© JOE 2016

GCSE GEOGRAPHY

Revision Guide

© JOE 2016

IMPORTANT NOTE

Teachers/Students often choose their own case studies. Don’t panic if there are case studies in here that you

haven’t covered in class; check out your exercise book or the Revision Guide for your own equivalent. E.g.

Nargis instead of Sidr.

There might also be BONUS case studies in here, just like you get bonus tracks on CDs/DVDs—this isn’t to

© JOE 2016

SOME FACTS about the Summer exam:

It is called the Key Geographical Themes Exam. It is worth 50% of your final mark

The exam lasts 1 hours and 45 minutes (that’s 20 mins more than a Geography les-

son!)

There are 3 sections, Section A, Section B and section C

You have to answer THREE questions, one from section A and one each from

You have covered 4 modules over the 3 year GCSE course

Rivers & Coasts

Natural Hazards

Population & Settlement

Economic Activity & Development

One of these will be examined in the Sustainable Decision Making Exercise

(SDME—Population and Settlement), the other three are covered in the final

Themes exam, so we know that our final exam will include questions on:

A) Natural hazards—probably a mixture of climatic AND tectonic

B) Rivers and Coasts

C) Economic Activity & Development

*spend a minute thinking about where your strengths lie

*think about your strategy—revise everything or focus on key areas

*have you got a full set of case studies?

*are you a visual learner (going through notes) or an auditory learner (listening

to podcasts) - both resources are available to you—get on the Geography web-

site and get downloading—do it now whilst you remember!!!!

© JOE 2016

All questions are worth 30 marks each. All questions have the same structure.

The first few marks are often easy to score and rely on you being able to inter-

pret maps, graphs and tables on the exam paper. The end part of every question

is worth 9 marks. This is where you get to show the Geography that you have

learned. This is where you write about the case studies (named examples) that

we have studied. It is therefore important that you read all of the exam ques-

tions carefully before you start. The first part of the question might seem easy

but if you can't do the case study it might be better to choose another question

instead.

AGAIN, THIS IS YOUR CALL!

I can make suggestions but obviously you will choose what to revise and how long to spend revising. If you find Geography easy to remember you may wish to spend more time revising other subjects, similarly if you find Geography difficult you may need to spend longer on it - only you know the answer to this.

On the following pages are abbreviated notes of some of the case studies that

we have studied. This is not a full list but will give you an idea (or a reminder!)

of the sorts of things to be picking out of your exercise books.

Coasts Case Study 1: A coastal area and its landforms: Dorset coastline

Is made up of bands of hard (limestone, chalk) & soft rock (clay); these have

eroded at different rates to give distinctive features

Lulworth Cove—small gap eroded in a band of limestone—narrow opening;

the clay behind was eroded rapidly. The band of chalk behind the clay stopped

it from eroding further

Durdle Door—arch (remember fault,crack,cave, arch sequence inc erosion)

Chesil Beach—tombolo—formed by LSD; it joins the Isle of Portland to the

mainland

Swanage Bay & Studland Bay—soft rock (sandstone & clay) areas eroded

back. Between them is the ‘Foreland’ a headland that has eroded to eventually

form Old Harry (stack)

© JOE 2016

Case Study 1a: coastal Landforms (hard rock coastline)

Where? Old Harry stack, Dorset coast

How formed? The chalk headland has faults (areas of weakness) in it. These

are attacked by wave action. They enlarge into cracks, then caves. Hydraulic

action & abrasion cause this. Over time, waves attack the cave from the front

and back and an arch forms. Not being supported by anything, the roof eventu-

ally collapses, leaving a stack. This gets further eroded into a stump.

Impact of coastal processes upon people? The tourist path around the coast

has to be diverted for safety reasons; people on holiday come to visit this fa-

mous feature—causes footpath erosion and increased traffic on narrow roads;

the owners of the local pubs/restaurants/cafes are happy—more people = more

business!

STACK

HEADLAND CAVE

ARCH

© JOE 2016

Coastal Management Key Lingo: hard vs soft engineering; protecting from erosion; hard engi-

neering modifies the area with man made materials and is generally less

sustainable and more expensive than soft engineering.

Case Study 2b: coastal management (soft rock coastline): Happisburgh

Where? Happisburgh, Norfolk coastline, in Yorkshire, East coast England

What’s the problem? Up to 12m of erosion per year

Why? Soft clay and gravel are unconsolidated (don’t stick together); heavy rainfall saturates

the cliffs and combined with undercutting by the sea at the cliff base = slumping. Strong NE

winds whip up destructive storm waves too.

Solutions? 1950s-1960s timber defences (groynes and revetments) used but destroyed by

waves; 2002 NNDC put 4000 tonnes or rock along cliff base as a temporary measure. Local

people had a ‘buy a rock for Happisburgh’ web campaign and raised £50 000

But: Govt decided no more £, not economically viable so now ‘letting nature take its course’

so by 2055 20 more properties inc 18 listed buildings will be lost, as will beach access and

caravan and farmland.

