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April - June 2016
Revue du CIT Review
Issue: VIII
➢ Rapid and cost-effective video transmission system based on visible light communication
➢ E-education, using ICT solutions for policy addressing the need of young generation
➢ Globalization and importance of business strategy
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Editor in Chief Habib Hamam
Associate Editors Albana Demi
Vaso Qano
Editorial Board Habib Hamam
Afrim Alimeti
Artur Jaupaj
Eldi Metushi
Mimoza Agolli
Vaso Qano
Albana Demi
Graphic Design Reliana Shehaj
Eralba Maçi
Web Designer Fabjan Lashi
Ibrahim Çekiri
Marketing and Student
Coordinator Migena Kurti
Table of Contents
Rapid and cost-effective video transmission system
based on visible light communication ______ pg. 4
E-education, using ICT solutions for policy
addressing the need of younger generation __ pg. 5
Globalization and importance of business strategy
____________________________________ pg. 12
All rights reserved. 2016 © by Canadian Institute of Technology
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High School Visit
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Rapid and cost-effective video transmission system based on visible light communication
Prof. Habib Hamam obtained an engineering degree from
Germany in 1992 and a PhD from France in 1995. He also
obtained a postdoctoral diploma from France in 2004. He
is full Professor in Canada and Canada Research Chair
holder, the most prestigious research position in Canada. In
2006, he received a congratulation letter from Canada’s
Prime Minister for research excellence. He is an IEEE
senior member and a registered professional engineer in
Canada. He is associate editor in IEEE Canadian Review
and other international journals. His research interests are in information processing and
security, telecommunications, RFID, Human-Machine interaction and Gamebased Learning.
Abstract
Visible light communication (VLC) is a new technology for transmitting large volumes of
information. It is of nature to be competitive to radio frequency communication due to the
wide frequency spectrum and to the security since the light can’t pass through walls. We
present here a low-cost energy efficient system based on visible light communication for
video transmission. Our system could be easily implemented by using commonly used devices
without the need of installing drivers. The research challenges are removing the noise,
especially ambient light and recover data, reaching transmission rate to enable high-quality
video transmission, having a reasonably long distance between the transmitter and the receiver
to enable flexibility for the users. We implemented a VLC prototype operating at 4 Mb/s with
a distance more than 2 meters. A cyclic redundancy check is used to reduce the error bit rate.
Figure 1. VLC = Illumination + Communication
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Introduction:
Radio communication is limited due to the saturation of the radio frequency spectrum [1]. The
visible light spectrum is 10,000 times larger than the radio frequency spectrum [1]. The VLC
has three additional advantages: First, it offers intrinsic security: light waves cannot come
across walls and therefore unauthorized people have no access to the network. Second VLC
enables high-speed communication: the high speed of the light. Third, it offers low power
consumption: the system uses the light sources to illuminate and transmit data so no power
loss is expected.
VLC has been used in intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) to control traffic problems [2]. It
also has been used to help monitoring patients in hospitals [3]. Various LED technologies
have been used to transmit data and various cameras have been used to receive data [4].
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) in very often used [5].
Proposed method:
The flow chart of the VLC system is depicted in Figure 1. One terminal (computer or any
device that supports UART for example Smartphone, Raspberry pi ...) acts as the transmitter.
Figure 2. An overview of the proposed VLC system
Data is modulated and then sent to the LED driver which controls the LED and turns it ON
and OFF very fast. The Photodiode captures the optical signal transmitted by the LED and
delivers an electric signal to the photodiode driver. Then information is demodulated to be
used by destination. The LED driver is composed of two transistors and a Mosfet to improve
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the rise time [7]. A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is implemented to reduce the error bit rate
(BER).
Results:
A 2Mhz square signal is generated by the transmitter and is successfully detected by the
Receiver. A video has been transmitted by the developed system on a distance larger than 1
meter with 4Mbs/s. The error bit rate is less than 1%.
