Year 8 Energy Revision Cover

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Revisio

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•The global distribution of energy consumption and supply.

•Example to show how the extraction of a fossil fuel has both advantages and

disadvantages.

Overview of strategies to increase energy supply:

•renewable (biomass, wind, hydro, tidal, geothermal, wave and solar) and

non-renewable (fossil fuels and nuclear power) sources of energy.

Areas of surplus (security) and deficit (insecurity):

•Reasons for increasing energy consumption: economic development, rising

population, technology

•Factors affecting energy supply: physical factors, cost of exploitation and

production, technology and political factors.

•Impacts of energy – exploration of difficult and environmentally sensitive

areas, economic and environmental costs, food production, industrial output,

potential for conflict where demand exceeds supply.

Moving towards a sustainable resource future:-

•Individual energy use and carbon footprints. Energy conservation: designing

homes, workplaces and transport for sustainability, demand reduction, use of

technology to increase efficiency in the use of fossil fuels- BedZed

•An example of a local renewable energy scheme in an LIC or NEE to provide

sustainable supplies of energy.

Non-renewable energy resources

Type of

fuel

Where it is from Advantages Disadvantages

Coal

(fossil

fuel)

Formed from fossilised

plants and consisting of

carbon with various

organic and some inorganic

compounds.

Mined from seams of coal,

found sandwiched

between layers of rock in

the earth.

Burnt to provide heat or

electricity.

Ready-made fuel.

It is relatively

cheap to mine and

to convert into

energy.

Coal supplies will

last longer than

oil or gas.

When burned coal gives off

atmospheric pollutants,

including greenhouse gases.

Oil

(fossil

fuel)

A carbon-based liquid

formed from fossilised

animals.

Lakes of oil are

sandwiched between

seams of rock in the

earth.

Pipes are sunk down to the

reservoirs to pump the oil

out.

Widely used in industry

and transport.

Oil is a ready-

made fuel.

Relatively cheap

to extract and to

convert into

energy.

When burned, it gives off

atmospheric pollutants,

including greenhouse gases.

Only a limited supply.

Natural

gas

(fossil

fuel)

Methane and some other

gases trapped between

seams of rock under the

earth's surface.

Pipes are sunk into the

ground to release the gas.

Often used in houses for

heating and cooking.

Gas is a ready-

made fuel.

It is a relatively

cheap form of

energy.

It's a slightly

cleaner fuel than

coal and oil.

When burned, it gives off

atmospheric pollutants,

including greenhouse gases.

Only limited supply of gas.

Nuclear Radioactive minerals such

as uranium are mined.

Electricity is generated

from the energy that is

released when the atoms

of these minerals are split

(by nuclear fission) in

nuclear reactors.

A small amount of

radioactive

material produces

a lot of energy.

Raw materials are

relatively cheap

and can last quite

a long time.

It doesn't give

off atmospheric

pollutants.

Nuclear reactors are expensive

to run.

Nuclear waste is highly toxic,

and needs to be safely stored

for hundreds or thousands of

years (storage is extremely

expensive).

Leakage of nuclear materials

can have a devastating impact

on people and the environment.

The worst nuclear reactor

Type of

fuel

Where it is from Advantages Disadvantages

accident was at Chernobyl,

Ukraine in 1986.

Question: Should we continue to use fossil fuels? What are the positives and negatives? (6 marks)

Renewable energy sources.

The advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy sources.

Type of energy Where it is from Advantages Disadvantages

Solar Energy from sunlight is

captured in solar panels

and converted into

electricity.

Potentially infinite

energy supply.

Single dwellings can

have own electricity

supply.

Manufacture and

implementation of solar

panels can be costly.

Wind Wind turbines (modern

windmills) turn wind

energy into electricity.

Can be found

singularly, but

usually many

together in wind

farms.

Potentially infinite

energy supply.

Manufacture and

implementation of wind

farms can be costly.

Some local people

object to on-shore wind

farms, arguing that it

spoils the countryside.

Tidal The movement of tides

drives turbines.

A tidal barrage (a kind

of dam) is built across

estuaries, forcing

water through gaps.

