Gi!en the B##C in$ormation the 3E can determine at what times it may "e pa'ed. Ja'in'

is re6uired when the @# has no dedicated connection to the 3E. %he J##C is a downlin

channel.



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(-.(.2. 'ommon 'ontrol 'hannel #'''H%

#ontrol in$ormation is transmitted on this channel. It is in use when there is no dedicated

connection "etween the 3E and the networ. It is a "idirectional channel i.e. it exists "oth

in the uplin and downlin directions

(-.(.3. !edicated 'ontrol 'hannel #!''H%

2edicated resources were allocated to a 3E. %hese resources re6uire radio lin

mana'ement and the control in$ormation is transmitted "oth uplin and downlin on

2##Cs.

(-.(.4. !edicated Traffic 'hannel #!T'H%

3ser data has to "e trans$erred "etween the 3E and the networ. %here$ore dedicated

resources can "e allocated to the 3E $or the uplin and downlin user data transmission.

(-.(.5. 'ommon Traffic 'hannel #'T'H%

2edicated user data can "e transmitted pointtomultipoint to a 'roup o$ 3Es.

(-.(.6. 'ommon 0acket 'hannel #'0'H%

4imilar to the A#C it is a contention "ased uplin channel. In contrast to the A#C it

can "e used to transmit lar'er amounts o$ tra$$ic.

(-.- Trans"ort channels

(-.-.(*roadcast channel #*'H%

It is used to carry lo'ical B##C

(-.-.-0aging channel #0'H%

It carries lo'ical J##C.

(-.-.2+or8ard access channel #+A'H%

UNI"R#IT$ C%&&"'" %( "N'IN""RIN', )*TI*&* )age /:


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It is used to carry in$ormation comin' $rom ###C #%#C 2%#C 2##C $rom common

and dedicated control channels. =A#C carries data i$ data is less than )0 "ps

(-.-.3 !edicated 'hannel #!'H%

It is the dedicated transport channel which carries the in$ormation comin' $rom lo'ical

2%#C and 2##C. It should "e noted that one 2#C may carry se!eral 2%#C

(- 2. 0hysical 'hannel)<

(-.2.( 'ommon 0hysical 'hannel

1. Jhysical #ommon #ontrol Jhysical #ontrol #hannel

1. 3sed to carry B##C

-. Jower Q 10T %otal Jower . #hanneli/ation #ode##-+)19

. 4peed 0 "ps

-. 4econdary #ommon #ontrol Jhysical #hannel

1. 3sed to carry =A#C and J#C

-. %wo 4##J#C=A#C and J#C9

. %hree 4##J#C=A#C J#C and 4AB9

(-.2.-. !edicated 0hysical 'hannel

1. 2edicated Jhysical 2ata #hannel

-. 2edicated Jhysical #ontrol #hannel

(-.2.2. Synchroni@ation 'hannel)

(. Jrimary 4ynchroni/ation #hannel

%ime slot 4ynchroni/ation

UNI"R#IT$ C%&&"'" %( "N'IN""RIN', )*TI*&* )age 0;


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-. 4econdary 4ynchroni/ation #hannel

3sed $or $rame synchroni/ation

(-.2.3.'ommon 0ilot 'hannel#'0'H%

3sed to decode the 'roup

(-.2.4. 0aging ndicator 'hannel #0'H%

Indicate the mo"ile $or pa'in'

!o8nlink 'hannel

UNI"R#IT$ C%&&"'" %( "N'IN""RIN', )*TI*&* )age 0+


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&"link 'hannel

UNI"R#IT$ C%&&"'" %( "N'IN""RIN', )*TI*&* )age 0/


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(2. Handover



34/71

Handover

Soft Handover Softer Handover Hard Handover

nter System Handover nter RN' Handover +H$

Soft Handover)<

Softer Handover



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Hard Handover



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(3. 'all +lo8 in 2G



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(4. 3G #/TE%



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/TE stands for /ong term evolution. It is also nown as .*G.It is elease in -008’89.It is

used $or the only data ser!ices.

