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. ART. 114 TREASON

1. That the offender owes

allegiance to the Government of the Philippines; (a Filipino citizen or Resident alien)

2. There is a war in which the Philippines is involved

3. The offender either (modes of committing): a. Levies war against the

government b. Adheres to the enemies,

giving them aid or comfort.

ART 115. CONSPIRACY & PROPOSAL TO COMMIT TREASON

1. Conspiracy to commit treason – committed when in time of war, two or more persons come to an agreement to levy war against the Government or to adhere to the enemies and to give them aid or comfort, and decide to commit it (Arts. 8 and 114)

2. Proposal to commit treason – committed when in time of war a person has decided to levy war against the Government or to adhere to the enemies and to give them aid or comfort, proposes its execution to some other person or persons (Arts. 8 and 114)

ART 116. MISPRISION OF TREASON

1. That the offender is a citizen of the Philippines;

2. That he has knowledge of

any conspiracy against the Government;

3. That the conspiracy is one to

commit treason; 4. That he conceals or does not

disclose and make known the same as soon as possible to the proper authority

ART 117. ESPIONAGE

1. By entering, without authority, a warship, fort, or military or naval establishment or reservation to obtain any information, plan or other data of confidential nature relative to the defense of the Philippines

2. By disclosing to the

representative of a foreign nation the contents of the articles, data or information referred to in the preceding paragraph, which he had in his possession by reason of the public office he holds.

SECTION ONE: CONSPIRACY AND TREASON

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CHAPTER ONE: CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY

TITLE ONE: CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS

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ART. 118 INCITING TO WAR OR GIVING MOTIVES FOR REPRISALS 1. That the offender performs unlawful or unauthorized acts; 2. That such acts provoke or give occasion for:

a. A war involving or liable to involve the Philippines; or

b. Expose Filipino citizens to reprisals on their persons and property.

ART. 119 VIOLATION OF NEUTRALITY

1. That there is a war in which the Philippines is not involved;

2. A regulation issued by a

competent authority for the purpose of enforcing neutrality;

3. That the offender violates

such regulation.

ART 120. CORRES-PONDENCE WITH HOSTILE COUNTRY 1. That it is made in time of war in which the Philippines is involved; 2. That the offender makes correspondence with the:

a. Enemy country or b. Territory occupied by the enemy troops;

3. That the correspondence is either:

a. Prohibited by the Government; or

b. Carried on in ciphers or conventional signs; or

c. If notice or information be given enemy.

The following must concur to qualify the offense: 1. That the notice or information might be useful to the enemy; 2. That the offender intended to aid the enemy.

ART 121. FLIGHT TO ENEMY’S COUNTRY

1. That there is a war in which the Philippines is involved;

2. Offender owes allegiance

to the Government; 3. Offender attempts to flee

or go to the enemy country;

4. That going to the enemy

country is prohibited by the competent authority.

SECTION TWO: PROVOKING WAR AND DISLOYALTY IN CASE OF WAR RICARDOM.RIBOJR.SECTION THREE: PIRACY AND MUTINY ON THE HIGH SEAS

ARTICLE 122. PIRACY IN GENERAL AND MUTINY ON THE HIGH SEAS Two ways or modes of committing piracy: 1. By attacking or seizing a vessel

on the high seas or in Philippine waters;

2. By seizing in the vessel while on

the high seas or in Philippine waters the whole or part of its cargo, its equipment or personal belongings of its complement or passengers.

Elements of piracy: 1. That a vessel is on the high seas

or on Philippine waters; 2. That the offenders are NOT

members of its complement or passengers of the vessel;

3. That the offenders:

a. Attack or seize the vessel; or b. Seize the whole or part of the cargo of said vessel, its equipment or personal belongings of its complement or passengers.

Piracy under PD 532: Punishes piracy committed in Philippine waters only. Offenders: any person (passenger, crew or stranger)

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ARTICLE 123 QUALIFIED PIRACY

Qualifying Circumstances: 1. Whenever the offenders

have seized the vessel by boarding or firing upon the same;

2. Whenever the pirates have

abandoned their victims without means of saving themselves;

3. Whenever the crime is

accompanied by murder, homicide, physical injuries, or rape.

. Qualified Mutiny: When the second or the third circumstance accompanies the crime of mutiny mentioned under Art. 122, mutiny is then qualified. First circumstance may not qualify the crime of mutiny.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6235 ANTI-HIJACKING LAW

“aircraft is in flight” - from the moment all exterior doors are closed following embarkation until the same doors are again opened for disembarkation. Acts Punished 1. Usurping or seizing control of an

aircraft of Philippine registry while it is in flight; or compelling the pilots thereof to change its course or destination; �Note: When the aircraft is not in flight, the usurpation or seizure of the aircraft may amount to coercion or threat. When death results, the crime is homicide or murder, as the case may be.

2. Usurping or seizing control of an aircraft of foreign registry, while within Philippine territory, or compelling the pilots thereof to land in any part of Philippine territory;

3. Carrying or loading on board an aircraft operating as a public utility passenger aircraft in the Philippines flammable, corrosive, substances, explosive or poisonous

4. Loading, shipping, or transporting on board a cargo aircraft operating as a public utility in the Philippines, flammable, corrosive, or poisonous substance if not done in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Air Transportation Office.