In future underwater

turbines may be

possible out at sea and

without dams.

Ideal for an island

such as the UK.

Potential to

generate a lot of

energy.

Tidal barrage can

double as a bridge,

and help prevent

flooding.

Construction of barrage

is very costly.

Only a few estuaries are

suitable.

Opposed by some

environmental groups as

having a negative impact

on wildlife.

May reduce tidal flow

and impede flow of

sewage out to sea.

Wave The movement of

seawater in and out of

a cavity on the shore

compresses trapped

air, driving a turbine.

Ideal for an island

country.

More likely to be

small local

operations, rather

than done on a

national scale.

Construction can be

costly.

May be opposed by local

or environmental groups.

Type of energy Where it is from Advantages Disadvantages

Geothermal In volcanic regions it is

possible to use the

natural heat of the

earth.

Cold water is pumped

under ground and

comes out as steam.

Steam can be used for

heating or to power

turbines creating

electricity.

Potentially infinite

energy supply.

Used successfully in

some countries,

such as New

Zealand and Iceland.

Can be expensive to set

up and only works in

areas of volcanic

activity.

Geothermal and volcanic

activity might calm

down, leaving power

stations redundant.

Dangerous elements

found underground must

be disposed of carefully.

Hydrological or

Hydroelectric

Power (HEP)

Energy harnessed from

the movement of water

through rivers, lakes

and dams.

Creates water

reserves as well as

energy supplies.

Costly to build.

Can cause the flooding

of surrounding

communities and

landscapes.

Dams have major

ecological impacts on

local hydrology.

Renewable energy is

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Non-renewable energy

is______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________

Case study: changing energy use in UK

The UK government wants to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions. It also wants to increase the

amount of energy which comes from renewable sources.

By 2020 European Union targets state that 20% of energy must come from renewable sources.

Each member state of the EU may have a different target, as 20% is an average figure for the

EU.

The UK has a target of 15% of its energy consumption being sourced from renewable energy. (In

2009 only 3% of energy came from renewable sources in the UK). Sweden has a target of nearly

50% whereas Malta has a target of 10%.

The EU also aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80-95% below 1990 levels by 2050.

There are two ways the energy use can change in the UK:

Reducing the demand for energy

Increasing the supply of renewable energy

UK power companies are now investing hundreds of millions of pounds in renewable power. The

greatest amount of renewable energy in the UK comes from wind generation. In 2010 the world’s

largest offshore wind farm was opened in Thanet, on the Thames estuary.

Solar power in the UK

Solar panels use a renewable energy source, the Sun. The Sun is a renewable energy source

because it will not run out, unlike our current main source of energy, Fossil Fuels (coal, oil, gas).

Experts predict that the sun will be around for another 7.5 billion years. Compare this to the

UK’s own fossil fuel reserves which may be depleted within as little as 5 years and the current

worldwide reserves which may be exhausted by 2088 if more people do not utilise renewable

energy sources. Some people still do not like the look of solar panels and will therefore be less

likely to want to buy your house if you have them- NIMBY.

As a government incentive, the government launched a scheme whereby people who have solar

panels installed get paid money for the electricity they generate. This scheme is called Feed-in

Tariff (FiT).

The initial cost of installing solar panels is still fairly high. You can expect to pay between

£4,000-£6,000 for just 3kW unit to power a family home.

The electricity produced by solar panels is completely clean. Clean energy means that there are

no negative effects on the environment.

At present solar panels cannot store energy. This means that they are only providing your house

with electricity during daylight hours.

Whilst solar panels are able to go onto most houses they are not suitable for everyone. Solar

panels will be most beneficial to those with south facing roofs but those with east or west.

Question: Evaluate the use of solar energy in the UK. (6 marks)

Human and Physical factors affecting energy supply.

Access to raw materials- some countries have more raw material such as coal, gas and oil

available to them than others. For example, Saudi Arabia has one of the largest oil reserves in

the world which means they have a good supply of energy. On the other hand, the UK has little

to no oil reserves which means we have to import oil from other countries. If a country has its

own reserves that means they are energy secure. However other complications include; is

extracting the resources easy? Is the cost extracting the resources high? How long will the

energy resource last?