Conclusion:
A VLC based low-cost system was designed, implemented and successfully tested. The
system is rapid and non-significant (<5%) BER exist. In a future work, we try to further reduce
it. A detailed article with more results will be published in the conference ICCITBA.
theory accepted by all scientists? Let us expose the opinions of scientists with regard to
this theory.
References:
[1] H. Haas, "High-speed wireless networking using visible light", SPIE Newsroom, 2013.
[2] H. Premachandra, T. Yendo, M. Tehrani, T. Yamazato, H. Okada, T. Fujii and M.
Tanimoto, "LED Traffic Light Detection Using High-speed-camera Image Processing for
Visible Light Communication", The Journal of The Institute of Image Information and
Television Engineers, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 354-360, 2011.
[3] S. Sudha, D. Indumathy and A. Lavanya, "Patient monitoring in the hospital management
using Li-Fi", 2016 IEEE International Conference on Technological Innovations in ICT For
Agriculture and Rural Development, 2016.
[4] R. Kays, "Modulation Concepts for Visible Light Communication Using Video Displays",
2015 IEEE 5th International Conference on Consumer Electronics Berlin (ICCE-Berlin),
2015.
[5] Y. Wang, N. Chi, Y. Wang, R. Li, X. Huang, C. Yang and Z. Zhang, "High-speed quasi-
balanced detection OFDM in visible light communication", Optics Express, vol. 21, no. 23,
p. 27558, 2013.
[6] M. Ahsan and H. Asif, "ESIM-OFDM-based transceiver design of a visible light
communication system", International Journal of Communication Systems, 2016.
[7] H. Sepahvand and S. Raisi, "A High Speed MOSFET for Switching Application", Indian
Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 8, no. 22, 2015.
April - June 2016
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Elona Taka
E-education, using ICT solutions for policy addressing the need of
younger generation.
Abstract
The Research Policy Proposal main purpose is using ICT solutions for policy modeling in
addressing the needs of the younger generation to help policymakers in monitoring and
developing social programs. The beneficiaries of this policy are teachers, students and young
unemployed people who would receive technical training.
Internet and other ICT tools are widely used in Albania (60.1% of population11). The problem
is that young people, who mainly use the internet for social networking, do not know how to
optimize the opportunities that the internet presents to make positive improvements in their
lives, learning and professional training experiences, as well as the potential e-employment
opportunities that it presents.
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The Albanian Government has committed to the Sustainable Development Goals. In
implementation of these goals Albania is committed to achieving high quality education.9
According to the United Nations (UN), some progress has been made regarding access and
quality (the presence of a computer lab in every school). However, the Government has
identified the need to design and introduce ambitious indicators to track the quality of
education, acknowledged as an issue of concern. The draft National Strategy for Development
and Integration 10, states that priority is given to supporting the development of policies and
strategies that prevent and reduce marginalization in education at the national and local school
levels. This is to be achieved by preventing early departure from formal education and training
and improving the quality of education to ensure healthy life styles and skills relevant to the
labor market. Other measures will target the updating of curriculum and tackling
disadvantages in education and training with particular emphasis on secondary school
enrolment. The beneficiaries of this policy are teachers, students and young unemployed
people who would receive technical training.
The objectives are as follows:
- To identify and evaluate the effectiveness of ICT tools in education.
- To develop strategies for local e-learning content development and capacity building.
- To recommend appropriate ICT in education policy proposals
Similar projects in the TVT field will be contacted in order to share experience and receive
best practice examples.
Introduction
Internet and other ICT tools are today available in Albania. Based on information from the
National Statistics Agency, mentioned in the National Strategy for Development on
Information Society ¹ the internet usage increases by 30-40% every year. The government has
announced its policy “Albania in the age of Internet” which aims at bringing internet in every
school. In addition, the Government is working on a project to enable broadband connection
to every village, and using every post office as an information access point.
The problem is that young people, who mainly use the internet for social networking, do not
know how to optimize the opportunities that the internet presents to make positive
improvements in their lives, learning and professional training experiences, as well as the
potential e-employment opportunities that it presents.