TITLE II: CRIMES AGAINST THE FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF THE STATE CHAPTER ONE: ARBITRARY DETENTION OR EXPULSION, VIOLATION OF DWELLING,

PROHIBITION, INTERRUPTION, AND DISSOLUTION OF PEACEFUL MEETING AND CRIMES AGAINST RELIGIOUS WORSHIP

SECTION ONE: ARBITRARY DETENTION AND EXPULSION

ARTICLE 124. ARBITRARY DETENTION

1. That the offender is a public officer or employee;

2. That he detains a person; 3. That the detention is without

legal ground. Legal grounds for the detention of persons:

1. The commission of a crime; or

2. Violent insanity or other ailment requiring �compulsory confinement of the patient in a hospital

Note on R.A. 6235: Aggravating circ. to nos. 1 and2 1. When the offender has fired

upon the pilot, member of the crew, or passenger of the aircraft;

2. When the offender has exploded or attempted to explode any bomb or explosive to destroy the aircraft;

3. Whenever the crime is accompanied by murder, homicide, serious physical injuries or rape;

ARTICLE 125. DELAY IN THE DELIVERY OF DETAINED PERSONS TO THE PROPER JUDICIAL AUTHORITIES 1. That the offender is a public

officer or employee;

2. That he has detained a person for some legal ground

3. That he fails to deliver such person to the proper judicial authorities within:

12 hrs. for light �penalties or their equivalent.

18 hrs. for correctional penalties or their �equivalent.

36 hrs. for afflictive penalties or their equivalent

ARTICLE 126. DELAYING RELEASE

Three acts punished: 1. By delaying the performance of

a judicial or executive order for the release of a prisoner;

2. By unduly delaying the service

of the notice of such order to said prisoner;

3. By unduly delaying the

proceedings upon any petition for the liberation of such person.

Elements:

1. That the offender is a public officer or employee;

2. That there is a judicial or executive order for the release of a prisoner or detention prisoner, or that there is a proceeding upon a petition for the liberation of such person;

3. That the offender without good reason delays either:

a. The service of the notice of

such order to the prisoner;

b. The performance of such judicial or executive order for the release of the prisoner; or

c. The proceedings upon a petition for the release of such person.

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SECTION THREE: PIRACY AND MUTINY ON THE HIGH SEAS

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ARTICLE 127. EXPULSION Two acts punished:

1. By expelling a person from the Philippines;

2. By compelling a person to change his residence.

Elements:

1. That the offender is a public officer or employee;

2. That he expels any person from the Philippines, or compels a person to change his residence;

3. That the offender is not authorized to do so by law.

Exception: (no expulsion) in cases of ejectment, expropriation or when the penalty of destierro is imposed.

ARTICLE 128 VIOLATION OF DOMICILE Acts Punished

1. By entering any dwelling against the will of the owner thereof;

2. By searching papers or other

effects found therein without the previous consent of such owner;

3. By refusing to leave the

premises, after having surreptitiously entered said dwelling and after having been required to leave the same.

Common elements:

1. That the offender is public officer or employee;

2. That he is not authorized by

judicial order to enter the dwelling and/ or to make a search for papers and for other effects.

Qualifying circumstances:

1. If committed at nighttime; 2. If any papers or effects, not

constituting evidence of a crime are not returned immediately after a search is made by the offender.

ARTICLE 129. SEARCH WARRANTS MALICIOUSLY OBTAINED AND ABUSE IN THE SERVICE OF THOSE LEGALLY OBTAINED Acts Punished: 1. Procuring a search warrant without just cause Elements:

a. That the offender is a public officer or employee;

b. That he procures a search warrant;

c. That there is no just

cause. 2. Exceeding his authority or by using unnecessary severity in executing a search warrant legally procured

Elements: a. That the offender is a

public officer or employee;

b. That he has legally procured a search warrant;

c. That he exceeds his

authority or uses unnecessary severity in executing the same.

ARTICLE 130 SEARCHING DOMICILE WITHOUT WITNESSES

1. That the offender is a public officer or employee;

2. That he searches the

domicile, papers or other belongings of any person;

3. That he is armed with a

warrant; 4. That the owner or any

member of his family or two witnesses residing in the same locality are not present.

ARTICLE 131 PROHIBITION, INTERRUPTION, & DISSOLUTION OF PEACEFUL MEETINGS

Acts Punished:

1. Prohibiting, interrupting or dissolving without legal ground the holding of a peaceful meeting;

2. Hindering any person from joining any lawful association or from attending any of its meetings;

3. Prohibiting or hindering any person from addressing, either alone or together with others, any petition to the authorities for the correction of abuses or redress of grievances.

Common elements:

1. That the offender is a public officer;

2. That he performs any of the acts mentioned above

ARTICLE 132. INTERRUP-TION OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP 1. That the offender is a public officer or

employee; 2. That religious ceremonies or manifestations of

any religion are about to take place or are going on;

3. That the offender prevents or disturbs the

same - Qualified by violence or threats

.

SECTION TWO: VIOLATION OF DOMICILE SECTION THREE: PROHIBITION, INTERRUPTION, AND DISSOLUTION OF

PEACEFUL MEETINGS

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ARTICLE 133. OFFENDING RELIGIOUS FEELINGS 1. That the acts complained of were performed: a. In a place devoted to

religious worship (not necessary that there is a religious worship); or

b. During the celebration of

any religious ceremony; 2. That the acts must be notoriously offensive to the feelings of the faithful.

ARTICLE 134. REBELLION/ INSURRECTION 1. That there be:

a. Public uprising; and b. Taking up of arms against the government.

2. For the purpose of: a. Removing from the

allegiance to said Government or its laws:

i. The territory of the Philippines, or any part thereof; or ii. Any body of land, naval or other armed forces; or

b. Depriving the Chief

Executive or Congress, wholly or partially, of any of their powers or prerogatives.

ARTICLE 134-A. COUP D’ETAT 1. That the offender is a

person or persons belonging to military or police or holding any public office or employment;

2. That it is committed by

means of a swift attack, accompanied by violence, intimidation, threat, strategy, or stealth;

3. That the attack is directed

against duly constituted authorities of the Republic of the Philippines or any military camp, or installation, or communication networks, public utilities or other facilities needed for the exercise and continued possession of power;

4. That the purpose of the

attack is to seize or diminish state power.