Climate- This is a major factor when determining what types of renewable energy supplies can

be used and where.  Hydro Electric Power requires regular supplies of rain water for example, in

colder climates where water freezes HEP will not function through winter. Solar panels run off

sunlight so countries with cloudy conditions will not benefit from solar power.  Likewise, for wind

turbines optimum conditions are required.

Price of energy- if it is difficult and expensive to extract resources then the prices for the

resource will also increase. If there are large reserves and production is high then the cost of

energy will be low. However, if there is a limited supply of energy then prices will go up.

Technology- high income countries (HIC), such as USA, have money to invest in technology to

improve energy supply (renewable energy) whereas low income countries (LIC), such as Haiti,

cannot afford to do this.

Political factors- it is important for countries to keep good relations with countries such as

Saudi Arabia and other countries with large energy reserves, so that they can continue to buy

energy supplies from them. Decisions made by political leaders can also affect what type of

energy is used and produced. For example, the UK government has a goal of banning the sale of

diesel and petrol-powered cars by 2040 to push the sale of electric cars. Case Study- Wales

Wind Turbines- Politics

Many wind farms have been set up, particularly in Scotland and Wales. However some plans for

large wind farms have been blocked by planners.

Question: Describe and explain one human and one physical factor that affects energy supply.

(4 marks)- Can you talk about a case study?

Reasons for increasing energy consumption: (Dubai Case Study)

Population growth which represents another major driving force for energy demand.

Rate of urbanization: The Arab region is one of the most urbanized regions in the

world. Increase in income would drive households to buy more electrical appliances or cars,

and thus induce growth of energy demand.

Ownerships of home appliances and cars. As described above, increase of households’

income would lead to an increase of ownership of home appliances and cars.

Scarcity of water resources. Though the Arab region is energy rich, it is one of the

most water scarce regions in the world. Most of the region cannot meet current water

demand, and the situation is likely to get worse due to changing precipitation patterns

as a result of climate change. Drinking water services will become more erratic than

they are already and cities will come to rely more and more on energy intensive

desalination, driving more energy demand. Water and energy are strongly

interdependent in the whole value chain of both water and energy such as pumping and

transferring underground water or use of water resources to produce hydropower, as

is the case in Egypt and Iraq, and using fresh water for cooling of thermal power

plants. Furthermore, agriculture uses more than 70 percent of the water consumption

with a very low level of water productivity.

Harsh climate conditions in the Arab region. Most of the region is characterized by

harsh climate conditions of arid and semiarid areas. This necessitates the use of

People were either for or against these wind

turbines in Wales. The government wanted

cleaner energy, whereas some groups

believed it would ruin the natural beauty of

the landscape and make the area look ugly.

airconditioning during a prolonged time of the year. Some studies revealed that “air

conditioning accounts for 70 percent of annual peak electricity consumption in the

region.

Urban planning is an important determinant of demand on transport fuels. Proper urban

planning would reduce travel needs by changing land-use patterns and improving

communications. Land-use, transport, and fuel demand are closely related parts of the

human activity system. Bringing schools, factories, offices, shops, and recreational and

other facilities into, or near, urban centers will minimize the need to travel far or

frequently for work and other activities.

Question: Outline the reasons for the increase in energy consumption, referring to a

case study.

Development:

Energy consumption increases with income in developing countries. The more money, the more

advanced technology used in factories/buildings/houses.

Question: Describe the distribution of global energy consumption? And why?

There is a big divide in the energy world. There are countries with surplus (excess) reserves of

non-renewable energy and there are countries that have deficit (shortage) supply of non-

renewable energy. Complete the table below to show which countries have a surplus or deficit of

non-renewable energy. YOU WILL NEED TO RESEARCH THIS.

Name of the country Surplus or deficit supplies? Energy secure or insecure?

How can a country use Oil to develop? Dubai Case Study

Money poured into Dubai from the sale of oil to countries which had none was used to develop

the country. Now it has:

Modern roads, schools and hospitals.

Electricity in every home.

One of the best phone systems in the world.

One of the world’s modern airports.

Modern well-equipped sea ports outside the city.