Coasts Case Study 2a: coastal management strategies: Holderness coastline

(Mappleton) Where? Mappleton, part of the Holderness coastline, in Yorkshire, East coast England

What’s the problem? Rapid erosion, ave 1.8m per year, one of fastest in Europe

At risk: homes in Skipsea risk falling into the sea; At Ulrome 10 caravan pitches disappear

from the Seaside Caravan Park each year; a gas terminal @ Easington is just 25m from the

cliff edge (provides 25% of UK gas supply); 80 000m2 of farmland lost annually

Solution? Bridlington (north end of Holderness coastline) has 4.7km of sea wall and wood-

en groynes; Hornsea (just North of Mappleton) has sea wall; wooden groynes & rip rap;

Mappleton 2 x rock groynes (£2 mill) built in ‘91 to protect coast road access from erosion

and flooding

Successful? Yes for these protected places, but further down the coast is facing issue

1. Cowden Farm (just south of Mappleton) lack of beach mat’s arriving here has starved

beach and erosion speeded up.

2. Materials eroded at Holderness were transported into the Humber estuary and to the Lincs

coast. As this isn’t happening flood impacts there are worsened (the sediment used to help

slow floodwater down).

3. Spurn Head spit (at bottom (southern) end of Holderness coast) is getting less sediment

now due to groynes along the coast, so the spit is being eroded more quickly

4. Bays are forming between protected areas along the coast, so the protected areas become

‘headlands’ and are eroding more quickly, so maintaining the defences is more ££££

Sustainable?

© JOE 2016

Case Study 3: Rivers MEDC Flooding: Carlisle, England 2005

Where? Carlisle, NW England When? Jan 8th 2005

What were the causes?

Physical Cause 1. Heavy rainfall—200mm fell in 36hrs. The ground became saturated by

the continuous rainfall so overland flow occurred, increasing run off into the River Eden.

Human cause 1: Carlisle is a large urban area. It has a lot of built up areas and impermeable

surfaces, so water can’t infiltrate. The water gets to drains and rivers more quickly.

Result: The discharge of the river Eden reached 1500 cumecs (usual amount is 50 cumecs)

(discharge = amount of water flowing in the river) - burst its banks

What were the effects/impacts?

Social: 3 deaths; 3000 people made homeless; 4 schools severely flooded; 70000 homes

without power; stress related illnesses

Economic: 350 businesses shut down due to damage and lack of power—resulting in loss of

profit for businesses & 3000 employees had no jobs to go to; roads/bridges damaged; crops

on nearby farmland were flooded;

Environmental: rivers became polluted with rubbish & sewage

Responses to the flood

Short Term: People evacuated; emergency reception centres were opened around Carlisle to

provide food & drink for evacuees and those without electricity; Rescue boats were sent to

get stranded people

Case Study 4: Rivers LEDC Flooding: South Asia (Bangladesh & India)

Where? Brahmaputra & Ganges rivers When? July & Aug 2007

What were the causes?

Physical Causes:. snow & glacier melt in the Himalayas; monsoon rains (summer) - 900

mm fell in July; short steep river course—very erosive of its bed/banks; large sediment load

made river level even higher (sediment filling the channel); peak discharge of both rivers

occurred at same time, causing discharge downstream

Human causes: deforestation; poor farming techniques soil erosion—silted up river;

6000km of levees (man made river banks) made to keep water in the channel just made it

flow faster and stopped its natural escape onto the floodplain—doh!! Or were easily eroded

as poorly maintained. Result: - rivers burst their banks,

What were the effects/impacts?

Social: 2000 deaths; 112 000 homes destroyed in India alone; 25 million forced to leave ar-

ea/made homeless; 44 schools totally destroyed; 4000 schools affected; 100 000 caught wa-

ter-borne diseases like dysentery

Economic: major infrastructure damage to roads (10 000km destroyed)/rail/power lines; af-

fected business & rescue efforts; factories closed

Environmental: farmland submerged; crop damage (basmati rice yields dropped price rose

by 10%); rivers polluted with sewage

Responses to the flood

Bangladesh has a Flood Forecasting & Warning System (FFWS) with 85 monitoring sta-

tions. Warnings can be issued 72 hrs in advance but these don’t always reach rural commu-

nities—partially effective

6000km of levees are easily eroded and in need of repair so not effective

© JOE 2016

Natural Hazard Tectonic LEDC 1: Haiti earthquake, LEDC)