+eatures

1. IJ "ased networ

-. nly pacet ser!ices

. rtho'onal =re6uency 2i!ision (ultiple Access =2(A9

. E3%A 700(C/-)00(C/9

+. 4cala"le Bandwidth 1+101-0(C/9

). =re6uency e$ormin'

7. (ultiple Input (ultiple utput (I(9

8. ) PA( (odulation

(5. Architecture

(5.(. &ser E,ui"ment #&e%



39/71

4I(R(BIME

SM1. 4u"scri"er in$ormation

-. Authentication ey i9 . Al'orithm

Mobile 1. adio =unctionin'

-. (odulation and 2emodulation

. #odin' and 2ecodin' . Encryption and 2ecryption

(5.-. Evolved node


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Nhen $or the $irst time su"scri"er attached with M%E networ in particular we can say when it

comes under the co!era'e o$ E@2EB $or $irst time then E@2EB helps in exchan'in' the

in$ormation "etween the su"scri"er and ((E throu'h its 41#J 41 control plane9 inter$ace

with ((E. %hen ((E which is connected to C44 throu'h 4) inter$ace re6uests the

authentication in$ormation $rom C44 and authenticate the su"scri"er. A$ter the authentication it

$orwards the encryption eys to the E@2EB so that the data and si'nalin' exchan'es "etween

the E@2EB and su"scri"er o!er the air inter$ace can "e ciphered or calculated numerically

(5.3.- Establishment of *earers)<

((E actually deals with the control data instead o$ the user data. =or the esta"lishment o$

"earer it actually communicates with other entities o$ the core networ 4GN and J2@GN9 toesta"lish a user IJ tunnel "etween a mo"ile su"scri"er and internet. It also helps in selectin' a

'ateway router i$ more than one 'ateway router is there in networ.

(5.3.2 NAS mobility management)<

In case when there is no communication happenin' "etween a mo"ile and radio networ $or a

decided amount o$ time then any connection and resources "etween su"scri"er and radio networ

are released "y the networ. In a same tracin' area %A9 the su"scri"er can mo!e $reely

"etween di$$erent "ase stations without noti$yin' the ((E. It sa!es the "attery power o$ the

mo"ile de!ice and helps in reducin' the si'nal tra$$ic in the networ. I$ there is any data arri!e

$rom the internet $or this de!ice then ((E send a pa'in' messa'e to e!ery E@2EB in same

tracin' area then mo"ile de!ice responds to the pa'in' messa'e and connection reesta"lishes

(5.3.3 nter8orking su""ort

Nhene!er a mo"ile de!ice is reachin' the "oundary o$ M%E then the E@2EB decides $or the

suita"le cell $or the de!ice or $or the networ G4( or 3(%49. ((E continuously maes

communication with other core networ components o$ G4( 3(%4 and #2(A to support the

tra$$ic

(5.3.4 Handover su""ort)<

%here are some cases in which there is no L- inter$ace a!aila"le "etween two E@2EBs and

mo"ile de!ice is 'oin' $rom one E@2EB to other E@2EB then in that case two E @2EBs trans$er messa'es "etween each other throu'h ((E

(5.3.5 Su""orting traditional services like voice and messages)



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As M%E is pure IJ networ and it should "e compati"le to G4( and 3(%4 to support the !oice

and other ser!ices. ((E plays the role o$ mappin' the ser!ices $rom G4( or 3(%4 to M%E.

