revista urbanismul 12-13-2012 sisteme urbane web

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Coperta revistei Urbanismul, nr. 9-10, septembrie-octombrie 1934, n facsimilCover of Urbanismul magazine no. 9-10, september-october 1934, in facsimileCouverture de la revue Urbanismul, no. 9-10, septembre-octobre, 1934, en facsimil

Arhiva personal / Personal archive / Archive personnelleerban Popescu-Criveanu


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2 12-13 / 2012 URBANISMUL

Colegiul de redacie / Editorial College / College de rdactionerban Popescu-Criveanu PreedinteGabriel Pascariu Coordonatorul numrului 11/2012Liviu Iani

Kzmr KovcsVintil MihilescuCrian Victor PopescuAlexandru M. SanduIleana Tureanu

Redactor ef / Editor in chief / diteur en chefMaria Mnescu

Secretar general de redacie / Secretary editor / Secrtaire derdactionAdrian Abrudan

Graphic Design - DTPMB Studio

Octavian Carabela, Marius Marcu-Lapadat

Colaboratori / Collaborators / CollaborateursMihai Alexandru

Traduceri / Translations / TraductionsIleana Plopeanu, Maria Mnescu

Fotografii / Photos / PhotosLorin Niculae

Tiprit de / Printed by / Imprim parArtix Plus SRL

Redacia / Editorial Office / RedactionStr. Tudor Arghezi nr. 21, Et. VI, Sector 2, 020943, BucuretiTel./Fax: 021. 311.83.38E-mail: [email protected]

Editorul i redacia nu se consider responsabile pentru opiniilei ideile exprimate de autori n materialele publicate n revistaUrbanismul-Serie Nou.

CUPRINS/CONTENT/ CONTENU

CUPRINS

Editat de Registrul Urbanitilor din RomniaPublished by the Register of Romanian Urban Planners

dite par le Registre des Urbanistes Roumains

EDITORIAL / EDITORIAL / EDITORIALIoan IANOOraul ca sistem i sistemul urban /The City as a System and the Urban System / La Villecomme systeme et le systeme urbain4

PORTRET / PORTRAITMihail CAFFMincu i oraul romnesc / Mincu and the Romanian City / Mincu et la ville roumaine8

REPERE /REFERENCE POINTS / REPRESMaria MNESCUUrbanismul care compune, protejeaz i construiete. nceputurile urbanismului

regional / The Urban Planning that Composes, Protects and Builds. The Beginnings of theRegional Urban Planning / Lurbanisme qui compose, protege et construit. Les debuts delurbanisme regional14

Doina BUBULETEIn memoriam Marica Solomon 29

INTERVIU /INTERVIEWMihai ALEXANDRUGrand Lyon, o metropol inovatoare. Interviu acordat de Bernard Lensel revisteiUrbanismul Serie Nou, iunie 2012 / Grand Lyon, a pioneer metropolis. Interview givenby Bernard Lensel to the Urbanismul Serie Nou Magazine, june 2012 / Grand Lyon, unemetropole novatrice. Interview accorde par Bernard Lensel a la revue Urbanismul SerieNou, juin 2012 30

EVENIMENTE / EVENTS / VNEMENTSRadu Matei COCHECIGrand Lyon 2030. Agrafe urbane pentru refacerea esutului urban / Grand Lyon 2030.Urban stitches to mend the urban fabric / Grand Lyon 2030. Agrafes urbaines pour refairele tissu urbain 38

Kzmr KOVCSBulevardele din nordul Bucuretiului, monumente istorice sau artere majore detranzit spre centru? /The Avenues in the North of Bucharest, Historical Monuments orMajor Transit Arteries towards the City Center ? / Les boulevards du nord du Bucarest,monuments historiques ou artres majeures de transit vers le centre ?43

Adrian ABRUDANUrbanismul la Academia Ideilor din Chiinu / Urbanismul at the Academy of Ideasin Chiinu / Urbanismul a lAcademie des Idees de Chiinu44

Radu Matei COCHECIHans Joachim Burkner - Guvernana oraului creativ: politica interactiv deplacemaking este soluia?/ The Governance of the Creative City: is the Interactive Policyof placemaking the Solution? / La gouvernance de la ville creative: est-ce que la solutionest la politique interactive de placemaking? 45