Location: Port au Prince, southern Haiti, central America, Nth hemisphere

When? 12/01/10 16:55 local time magnitude e/q: 7 Richter Scale

Epicentre just 10 miles SW of P au P

Cause: Nth American & Caribbean plates slide parallel @ a conservative plate margin

movement caused by cc’s in the mantle

Impacts: Social: 250 000 deaths; 1.3 million homeless; 3 million affected peeps; 250,000

homes and 30 000 buildings destroyed

Environ: landslides buried people & buildings

Economic:$14 billion damage costs; road/rail/elec/phone lines damaged; the airport

too

Human Response: reactive

Intervention: NGO’s & Charities; USA and EU sent $430 million; food and clean water was

slow to get there due to poor/damaged infrastructure—more deaths as a result (secondary

impacts)

Reasons for severity of impacts

Hospitals—not enough capacity and 50+ got damaged—make shift hospitals set up by Red

Cross—people died as a result of waiting for treatment

Hospitals and Morgues full of dead bodies, so dead bodies lined up in streets—disease inc

cholera became a serious problem

Poor quality buildings—collapsed easily; no building rules; Most people in P au P lived in

slums

Emergency services—slow to react, limited technology to get people out—many dug people

out with bare hands; struggled to get to them due to damaged infrastructure (roads, airport

and sea-port for overseas aid)

Emergency aid—didn’t always get to where most needed due to poor management of the

situation

Limited road access—damaged and roads were poorly constructed anyway

People squashed into emergency shelters or remaining buildings—over-crowded so disease

spread more quickly—so DR increased

Case Study 5: Rivers A river valley and its landforms either River Sev-

ern OR River Clyde (Rev Guide)

Need to know the processes—E, D & Tr and the distinctive landforms (features) they

create Meanders, river cliffs, point bars, eyots, waterfalls, gorges and how geology plays

a part in this

© JOE 2016

Natural Hazard Tectonic MEDC: L’Aquila earthquake, Italy (MEDC) Location: L’Aquila (city), Italy, Europe, Northern hemisphere

When? 06/04 2009 6.3 magnitude e/q

Cause: converging/destructive plates (Eurasian plate & African plates); movement caused

by cc’s in the mantle

Impacts: Social: 308 deaths; 65 000 homeless; 1500 injured

Environ: 11 000 Medieval buildings destroyed; dust storms and debris strewn

streets

Economic:$15 billion damage costs; road/rail/elec/phone lines damaged

Human Response: proactive—monitoring of seismic activity, although warning time is usu-

ally seconds

Intervention: Italian mobile co’s—free credit to customers; TV companies set up free access

to news stations via decoders; train company allowed pple to sleep in its carriages; Italian

PM initially refused aid ‘proud country’ but did later accept aid from USA

Reasons for severity of impacts

Time of day— 4:30 am; people asleep, disorientated

Low population density in e/quake zone, so not as bad as Bagh (Kashmir) and meant less

building collapse on pple

MEDC status—£ to plan, prepare, predict, act

Emergency services—quick to react, sniffer dogs, heat sensing equipment

Politically stable—helped them to respond quickly

Modern buildings adapted—rolling weights on roof; shock absorbers—less damage

Medieval buildings—not designed to withstand quakes and not retro fitted—might spoil the

look/history of them—now damaged anyway …...

Natural Hazard Climatic LEDC: Cyclone Sidr, Bangladesh (LEDC) Location: Dhaka (landfall) Bangladesh, Asia, Northern hemisphere

When? 8:30am 15/11/2007 cyclone

Cause: moisture source—Bay of Bengal (60m+ deep) + heat source 27 oc; warm air, passes

over ocean, picks up moisture, rises, cools, condenses, clouds form, too heavy rain; Latent

heat speeds up this process resulting in TORRENTIAL RAIN, STORM SURGE WAVES—

5m high and 180mph WINDS

Impacts: Social: 1 mill affected; 10 000 dead; 500 000 homes destroyed; fishermen missing

Environ: Sunderbans World Heritage Site affected inc tiger, deer and boar; 70%

trees uprooted

Economic: £250 million aid pledged; Chittagong port region closed; Dhaka airport

closed; food prices spiralling—poor can’t afford

Intervention: 400 000 ration packs sent by World Food Programme;

Proactive: has warning system; has evacuation system; 500 cyclone shelters BUT 10 million

people!!! Fallen into disrepair; will GW make it worse in the future?

© JOE 2016

Natural Hazard Climatic MEDC: Hurricane Katrina, USA (MEDC) Location: Miami (first landfall) then Louisiana, Mississippi & Alabama USA, Nth America

Northern hemisphere

When? 29/08/2005 hurricane

Cause: moisture source—Caribbean Sea (60m+ deep) + heat source 27 oc; warm air, passes

over ocean, picks up moisture, rises, cools, condenses, clouds form, too heavy rain; Latent

heat speeds up this process resulting in TORRENTIAL RAIN—25cm , STORM SURGE

WAVES—over 5m high and 250mph WINDS

Impacts: Social: 3 mill w/out elec; 1800 killed; 000’s homes destroyed; 1 mill+ evacuated