ARTICLE 135. PENALTY FOR REBELLION OR INSURRECTION OR COUP D’ETAT Persons liable for rebellion, insurrection and/or coup d’etat: The leaders – Any person who

a. Promotes; b. Maintains; or c. Heads a rebellion or insurrection; or

Any person who – a. Leads; b. Directs; or c. Commands others to undertake a coup d’etat;

The participants – Any person who

1. Participates; or 2. Executes the commands of others in rebellion, or insurrection;

Any person in the government service who

1. Participates; or 2. Executes directions or commands of others in undertaking a coup d’etat;

Any person not in the government service who

1. Participates; 2. Supports; 3. Finances; 4. Abets; or 5. Aids in undertaking a coup d’etat.

ARTICLE 136. CONSPIRACY & PROPOSAL TO COMMIT REBELLION, INSUR-RECTION OR COUP D’ ETAT

1. Conspiracy to commit rebellion – when two or more persons come to an agreement to rise publicly and take arms against the Government for any of the purposes of rebellion and decide to commit it

2. Proposal to commit

rebellion – when the person who has decided to rise publicly and take arms against the Government for any of the purposes of rebellion proposes its execution to some other person or persons

TITLE THREE:� CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC ORDER

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TITLE THREE:� CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC ORDER

ARTICLE 137 DISLOYALTY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS/ EMPLOYEES

Acts Punished

1. Failing to resist a rebellion by all means in their power;

2. Continuing to discharge the duties of their office under the control of the rebels;

3. Accepting appointment to office under the rebels.

ARTICLE 138. INCITING TO REBELLION/ INSURRECTION

1. That the offender does not take up arms or is not in open hostility against the Government;

2. That he incites others to

the execution of any of the acts of rebellion;

3. That the inciting is done by

means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, banners or other representations (SPWEBO) tending to the same end

ARTICLE 139. SEDITION 1. That the offenders rise:

a. Publicly; and b. Tumultuously;

2. That they employ force,

intimidation, or other means outside of legal methods;

3. That the offenders employ any of those means to attain any of the following objects:

a. To prevent the

promulgation or execution of any law or the holding of any popular election;

b. To prevent the

government or any public officer from freely exercising its or his functions, or prevent the execution of any Administrative Order;

c. To inflict any act of hate

or revenge upon the person or property of any public officer or employee;

d. To commit, for any

political or social end, any act of hate or revenge against private persons or any social class;

e. To despoil, for any

political or social end, any person or the government of all its property or any part thereof.

ARTICLE 140. PENALTY FOR SEDITION Persons liable:

1. The leader of the sedition;

2. Other persons participating in the sedition.

ARTICLE 141. CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT SEDITION Only Conspiracy to commit sedition is punishable and not proposal to commit sedition. There must be an agreement both to attain an object of sedition and to rise publicly and tumultuously.

ARTICLE 142. INCITING TO SEDITION Acts Punished:

1. Inciting others to commit sedition by means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems cartoons, banners, or other representations tending to the same end;

2. Uttering seditious words

or speeches which tend to disturb the public peace;

3. Writing, publishing, or

circulating scurrilous libels against the Government or any of its duly constituted authorities.

4. Knowingly concealing

such evil practices.

Elements of act no. 1:

1. That the offender does not take direct part in the crime of sedition;

2. That he incites others to the

accomplishment of any of the acts which constitute sedition;

3. That the inciting is done by

means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, cartoons, banners, or other representations tending to the same end.

Acts nos. 2 & 3 punishable when:

1. They tend to disturb or obstruct any lawful officer in executing the functions of his office;

2. They tend to instigate others

to cabal and meet together for unlawful purposes;

3. They suggest or incite

rebellious conspiracies or riots or

4. They lead or tend to stir up

the people against the lawful authorities or disturb the peace of the community, and the safety and order of the Government

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ARTICLE 143. ACTS TENDING TO PREVENT THE MEETING OF THE ASSEMBLY AND SIMILAR BODIES

1. That there be a projected or actual meeting of the National Assembly or any of its committees or subcommittees, constitutional commissions or committees or divisions thereof, or of any provincial board or city or municipal council or board;

2. That the offender, who may

be any person, prevents such meeting by force or fraud.

CHAPTER TWO: CRIMES AGAINST POPULAR REPRESENTATION

SECTION ONE: CRIMES AGAINST LEGISLATIVE BODIES

ARTICLE 144.DISTURBANCE OF PROCEEDINGS

1. That there be a meeting of Congress or any of its committees or subcommittees, constitutional commissions or committees or divisions thereof, or any provincial board or city or municipal council or board;

2. That the offender does any

of the following acts:

a. He disturbs any of such meetings;

b. He behaves while in the presence of any such bodies in such a manner as to interrupt its proceedings or to impair the respect due it.

SECTION 2: VIOLATION OF PARLIAMENTARY

IMMUNITY

ARTICLE 145 VIOLATION OF PARLIAMENTARY IMMUNITY Acts Punished 1. Using force, intimidation, threats, or frauds to prevent any member from:

a. Attending the meetings of Congress or any of its subcommittees, commissions or divisions thereof, or from committees or constitutional committees or

b. Expressing his

opinions or c. Casting his vote

2. Arresting or searching any member while Congress is in session, except in cases where such member has committed a crime punishable under the Code by a penalty higher than prision mayor.

CHAPTER 3: ILLEGAL ASSMBLIES/ASSOCIATIONS

2. Any meeting in which the audience, whether armed or not, is incited to the commission of the crime of treason, rebellion or insurrection, sedition, or assault upon a person in authority

Requisites:

a. That there is a meeting, a gathering or group of persons, whether in a fixed place or moving;

b. That the audiences,

whether armed or not, is incited to the commission of the crime of treason, rebellion or insurrection, sedition or direct assault.

Presumptions: If any person carries an unlicensed firearm, it is presumed that:

1. The purpose of the meeting insofar as he is concerned is to commit acts punishable under the RPC, and

2. He is considered a leader or organizer of the meeting

ARTICLE 147 ILLEGAL ASSOCIATIONS Prohibited associations: Association totally or partially organized for: 1. The purpose of committing any of the crimes punishable under the Code, or 2. Some purpose contrary to public morals.