2etails o$ how it supports the ser!ices are pro!ided under maor ser!ices section o$ EJ#As M%E

is pure IJ networ and it should "e compati"le to G4( and 3(%4 to support the !oice and other

ser!ices. ((E plays the role o$ mappin' the ser!ices $rom G4( or 3(%4 to M%E. 2etails o$

how it supports the ser!ices are pro!ided under maor ser!ices section o$ EJ#

(5.4 Serving Gate8ay #SG=%

%he "asic $unction o$ ser!in' 'ateway is to mana'e the user IJ tunnels "etween E@2EB and pacet data networ 'ateway. 4er!in' 'ateway is connected to E@2EB throu'h 413J 41

user inter$ace9 and to J2@ 'ateway throu'h 4+3J inter$ace. 41 and 4+ tunnels $or an indi!idual

user are independent o$ each other and it can "e modi$ied as re6uired. It is connected to ((Ethrou'h 411 inter$ace which pro!ides the $unction o$ creation and modi$ication the tunnels. %he

411 inter$ace uses G%J# GJ4 tunnelin' protocolcontrol9 to trans$er the messa'es sent "y

((E to 4GN. Generally in the standard ((E and 4GN are de$ined independently "ut theseentities can "e de$ined on a same or di$$erent networ node depends on the operator choice. %his

allows the wireless standardi/ation "odies to wor on the si'nalin' tra$$ic and user tra$$ic

independently. %his was done "ecause the additional si'nalin' increases the load o$ the processors which processes the si'nalin' tra$$ic and on the other hand risin' user tra$$ic demands

the e!olution o$ more networ inter$aces and routin' capacity

(5.5 0acket !ata Net8ork Gate8ay #0!N


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(7. $rthogonal +re,uency !ivision Multi"le Access



43/71

1. 4uper codes #2(A used in all G !ariants

-. =2(A Q rtho'onal =re6uency 2i!ision (ultiplexin' =2(9 plus statistical

multiplexin'. ptimi/ation o$ time $re6uency & code multiplexin'

. =2(A already deployed in 80-.11a & 80-.11'

+. %oo Ni=i $rom 11 ("ps to + ("ps & "eyond). (any closelyspaced su"carriers chosen to "e ortho'onal thus eliminatin' intercarrier

inter$erence !aries "its per su"carrier "ased on instantaneous recei!ed power.



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(>. Multi"le n"ut Multi"le $ut"ut #MM$%

(ultiple Input (ultiple utput smart antenna technolo'y. (ultiple paths impro!e lin relia"ility

and increase spectral e$$iciency "ps per C/9 ran'e and directionality

Multi"le n"ut Multi"le $ut"ut #MM$% Radio Transceiver

1. M%E supports (I( as the "ase option with multiple transmitter and recei!er antennasin a same E@odeB.

-. 3p to $our antennas can "e used "y a sin'le M%E cell 'ain spatial multiplexin'9

. (I( is considered to "e the core technolo'y to increase spectral e$$iciency.

MM$ *eam forming

1. Enhances si'nal reception throu'h directional array 'ain while indi!idual antenna has

omnidirectional 'ain

-. Extends cell co!era'e. 4uppresses inter$erence in space domain

. Enhances system capacity+. Jrolon's "attery li$e

). Jro!ides an'ular in$ormation $or user tracin'



45/71

-?. 'hannel 'once"t in /TE

%here are three cate'ories into which the !arious data channels may "e 'rouped.

0hysical channels

%hese are transmission channels that carry user data and control messa'es.

Trans"ort channels

%he physical layer transport channels o$$er in$ormation trans$er to (edium Access #ontrol

(A#9 and hi'her layers

/ogical channels

Jro!ide ser!ices $or the (edium Access #ontrol (A#9 layer within the M%E protocol

4tructure.

-?.(. 0hysical 'hannel

%he M%E physical channels !ary "etween the uplin and the downlin as each has di$$erent

re6uirements and operates in a di$$erent manner.

!o8nlink

-?.(.( 0hysical *roadcast 'hannel #0*'H%

%his physical channel carries system in$ormation $or 3Es re6uirin' to access the networ. It only

carries what is termed (aster In$ormation Bloc (IB messa'es. %he modulation scheme is

always PJ4 and the in$ormation "its are coded and rate matched the "its are then scram"led

usin' a scram"lin' se6uence speci$ic to the cell to pre!ent con$usion with data $rom other cells.