Environ: coastal habitats e.g. turtle breeding grounds damaged; sewage/chems/

dead bodies contaminated water supply

Economic: 230 000 jobs lost; $300 billion damage costs; looting problems

Intervention: UK army offered 350 000 food packs but USA refused (Mad Cow disease

worry)

Proactive: has early warning system based on satellite data; has evacuation system—70-80%

New Orleans residents evacuated before she hit;

Reasons for severity of impacts

Worse > expected cos: Hurricane didn’t follow exact route expected; some people refused to

evacuate; flood defences (levees failed)

Better > expected cos: many evacuated already; stockpiled supplies in Louisiana & Missis-

sippi so had food & water; emergency services quick to react—50 000 rescued by 911 and

coast-guard

Natural Hazard Climatic: Drought in Mali (LEDC) (part of the Sahel) 2004

on Location: Northern Africa, Northern hemisphere, on the southern edge of the Sahara

Cause: Below average rainfall (usual is 600mm) for several years. Usually there's a wet sea-

son (6months) and a dry season (6 months). During the wet season the ITCZ (low pressure)

is overhead of the Sahel. Low pressure = air rises, cools, condenses, clouds form then it

rains. During the dry season the ITCZ moves south so the high pressure is overhead of the

Sahel (air sinks, warms, water vapour/clouds evaporate so there's no rain). During drought

times the high pressure anchors itself over the Sahel and the ITCZ can't get back.

Problems: Not enough water for people or crops or cattle. Made worse as the population is

increasing. Soil dries up soil erosion - can't grow as many crops and soil quality gets even

worse. More cattle needed to feed the extra population, more grass needed to feed the cattle -

system gets pushed out of balance. Extra cattle soil getting compacted (damaged).

Sustainable solutions: plant more trees to intercept rain and hold water; drip feed plants

(saves water); build low level stone lines (bunds) to collect water; improve soils with manure

& fertiliser; collect rainwater from roofs of buildings

Oxfam helped villagers build bunds - stones trap water behind them - can use to irrigate

(water) crops. - the water might even make it down to the water stores in the rocks below.

Farmers with bunds grew 20- 30% more grain than those without.

© JOE 2016

Reducing the impacts of natural hazards Be sure you know what each of the case study places did to try to reduce the

impact of the hazard. It might be that the LEDCs did very little. Often this is

because they lack the spare £ to afford the technology but don’t stereotype—

some of them do well e.g. Bangladesh (cyclones) and Montserrat (volcanoes).

Sometimes the MEDCs get it wrong too, despite having $ and technology!!!

Remember: B’ APP E to help you remember what can be done

B—building techniques—board up windows (trop storm); shutters to stop fly-

ing glass; shock absorbers (e’quake); buildings on stilts (floods)

A—aid: insurance against events (MEDCs); help sent from other countries af-

ter the event (MEDCs to LEDCs)

P– prediction/prevention—when & where (not always possible); satellites;

GIS;

P– planning—where to build/not build; evacuation routes; emergency services

trained & drills practised

What might the hazard questions look like?

For a named and located hazard event:

*Describe the processes that caused the hazard event

*Explain the cause of the hazard event

*Explain any loss of life caused by the hazard event

*Describe the primary and secondary impacts of your chosen

hazard event

*Explain why hazard impact varies in different parts of the

world

*Explain how human activity affects your chosen hazard event

*Explain how people and places can be protected from hazard

events

© JOE 2016

Population Case Study 1: Natural Pop Change Management (a(: Youthful

populations (LEDCs)

name & locate: Kenya, straddles the Equator, East coast of Africa

Population: 41million; BR 39; DR 11 so pop growth rate = 2.8 (China = 0.7!)

Low life expectancy + high BR = youthful population

Impacts:

Social: services can’t cope (education & health); children work to support fam-

ilies so miss out on education; housing shortages makeshift shacks—health

problems (overcrowding & disease); food & water shortages

Economic: not enough jobs; increased poverty—people born into already poor

families

Enviro: waste, pollution; farmland may become exhausted trying to grow

more food

© JOE 2016

Population Case Study 2: Natural Pop Change management 2 overpopula-

tion

name & locate: China, east Asia; Northern hemisphere

Population: 1.6 billion; BR 15; DR 8 so pop growth rate = 0.7

1950s: 500 mill population, so govt encouraged bigger families; by 1970 830

million and resources were stretched so ….

1. Late, Long, Few policy introduced

Marry at 25 and have kids later on; leave longer gaps between them and have

less overall

Successful: YES fertility rate halved from 5.7 to 2.9 in just 10 years BUT still

growing so

2. One Child Policy 1979 (two in rural areas); incentives given to have just

one

Successful: YES 400 million births prevented; fertility rate down from 2.9 to

1.8; some Chinese enjoying their new wealth so chose not to have kids any-

way. SUSTAINABLE because resources lasting longer; less waste/refuse to

dispose of

BUT unintended impacts (making the policy unsustainable!!)