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ARTICLE 146 ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES Forms of Illegal Assemblies: 1. Any meeting attended by armed persons for the purpose of committing any of the crimes punishable under the Code Requisites: a. That there is a meeting,

gathering or group of persons, whether in a fixed place or moving;

b. That the meeting is attended by armed persons;

c. That the purpose of the meeting is to commit any of the crimes punishable under the Code.

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ARTICLE 152. PERSONS IN AUTHORITY & AGENTS OF PERSONS IN AUTHORITY

Public Officer (PO)

Any person who takes part in the performance of public functions in the government.

Person in Authority (PA)

Any person directly vested with jurisdiction, whether as an individual or as a member of some court or governmental corporation, board commission.

Agent of a Person in Authority (APA)

Any person who, by direct provision of law or by election or by appointment by competent authority, is charged with the maintenance of public order and the protection and security of life and property.

CHAPTER FOUR: ASSAULT UPON, AND RESISTANCE & DISOBEDIENCE TO, PERSONS IN AUTHORITY AND THEIR AGENTS

ARTICLE 148 DIRECT ASSAULT Two ways to commit:

1. Without public uprising, by employing force or intimidation for the attainment of any of the purposes enumerated in defining the crimes of sedition & rebellion

Elements:

a. That the offender employs force or intimidation;

b. That the aim of the

offender is to attain any of the purposes of the crime of rebellion or any of the objects of the crime of sedition;

c. That there is no public

uprising.

2. Without public uprising, by attacking, by employing force or seriously intimidating or by seriously resisting any PA or APA, while engaged in the performance of official duties, or on the occasion of such performance

Elements: a. That the offender:

i. Makes an attack (equivalent to aggression),

ii. Employs force iii. Makes a serious intimidation

(unlawful coercion, duress, putting someone in fear, exertion of an influence in the mind which must be both immediate and serious), or

iv. Makes a serious resistance (if not serious, crime committed may be that under resistance and disobedience);

b. That the person assaulted is a person in authority or his agent; c. That at the time of the assault the person in authority or his agent:

i. Is engaged in the actual performance of official duties, or

ii. That he is assaulted by reason of the past performance of his official duties;

d. That the offender knows that the one he is assaulting is a person in authority or his agent in the exercise of his duties; e. That there is no public uprising

ARTICLE 149 INDIRECT ASSAULT 1. That a PA or an

APA is the victim of any of the forms of direct assault defined in Art. 148;

2. That a person

comes to the aid of the APA;

3. That the offender

makes use of force or intimidation upon such person coming to the aid of the APA.

ARTICLE 150. DISOBEDIENCE TO SUMMONS ISSUED BY THE NAT’L ASSEMBLY, ITS COMMITTEES OR SUBCOMMITTEES, BY THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION, ITS COMMITTEES, SUBCOMMITTEE OR DIVISIONS

Acts punished:

1. Refusing, without legal excuse, to obey summons of Congress, or any commission or committee chairman or member authorized to summon witnesses;

2. Refusing to be sworn or

placed under affirmation while before such legislative or constitutional body or official;

3. Refusing to answer any

legal inquiry or to produce any books, papers, documents, or records in his possession, when required by them to do so in the exercise of their functions;

4. Restraining another from

attending as a witness in such legislative or constitutional body;

5. Inducing disobedience to

summons or refusal to be sworn by any such body or official

ARTICLE 151 RESISTANCE & DISOBEDIENCE TO A PERSON IN AUTHORITY OR THE AGENTS OF SUCH PERSON Elements of resistance & serious disobedience:

1. That a PA or his APA is engaged in the performance of official duty or gives a lawful order to the offender;

2. That the offender resists or seriously disobeys such person in authority or his agent;

3. That the act of the offender

is not included in the provisions of Arts. 148-150.

Elements of simple disobedience:

1. That an APA is engaged in the performance of official duty or gives a lawful order to the offender;

2. That the offender disobeys such APA;

3. That such disobedience is

not of a serious nature.

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ARTICLE 153�TUMULTS & OTHER DISTURBANCES OF PUBLIC ORDER

Acts punished:

1. Causing any serious disturbance in a public place, office or establishment;

2. Interrupting or disturbing public performances, functions or gatherings, or peaceful meetings, if the act is not included in Arts. 131-132;

3. Making an outcry tending to incite rebellion or sedition in any meeting, association or public place;

4. Displaying placards or emblems which provoke a disturbance of public order in such place;

5. Burying with pomp the body of a person who has been legally executed.

CHAPTER FIVE: PUBLIC DISORDER

ARTICLE 154 UNLAWFUL USE OF MEANS OF PUBLICATION AND UNLAWFUL UTTERANCES Acts punished: 1. Publishing or causing to be

published as news any false news which may endanger the public order, or cause damage to the interest or credit of the State;

2. Encouraging disobedience

to the law or to the constituted authorities or by praising, justifying or extolling any act punished by law, by the same means or by words, utterances or speeches;

3. Maliciously publishing or causing to be published any official resolution or document without authority, or before they have been published officially;

4. Printing, publishing or

distributing (or causing the same) books, pamphlets, periodicals, or leaflets which do not bear the real printer’s name, or which are classified as anonymous.

ARTICLE 155 ALARMS & SCANDALS Acts punished:

1. Discharging any firearm, rocket, firecracker, or other explosive within any town or public place, which produces alarm or danger

2. Instigating or taking an

active part in any charivari or other disorderly meeting offensive to another or prejudicial to public tranquility

3. Disturbing the public peace

while wandering about at night or while engaged in any other nocturnal amusements

4. Causing any disturbance or

scandal in public places while intoxicated or otherwise, provided Art. 153 is not applicable

ARTICLE 156 DELIVERY OF PRISONERS FROM JAIL 1. That there is a person

confined in a jail or penal establishment;

2. That the offender removes such person, or helps the escape of such person.

Committed in two ways: 1. By removing a prisoner

confined in jail or penal institution – to take away a person from confinement with or without the active participation of the person released

2. By helping said person

to escape – furnish material means to facilitate escape

CHAPTER SIX: EVASION OF SERVICE OF SENTENCE

ARTICLE 157 EVASION OF SERVICE OF SENTENCE

1. That the offender is a convict by final judgment;

2. That he is serving his

sentence, which consists in deprivation of liberty;

3. That he evades the

service of his sentence by escaping during the term of his sentence.

