Revolutions in RussiaRevolutions in Russia

Long-term social unrest Long-term social unrest erupted in revolution, erupted in revolution, ushering in the first ushering in the first

Communist governmentCommunist government

The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution

The revolution in The revolution in Russia had been Russia had been brewing for nearly brewing for nearly a century.a century.

Alexander III, Alexander III, fearing is subjects fearing is subjects turned Russia into turned Russia into a police state a police state teeming with spies teeming with spies and informantsand informants

Fear Leads to ParanoiaFear Leads to Paranoia

Alexander’s father, who Alexander’s father, who had been working on had been working on reforms was reforms was assassinated by a assassinated by a group of radical group of radical students who were not students who were not satisfied with the pace satisfied with the pace of reforms in Russia.of reforms in Russia.

Alexander was fearful Alexander was fearful this would be his fate this would be his fate as wellas well

Alexander Upholds the Alexander Upholds the AutocracyAutocracy

After Alexander II’s death, After Alexander II’s death, The new czar Alexander The new czar Alexander III, put an end to all III, put an end to all reforms.reforms.

Anyone who questioned Anyone who questioned the czar’s authority was the czar’s authority was labeled as dangerous.labeled as dangerous.

He imposed strict He imposed strict censorship on published censorship on published materials (even on private materials (even on private letters).letters).

Other MeasuresOther Measures His secret police watched His secret police watched

teachers to make sure they teachers to make sure they were not fostering were not fostering revolutionary ideas.revolutionary ideas.

Political prisoners were Political prisoners were exiled to Siberia.exiled to Siberia.

He oppressed other national He oppressed other national groups within Russia, groups within Russia, making Russian the official making Russian the official language, he actively language, he actively persecuted Jews.persecuted Jews.

Jews could not buy land or Jews could not buy land or live among Russians.live among Russians.

PogromsPogroms Only a very few Jews Only a very few Jews

were allowed to were allowed to attend universities.attend universities.

Organized violence Organized violence against Jews was against Jews was carried out as police carried out as police and Russian soldiers and Russian soldiers allowed Russians to allowed Russians to destroy Jewish destroy Jewish homes, schools, and homes, schools, and synagogues. synagogues.

Nicholas II Resists ChangeNicholas II Resists Change

Nicolas II became Nicolas II became czar in 1894.czar in 1894.

He maintained the He maintained the same autocratic same autocratic system created by system created by his father.his father.

Economic Growth and its ImpactEconomic Growth and its Impact

Russia lagged behind Europe and the Russia lagged behind Europe and the United States in Industrialization.United States in Industrialization.

Sergey Witte, Niclolas’ economic advisor, Sergey Witte, Niclolas’ economic advisor, launched a program boost the economic launched a program boost the economic strength of Russia.strength of Russia.

He pushed for the building of the Trans-He pushed for the building of the Trans-Siberian Railroad which connected Siberian Railroad which connected European Russia to the Pacific Ocean in European Russia to the Pacific Ocean in the east. the east.

Revolution GrowsRevolution Grows

Rapid industrialization spurred Rapid industrialization spurred discontent because of poor working discontent because of poor working conditions, low wages, and child labor.conditions, low wages, and child labor.

Workers began to organize strikes.Workers began to organize strikes.

The gap between the rich and poor The gap between the rich and poor was growing.was growing.

MarxismMarxism

One of the groups behind the One of the groups behind the revolutionary movement followed the revolutionary movement followed the views of Karl Marx.views of Karl Marx.

They believed that the industrial They believed that the industrial class should overthrow the czarist class should overthrow the czarist government and put a dictatorship of government and put a dictatorship of the people into place. In such a state the people into place. In such a state the workers would rule.the workers would rule.

Mensheviks & BolsheviksMensheviks & Bolsheviks

The Marxist broke into two groups The Marxist broke into two groups because they disagreed on how the because they disagreed on how the revolution should unfold.revolution should unfold.

The The MensheviksMensheviks wanted a to make wanted a to make sure that there was wide spread sure that there was wide spread popular support for revolution before popular support for revolution before the revolution was to begin.the revolution was to begin.

BolsheviksBolsheviks

The Bolsheviks believed that The Bolsheviks believed that revolution should start with a small revolution should start with a small group of radicals should begin the group of radicals should begin the revolution and then the masses revolution and then the masses would join in.would join in.