Radu Matei COCHECIPieter de Haan - Shared Space 46

Radu Matei COCHECIJan Gehl,Orae pentru oameni/ Cities for People / La ville pour les hommes 47

Lorin NICULAEARHIPERA_Dor Mrunt. coala de var de arhitectur social participativ/ The SocialParticipatory Architecture Summer School / LEcole dete sur larchitecture sociale et

participative, 23-28 iulie / July / juillet 2012 48


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Cristina Olga GOCIMANBienala Naional de Arhitectur Bucureti 2012 / The National Architecture Biennale,Bucharest 2012 / La Biennale Nationale dArchitecture, Bucarest 201251

Mihaela PUNAVA, Oana-Maria PARASCHIVBNAB 2012. Despre nevoia de ierarhie / Dealing with the Need for Hierarchy / Au sujetdu besoin dhierarchie53

DIPLOME M.D.R.T. LA BNABMaria MNESCURevista Urbanismul Serie Nou 54

Liviu IANI

Conceptul Strategic Bucureti 2035 55RECENZII/ NEW RELEASES /NOUVELLES APPARITIONS

Maria MNESCURevista REPERE /Repere Magazine / La revue Repere56

Maria BOTENARU DANSpaiul verde redescoperit/ The green space rediscovered / LEspace vert redecouvert 58

Timotei FECIORUBrila n cri potale ilustrate / Brila in illustrated postcards / Brila en cartes postalesillustrees 60

Adrian IANCURegulamente urbane /Urban Regulations / Reglements urbains62

Gabriel PASCARIUEvenimentele anului 2013 / The Events of 2013 / Les evenements de lannee 2013 63

GLOSAR

Mihai ALEXANDRUDe la aglomeraie urban la sistem urban/ From the urban agglomeration to the urbansystem / De lagglomeration urbaine au systeme urbain 64

DOSAR /FILE / DOSSIER66SISTEME URBANE / Urban Systems / Systmes urbains

Alexandru Gabriel M. SANDUSistem (urban)?!/ (Urban) System?! / Systeme (Urbain)?! 68

Doina CRISTEAUnele detalii legate de abordarea sistemic n urbanism / Some details concerning thesystems approach in urban planning / Quelques details lies de lapproche systemique delurbanisme 70

BRILA-GALAIIonel CNDEABrila-Galai sau / or / ou Galai-Brila zon de convergen istoric/ Brila-Galai or Galai-Brila area of historical convergence / Brila-Galai ou Galai-Brila Zone de convergence historique 73

Costel DRGANScenarii de dezvoltare a sistemului urban Brila Galai /Development Scenariosfor the Brila Galai Urban System / Scnarios de dveloppement du systme urbainBrila Galai 76

Ctlin SRBUUn sistem urban aparte: Brila Galai /A Special Urban System: Brila Galai /Un systme urbain part: Brila Galai 78

Florin BUHOCIUPremise i posibiliti comune de dezvoltare economico - social /Premises andCommon Possibilities of Economic-Social Development of the Danubian SpaceBrila - Galai / Prmisses et possibilits communes de dveloppement conomiqueet social de lespace Danubien Brila - Galai 90

Drago Horia BUHOCIUElemente de dezvoltare ale frontului la ap urban n Sistemul Urban Brila-Galai /Elements of Development of the Urban Waterfront in the Urban System Brila G alai /

Elments de dveloppement du front deau urbain dans le Systme Urbain Brila-Galai 93TIMIOARA

Radu RADOSLAV, tefana BDESCU, Ana Maria BRANEA, Mihai DANCIU,Marius Stelian GMANSistemul urban Timioara n epoca modern / The Urban System of Timioara inthe modern era / Le systme urbain de Timioara lpoque moderne98

BRAOVMatei COCHECIModele instituionale pentru gestiunea sistemelor urbane: Zona MetropolitanBraov / Institutional Models for the Management of Urban Systems. The BraovMetropolitan Area / Modles institutionnels pour la gestion des systmes urbains. LaZone Mtropolitaine Braov109