%he (IB messa'e on the JB#C is mapped onto the central 7- su"carriers or six central resource

"locs re'ardless o$ the o!erall system "andwidth. A JB#C messa'e is repeated e!ery 0 ms

%he JB#C transmissions has 1 in$ormation "its 10 spare "its and 1) ## "its.

-?.(.- 0hysical 'ontrol +ormat ndicator 'hannel #0'+'H%

As the name implies the J#=I#C in$orms the 3E a"out the $ormat o$ the si'nal "ein' recei!ed.

It indicates the num"er o$ =2( sym"ols used $or the J2##Cs whether 1 - or . %he

in$ormation within the J#=I#C is essential "ecause the 3E does not ha!e prior in$ormation



46/71

a"out o$ the si/e o$ the control re'ion. A J#=I#C is transmitted on the $irst sym"ol o$ e!ery su"

$rame and carries a #ontrol =ormat Indicator #=I $ield. %he #=I contains a - "it code word

that represents 1-or. #=I is reser!ed $or possi"le $uture use %he J#=I#C uses - - "loc

codin' which results in a 1K1) codin' rate and it always uses PJ4 modulation to ensure ro"ust

reception.

-?.(.2 0hysical !o8nlink 'ontrol 'hannel #0!''H%

%he main purpose o$ this physical channel is to carry mainly schedulin' in$ormation o$ di$$erent

types

1. 2ownlin resource schedulin'

-. 3plin power control instructions

. 3plin resource 'rant

. Indication $or pa'in' or system in$ormation

-?.(.3 0hysical Hybrid AR ndicator 'hannel #0H'H%

As the name implies this channel is used to report the Cy"rid AP status. It carries the CAP

A#K@A# si'nal indicatin' whether a transport "loc has "een correctly recei!ed. %he CAP

indicator is 1 "it lon' >0> indicates A# and >1> indicates @A#.

%he JCI#C is transmitted within the control re'ion o$ the su" $rame and is typically only

transmitted within the $irst sym"ol. I$ the radio lin is poor then the JCI#C is extended to a

num"er sym"ols $or ro"ustness..

&"link)

-?.(.4 0hysical &"link 'ontrol 'hannel #0&''H%

%he Jhysical 3plin #ontrol #hannel J3##C pro!ides the !arious control si'nalin'

re6uirements. %here are a num"er o$ di$$erent J3##C $ormats de$ined to ena"le the channel to

carry the re6uired in$ormation in the most e$$icient $ormat $or the particular scenario

encountered. It includes the a"ility to carry 4s 4chedulin' e6uests.

-?.(.5 0hysical &"link Shared 'hannel #0&S'H%

%his physical channel $ound on the M%E uplin is the 3plin counterpart o$ J24#C



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-?.(.6 0hysical Random Access 'hannel #0RA'H%

%his uplin physical channel is used $or random access $unctions. %his is the only non

synchroni/ed transmission that the 3E can mae within M%E. %he downlin and uplin propa'ation delays are unnown when JA#C is used and there$ore it cannot "e synchroni/ed.

%he JA#C instance is made up $rom two se6uences a cyclic pre$ix and a 'uard period. %he

pream"le se6uence may "e repeated to ena"le the E@2EB to decode the pream"le when lin

conditions are poor.