Circumstances qualifying the offense:

1. By means of unlawful entry (“by scaling”);

2. By breaking doors,

windows, gates, walls, roofs or floors;

3. By using picklocks, false

keys, disguise, deceit, violence, or intimidation;

4. Through connivance with

other convicts or employees of the penal institution.

ARTICLE 158 EVASION OF SENTENCE ON THE OCCASION OF DISORDERS, CONFLAGRATIONS, EARTHQUAKES, OR OTHER CALAMITIES

1. That the offender is a convict by final judgment, and is confined in a penal institution;

2. That there is disorder,

resulting from:

a. Conflagration, b. Earthquake, c. Explosion, d. Similar catastrophe, e. Mutiny in which he

has not participated; 3. That the offender leaves

the penal institution where he is confined, on the occasion of such disorder or during the mutiny;

4. That the offender fails to

give himself up to the authorities within 48 hrs. following the issuance of a proclamation by the Chief Executive announcing the passing away of such calamity.

.C

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ARTICLE 159 OTHER CASES OF EVASION OF SENTENCE (CONDITIONAL PARDON)

1. That the offender was a convict;

2. That he was granted a

conditional pardon by the Chief Executive;

3. That he violated any of the

conditions of such pardon. FORMS OF EVASION OF SERVICE OF SENTENCE

1. By simply leaving or escaping from the �penal establishment under Art. 157

2. Failure to return within 48 hours after having left the penal establishment because of a calamity, conflagration or mutiny and such calamity, conflagration or mutiny has been announced as already passed under Art. 158.

3. Violating the condition of conditional pardon under Article 159.

CHAPTER SEVEN

ARTICLE 160 COMMISSION OF ANOTHER CRIME DURING THE SERVICE OF PENALTY IMPOSED FOR ANOTHER PREVIOUS OFFENSE (QUASI-RECIDIVISM) 1. That the offender was

already convicted by final judgment;

2. That he committed a new felony before beginning to serve such sentence or while serving the same.

Who can be pardoned A quasi-recidivist can be pardoned: 1. At the age of 70, if he shall

have already served out his original sentence (and not a habitual criminal); or

2. When he shall have completed it after reaching the said age, unless by reason of his conduct or other circumstances, he shall not be worthy of such clemency.

ARTICLE 161 COUNTERFEITING SEAL OF GOVERNMENT, SIGNATURE AND STAMP OF PRESIDENT Acts Punished

1. Forging the Great Seal of the Government of the Philippines;

2. Forging the signature of

the President; 3. Forging the stamp of the

President.

ARTICLE 162 USE OF FORGED SIGNATURE, COUNTERFEIT SEAL OR STAMP

1. That the seal of the Republic was counterfeited, or the signature or stamp of the Chief Executive was forged by another person;

2. That the offender knew

of the counterfeiting or forgery;

3. That he used the

counterfeit seal or forged signature or stamp.

ARTICLE 163 MAKING AND IMPORTING AND UTTERING FALSE COINS

1. That there be false or counterfeited coins;

2. That the offender either made, imported or uttered such coins;

3. That in case of uttering such false or counterfeited coins, he connived with the counterfeiters or importers.

TITLE FOUR:�CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST

CHAPTER ONE: FORGERIES

SECTION 1: FORGING THE SEAL OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, THE

SIGNATURE OR STAMP OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE.

SECTION TWO: COUNTERFEITING COINS

ARTICLE 164 MUTILATION OF COINS- IMPORTATION AND UTTERANCE OF MUTILATED COINS Acts punished

1. Mutilating coins of the legal currency, with the intent to damage or to defraud another;

2. Importing or uttering such

mutilated coins, with the further requirement that there must be connivance with the mutilator or importer in case of uttering.

ARTICLE 165. SELLING OF FALSE OR MUTILATED COIN, WITHOUT CONNIVANCE Acts Punished

1. Possession of coin, counterfeited or mutilated by another with intent to utter the same knowing that it is false or mutilated;

2. Actually uttering false or

mutilated coin, knowing it to be false or mutilated.

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ARTICLE 166 FORGING TREASURY OR BANK NOTES OR OTHER DOCUMENTS PAYABLE TO BEARER AND UTTERING THE SAME Acts penalized:

1. Forging or falsification of treasury or bank notes or other documents payable to bearer;

2. Importation of the same 3. Uttering the same in

connivance with forgers or importers;

What may be forged or falsified under Article 166:

1. Treasury or bank notes; 2. Certificates; 3. Other obligations and

securities, payable to bearer.

ARTICLE 167. COUNTERFEITING, IMPORTING AND UTTERING INSTRUMENT NOT PAYABLE TO BEARER 1. That there be an

instrument payable to order or other document of credit NOT payable to bearer;

2. That the offender

either forged, imported or uttered such instrument;

3. That in case of

uttering he connived with the importer or forger.

ARTICLE 168. ILLEGAL POSSESSION AND USE OF FALSE TREASURY OR BANK NOTES AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS OF CREDIT 1. That the treasury or bank note

or certificate or other obligation and securities payable to bearer or any instrument payable to order or other document of credit not payable to bearer is forged or falsified by another;

2. The offender knows that any

of these instruments is forged or falsified;

3. That he performs any of these

acts:

a. Using any of such forged or falsified instruments; or

b. Possession with intent to use, any of the forged or falsified documents.

ARTICLE 169. HOW FORGERY IS COMMMITTED 1. By giving to treasury or bank note or any instrument payable to bearer or to order the appearance of a true and genuine document; 2. Counterfeiting Altering Substituting Erasing any figures, letters, words or signs contained therein.