Angelica STANRolul agriculturii urbane i peri-urbane n dezvoltarea sistemelor de localiti /TheRole of the Urban and Periurban Agriculture in Developing the Systems of Localities /Le rle de lagriculture urbaine et priurbaine dans le dveloppement du systme deslocalits112

Liviu IANISistemul urban Copenhaga-Malmo, un tandem urbanistic transfrontalier / The UrbanSystem Copenhagen Malm, a Cross-Border Tandem / Le systme urbain Copenhague -Malm, un tandem urbain transfrontalier115

PROIECTE /PROJECTS / PROJETS120Master de management urban pentru orae competitive: Brila Galai / Master in urban management for competitive cities /Master en gestion urbaine pour villes competitives

Cristina TEFANBrila Galai: sistem urban creativ / Brila Galai: creative urban system / Brila Galai: system urbain creatif121

Rzvan Alexandru BOAGIUSistemul de parcuri i pduri urbane Brila-Galai / The Brila-Galai System of UrbanParks and Forests / Le systeme de parcs et forets urbains de Brila-Galai128

Marius COSTACHEPolitic urban privind reabilitarea zonei centrale Brila / Urban Policy for theRehabilitation of the Central Zone of Brila / Politique urbaine pour la rehabilitation de lazone centrale de Brila132

AGORA135

ENGLISH ABSTRACTS / RESUMS EN FRANAIS156


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Nu exist nicio ndoial c oraul reprezint cel mai com-plex sistem teritorial, iar aceast realitate a fost consta-tat, direct sau indirect, prin studii ntreprinse nc din primaparte a secolului al XIX-lea. Primele decenii de dup cel de-aldoilea rzboi mondial au fost dominate de aplicarea n toatetiinele a teoriei generale a sistemelor. Evident c oraul nua scpat de o asemenea abordare, multiplele sale faete fiindanalizate ntr-un tot global, orice schimbare a unei compo-nente atrgnd modificri ale structurii i comportamente-lor celorlalte. Rmne remarcabil pentru distincia dintreora i sistemul urban lucrarea lui B.J. Berry, publicat nanul 1964:Cities as Systems within Systems of Cities. Conclu-ziile cercettorului american au fost preluate ulterior de alispecialiti, demonstrnd necesitatea unor clarificri privindconceptul de ora ca sistem i cel de sistem urban (Dou-glas, 1981; Iano, 1987; Iano i Humeau, 2000).n paralel, dinamica teritorial a necesitat extinderea preocu-prilor asupra reelelor de aezri, apariia i fundamentareanoiunii de sistem de aezri, inclusiv de sistem urban. nsuiBerry revine dup civa ani, definind sistemul urban ca unansamblu de obiecte (locuri centrale), de atribute ale aces-tora (populaie, cldiri, tipuri de activiti, trafic), de interre-laii ntre aceste obiecte (localizarea centrelor) i atributelelor (grafice de relaii dublu logaritmice), de interdependen-e ntre obiecte i atributele lor (ierarhia locurilor centrale)

(Berry, 1967, p.138). Dup aproape un deceniu, sistemul deaezri (inclusiv urban) este privit ca un set de aezri inte-grate i organizate, interdependente i interacionnd prinmultiple relaii i legturi (Dziewonski, i Jerczynski, 1978).Oraul ca sistem. Aa cum rezult din majoritatea studiilorntreprinse asupra sistemelor urbane, oraul rmne ele-mentul fundamental n interpretarea, evoluia i optimiza-

rea acestora. Condiia este ca oraul s fie privit ca un sistemtermodinamic i informaional optimal deschis. O asemenea