The leader of the Bolsheviks was The leader of the Bolsheviks was Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin).Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin).

Crises at Home and AbroadCrises at Home and Abroad

Between 1904 and 1917, Russia Between 1904 and 1917, Russia endured several crises that made the endured several crises that made the czar look weak:czar look weak:Russia lost the Korean peninsula to Russia lost the Korean peninsula to

Japan in the Russo-Japanese WarJapan in the Russo-Japanese War

Bloody Sunday Revolution: Bloody Sunday Revolution:

World War IWorld War I

Russo-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War

Japan and Russia competed for control of Japan and Russia competed for control of Manchuria and Korea.Manchuria and Korea.

Although many treaties were signed to Although many treaties were signed to divide these territories, Russia broke the divide these territories, Russia broke the treaties.treaties.

Japan attacked the Russia port in Japan attacked the Russia port in Manchuria sparking a war. The Japanese Manchuria sparking a war. The Japanese won the war.won the war.

Revolution of 1905: Bloody Revolution of 1905: Bloody SundaySunday

20,000 workers and their families 20,000 workers and their families marched on the czar’s winter palace marched on the czar’s winter palace with a petition demanding better with a petition demanding better working conditions for the working working conditions for the working class.class.

Czar Nicolas ordered his police and Czar Nicolas ordered his police and soldiers to fire on the crowd. Between soldiers to fire on the crowd. Between 500- 1,000 people were killed.500- 1,000 people were killed.

Creation of the DumaCreation of the Duma

As a result of the Revolution of 1905, czar As a result of the Revolution of 1905, czar Nicholas agreed to create a Parliament to Nicholas agreed to create a Parliament to give some voice to the people of Russia.give some voice to the people of Russia.

This governing body was called the This governing body was called the Duma.Duma.

Afraid that he was giving up too much Afraid that he was giving up too much power, Nicholas dissolved the Duma after power, Nicholas dissolved the Duma after 10 weeks.10 weeks.

WWIWWI

Russia was not prepared to engage in a Russia was not prepared to engage in a war.war. Weak generalsWeak generals Poorly equipped soldiersPoorly equipped soldiers 4 million dead, injured or captured4 million dead, injured or captured Rasputin moves into the palaceRasputin moves into the palace Soldiers began to mutinySoldiers began to mutiny Food and fuel were in short supplyFood and fuel were in short supply Inflation of prices for all consumer goodsInflation of prices for all consumer goods The Russian people were miserableThe Russian people were miserable

The March RevolutionThe March Revolution

March 1917: 200,000 textile workers in March 1917: 200,000 textile workers in Petrograd protest working conditions and Petrograd protest working conditions and go on strike.go on strike.

Nicholas orders the soldiers to disperse Nicholas orders the soldiers to disperse the protesters.the protesters.

Initially the soldiers shoot a few of the Initially the soldiers shoot a few of the protesters but then the soldiers joined in protesters but then the soldiers joined in the protestthe protest

Nicholas Steps DownNicholas Steps Down

Czar Nicholas resigns as czar.Czar Nicholas resigns as czar.

Leaders of the Duma created a Leaders of the Duma created a provisional government headed by provisional government headed by Alexander Kerensky.Alexander Kerensky.

Russia is still at war.Russia is still at war.

SovietsSoviets

The working class in the major cities The working class in the major cities formed soviets (local councils). formed soviets (local councils).

The soviets had a lot of influence in The soviets had a lot of influence in the provisional government.the provisional government.

Lenin Returns to RussiaLenin Returns to Russia

Lenin had been exiled from Russia because of Lenin had been exiled from Russia because of his criticism of the czar.his criticism of the czar.

With the czar gone, he felt it was safe to return.With the czar gone, he felt it was safe to return.

The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, gained control of The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, gained control of the soviets in Petrograd and other large cities.the soviets in Petrograd and other large cities.

Eventually, the people began to demand that Eventually, the people began to demand that the power be put in hands of the soviets.the power be put in hands of the soviets.

The Provisional Government The Provisional Government TopplesTopples

November 1917: November 1917:

The Bolshevik Red guards stormed The Bolshevik Red guards stormed the winter palace and took over the winter palace and took over control of the provisional control of the provisional government.government.

Keresky disappeared.Keresky disappeared.

Bolshevik PowerBolshevik Power

Lenin ordered that all farmland be Lenin ordered that all farmland be redistributed to the peasants.redistributed to the peasants.