-?.- Trans"ort 'hannel

%he M%E transport channels !ary "etween the uplin and the downlin as each has di$$erent

re6uirements and operates in a di$$erent manner. Jhysical layer transport channels o$$er

in$ormation trans$er to medium access control (A#9 and hi'her layers

!o8nlink)

-?.-.( *roadcast 'hannel #*'H%

%he M%E transport channel maps to Broadcast #ontrol #hannel B##C9

-?.-.- !o8nlink Shared 'hannel #!/


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-?.2. /ogical 'hannel

%he lo'ical channels co!er the data carried o!er the radio inter$ace. %he 4er!ice Access Joint

4AJ "etween (A# su" layer and the M# su" layer pro!ides the lo'ical channel

-?.3. 'ontrol channels

%hese M%E control channels carry the control plane in$ormation

-?.3.( *roadcast 'ontrol 'hannel #*''H%

%his control channel pro!ides system in$ormation to all mo"ile terminals connected to the E

@2EB.

-?.3.- 0aging 'ontrol 'hannel #0''H%

%his control channel is used $or pa'in' in$ormation when searchin' a unit on a networ.

-?.3.2 'ommon 'ontrol 'hannel #'''H%

%his channel is used $or random access in$ormation e.'. $or actions includin' settin' up a

connection.

-?.3.3 Multicast 'ontrol 'hannel #M''H%

%his control channel is used $or In$ormation needed $or multicast reception.

-?.3.4 !edicated 'ontrol 'hannel #!''H%

%his control channel is used $or carryin' userspeci$ic control in$ormation e.'. $or controllin'

actions includin' power control hando!er etc..

2!.". Traffic channels

%hese M%E tra$$ic channels carry the userplane data

-?.4.( !edicated Traffic 'hannel #!T'H%

%his tra$$ic channel is used $or the transmission o$ user data.

-?.4.- Multicast Traffic 'hannel #MT'H%

%his channel is used $or the transmission o$ multicast data.



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#R$%E&T '$R(

0lanning of Net8ork 0arameters 'onsidered in 0lanning

Radio 0lanning Methodology

$verall "icture

It is important to create an o!erall picture o$ the networ "e$ore 'oin' into the detailed networ

plannin'. %his is the $act the main o"ecti!e o$ this presentation.

'overage 'a"acity and uality

Jro!idin' co!era'e is usually considered as the most important acti!ity o$ a new cellular

operator. =or a while e!ery networ is indeed co!era'e dri!en. Cowe!er the co!era'e is not the

only thin'. It pro!ides the means o$ ser!ice and should meet certain 6uality measures. %he

startin' point is a set o$ co!era'e 6uality re6uirements.

%o 'uarantee a 'ood 6uality in "oth uplin and downlin direction the power le!els o$ B%4 and

(4 should "e "alanced at the ed'e o$ the cell. (ain output results o$ the power lin "ud'et are

(. (aximum path loss that can "e tolerated "etween (4 and the B%4.

-. (aximum output power le!el o$ the B%4 transmitter.

%hese !alues are calculated as a result o$ desi'n constraints.

B%4 and (4 recei!er sensiti!ity.

(4 output power le!el

Antenna Gain 2i!ersity reception

Mosses in com"iners ca"les etc.

UNI"R#IT$ C%&&"'" %( "N'IN""RIN', )*TI*&* )age 1:


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%he cell ran'es are deri!ed with propa'ation loss $ormulas such as umara Cata or Nal$isch

Ie'ami which are simply to use . Gi!en a maximum path loss di$$erences in the operatin'

en!ironment and the 6uality tar'ets will result in di$$erent cell ran'es.

%he tra$$ic capacity re6uirement ha!e to "e com"ined with the co!era'e re6uirements "y

allocatin' $re6uencies. %his also may ha!e impact on the cell ran'e.

'overage 0lanning Strategies

%he selection o$ site con$i'urations antenna and ca"les in the core o$ the co!era'e plannin'

strate'y. %he ri'ht choice will pro!ide cost sa!in' and 'uarantees smooth networ e!olution.

Some ty"ical configurations are

sector site $or su"9ur"an areas

- sector site $or road co!era'e.

mni site $or rural areas.

%hese are not the ultimate solutions decisions should "e "ased on care$ul analysis.