A) China’s population is starting to age

B) More males than females—will affect BR in future

C) girl babies abandoned on landfill and in street—economic burden, boys

preferred to earn £ and carry on family name; orphanages full of dying

rooms (girls)

D) Boy babies sold if parents wanted to make money

E) Some boy babies kidnapped and sold to highest bidder

F) Some Chinese unhappy—does government have the right to tell them

how many kids they can/can’t have??

G) 4-2-1 one child when grown up will possibly have to look after both par-

ents and the two sets of grand parents—might not be able to do this and

afford/look after own kids too!!

2012:Shanghai (city) is relaxing the 1 CP as they are realising the burden

of an ageing population can’t be met by the reduced numbers of

youngsters coming through. Unfortunately Chinese families have got

into the habit of just having one child, so the birth rate hasn’t really

altered much!!!

2014: China discontinues the 1CP, families allowed two children (still need

© JOE 2016

Population Case Study 3: Nat Pop Change Management: Ageing popula-

tions (MEDCs)

name & locate: UK, W Europe, Northern hemisphere

Population: 61million; BR 10.08; DR 10.34 so pop growth rate = -0.028

higher life expectancy + low BR = ageing population

Evid: 2005 16% UK pop >65, by 2041 could be 25%

Reasons why:

1. life expectancy due to advances in medicine; improved living conds

2. Baby booms years 1940-1960—these folks are now retiring!!

3. Since 1970 BR so fewer young means a bigger proportion are older!

Impacts:

Social: services struggle to cope (health) OAPs spend 13 nights on ave in hos-

pital, UK ave = 8; adults work to support parents so can’t afford to have kids;

Economic: pensions not big enough so many elderly live in poverty; work

force is shrinking—less taxes paid so government less £ for NHS etc

Solutions:

Encourage women to have kids

Encourage in-migration of young people into UK

Raise retirement age to solve worker shortage and pension shortfall*

Encourage people to sort out their own pensions*

Raise taxes*

*=more sustainable as it deals with the problem, whereas the others increase

Migration Case Study 1: international migration (one country to another)

Polish to the UK 0.5 million between 2004-2007. Poland joined EU in 2004

allowing it’s people free movement around the EU. UK allowed unlimited mi-

gration

PUSH factors from Poland: high unemployment 19%; wages only 1/3 as much

as in EU; housing shortages

PULL factors to UK: welcoming; ease of migration—free entry; more work,

better wages; good exchange rate so could send $ back home to family

Impacts in Poland; ageing pop as young left to UK; labour shortage; BUT 3

billion euros sent back to Poland helped their economy and QOL; job & hous-

ing shortage eased

Impacts in UK: UK economy boosted by workers and ‘Polish’ shops that

opened; taxes boosted government, helped to pay pensions; polish law abiding;

some have limited English; school places taken

More air traffic between two—air pollution; greenhouse gases; global warming

Future: in-migrants must register; UK to monitor impact on economy

© JOE 2016

Migration Case Study 2: internal migration (moving within one country)

Location: Brazil, straddles Equator; South America

From: Caatinga, rural NE Brazil To: Sao Paulo or Rio de Janeiro urban SE

Brazil

CAUSES:

PUSH factors from Caatinga: hot/dry climate—unreliable rainfall—drought is

common; infertile soil; ltd vegetation; limited services (health & education);

lack of raw materials; malaria is a problem; mostly unskilled or farm work—

poor pay long hours

PULL factors to Rio or Sao Paulo: higher wages; reliable work; better access

to services; Government trying to provide basics to existing shanty town dwell-

ers

CONSEQ’S Impacts in Caatinga; ageing pop left behind as young head for

cities; labour shortage; BUT if drought occurs –fewer mouths to feed

CONSEQ’S Impacts in Rio/Sao Paulo: limited accommodation for new arri-

vals so favelas (slums) grow—overcrowding & disease become a bigger issue;

if migrants can’t get jobs they work informally so no tax is paid to govern-

ment—harder to provide services; cheap labour source as they are desperate for

work/$ so might create problems with existing workers; levels of crime could

Settlements Case study 1: Causes & Consequences of urbanisation: Rio De

Janeiro, Brazil, NIC

Location: SE coast of Brazil, Sth America, Southern hemisphere

Causes of urbanisation:

1. High BR and lowering DR = high rate of natural increase

2. Industrialisation—MNCs develop industry in cities—attracts workers

3. Rural to urban migration—on average 100 new arrivals daily

Consequences of urbanisation (for urban & rural)

Shortage of resources—food, water

Limited access to services—health, education

Shortage of jobs—poor wages, informal sector

Shortage of housing—overcrowding; favelas spring up—17% live in these

Water, air, noise pollution; excess waste

Crime rate

Infrastructure can’t keep up (road, sewerage, water, electricity)

Solutions: a university in the favela; food for trash scheme; self build

schemes

Rocinha—oldest favela; pop’n 160 000 has own newspapers 92); radio station;

waste disposal system; doc; dentist & own McDonalds

© JOE 2016

Settlements Case Study 2: Causes & Consequences of Counterurbanisa-

tion : Shenstone, Staffs, UK OR Shifnal (JOE gp completed as a Hmk!!!)