ARTICLE 170 FALSIFICATION OF LEGISLATIVE DOCUMENT

1. That there be a bill, resolution or ordinance enacted by or approved or pending approval by either House of the Legislative or any provincial board or municipal council;

2. The offender alters

the same; 3. That he has no proper

authority therefor; 4. That alteration

changed the meaning of the document.

ARTICLE 171 FALSIFICATION BY PUBLIC OFFICER, EMPLOYEE OR NOTARY OR ECCLESIASTICAL MINISTER 1. That the offender is a public

officer, employee or notary public or ecclesiastical minister;

2. That he takes advantage of

his official position when: a. He has the duty to make

or prepare or otherwise to intervene in the preparation of the document; OR

b. He has the official custody of the document which he falsifies

3. The offender falsifies a

document. Different Modes of Falsifying a Document: A. Counterfeiting or imitating any handwriting, signature or rubric. 1. That there be an intent to

imitate or an attempt to imitate;

2. The two signatures or

handwriting, the genuine and the forged bear some resemblance to each other

B. Causing it to appear that persons have participated in an act or proceeding when they did not in fact so participate. 1. That the offender

caused it to appear in a document that a person or persons participated in an act or proceeding;

2. That such persons did

not in fact so participate in the act or proceeding.

C. Attributing to persons who have participated in any act or proceeding statements other than those in fact made by them.

1. That persons participated in an act or proceeding;

2. That such person or

persons made statements in that act or proceeding;

3. That the offender in

making a document, attributed to such person, statements other than those in fact made by such person.

SECTION FOUR: FALSIFICATION OF LEGISLATIVE, PUBLIC, COMMERCIAL AND PRIVATE DOCUMENTS AND WIRELESS, TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE MESSAGES

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D. Making untruthful statements in a narration of facts. 1. That the offender makes in a

document statements in a narration of facts;

2. That he has the legal

obligation to disclose the truth of the facts narrated by him;

3. That the facts narrated by the

offender are absolutely false; 4. That the perversion of truth in

the narration of facts was made with the wrongful intent of injuring a third person.

E. Altering true dates. F. Making alteration or intercalation in a genuine document which changes its meaning. 1. That there be an alteration or

intercalation (insertion) on a document;

2. That it was made on a

genuine document; 3. That the alteration and

intercalation has changed the meaning of the document;

4. That the change made the

document speak something false

G. Issuing in an authenticated form a document purporting to be a copy of an original document when no such original exist or including in such a copy a statement contrary to or different from that of the genuine original. H. Intercalating any instrument or note relative to the issuance in a protocol, registry or official book.

ARTICLE 172. FALSIFI-CATION BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS AND USE OF FALSIFIED DOCUMENTS Acts punished: 1. Falsification of public, official or commercial document by a private individual Elements: a. The offender is a private individual or a public officer or employee who did not take advantage of his official position; b. That he committed any of the acts of falsification enumerated in Art.171 (Pars.1-6); c. That the falsification was committed in a public or official or commercial document. 2. Falsification of private document by any person; Elements: a. That the offender committed any of the acts of falsification except those in par. 7, enumerated in Art.171; b. That the falsification was committed in a private document; c. That the falsification caused damage to a third party or at least the falsification was committed with the intent to cause damage.

3. Use of falsified documents. Elements: a. Introducing in a judicial proceeding:

i. That the offender knew that the document was falsified by another person; ii. That the false document was embraced in Art. 171 or in any subdivision No.1 or 2 of Art. 172; iii. That he introduced said document in evidence in any judicial proceeding.

� No damage is required. B. Use in any other transaction

i. That the offender knew that the document was falsified by another person; ii. That the false document was embraced in Art. 171 or in any of subdivision No. 1 or 2 of Art. 172; iii. That he used such document (not in judicial proceeding); iv. That the use of the false document caused damage to another or at least it was used with intent to cause damage.

ARTICLE 173. FALSI-FICATION OF WIRELESS, CABLE, TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE MESSAGES AND USE OF SAID FALSIFIED MESSAGES Acts punished: 1. Uttering fictitious wireless, telegraph, or telephone messages; 2. Falsifying wireless, telegraph or telephone messages. Elements:

a. That the offender is an officer or employee of the government or an officer or an employee of a private corporation, engaged in the service of sending or receiving wireless, cable or telephone message; b. That he commits any of the above acts.

3. Using such falsified messages. � With respect to No. 3, the offender need not be connected to the government or to such corporation. Elements: a. That the accused knew that wireless, cable, telegraph or telephone message was falsified by any person specified in 1st paragraph of Art.173; b. That the accused used such falsified dispatch; c. That the use of the falsified dispatch resulted in the prejudice of a third party, or that the use thereof was with the intent to cause such prejudice

SECTION FOUR: FALSIFICATION OF LEGISLATIVE, PUBLIC, COMMERCIAL AND PRIVATE DOCUMENTS AND WIRELESS, TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE MESSAGES

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SECTION FIVE

ARTICLE 174. FALSE MEDICAL CERTIFICATES, FALSE CERTIFICATE OF MERIT OR SERVICE Persons liable:

1. Physician or surgeon who, in connection with the practice of profession issued a false certificate;

2. Public officer who issued a

false certificate of merit or service, good conduct or similar circumstances;

3. Private individual who

falsified a certificate falling in the classes mentioned in Nos. 1 and 2.

ARTICLE 175. USING FALSE CERTIFICATES

1. That a false certificate mentioned in the preceding article was issued;

2. That the offender knew that

the certificate was false; 3. That he used the same.

SECTION SIX

ARTICLE 176 MANUFAC-TURING AND POSSESSION OF INSTRUMENTS AND IMPLEMENTS FOR FALSIFICATION Acts punished:

1. Making or introducing into the Philippines any stamps, dies, marks, or other instruments or implements for counterfeiting;

2. Possession with intent to use

the instruments or implements for counterfeiting or falsification made in or introduced into the Philippines by another person.