'ell Range and 'overage Area

=or any site con$i'urations the cell ran'es can "e determined 'i!en the e6uipment losses and

'ains. %he site co!era'e areas can "e calculated then and these will lead to re6uired num"er o$

sites $or a 'i!en co!era'e re'ion. %his maes it possi"le to estimate the cost e'.Jer m- to "e

used $or strate'ic decisions. A$ter 'ettin' the o!erall picture the actual detailed radio networ

plannin' is done with a @J tool.

Radio 0lanning Methodology (aretin' speci$ications

2e$ine desi'n rules and parameters.

4et per$ormance tar'ets.

2esi'n nominal cell plan. Implement cell plan.

Jroduce $re6uency plan.



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ptimi/e networ.

(onitor per$ormances.

Methodology E:"lained

!efine design rules and "arameters

Identi$y desi'n rules to meet co!era'e and capacity tar'ets e$$iciently

Ac6uire so$tware tools and data"ases #ali"rate propa'ation models $rom measurements.

Set "erformance targets

#lear statement o$ co!era'e re6uirements rollout and 6uality9

=orecast tra$$ic demand and distri"ution. %est "usiness plan $or di$$erent roll out scenarios and 6uality le!els.

!esign nominal cell "lan

3se computer tool to place sites to meet co!era'e an d capacity tar'ets.

5eri$y $easi"ility o$ meetin' ser!ice re6uirements

Ensure a $re6uency plan can "e made $or the desi'n. Estimate e6uipment re6uirement and cost.

2e!elop implementation and resource plans includin' personal re6uirements9

adio plan will pro!ide input to $ixed networ plannin'.

m"lement 'ell "lan

Identi$y physical site locations near to nominal or theoretical locations usin' search areas. (odi$y nominal desi'n as theoretical sites are replaced with physical sites

(odi$y search areas in accordance with e!ol!in' networ.

0roduce +re,uency 0lan

=ixed #luster con$i'uration can "e done manually.

=lexi"le "ased on inter$erence matrix usin' an automatic tool.

ptimi/e the networ

#ampai'n o$ measurements

Analy/e results



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Adust networ parameters such as antenna directions hando!er parameters and

$re6uencies.

E:"and the net8ork

In accordance with rollout re6uirements In accordance with $orecast tra$$ic le!els

%o impro!e co!era'e 6uality.

%o maintain "locin' per$ormances.

R+ 0lanning 0rocess

&nderstand the 'ustomers re,uirements

#o!era'e re6uirements

In "uildin' co!era'e experiments Initial oll out plans

Jre determined num"er o$ sites

Survey

%ra$$ic 2istri"ution and Jattern Growth areas

Ci'h density "usinessK residential areas

Jropa'ation tests $or in "uildin' co!era'e estimates and model cali"rations

0re"are 0lanning Tool Get 2i'iti/ed maps

Moad maps in the plannin' tool.

3se sur!ey data and run the pro'ram.

!raft 0lan

2i!ide the city into num"er o$ re'ions Busy "usiness areas

Areas that need excellent in "uildin' co!era'e areas

3se appropriate model and lin "ud'ets to calculate the num"er o$ sites re6uired per re'ion.

+ine Tune "lan

Jer$orm more with dri!e test con$irm plan predictions.

e!iew plan with customer and $ine tune the plan.

&nderstanding 'ustomer Re,uirements

Nhat are the "oundaries $or the networ U



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Are there any special pocets to "e co!ered due to Go!t. re6uirements U

Nhat are the areas in which medium to a!era'e in "uildin' co!era'e is accepta"le U

Nhat are the areas where excellent in "uildin' co!era'e is needed U Areas with hi'h 'rowth potential

@eed colonies under de!elopment

Ci'h re!enue areas 4hoppin' malls o$$ices complex industrial estates etc.