AKA internal migration

Location: Shenstone, Sth Staffordshire, England

Causes of counter-urbanisation:

1. People in MEDCs want to escape noise and bustle of urban areas (London

& B’ham)

2. More affordable housing

3. Transport improvements (road, rail, pub transport) makes it possible to

live away from work

4. Lower cost of living even inc commuting costs

Why Shenstone?

Affordable housing £145,000 for 3 bed semi, compared to £800, 000 London 3

bed flat

Journey Times—trains every 30 mins to Birmingham (22mins) (connect to

London 90 mins); Shenstone is 5 mins drive from the M6 Toll, A38, A5 (1/3 of

its residents have 3+ cars)

Consequences of counter-urbanisation

Shenstone is expanding—more shops & services locating here, creating more

employment ; some locals feel it has lost its small community feel

Shenstone’s ageing population has been reduced by the in-migration of young /

middle aged professionals

Shenstone has enough young people to ensure the future of the primary school

(Greysbrooke)

Changing Settlements: Planning for the future Planning will help to solve the problems currently being faced by some settlements now and might help us to avoid problems in other settle-ments in the future Planning - involve everybody especially the residents. Plans involving the bottom up approach (getting local people involved) usually work better than top down plans (changes 'forced' on people)

© JOE 2016

Settlements Case Study 3: sustainable Urban Change—Brazil (LEDC/

NIC)

Location: Curitiba, SE coast of Brazil, South America; southern hem

What? A ‘green city’ with a population of appx 2million

Planning: locals and the government worked together (bottom up and top

down) to improve environmental quality and QOL in the city

Examples of sustainable change and the benefits it brings:

Environmental change: unused quarries got turned into landscape features &

parks; cheap low technology solutions were devised for waste collection—70%

of waste is re-used or recycled—saves landfill and creates jobs

Economic Change: cheap extensive public transport network (used by 85%

pple) created to reduce number of cars on road and pollution

Social change: builders build high rise low cost/affordable housing - QOL is

better, green exchange—pple swap recyclables for food; homeless & recover-

ing alcoholics work in garbage separation plants—inclusive

Settlements Case Study 3: sustainable Urban Change— NW Bicester Eco-

town (1st of its kind in UK, only 7 in the World)

Location: Bicester, Oxfordshire, England (just East of the M40)

What? A ‘green development’ with up to 6000 homes, 393 in the first stage

Planned to be Sustainable because …..

ENV: Energy efficient buildings; turf roofs to encourage biodiversity; buildings

are climate change proof; (warm in winter/cool in summer); rainwater harvest-

ed to reduce water usage to 80 litres/person/day; Solar panels on homes; Zero

waste to landfill during building phase; electric charging points for cars and a

car share club; on site power plant harnesses the solar power—any spare is sold

to national grid; allotments for people to grow own food—cuts food miles

The site is 51 acres of which 40% is open space

SOC/EC: Used local trades people & suppliers (min 20% of total) during con-

struction; created 10 apprenticeships; have included cycle routes and pub

transport use is promoted (healthy); 30% of homes are affordable (help to buy

is provided)

© JOE 2016

Settlements Case Study 4: How retail service provision has changed over

time—Telford, England

Madeley is a low order settlement (town). It sells mainly low order frequently

purchased convenience goods; it has a lot of small independent shops and an

outdoor market; A Tesco supermarket opened in 2010. This is posing competi-

tion to some of the smaller traders.

Reason: Madeley has a small population (18,000) so cannot support the larger

higher order stores. Tesco is one of the top 4 supermarkets and has a store in

most towns these days. It attracts shoppers as a weekly shop can be completed

under one roof. It offers internet home shopping too. This can affect passing

trade and reduce footfall to the smaller shops. Tesco has cheaper prices as it

buys in bulk, whereas smaller shops cannot. More recently a new budget super-

market, Aldi and a KFC have opened.

Telford is a high order settlement. It is a new town. It sells higher order goods

which are more expensive and purchased less frequently. It also offers higher

order services (e.g. solicitors, financial services). These are mostly found in the

heart of the town in the shopping centre. On the outskirts of Telford are the re-

tail parks. These are increasingly popular.

Reason: Telford has a bigger population (170 000) than Madeley. Also people

from surrounding towns come here to purchase the things that aren't available

in their own towns. Retail parks offer bigger premises at lower rents and free

parking, avoiding congestion in the town centre. Some shops have relocated

from the town centre to the retail parks e.g. …… if this continues, the shopping

centre may become less popular and other shops might lose business too. Inter-

net shopping is also affecting business in town centres as we shop from the

comfort of our own home.