viziune nu neag caracterul de sistem deschis (Da Cunha iRacine, 2003), dar ofer baza teoretic ce fundamenteazcaracterul negentropic, gradul de autonomie material iinformaional a oraului, capacitatea acestuia de a-i creapropria identitate i de a se plasa la distane diferite de inte-grarea complet n mediu.Conceput ca un cmp multiscalar al fluxurilor, cu distincienet ntre fluxurile de intrare i de ieire, cu relaii de tip fe-ed-back, prin care unele ieiri sunt integrate la intrri, oraulfuncioneaz ca un organism viu, bazat pe relaii strnse cuaezrile din jur, cu alte orae situate la distane variabile,toate inserate ntr-un mediu global. Relaiile preferenialeale oraului cu zona de influen creeaz premisele contu-rrii locale a unui sistem de aezri axat pe oraul respectiv,ntrind ideea c oraul poate fi conceput doar ca un sis-tem i nu ca un sistem urban. Rezult de aici c oraul esteo component a unui sistem mai mare, care poate fi sistemulurban sau sistemul de aezri. mpreun cu zona sa de in-fluen, oraul constituie un sistem de aezri, iar n condiiiparticulare, cnd n zona de influen se afl un numr sufi-cient de mare de orae, am putea discuta de un sistem urbanlocal sau supralocal.Sistemul urban. La nceputul anilor 70 apare o serie de

articole care trateaz sistemele urbane, ncercnd s le de-fineasc (Smiles, 1971) sau s le asimileze altor tipuri de sis-teme, precum cele cibernetice (McLoughlin, I.B., Webster,1970). Evident c nc de la apariia ideii de utilizare a uneinoiuni mai performante dect cea de reea, niciun cercet-tor nu s-a gndit s fac din aceasta o analiz sistemic nsine, ci s foloseasc anumite aspecte ale teoriei generale

Oraul ca sistem i sistemul urban.Spre o clarificare epistemologic

Ioan IANO


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EDITORIAL/EDITORIAL/ EDITORIAL

a sistemelor. n acest sens, se remarc una dintre cele maicomplete definiii ale sistemului urban, definiie care inecont de dinamica sistemului, care nu se regsete n niciunadintre abordrile anterioare. Conform acesteia, un sistem deorae este definit ca un ansamblu, naional sau regional deorae care sunt interdependente ntre ele, astfel nct oriceschimbare semnificativ n activitile economice, structuraprofesional, venitul sau populaia unuia dintre orae va an-trena direct sau indirect modificri n activitile economice,structurile profesionale, venitul sau populaia unuia sau maimultor elemente ale ansamblului (Pred, 1977, p.13).Cum era i firesc, o asemenea idee nu a strnit numai foreconvergente dispuse s o accepte din start i dornice s tes-teze imediat noul concept, s-l mbogeasc i s-l aplice,ci i opinii care au pus la ndoial capacitatea acestuia de aaduce mai mult rigoare tiinific n abordare i mai multevalene practice analizei teritoriale, plednd pentru conti-nuarea verificrilor analitice. Printre acestea se remarc ide-ile ndreptite, de altfel, ale lui B.T. Robson (1973, p.19-20),care sublinia c dac natura sistemului nu poate fi definitcu o precizie suficient, aplicarea caracteristicilor de sistem

devine inadecvat i nesemnificativ sau cel puin dificil ninterpretare. Dac exist o asemenea dificultate n definireaoraelor i alta i mai mare n identificarea naturii relaiilordintre aceste orae, atunci utilizarea conceptului de sistem,pentru a lua n seam regularitile empirice, mbrac maimult dect un uor parfum de misticism.n efortul de a defini conceptele i fundamentele empiriceale sistemelor urbane, L. Bourne (1975) individualizeaz treinivele ierarhice la care se structureaz acestea: unul estenaional, distingndu-se metropolele naionale i reeauade centre metropolitane; al doilea se constituie la nivel re-gional, n jurul centrului regional, iar al treilea la nivel urban,

cruia i se asociaz centrele locale.La nceputul anilor 90, sistemul urban a fost definit ca unsistem complex, cu multiple interrelaii i n evoluie con-stant. Pentru a-l nelege este important s fie privit n toatedimensiunile sale spaiale i temporale. Poate fi abordat prinmodelri fondate pe concepte aparinnd analizei sisteme-lor dinamice: auto-organizare, ordine departe de echilibru