Initial m"lementation Strategy

Ci'h usa'e hi'h re!enue users $irstU

Ci'h end residential and "usiness areasU 4treet co!era'e $irstU

4pecial areas lie + star hotel commercial "uildin' with $ine in "uildin' co!era'eU

Ci'h way co!era'e criticalU

%otal co!era'e on day oneU @um"er o$ sites more than the competitionU

Any *udget /imitations

Gi!e an ideal plan to start with.

Met the customer cut corners.V

R+ 0lanning Surveys

'ity Surveys

Basically a scoutin' exercise looin' $or (aor tra$$ic routes (arets

Business #enters

4hoppin' malls General customer "eha!iors

%elephone density

#on'ested areas with narrow lanes

@arrow water canalsKlaesKponds General city layout

Jresti'ious residential areas.

5IJ areas JarsK play'roundKopen areas.

General Buildin' types.. (ultistoried ow houses apartments colonies etc.

Airport co!era'e



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n building 'overage Surveys #lassi$y Buildin's

CotelKrestaurants commercial

Industrial

esidential 4hoppin' mallsKmarets

Jropa'ation tests in a num"er o$ "uildin's in each !ariety.

= si'nal on road 5s. inside "uildin' 'i!es "uildin' penetration loss. epeat tests in as many "uildin's as possi"le to 'et an estimate o$ "uildin' loss $or the

area.

In "uildin' co!era'e a$$ected mostly in 'round $loorK"asement %ypical !alues examples only9

W Cotel restaurants 1+ dB

W #ommercial "uildin's -0 dB

W 4hoppin' mall 1+ dB

W Industrial Estates 1-1+ dB

W esidential "uildin's 1+-0 dB

W ldKCistorical "uildin's -+0 dB

RF #ro)a*ation Test (its

Battery powered %ransmitter. 10 or -0 Natts output $re6uency in G4(

*00K1800 (h/.

Jorta"le mast Adusta"le up to + m. Nith 1 m antenna on top

e$$ecti!e hei'ht a"o!e 'round is ) m.

%ransmit antenna Ci'h 'ain mni or directional antenna as re6uired

ecei!er %E(4 mo"ile Cand held mo"ile phone with 4-- connection to

a laptop. r an accurate porta"le = sensiti!itymeter K #N recei!er i$ model cali"ration is

re6uired.

Jositionin' system GJ4 system with J#(#IA card



55/71

#omputer Maptop J# with %E(4 so$tware and GJ4 so$tware

#a"les accessories #ali"rated ca"le len'ths 10 m9 o$ low loss $eeder

with nown attenuation !alues< 1- 5olts "attery

with appropriate ca"le to connect to transmitter.

Jower meter 54N meter.

R+ 0lanning Tool

0lanning Tool "re"aration and Model 'alibration

%here are many plannin' tool a!aila"le today

JMA@E% (4I9 #ell #ad M##9

dessy Aethos9

Asset Aircom9 @etJlan (otorola9

Genex Jro"e Cuwaei9

A "lanning tool Should be

Easy to use

#ompati"le with tools lie %E(4 (inimum hardware re6uirements.

Economical.

Ma"s collected from authori@ed sources

1+0000 or 1-+000 scale +0 m resolution $or macro

Mess than 0 m resolution $or (icro cell plannin' usin' ay tracin' %oolH

Ma"s are digiti@ed under 2 categories

Mand 3se

2i'ital %errain (ap

5ectors oads ailways etc.9

0lanning Tool "re"aration and Model 'alibration

(ost Jlannin' tools use corrections $or the land use or clutter.

Jropa'ation (odel tuned "y assi'nin' the !alues to

#lutter $actor Gain or Moss due to clutter 9

#lutter Cei'hts $or di$$raction modelin'9



56/71

!ifferent ty"es of clutter are defined in these models; tools 2ense 3r"an

3r"an

4u"ur"an 4u"ur"an with 2ense 5e'etation

ural

Industrial area 3tilities marshallin' yards docs container depots etc. 9

pen area

Puasi pen Area =orest

Nater

0lanning Tool "re"aration

!TMi. Jro!ided "y the map !endor

ii. Jro!ides contour in$ormation as a di'ital map.