Other planned changes that have happened to make Telford

more sustainable:

More recently: Telford Southwater Development (£250 million revamp of the

town centre) has taken place to encourage people to use the town centre be-

yond 9am-5pm …...

Entertainment: bowling, cinema & restaurants (soc & ec sustainable)

New hotel to encourage tourist visits/stays to the area (ec sustainable)

Road system redesigned— some one way = reduced vehicle capacity = safer

and more healthy for pedestrians—socially & environmentally sustainable

Library revamped—socially sustainable

© JOE 2016

Economic Systems: Keywords: primary, secondary, tertiary, growth, reces-

sion, decline, footloose, science parks

Systems diagram: inputs - processes - outputs

Sunshine, seeds, water—sow, grow, water, harvest—

corn

Different industries have different locational require-

ments: close to raw materials, access/transport, labour

supply, market etc. Some modern industries are

Fact Box 1: Employment structures Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Employment availability varies over time and across space

UK: Rural—more p & t, urban more s, t & q Shrops more prim > Telford

MEDC UK p3 s25 t65 q7 manuf (cheaper labour costs in NICs) tert & quatern

NIC Brazil p17 s17 t63 q1

LEDC Ethiopia p88 s 2 t10 q0

Countries need £ to develop tech-

nology and to industrialise, alt-

hough MNCs are playing a part in

NICs now

World of work changing in terms

of :

When?

Where?

How?

Technology & transport=main

reasons

© JOE 2016

Case Study 1: 'Modern' High-Tech In-

dustry - Ricoh - high tech industry -

growth MEDC Ec Act Locational fac-

tors Location: edge of Telford; adjacent to J4

M54; Its a business/science park on a green-

field site; opened in 1985

Why? Excellent transport links– M54; M6 30

mins away; on Intercity rail line

Good labour supply - highly skilled

(nearby universities)

Housing—affordable

Other MNCs/linked industries close by

e.g. Hitachi

Environmental Quality is good - nicely

landscaped;

Facilities are good too

Case Study 2: Primary: Vine House Farm OR Canadian Prairies Location: Deeping St Nicholas, Lincolnshire, East Anglia

Farm type: Arable (crops) wheat, oats oilseed rape

Why good location? Flat land; good soil, > ave temps & sunshine hours; < ave rainfall

Changes since 1950:

More machinery in use now

Fewer workers

Farm size has expanded from 180—640 hectares

Pesticides/fertilisers used on land now

EU pays the farmer a subsidy to grow less popular crops

Supermarkets and MNCs like Weetabix want to pay as little as possible for produce.

If prices drop, it makes it hard to earn a living from farming. Some farmers diversify into

other things e.g. convert old barns to B&Bs; mini golf courses on land. This farmer has di-

versified into bird seed

© JOE 2016

Case Study 3: changing location of secondary industries : car making in

Europe

Car manufacturing is switching location from Western to Eastern Europe e.g. VW

This coincides with Eastern European countries joining the EU

Case Study: Slovakia, Eastern Europe, landlocked

Good location because: low cost labour; lower taxes; highly skilled workforce; transport

costs are lower; Slovakian government offered tax breaks; market for cars here will as

people earn more

MNC’s involved: VW (German), Hyundai (South Korea) and Peugeot (French); output in

factories here is best in Europe. Factories located in/around Bratislava—makes exporting to

Western Europe easier.

What will happen to VW factories in Germany? Will VW move from Slovakia when stand-

ard of living and wage bills increase?

Case Study 4: - primary economic activities can harm the environment Impacts of economic activity might be felt locally, nationally and/or globally

Local Issue—Local Impacts

Case Study: Backdale Limestone Quarry, Longstone Edge, Peak District National Park

(aims to preserve natural beauty—gets 22 million tourist visits per year)

Economic activity: quarrying

The ‘Issue’ - noisy, unattractive, damaging the National Park, have taken more minerals

than allowed to; heavy lorries in narrow lanes

Sustainable solution? Limit amount of limestone extracted; limit amount/size of lorries on

Roads; hose down vehicles before they leave the site; ensure vegetation is replaced

© JOE 2016

Case Study 5 : - secondary economic activities

(development) can harm the environment Impacts of economic activity might be felt locally, nationally

and globally

Case study: manufacturing in China - tumble dryer balls

Used in UK to reduce drying time and cut electricity use and

carbon emissions but they travel halfway around the globe

and are made from plastic (oil) - contributing to carbon

emissions and pollution!!!

China’s fault for making them or our fault for demanding

them?

Many poor rural people in China are affected by air pollution

from industrialization, yet they contribute little to the

emissions—how fair is that?

400 000 die in China every year as a result of air pollution

16 of the 20 most polluted cities are found in China

Sustainable solution: what would you suggest?