The Bolsheviks took control of all factories The Bolsheviks took control of all factories and workersand workers

They signed the Brest-Listovk Treaty and They signed the Brest-Listovk Treaty and got Russia out of the war with Germany.got Russia out of the war with Germany.

Many disagreed with the Bolshevik policiesMany disagreed with the Bolshevik policies

Civil War in RussiaCivil War in Russia

The Bolsheviks, commanded by Leon The Bolsheviks, commanded by Leon Trotsky, formed the Red Army.Trotsky, formed the Red Army.

Those who opposed the Bolsheviks created Those who opposed the Bolsheviks created the White Army.the White Army.

Civil War broke out between the Whites Civil War broke out between the Whites and the Reds. The U.S. sent aid to the and the Reds. The U.S. sent aid to the Whites.Whites.

End result: 15 million died as a result of End result: 15 million died as a result of the war, famine that followed. the war, famine that followed.

Lenin Restores OrderLenin Restores Order

At the end of the Russian Civil War At the end of the Russian Civil War the economy was destroyedthe economy was destroyed

Many of the workers were dead or Many of the workers were dead or left the countryleft the country

New Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy

Lenin made some reforms aimed at Lenin made some reforms aimed at strengthening the economy:strengthening the economy:Small scale capitalismSmall scale capitalismPeasants were allowed to sell their Peasants were allowed to sell their

surplus crops for personal profit.surplus crops for personal profit.Ecouragment of foreign tradeEcouragment of foreign trade

Political ReformPolitical Reform

Russia is a very ethnically diverse country. Russia is a very ethnically diverse country. All of the various ethnic groups had strong All of the various ethnic groups had strong feelings of nationalism for their own group.feelings of nationalism for their own group.

Lenin feared that this nationalism was a Lenin feared that this nationalism was a threat to the unity of Russia.threat to the unity of Russia.

Russia was reorganized into self-governing Russia was reorganized into self-governing republics that were all ultimately under republics that were all ultimately under the control of the central government in the control of the central government in Moscow. This was the creation of the Moscow. This was the creation of the U.S.S.R.U.S.S.R.

The Communist Party is The Communist Party is CreatedCreated

The Bolsheviks renamed their The Bolsheviks renamed their political party the Communist Party, political party the Communist Party, inspired by the inspired by the Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto written by Karl Marx.written by Karl Marx.

In 1924, Lenin died from an extedned In 1924, Lenin died from an extedned illness. After his death there was a illness. After his death there was a fight for power within the Communist fight for power within the Communist Party.Party.

Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin was an important Joseph Stalin was an important member in the Communist Party. He member in the Communist Party. He eventually won the support of the eventually won the support of the party.party.Took over after LeninTook over after LeninIncreased the power of the Soviet UnionIncreased the power of the Soviet UnionRepealed all of the democratic and Repealed all of the democratic and

socialist reforms created by Leninsocialist reforms created by LeninCreated a totalitarian stateCreated a totalitarian state

Economics Under StalinEconomics Under Stalin

Command economy: the government Command economy: the government made al decisions about production made al decisions about production and distribution of all goods.and distribution of all goods.

All resources were to be devoted to All resources were to be devoted to industry:industry:Lack of foodLack of foodLack of proper housingLack of proper housingLack of clothingLack of clothing

Farming Revolution Under Farming Revolution Under StalinStalin

The government took control of all The government took control of all privately owned farms and created privately owned farms and created collective farms.collective farms.

Many of the people were resisted and Many of the people were resisted and were either killed or exiled to work were either killed or exiled to work camps in Siberia.camps in Siberia.

Secret PoliceSecret Police

Stalin created a force of secret police Stalin created a force of secret police to keep track of people who he to keep track of people who he believed to be enemies of the believed to be enemies of the Communist Party.Communist Party.

His paranoia led to the purges that His paranoia led to the purges that claimed millions of lives.claimed millions of lives.

PropagandaPropaganda

Pro-Communist literaturePro-Communist literatureWriters were censored and punishedWriters were censored and punishedPro-Communist educationPro-Communist educationNo religionNo religionReligious leaders were killed or Religious leaders were killed or

exiledexiled

Women in Communist RussiaWomen in Communist Russia

Women were given the same rights Women were given the same rights as men as far as education and work. as men as far as education and work.

The rights were very few but they The rights were very few but they were equal.were equal.