A good standard of living for most people - and great luxury for some.

People in Dubai don’t have to pay taxes.

Impacts of energy insecurity

There are many different ways of defining energy security. In the UK, the government aims to

ensure that consumers have access to the energy that they require, at prices that avoid

volatility. Most countries that use this definition produce their own energy or import it from

politically-stable countries.

Energy insecurity is the opposite of this. There are several impacts of this, some of which are

linked.

Exploitation of difficult and environmentally-sensitive areas - in order to find new

sources of energy it sometimes means that environmentally-sensitive areas (like National

Parks) are utilised for energy supplies. Fragile ecosystems can be put at risk if the desire

for energy is greater than the desire for environmental protection.

Economic and environmental costs - imported fuel is expensive. Exporting countries set

the prices for fuel, leaving importing countries vulnerable. The UK currently imports around

25% of its energy requirements, including most of the gas from Norway, and a third of the

coal from Russia. Some fuels cause a lot of pollution, eg coal causes smog and releases

greenhouse gas when burnt. Mining for the raw materials for energy can also cause

environmental problems with loss of habitats, noise and visual pollution.

Food production - exploiting energy resources often uses valuable farmland. The growth

of the biofuel market has also led to crops being grown as a fuel, rather than as food. This

can cause food shortages and push food prices up as supply falls lower than demand.

Industrial output - manufacturing relies on energy. When energy is in short supply, it

costs more to buy. This makes manufacturing more expensive. Countries that experience

energy insecurity usually have a lower industrial output.

Conflict - energy insecurity can cause conflict when countries compete to obtain energy

supplies- Creates wars, causes countries to abandon alliances with each other, causes

business and foreign businesses to stop negotiating business.

Question: Describe and explain the impacts of energy insecurity (6 marks)

Deepwater Horizon- Case Study

Drilling for oil in very sensitive

areas, where ecosystems are

already at risk.

BedZED

Moving towards a sustainable future. There msut be action and decisions made by businesses,

governments, and councils. What does energy conservation mean? Reducing the use of fossil

fuels, designing more energy efficient homes and workplaces. This will help reduce carbon

dioxide and our carbon footprint. Reducing energy demand (globally) - Financial incentives -

Raising awareness of the need to save and use more energy efficiently - Greater use of off-peak

energy tariffs - Using less hot water for domestic appliances

BedZED is the prototype for the One Planet

Communities programme

BedZED is one of the UK’s largest mixed use sustainable

communities, and can be considered the prototype for

the One Planet Communities programme.

Completed in 2002, BedZED was initiated by

BioRegional, developed in partnership with The Peabody

Trust and designed with Bill Dunster Architects. BedZED is now home to around 220 residents

living in 100 houses and apartments. In addition there is 2,500 m2 of commercial, which is home

to BioRegional’s offices and community space.

The name Beddington Zero (fossil) Energy Development encapsulates the vision behind the

project – i.e. to develop the first large-scale carbon neutral or zero fossil energy development,

aiming to meet all its energy demands from renewable energy generated on site.

Key strategies

Key initiatives and strategies to achieve this vision included:

Planning gain – increased density through provision of gardens on rooftops

Thermal efficiency – reduce space heating by 80% over conventional homes through

passive solar heating with south facing conservatories, triple glazing, super insulation

and passive ventilation through wind-driven cowls on the roof

Increased energy efficiency – fitting of energy efficient appliances as standard, visible

meters to raise residents awareness of consumption, good daylight design

Increased water efficiency – water efficient appliances, rainwater collection for toilet

flushing, irrigation, treatment of waste water on-site

Green travel plan – with pedestrian/cyclist priority, reduced availability and car parking

reduced from 160 spaces to 100 spaces, residents’ car club and promotion of public

transport

Renewable energy – meet all remaining, reduced energy needs through onsite generation

of renewable energy using an experimental wood-fuelled combined heat and power

system and photovoltaic panels

Construction – consideration of the environmental impact of the construction process

and materials used was considered, sourcing of reclaimed and recycled materials and

local sourcing policy to reduce haulage carbon emissions

The results

The distinctive BedZED wind cowls provide ventilation

into homes while minimising heat loss

Monitoring has shown that BedZED households use

2,579 kWh of electricity per year which is 45% lower

than the average in surrounding area. On average,

households use 3,526 kWh of heating per year – 81%

less than the average in Sutton and carbon emissions

from energy use in the home are reduced by 72%

compared to similar homes built at the time.