Mind the Development Gap

Measuring QOL—indicators—HDI, PQLI, GNP, PPP & one off indicators e.g. life expec-

tancy

Less developed and more developed—is it black and white or is there a grey area e.g. NICs

Case Study 6: Two contrasting countries - Ethiopia, Ghana, Brazil, UK—which

two will you choose? Which indicators? How different? Why different? Revisit your exer-

International Disparities, Trade, Aid and Interdependence Key terms: aid, trade, links, bilateral, multilateral, charity, NGO, MEDC, LEDC, tied aid,

appropriate technology

Key Idea: countries are mainly linked through aid and trade -this might cause some to rely

on others

Globalisation: the increasing interconnectedness of the World—increasingly made possible

by changes in technology and transport

© JOE 2016

Case Study 8a: Global Links - trade Ghana Location: West coast of Africa, Nth hemisphere, Atlantic ocean

The Problem: Relies heavily on export £ from primary products like cocoa beans. Price of

cocoa beans fluctuates (up & down); Is a poor country - evidence = (GNI $670), heavily in

debt ($6 billion), 60% employed in agriculture. Struggling to pay interest on loans. Spiral of

debt

Not Helped by: unfair trade—only 8p of every £1 spent on chocolate is paid to the farmers;

EU charges import duty on Ghana cocoa beans; EU farmers also get subsidies to help keep

food production costs down. E.g. chicken & tinned tomatoes from EU, on sale in Ghana, are

cheaper than those produced by Ghana’s farmers—double whammy

Solutions?

Process cocoa beans into cocoa powder and sell for higher price

Fair trade chocolate—ensures farmers get fair price; Cadbury’s fair trades

Debt relief from MEDCs has helped Ghana to write off some of its debts

Free Trade (no quotas or tariffs or restrictions) would help Ghana and other LEDCs get a

fairer price for goods—might help reduce amount of aid needed if we played fair?

MNCs good or bad? Made increasingly possible due to: air travel, mobiles, broadband, satellite)

UK—global connections due to migration, aid, trade, investment, MNCs

Benefits: health professionals from overseas fill shortages in NHS; diet (balti, chinese); cul-

ture (dance & music); fashion; jewellery (Gucci); footwear (Nike); gadgets (ipod)

India— losing many of its health professionals overseas; Coca Cola in India—causing

water shortages; toxic chemicals in products

Pepsi & Lays (Walkers) investing some profits back into homeless schemes in India;

‘westernised’ products are sometimes more popular > Indian brands so small firms go under

Case Study Aid project in an LEDC Ghana Keywords: bi-lateral, multi-lateral; NGO/voluntary; strings attached (conditions imposed)

Location: West coast of Africa, Nth hemisphere, Atlantic ocean

Bi-lateral aid from UK—biggest partner (health, education, malaria, clean water)

NGO/Voluntary—Orphanaid—Laureus—sports for kids in villages, encourages them to go

to school, get fit, get an education, lifeskills; ALSO Cadburys solar panels to villagers

Best Aid = bottom up, intermediate (appropriate technology), give skills not hand-outs

Socially sustainable because people get healthy; get an education; get lifeskills

© JOE 2016

Case Study 11: MNCs affect people and the economy—Nokia or your own

example (e.g. Nike) MNC—a company that operates in >1 country

Location: Nokia HQ in Finland; R&D in UK, USA; Branch (production) plants in China,

Taiwan; Singapore

Coltan—used to make heat resistant metal powder comes from the Congo, sent to Australia

to be processed

Nokia employs 112 000 pple globally;

Why this pattern of location? NICs/LEDCS offer lower labour costs, rents and business

rates (taxes), also makes sense to be closer to customer market (lower transport costs);

growth in mobiles is strong in LEDCs (e.g. Tanzania, Africa more mobiles than landlines);

MEDCs have latest technology and skilled graduates to design new products

Benefits to LEDCs of MNC location: some investment in factories & infrastructure; jobs;

other companies attracted—spin off jobs in linked industries aka multiplier effect

BUT: are some firms exploiting employment laws (sweat shops); as LEDCs/NICs develop

and wages rise, do MNCs move on? What then for those left behind?

© JOE 2016

REVISION HINTS: 1. Start revising in September you won't be able to cram everything in in just a

couple of weeks.

2. See your teacher if you have missing case studies.

3. Use your exercise book/class notes to add specific facts to these revision

notes.

4. If revision is not going in then take a break or switch to a different topic or

even subject.

5. Some people find it easier to create revision cards. By noting down only key

EXAM HINTS:

1. Get an early-ish night - don't stay up cramming - it won't stay in!

2. Remember all equipment for the exam - black pen, pencil, ruler, eraser, sharpen-

er, calculator.

3. Read the 'Instructions to Candidates' on the front cover - it tells you about any

rules you need to follow

4. Read all of the questions carefully before you start.

5. Keep an eye on the time, there are 35 minutes per exam question—this includes

5 mins reading and planning time for each (approx one minute per mark).

GOOD-BYE and GOOD LUCK!

maybe see you in the sixth form?