CHAPTER TWO: OTHER FALSITIES

SECTION ONE: USURPATION OF AUTHORITY, RANK, TITLE AND IMPROPER USE OF NAMES, UNIFORMS AND INSIGNIA

ARTICLE 177. USURPATION OF AUTHORITY OR OFFICIAL FUNCTIONS

Two offenses contemplated in Art. 177:

1. Usurpation of authority

2. Usurpation of official functions

How committed: 1. By knowingly misrep-

resenting oneself to be an officer, agent or representative of the government, whether local, national or foreign;

2. By performing any act

pertaining to a person in authority or public officer of the government under the pretense of official position and without authority.

The acts performed must pertain to: 1. The Government 2. To any person in

authority 3. To any public officer

ARTICLE 178. USING FICTITIOUS NAME AND CONCEALING TRUE NAME Elements: (using fictitious name)

1. That the offender uses a name other than his real name;

2. That he uses that fictitious name publicly;

3. That the purpose of the

offender is— a. To conceal a crime; b. To evade the

execution of a judgment; Or

c. To cause damage to public interest.

Elements: (Concealing true name)

1. That the offender conceals: a. his true name, b. all other personal circumstances;

2. That the purpose is

only to conceal his identity.

COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 142, as amended by REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6085 An Act Regulating the Use of Aliases General rule: No person shall use any name different from the one with which he was registered at birth in the office of the local civil registry, or with which he was registered in the Bureau of Immigration upon entry, or such substitute name as may have been authorized by a competent court. Exception: As pseudonym solely for literary, cinema, television, radio or other entertainment purposes and in athletic events where the use of pseudonym is a normally accepted practice.

ARTICLE 179. ILLEGAL USE OF UNIFORM OR INSIGNIA 1. That the offender

makes use of insignia, uniform or dress;

2. That the insignia,

uniform or dress pertains to an office not held by the offender or to a class of person of which he is not a member; and

3. That said insignia,

uniform or dress is used publicly and improperly.

.

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SECTION TWO: FALSE TESTIMONY

ARTICLE 180. FALSE TESTI-MONY AGAINST A DEFENDANT

1. That there be a criminal proceeding;

2. That the offender testifies

falsely under oath against the defendant therein;

3. That the offender who gives

false testimony knows that it is false;

4. That the defendant against

whom the false testimony is given is either acquitted or convicted in a final judgment.

False testimony – is committed by any person who, being under oath, and required to testify as to the truth of a certain matter at a hearing before a competent authority, shall deny the truth or say something contrary to it. Three forms of false testimony 1. False Testimony in Criminal Cases (Art. 180-181) 2. False Testimony in Civil Cases (Art. 182) 3. False Testimony in other cases (Art. 183)

ARTICLE 181. FALSE TESTIMONY FAVORABLE TO THE DEFENDANT � The false testimony in favor of the defendant need not directly influence the decision of the acquittal and it need not benefit the defendant. � Conviction or acquittal of defendant in principal case is not necessary. A defendant who falsely testifies in his own behalf in a criminal case can only be guilty of Art. 181 when he voluntarily goes upon the witness stand and falsely imputes to some other person the commission of a grave offense. If he merely denies the commission of the crime or his participation therein, he should not be prosecuted for false testimony. � Testimony must be complete.

ARTICLE 182. FALSE TESTIMONY IN CIVIL CASES

1. That the testimony must be given in a civil case;

2. That the testimony

must relate to the issues presented in said case;

3. That the testimony

must be false; 4. That the false

testimony must be given by the defendant knowing it to be false;

5. That the testimony

must be malicious and given with an intent to affect the issues presented in said case.

ARTICLE 183 PERJURY Two ways of committing perjury: 1. By falsely testifying under oath; 2. By making a false affidavit. Elements: 1. That the accused made a

statement under oath or executed an affidavit upon a material matter;

2. That the statement or

affidavit was made before a competent officer authorized to receive and administer oath;

3. That in that statement or

affidavit, the accused made a willful and deliberate assertion of a falsehood;

4. That the sworn statement or

affidavit containing the falsity is required by law

Relevant – when it tends in any reasonable degree to establish the probability or improbability of a fact in issue. Pertinent – when it concerns collateral matters which make more or less probable the proposition at issue. Oath – any form of attestation by which a person signifies that he is bound in conscience to perform an act faithfully and truthfully. Affidavit – a sworn statement in writing; a declaration in writing, made upon oath before an authorized magistrate or officer. Competent person – a person who has a right to inquire into the questions presented to him upon matters under his jurisdiction Subornation of perjury – is committed by a person who knowingly and willfully procures another to swear falsely and he witness suborned does testify under the circumstances rendering him guilty of perjury.

ARTICLE 184. OFFERING FALSE TESTIMONY IN EVIDENCE 1. That the offender

offered in evidence a false witness or testimony;

2. That he knew the

witness or testimony was false;

3. That the offer was

made in a judicial or official proceeding. .

.

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ARTICLE 185. MACHI-NATIONS IN PUBLIC AUCTIONS Acts punishable: 1. Soliciting any gift or promise

as a consideration for refraining from taking part in the public auction; a. That there be a public

auction; b. That the accused solicited

any gift or a promise from any of the bidders;

c. That such gift or promise was the consideration for his refraining from taking part in that public auction.

d. That the accused had the intent to cause the reduction of the price of the thing auctioned.

2. Attempting to cause bidders to

stay away from an auction by threats, gifts, promises or any artifice.

a. That there be a public

auction; b. That the accused

attempted to cause the buyers to stay away from that public auction;

c. That it was done by threats, gifts, promises or any other artifice.

d. That the accused had the intent to cause the reduction of the price of the thing.

CHAPTER THREE: FRAUDS (Arts. 185-189)

ARTICLE 186. MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE Acts punishable: 1. Combination or conspiracy to

prevent free competition in market.

By entering into any contract or agreement or taking part in any conspiracy or combination in the form of a trust or otherwise, in restraint of trade or commerce or to prevent by artificial means free competition in the market.