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3.1 Agenda setting: Awareness and priority given to the issue
The problem of the misuse of ICT technologies and especially internet by students and
teachers, in the order to take the advantage that ICT presents in the improvement of
academic and future professional life this will analyze and present existing research done
by stakeholders like government and NGO in Albania. The problem for policy makers in
the country remains the great divide between the quality of education in urban and rural
areas. In Albania’s rural areas schools are next to non-existent, because teachers are
unqualified. “Roughly 30 percent of rural teachers lack a proper education at all.
unfortunately earns a salary for doing practically nothing. Unfortunately, cannot replace
the unqualified teachers, because it cannot find other candidates to fill the vacancies”.
(Professor Karameta (2010), taken from Under Budget and it shows [online], Available
from: http://chalkboard.tol.org/albania [Accessed 12November 2010])
The budget allocated to education is very low. Albania currently spends roughly 3.5
percent of its gross domestic product on education compared with an average EU rate of
10 percent, of which 0.5 percent goes to universities. As the effects of the global financial
crisis have increased the country’s already high budget deficit, any changes in the status
quo appear unlikely.( Under Budget and it shows[online], Available from:
http://chalkboard.tol.org/albania [Accessed 12November 2010])
3.2 Objectives
- To identify and evaluate the effectiveness of ICT tools in education.
- To develop strategies for local e-learning content development and capacity building.
- To recommend appropriate ICT in education policy proposals.
3.3 Audience
The target audience for this research is the Albanian Government and policy makers as
well as NGO operating in the education sector.
3.4 Research questions
1. Is it true, that by modernizing learning environments with computers and other ICTs,
the learning and teaching that occurs in classrooms will be improving?
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Figure 1 - Internet users
Figure 2 - Surveys on internet usage
Figure 3 - AKEP reasons of internet usage
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Results:
91% of the participants in this survey would support a dual system of vocational
education, by offering internships to the students of these schools, while 96% of them would
be ready to pay a higher salary to the employees, who have been educated in a vocational
school.
However, only 73% of them would be ready to allow their employees to leave their work
place in order to go to school. This means that despite the great readiness of the companies
to support the dual model of vocational education system, it would be difficult to be applied
massively in the very short run, since the companies have to get acquainted with the new
system and adapt their processes accordingly.
85% of the companies write that they are already offering internships to students. This
shows once more that the readiness to assist in educating the young people practically is
there and it would be the right time to follow successful models of making these internships
more efficient, incorporating them as an integral part of the work processes.
the major part of the participants (around 64%) knows the dual model of vocational
education, while around 20% of them do not know that there are actually vocational schools
in Albania.
References
1. “The National Strategy for Developement on Information Society” available online
http://www.akshi.gov.al/
2. ‘An Analysis of the Research and Impact of ICT in Education in Developing Country
Contexts’ available online from http://www.equip123.net/JEID/articles/4_2/Tolani-
BrownMcCormacZimmermann.pdf
³ ‘Depending Institutions’ available online from
http://www.mash.gov.al:8443/faqe.php?id1=5&lang=en
.http://www.akep.al/en/
.’Children behavior’ available online from
http://www.ishp.gov.al/publikime/Sjelljet%20e%20femijeve.pdf
‘Eightfold Path policy analysis’ available online from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eightfold_Path_(policy_analysis)
8. http://chalkboard.tol.org/albania
9.’Achieve high quality in education’ available from:
http://www.un.org.al/subindex.php?faqe=details&id=14&mnu=15#Achieve_high_quality_education
10. ‘Albania Education Strategy 2004-2015’ available from:
http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Albania/Albania-Education-Strategy-2004-2015.pdf
11. ‘Albania Internet Usage Stats and Telecom Reports’ available online from
http://www.internetworldstats.com/euro/al.htm [Accessed November 2010]
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Siana Ahmeti / Phd.Albana Demi
Globalization and importance of business strategy
Although the term globalization has just
been widely used within the last twenty
years, the trend has been present centuries
ago with the discoveries of explorers and
the emergence of trade among nations.