cu structuri disipative, rolul conjugat al determinismului ihazardului n evoluia sistemelor, conjugarea schimbri-lor regulate cu posibilitatea de bifurcaii, debund asupraschimbrilor structurale (Sanders, 1992). n raport cu noi-unile de reea sau armtur urban, sistemul urban, care areuit s le nlocuiasc, adaug la proprietile geometrice ifuncionale ale reelei urbane, conotaiile dinamice ale coe-renei i sinergiei (Pumain, 1992).Sintetiznd, putem spune c sistemele urbanesunt ansam-bluri constituite prin seturi de relaii de interdependenntre mai multe orae, n aa fel nct orice modificare impor-tant la nivelul unuia poate genera modificri semnificativeasupra caracteristicilor similare ale altor centre urbane.n consecin, utilizarea conceptului de sistem urbanpentru un ora este incorect i generatoare de confu-

zii. De aceea, pentru a face distincie net ntre cele douconcepte este necesar a preciza faptul c att oraul, ct isistemul urban pot fi analizate ca sisteme, dar oraului nu i sepoate asocia atributul de sistem urban. Acest ultim concept,n mod obligatoriu, include noiunea de reea de orae, ca-racterizat printr-o nalt coeren i printr-un sinergism al

fluxurilor.

Referine bibliografice

BERRY, B.J.L. (1964), Cities as Systems within Systems of Cities, Papers of the Regional ScienceAssociation, 13.BOURNE, L.S. (1975), Urban systems, Strategies for regulation, Clarendon Press Oxford.Da CUNHA, A., RACINE, J.B. (2003) Teaching and Research in Urban geography at the Universityof Lausanne. A model at the beginning of a new century, Geographica Helvetica, 3.DZIEWONSKI, K., JERCZYNSKI, M. (1978), Theory, methods of analysis and historical develop-ment of national settlement systems, Geographia Polonica,39, p.201-209, cit. p.201.DOUGLAS, J. (1981), The city as an Ecosystem, Progress in Physical geography, 5, 3 (p......).IANO, I. (1987), Oraele i organizarea spaiului geografic. Studiu de geografie economic asuprateritoriului Romniei, Editura Academiei, Bucureti.IANOS, I. (2004), Dinamica urban. Aplicaii la oraul i sistemul urban romnesc,Editura tehnic,Bucureti.IANOS, I., HUMEAU J.B. (2000), Teoria sistemelor de aezri. Studiu introductiv, Editura tehnic,Bucureti.MCLOUGHLIN, I.B., WEBSTER, J.N. (1970), Cybernetic and general system approaches to urbanand regional research: a review of the literature, Environment and Planning,2.PRED, A.R. (1977), City systems in advanced economies, Hutchinson, London, p.13.PUMAIN, D. (1992), Les systmes de villes, n vol. Encyclopdie de Gographie (ed. A. Bailly, R.Ferras, D. Pumain), Economica, Paris.ROBSON, B.T. (1973), Urban growth. Un approach, Methuen, London, p.19-20.SANDERS, L. (1992), Systme de villes et Synergetique, Anthropos, Economica, Paris, p.26.SMAILES, A.E. (1971), Urban systems, Transactions of The Institue of British Geographers, 53.


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The City as a System and the Urban System.Towards an Epistemological Clarification

No doubt the city represents the most complex territorial system andthis reality was ascertained directly and indirectly by studies carriedout since the XIXth century. The first decades after the Second World War

were dominated by the application of the general systems theory in allsciences. It is clear that the city did not elude such an approach, its mul-tiple faces being analyzed in a global whole, any change of a componentattiring modifications of the others structure and behaviors. B. P. Berryswork, published in 1964, entitled Citiesas Systems within Systems of Cit-ies is still considered remarkable for the distinctions between the cityand the urban system. The conclusions of the American researcher weretaken over subsequently by other experts proving the necessity of certainclarifications on the concept of the city as a system as well as that of theurban system (Douglas, 1981; Iano, 1987; Iano and Humeau, 2000).The territorial dynamics required in parallel the expansion of the interestarea on the human settlement networks, on the emergence of the notionof human settlement system, providing a scientific basis for it as well