Unfortunately the experimental biomass Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant was not

successful because its scale is too small to run technically and financially. There are now plans to

replace this with a wood-fired boiler. On the other hand, the Photovoltaics have been very

successful (although expensive) generating about 19% of total electricity requirements.

Nonetheless, BedZED was influential in the genesis of the UK government policy that all new

homes must be zero carbon by 2016 and in this sense the project will have an impact on all cities

in the UK. Our experience with experimental CHP would caution against a requirement for on-

site renewable energy generation in all cases. We have come to see how important it will be for

the government and utility providers to take responsibility for developing a renewable

electricity grid with local, decentralised electricity regeneration to be considered and

introduced as an important part of this strategy.

The importance of lifestyles

Although all BedZED residents do make savings, it is only when they fully engage in lifestyle

changes such as joining the car club that large benefits are seen such as reducing the carbon

emissions of their whole lifestyle by 50%. This has influenced the way that BioRegional has

approached future projects, such as encouraging behavioural change through governance and

estates management.

At BedZED the introduction of the first car club into London, in partnership with City Car

Clubs, has led to car mileage being reduced by 65%. Monitoring has also shown that residents

only use 72 litres of mains water per day, topped up by 15 litres of recycled or rainwater. Water

consumption is therefore 58% lower than the local average. Through waste audits we found that

60% of waste by weight is recycled or composted, which is about twice the recycling rate in a

typical development in the UK.

Quality of life

BedZED's pedestrian priority streets take the garden

city ideal into the 21st century

BedZed’s colourful and contemporary style make it a

landmark development both visually and in terms of its

social and environmental sustainability credentials, and

its ‘pedestrian priority’ streets and provision of

balconies and gardens for every home are features

which take the garden city ideal into the 21st century.

At BedZED the dominance of the car was de-emphasised with the road and parking placed at

the edge of the community and pedestrianised areas in the centre. Children can safely play

outside and as residents walk about they can meet and chat with their neighbours without

having to compete with traffic noise. Through this design, on average a BedZED residents know

20 of their neighbours by name when the average in the surrounding area is 8 – greatly

increasing social capital. One resident was able to name 150 of her neighbours! Overall 84% of

BedZED residents report an increased quality of life.

Malmo, Sweden is another case study we are learning in an HIC.

Sustinable energy developments in Malmo, Sweden- innovations in Malmo, an industrial city of

300,000 people on Sweden’s west coast.- One of the best examples of sustainable urban

redevelopment in the world. – transport systems aim to reduce car usage and conserve energy-

This can be compared to London CBD

Questions: Describe the location of Malmo Sweden. Describe the landscape of Malmo. Describe

the positives of sustainable urban redevelopment in Malmo, Sweden? How do transport systems

aim to reduce car usage and conserve energy? How does Malmo compare to London CBD-

information given.

Consolidation (9marks)

‘Compare two case studies of sustainable urban development and explain the ways they have

succeeded in reducing the impact of carbon emissions.’ – London CBD is useful

An example of a local renewable energy scheme in an LIC or NEE to provide sustainable

supplies of energy:

Where is Chambamontera? Why does Chambamontera need a sustainable energy scheme? What

is the Chambamontera micro-hydro scheme? LIC

Answer questions through this website.

http://www.thematthiesenfoundation.org/docs/48285110431ec.pdf

Energy Research: What

should Nepal do for power?

The government of Nepal

have the problem that the country only has enough electrical power plants to

supply 40% of the country. It is in desperate need of more electrical power

plants to allow the other 60% of its population to have access to power in their

homes. You need to advise them on what options would be the best for them to

provide power for them with the future in mind.

Question 1: Describe the location and important features of Nepal.

Question 2: What would be your first choice for power generation in Nepal?

Explain why this is the best choice for Nepal.

Question 3: What would be your second choice for power generation in Nepal?