However, with the evolution of
technology, it has gained popularity on a
larger scale.
Why globalization?
Proponents of globalization see this
development as a way for countries from
disparate parts of the world to come
together and exchange goods and services,
thus, opening doors to trade and commerce.
More countries can enjoy the benefits of
free trade. With globalization, there is also
the emergence of free trade which allows
member nations to purchase and offer their
products without regulation from the
government. Manufacturers can expand
their market base and export their products
to more countries. Countries merge to
promote global politics. Supporters of
globalization see this as beneficial to
countries which have the same goals in
protecting their interests. For decades now,
there is the convergence among different
nations through international organizations
such as the United Nations (UN), European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian
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Nations (ASEAN), to name a few. It gives opportunities to countries to learn and experience
other cultures. Globalization and technology come hand in hand. With the evolution of the
internet, language and cultural barriers are crossed. As countries become more open to other
cultures, ideas and traditions, people are motivated to embrace biodiversity.
Why not globalization?
Globalization can lead to abuse of foreign employers to their workers and tax evasion. It
can result to labor drain and loss of job opportunities to local employees. With opportunities
to work overseas, skilled workers and professionals like doctors and nurses from developing
nations are enticed to leave their own countries to seek for greener pastures. The end result,
poor countries lose a large number of professionals who could have been of service to their
own countries. Any development or change has its pros and cons. Globalization is not an
exception. Indeed, it has opened doors to different countries and affected nations
economically, culturally and politically. It is also something that cannot be stopped. The ideal
action to take is to make use of its advantages and minimize its repercussions. Leaders should
be on top of the situation and the people of the world could only hope it brings more good
than bad.
Not all businesses get it right straight away. There are natural weaknesses within all
organizations for various reasons. What a business strategy does is try to remedy these
weaknesses so that companies don’t trip up and suffer their impact too greatly. Strategies look
at these future risks and help develop ways in which they can overcome these obstacles.
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Here are some reasons why having a strategy is important:
➢ A strategy can identify trends and opportunities in the future. It can examine the broader
changes in market such as political, social or technological changes, as well as consumer
changes, and can develop tactics so your business can modify and develop to suit these
future changes.
➢ A business strategy creates a vision and direction for the whole organization. It is
important that all people within a company have clear goals and are following the
direction, or mission of the organization. A strategy can provide this vision and prevent
individuals from losing sight of their company’s aims.
Objectives and Performance Evaluation
It is an analysis of a staff's recent performance, advantages and disadvantages, and suitability
for training or promotion in the future. Besides rewards allocation, organizations also use
appraisals to offer growing advice to employees, as well as to know their perspectives about
their positions, departments, supervisors and organizations (Walsh and Fisher, 2005).
Generally speaking, the processes of performance appraisal are in six following steps:
1. discussing and establishing standards of performance with employees;
2. setting assessable targets;
3. measuring real performance;
4. comparing real performance with the employee;
5. discussing the evaluation with employee;
6. initiating corrective action when it is necessary.
The importance of performance appraisal to organization is reflected in the following aspects:
1. Affecting the productivity and competitiveness of organization. Performance of
employees has a huge effect on productivity and competitiveness of the organization.
Performance can be measured from work results, work action and work attitude of
employees;
2. Performance appraisal result is an important indicator of personnel decisions. The
evaluation of performance offers important reference when the organization making
personnel decisions, such as promotion or demotion, salary adjustment etc.
3. Effectively performance appraisal leads to better staff management. It means that an
organization can make better evaluation of staff performance, which results in more
reasonable remuneration and incentive. It also means that an organization will be able to
offer more help to employees' self-development since performance evaluation can
explore the potential of employees and help them know clearly about what they should
do to meet expectations better. Besides, it will help to achieve better communication
between superiors.
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Trip to Kotor, Montenegro
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St. Andon Zako Cajupi, Zayed Center,
Tirana, Albania
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