as for the notion of urban system. Berry himself comes back after afew years defining the urban system as an assembly of objects (centralplaces), of their attributes (population, buildings, types of activity,traffic), of interrelations among these objects (location of centers) andtheir attributes (graphics on the double logarithmic relations), inter-dependencies between the objects and their attributes (hierarchy of thecentral places) (Berry, 1967, p.138). The settlement system (urban systemincluded) is considered, after almost a decade, as a set of integratedand organized, inter-dependent settlements which inter-act by multiplerelations and connections (Dziewonski, and Jerczynski, 1978).The city as a system. As it results from the majority of the studiescarried out on the urban systems, the city remains the basic elementin the interpretation, evolution and their optimization. The condition is

that it should be considered as an optimal open thermodynamic andinformation system. Such a vision does not deny the character of anopen system (Da Cunha and Racine, 2003), but it offers a theoretical basisthat grounds the non-gentropic character, the degree of material andinformational autonomy of the city, its capacity to create its own identityand to place itself at different distances beside the complete integrationin the environment.Imagined as a multi-scale field of flows, with a clear distinction betweenthe input and output flows, with relations of the feed-back type by whichsome outputs are integrated in the inputs, the city functions as a live bodybased on closed relations with the surrounding settlements, with othercities situated at variable distances, all inserted in a global environment.The preferential relations of the city with the influential area create at

local level the premises of outlining a settlement system centered on therespective city, strengthening the idea that the city can be conceivedonly as a system and not as an urban system . It results that the city isa component of a greater system, which can be the urban system or thesettlement system. Together with its influential area, the city constitutesa settlement system and, in special conditions, when a sufficient greatnumber of cities are in its influential area, we could discuss on a localurban or a super-local system.The urban system. A series of articles appear at the beginning of the 70streating the urban systems, trying to define (Smiles, 1971) or to assimilatethem to other types of systems, such as the cybernetic ones (McLoughlin,I.B., Webster, 1970). It is obvious that since the appearance of the idea touse a better performing notion than that of the network, no researcher

thought of making out of it a systemic analysis in itself, but to use certain

aspects of the general systems theory. In this respect, we can remark oneof the most complete definitions of the urban system, a definition thattakes into account the dynamics of the system, which cannot be found

in any of the previous approaches. According to it, a system of inter-dependent cities is defined as a national or regional assembly of cities,so that any significant change in the economic activities, professionalstructure, income or population of one of the component cities wouldincur directly or indirectly modifications in the economic activities,professional structure, income or population of one or more elements ofthe assembly (Pred, 1977, p.13).Of course, such an idea provoked not only convergent forces disposedto accept it from the beginning and wishing to test immediately the newconcept, to improve it and to apply it, but also opinions that questioned itscapacity to bring more scientific rigor in approaching and more practicalvalences to the territorial analysis pleading for the continuation of theanalytical verifications. We can remark among them the ideas, justified

for that matter, of B.T. Robson (1973, p.19-20) who underlined that ifthe nature of the system cannot be defined with a sufficient precision,the application of the system characteristics becomes inadequate andinsignificant or at least difficult in interpreting. If there is such a difficultyin defining cities and a greater one in identifying the nature of therelations among these cities, then the use of the system concept, takinginto account the empiric regulations, wears more than a slight perfumeof mysticism.In the effort to define the concepts and the empirical foundations of theurban systems, L. Bourne (1975) individualizes three hierarchical levelsthey structure on: one is national, distinguishing the national metropolis(metropolises) and the network of metropolitan centers; the second one

is constituted at the regional level around the regional center and thethird at the urban level having associated the local centers.At the beginning of the 90s, the urban system was defined as acomplex system with multiple interrelations and a constant evolution.To understand it, it is important to be considered in all its spatialand temporal dimensions. It can be approached by patterns basedon concepts belonging to the analysis of the dynamic systems: self-organization, order far from equilibrium with dissipative structures, theconjugated role of determinism and hazard in the evolution of systems,

joined regular changes with the possibility of bifurcations, coming outat structural changes (Sanders, 1992). In comparison with the notionsof network and urban armature, the urban system, which succeededin replacing them, adds the dynamic connotations of the coherence

and synergy to the geometrical and functional properties of the urbannetwork (Pumain, 1992).Synthetizing, we can say that urban systemsare assemblies constitutedby sets of inter-dependent relations among a number of cities in sucha way that any important modification at the level of one can generatesignificant modifications on the similar characteristics of other urbancenters.In consequence, the use of the urban system concept for a city isincorrect and it generates confusions. To make a clear distinguishbetween the two concepts it is necessary to specify that both the city andthe urban system can be analyzed as systems, but the attribute of urbansystem cannot be associated to the city. The concept of urban systemincludes compulsorily the notion of network of citiescharacterized by a

high coherence and a synergy of flows.