Explain why this is one of the best choices for Nepal but not as good as your

first option.

Question 4: Out of the options, which is the worst choice for Nepal’s power

needs? Explain why this is the worst options available.

Nepal Information

Population: 26,494,500

Area: 147,181 km2

Level of development: LEDC

Economy:

In Nepal 38% of people work in Agriculture (farming). A lot of this farming is on a small scale with

people growing enough food to support their families and then selling any extra they have. This

produces a lot of waste products from waste wood to animal dung that has to be disposed of.

9% of the population works in the service sector, with many of these being employed in areas based

on tourism. As tourism in the country is increasing as people come to see the fantastic scenery this

is set to rise with tourism.

A massive 46% of the population is unemployed, creating a drain on the economy that does exist.

One of the proprieties of the government is to increase employment for its population.

Natural resources:

Nepal is lacking in many of the natural resources that have allowed other countries to be successful.

It contains few natural deposits of metals and importantly for electrical generation it has no oils, gas

or coal fields. Any of these resources are normally purchased from India.

Education:

Nepal only has 22 high schools and 8,000 schools in total in the entire country. Many of these are

underfunded due the poor economy in Nepal providing very little money for the government to use

to improve them. This has resulted in a very low literacy rate of only 52%.

Environment:

Nepal has a variety of environments due to the differences in height because of the Himalayas.

However, the rainfall is high compared to the UK with an annual rainfall of 2,500mm per year with

most of this concentrated in the monsoon season between June and August.

The environment is one of the major concerns for the Nepalese government. Its growing tourism

industry is based on the beautiful scenery in the Himalayas. But already pollution has started to

create a cloud of gases in some of the valleys around the mountains. The threat of global warming

also provides a worry as it could cause the ice on the mountains to melt, causing flooding.

Nepal energy research

Requirements Tick box

Level 1-2 Can describe the basics of the location of Nepal and the important

features in the country (e.g capital city, mountains).

Can briefly explain why different power plants will work in Nepal.

You use some geographical terms.

Level 3 You describe the location of Nepal using compass directions including

the countries surrounding it and the features of the country.

You explain in more detail how different power plants positives and

negatives are suitable or not suitable for Nepal’s needs and the

physical features.

Frequently use key terms in your explanations.

Can identify how some power sources can have a negative effect on the

environment.

Level 4-5 You give a clear link to the physical or human features that have made

the different power plants suitable or not suitable for Nepal to use.

Can say if a power plant is sustainable or not and briefly explain why.

Explains key terms when they are used.

Level 6 Clearly explain how the physical and human processes link together.

You identify and explain problems with your suggestions.

You add explanations why different ways of generating energy are

sustainable or unsustainable for Nepal baring in mind its natural

features.

Identify how different groups will feel about the suggested power

plants.

Level 7-9 You show an understanding how different power plants can have an

effect on the future of Nepal and how that could improve the lives of

those living there.

You suggest how any problems with your choices could be overcome in a

sustainable manner.

Explain any bias in groups that will have an opinion on the different

power plants.

The President of the USA has realised that the country is becoming energy insecure as they are

dependent on other countries for their energy supply. The demand for non-renewable is rising

rapidly. They need to find a way to become energy secure without relying on other countries.

However, Donald Trump does not believe in Global warming, or that non-renewable energy is

destroying our planet. Do you agree with him?

Write a speech that you will be sharing in Parliament, discussing why and why not you agree.

Justify your reasons by giving examples of countries that have chosen this method.

Your options are:

- Renewable energy

- Reduce the demand

- Increase use of non-renewable energy from own supply and other countries

12 marks (SPaG 3)

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1. Below are the key terms you will need for this topic. You need to research the definitions for

these key terms to create a personal glossary for this topic.

Key term Definition

Non-renewable energy

Renewable energy

Energy

Surplus

Deficit

HIC

LIC

Supply and Demand (in relation to energy)

Trade

Import

Export

Sustainable

Energy consumption

Economic development

Population

Exploitation

Energy secure

Energy insecurity

Scarce

efficiency

NIMBYISM

Biofuel

HEP (hydro-electric power)

Solar energy