9ectorsi. Ci'hways

ii. (ain oads

iii. ailwaysi!. #anals K water ways.

!. #oast line

!i. i!ers.

Each cate'ories is di'iti/ed as di$$erent layer 2isplayed separately i$ re6uired

(ap in$ormation is set up in the plannin' tool.

(odel cali"ration carried out.

Model 'alibration

All tools ha!e pro!ision $or manipulatin' clutter !alues.

2i$$erent tools ha!e di$$erent directory structures and means o$ handlin' 'eo'raphical

data.

%he procedure mainly tals a"out ensurin' correct data header $iles to include. B%4 location

EIJ o$ B%4 Antenna %ype

B%4 antenna hei'ht

2escription o$ surroundin' area. Jrocedure uses a 'eneral core model e6uation

%he e6uation has constant k 1 to k ) and a constant o$ clutter clutter



57/71

Initial !alues $or the constants are set as per the model chosen say umara

Cata9

JMA@E% pro'ram is run repeatedly to mae (4 error !alues $or all data $ilesDE or a minimum.

=or each run o$ the pro'ram the !alues o$ k 1 to k ) are manipulated.

%his completes model cali"ration.

S&R9E1 0H$T$S



58/71

MAGNETI& &$M#ASS

#urey was done in the steps as shown in following pictures.

*ntenna


59/71

; ="'R"" 0; ="'R""

3; ="'R""

:; ="'R"" +/; ="'R""

+2; ='"R""



60/71

+9; ="'R"" /+; ="'R""

/1; ="'R""

/4; ="'R"" 0;; ="'R""

00; ="'R""



61/71

Tower location and nearby building



62/71

RF +#lannin* in AT$LL



63/71



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RE+EREN'ES

X1Y %ushar 4axena and ahul a = sur!ey and 2ri!e test the !ery $irst step towards

networ plannin'H con$erence proceedin's I#%#-01.

X-Y ,ahan'ir han Cando!er mana'ement in G4( cellular systemH International ,ournal

o$ #omputer Applications 0*7+ F 88879 5olume 8F @o.1- cto"er -010 p' 1-.

XY Jurnima . 4harma . . 4in'h #ell #o!era'e Area and Min Bud'et #alculations in

G4( 4ystemH International ,ournal o$ (odern En'ineerin' esearch I,(E9 5ol.-

Issue.- (arApr -01- pp17017).

XY G.=ischer =.Ji!it N.Nie"ecH Min Bud'et comparison o$ di$$erent (o"ile

#ommunication 4ystems "ased on EIJ and EI4MH Ad!ances in adio 4cience -009

-1-7 1.

X+Y 2r. 4. A. (awoud E!aluation o$ Jower Bud'et and #ell #o!era'e an'e in #ellular

G4( 4ystemH AIa$idain En'ineerin' !ol.1) no.1 pa'e no.77 in -008.



71/71

X)Y 2inesh 4harma Jurnima . 4harma 5ishal Gupta ..4in'h A 4ur!ey on Jath Moss

(odels used in Nireless #ommunication 4ystem 2esi'nH in I,%E 5ol. @o. - in -010.

X7Y Jurima 4harma ..4in'h H#omparati!e 4tudy o$ Jath loss (odels depends on

5arious JarametersH in I,E4% 5ol. @o.) in ,une -011.

X8Y G4( 4ystem 4ur!ey "y EI#44@ etrie!ed -01011-8.

X*Y Nireless #oncepts "y EI#44@ etrie!ed -01010*.

X10Y www.electronics$oru.com

X11Y www.slideshare.net

X1-Y www.ns'roupllc.com

rf survey and 2g planning

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