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Il ny a aucune doute que la ville reprsente le plus complexe systme ter-ritorial et que cette ralit a t constate, directement ou indirectement,par des tudes ralises depuis le dbut du XIX-me sicle. Les premires

dcennies daprs la deuxime Guerre Mondiale ont t domines par lap-plication de la thorie gnrale des systmes toutes les sciences. Evidem-ment que la ville na pas chapp une telle approche, ses multiples facettestant ainsi analyses comme un tout global et chaque changement dunepartie composante entranant des modifications dans la structure et le com-portement des autres. Loeuvre de B.J. Berry, publi en 1964:Cities as Systemswithin Systems of Cities reste remarquable pour la distinction entre ville etsystme urbain. Les conclusions du chercheur amricain ont t prises ult-rieurement par des autres spcialistes, montrant ainsi que les concepts de laville comme systme et du systme urbain (Douglas, 1981; Iano, 1987;Iano et Humeau, 2000) ncessitent des clarifications.Paralllement, la dynamique territoriale a ncessit lextension des proccu-pations sur les rseaux de localits, lapparition et la fondation de la notionde systme de localits et de systme urbain . Berry revient lui-mmeaprs quelques annes pour dfinir le systme urbain comme ensembledobjets (lieux centraux), dattributs de ceux-ci (populations, btiments, ty-pes dactivits, trafic), dinterrelations entre ces objets (localisation des cen-tres) et leurs attributs (graphiques des relations double-logarithmiques),dinterdpendances entre objets et leurs attributs (la hirarchie des lieuxcentraux) (Berry, 1967, p.138). Aprs presquune dcennie, le systme deslocalits (le systme urbain inclusivement) est vu comme ensemble delocalits intgres et organises, interdpendantes qui interactionnent parmultiples relations et liens (Dziewonski, et Jerczynski, 1978).La ville comme systme. Ainsi, comme rsultatde la majorit des tudesralises sur les systmes urbains, la ville reste llment fondamental pourlinterprtation, lvolution et loptimisation de ceux-ci condition que lesystme urbain soit trait comme un systme thermodynamique et infor-

mationnel optimal ouvert. Une telle vision ne nie pas le caractre de systmeouvert (Da Cunha et Racine, 2003), mais offre la base thorique qui fonde lecaractre nguentropique, le degr d autonomie matrielle et informa-tionnelle de la ville, la capacit de celle-ci de crer une identit propre et dese positionner plus proche ou plus loin vis--vis de lintgration compltedans lenvironnement.Conu comme un champ multiscalaire des flux, avec une distinction netteentre les flux dentre et les flux de sortie, par des relations de type feed-back qui permettent lintgration de quelques sorties aux entres, la villefonctionne comme un organisme vivant qui a des relations troites avec leslocalits qui lentourent, avec des autres villes situes aux distances varia-bles, toutes insres dans un environnement global. Les relations prfren-tielles de la ville avec la zone dinfluence crent les prmisses de coaguler

au niveau local un systme de localits centr sur cette ville, en consolidantlide que la ville peut tre conue seulement comme un systme et pascomme un systme urbain. Il en rsulte que la ville est une composantedun systme plus grand, qui peut tre le systme urbain ou le systme deslocalits. La ville et sa zone dinfluence constituent un systme de localitset, dans des conditions particulires quand dans la zone dinfluence il y a unassez grand nombre de villes, on pourrait discuter dun systme urbain localou supralocal.Le systme urbain. Au dbut des annes 70 apparaisse une srie darticlesqui essaient de donner une dfinition aux systmes urbains (Smiles, 1971)ou de les assimiler aux autres types de systmes, comme les systmes cy-berntiques (McLoughlin, I.B., Webster, 1970). Evidemment que, depuis lap-parition de lide de lutilisation dune notion plus performante que celle derseau, aucun chercheur na pas pens de faire de celle-ci une analyse syst-mique en-soi, mais dutiliser quelques aspects de la thorie gnrale des sys-

tmes. Dans ce sens, on peut remarquer une des plus compltes dfinitionsdu systme urbain, qui prend en compte la dynamique du systme, absentede toutes les approches antrieures. Conformment cette dfinition, un

systme des villes est un ensemble national ou rgional de villes si interd-pendantes entre elles quun changement significatif dans les activits co-nomiques, dans la structure professionnelle, dans le revenu ou la populationdune des villes composantes entranerait directement ou indirectement desmodifications dans les activits conomiques, les structures professionnel-les, les revenus ou les populations dun ou de plusieurs lments de lensem-ble (Pred, 1977, p.13).Naturellement, une telle ide na pas rveill seulement des forces conver-gentes prtes accepter le nouveau concept sans conditions et soucieux dele tester immdiatement, de lenrichir et de lappliquer, mais aussi des opi-nions qui ont dout sa capacit dapporter un plus de rigueur scientifique lapproche et plusieurs valences pratiques lanalyse territoriale, en plaidantpour la continuation des vrifications analytiques. Parmi ceux-ci on peut

remarquer les ides, lgitimes dailleurs, de B.T. Robson (1973, p.19-20), quisoulignaient que si la nature du systme ne peut pas tre dfinie avec uneprcision suffisante, lapplication des caractristiques du systme devientinadquate et pas significative ou au moins difficile dinterprter. Sil existeune telle difficult de dfinir les villes et une autre plus grande didentifier lanature des relations entre ces villes, alors lutilisation du concept de systme,pour prendre en compte les rgularits empiriques, se voile de plus quunvague parfum de mysticisme .Dans son effort de dfinir les concepts et les fondements empiriques des sys-tmes urbains, L. Bourne (1975) individualise les trois niveaux hirarchiquesde leur structure : un niveau national ou on distingue la/les mtropole(s)nationale(s) et le rseau de centres mtropolitains ; le niveau rgional consti-

tu autour du centre rgional ; le niveau urbain lequel sassocient les cen-tres locaux.Au dbut des annes 90, le systme urbain a t dfini comme un systmecomplexe, avec des multiples interrelations et volution constante. Pour lecomprendre il est important de prendre en compte toutes ses dimensionsspatiales et temporelles. Lapproche peut envisager des modles fonds surdes concepts appartenant lanalyse des systmes dynamiques : auto-or-ganisation, ordre loin de lquilibre, avec des structures dissipatives, le rleconjugu du dterminisme et du hasard dans lvolution des systmes, laconjugaison des changements rguliers avec la possibilit des bifurcations,en dbouchant sur des changements structurels (Sanders, 1992). Par rap-port aux notions de rseau ou armature urbaine , le systme urbain quia russi les remplacer, ajoute aux proprits gomtriques et fonctionnelles

du rseau urbain les connotations dynamiques de la cohrence et de la sy-nergie (Pumain, 1992).En synthtisant, on peut dire que les systmes urbainssont des ensemblesconstitus par sries de relations dinterdpendance entre plusieurs villes,de sorte quune modification importante au niveau dune des villes compo-santes peut gnrer des modifications significatives sur les caractristiquessimilaires des autres centres urbains.En consquence, lutilisation du concept de systme urbain pour uneville est incorrecte et gnratrice de confusions. Pour faire une distinc-tion nette entre les deux concepts il est ncessaire de prciser que la ville etgalement le systme urbain peuvent tre analyss comme systmes, maisquon ne peut pas associer la ville lattribut de systme urbain. Le conceptde systme urbain doit inclure obligatoirement la notion de rseau de vil-

les, caractrises par une grande cohrence et un synergisme des flux.

La ville comme systme et le systme urbain.Vers une clarification epistemologique

revista urbanismul 12-13-2012 sisteme urbane web

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