2. Monopoly to restrain free competition in market.

By monopolizing any merchandise or object of trade or commerce, or by combining with any other person or persons to monopolize said merchandise or object in order to alter the prices thereof by spreading false rumors or making use of any other artifice to restrain free competition in the market.

3. Making transactions prejudicial to lawful commerce or to increase the market price of merchandise.

The person liable is the:

a. Manufacturer, b. Producer, c. Processor, or d. Importer of any merchandise or object of commerce.

The crime is committed by: (1) combining, (2) conspiring, or (3) agreeing with any

person. The purpose is: (1) to make

transactions prejudicial to lawful commerce, or

(2) to increase the market price of any merchandise or object of commerce manufactured, produced, processed, assembled or imported into the Philippines.

ARTICLE 187. IMPORTATION AND DISPOSITION OF FALSELY MARKED ARTICLES OR MERCHANDISE MADE OF GOLD, SILVER OR OTHER PRECIOUS METALS OR THEIR ALLOYS Articles or merchandise involved: 1. Gold, 2. Silver, 3. Other precious metals, or 4. Their alloys. Elements:

1. That the offender imports, sells or disposes any of those articles;

2. That the stamps, brands or

marks of those articles or merchandise fail to indicate the actual fineness or quality of said metal or alloy;

3. That the offender knows that

the stamps, brands, or marks fail to indicate the actual fineness or quality of said metal or alloy.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 455 Law on Smuggling Acts punishable:

1. That the merchandise must have been fraudulently or knowingly imported contrary to law;

2. That the defendant

if he is not the importer himself, must have received, concealed, bought, sold or in any manner facilitated the transportation, concealment, or sale of the merchandise and that he must be shown to have knowledge that the merchandise had been illegally imported.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165 Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 (Repealing RA No. 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972) Controlled precursors and essential chemicals (CP/EC) – include those listed in Tables I and II of the 1988 UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Dangerous Drugs (DD) – include those listed in the Schedules annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and in the Schedules annexed to the 1971 Single Convention on Psychotropic Substances Notwithstanding the provisions of the law to the contrary, a positive finding for the use of dangerous drugs shall be a QUALIFYING AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCE in the commission of a crime by an offender, and the applicable penalty provided for in the RPC shall be applicable. (Sec. 25)

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(CHAPTER ONE REPEALED) CHAPTER TWO: OFFENSES AGAINST DECENCY AND GOOD CUSTOMS

ARTICLE 200 GRAVE SCANDAL

1. That the offender performs an act or acts.

2. That such act or acts be

highly scandalous as offending against decency or good customs.

3. That the highly scandalous conduct is not expressly falling within any article of this Code.

4. That the act or acts

complained of be committed in a public place or within the public knowledge or view.

ARTICLE 201. IMMORAL DOCTRINES, OBSCENE PUBLICATIONS AND EXHIBITIONS, AND INDECENT SHOWS Persons Liable:

1. Those who shall publicly expound or proclaim doctrines openly and contrary to public morals.

2. The authors of obscene literature,

published with their knowledge in any form; the editors publishing such literature; and the owners, operating the establishment or selling the same.

3. Those who, in theaters, fairs,

cinematographs or any other place, exhibit indecent or immoral shows which are proscribed or are contrary to morals, good customs, established policies, lawful orders, decrees and edicts

4. Those who shall sell, give away or

exhibit films, prints, engravings, sculpture or literature which are offensive to morals

The Test of Obscenity The test is whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscene, is to corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences, and into whose hands such a publication may fall and also whether or not such publication or act shocks the ordinary and common sense of men as an indecency.

TITLE SIX: CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC MORALS

ARTICLE 202 VAGRANTS AND PROSTITUTES Persons Liable: 1. Any person having no apparent

means of subsistence, who has the physical ability to work and who neglects to apply himself to some lawful calling; (Mendicant)

2. Any person found loitering about

public or semipublic buildings or places or tramping or wondering about the country or the streets without visible means of support;

3. Any idle or dissolute person who

lodges in houses of ill fame; ruffians or pimps and those who habitually associate with prostitutes; (Vagrant)

4. Any person who, not being

included in the provisions of other articles of this Code, shall be found loitering in any inhabited or uninhabited place belonging to another without any lawful or justifiable purpose.

5. Prostitutes

Prostitutes – women who, for money or profit habitually indulge in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct. Dissolutes- lax, unrestrained, immoral Ruffians- violent or lawless individuals Persons Liable under PD 1563 or the Mendicancy Law:

� Mendicant himself � Any person who abets mendicancy by giving alms directly to mendicants, exploited infants, and minors on public roads, sidewalks, parks and bridges.

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TITLE SEVEN: CRIMES COMITTED BY A PUBLIC OFFICER

CHAPTER ONE: PRELIMINARY PROVISIONSARTICLE 203. WHO ARE PUBLIC OFFICERS Requisites: To be a public officer one must be – 1. Taking part in the

performance of public functions in the government, or performing in said Government or in any of its branches public duties as an employee, agent or subordinate official, of any rank or class; and

2. That his authority to take

part in the performance of public functions or to perform public duties must be –

a. By direct provision of the

law, or b. By popular election, or c. By appointment by

competent authority

C CHAPTER TWO: MALFEASANCE AND MISFEASANCE IN OFFICE

Misfeasance – improper performance of some act which might lawfully be done Malfeasance – the performance of some act which ought not to be done Nonfeasance – omission of some act which ought to be performed ARTICLE 204 KNOWINGLY RENDERING UNJUST JUDGMENT 1. That the offender is a

judge; 2. That he renders a

judgment in a case submitted to him for decision;

3. That the judgment is

unjust; 4. That the judge knows

that his judgment is unjust.

SECTION ONE: DERELICTION OF DUTY

ARTICLE 205. JUDGMENT RENDERED THROUGH NEGLIGENCE 1. That the offender is a

judge; 2. That he renders a

judgment in a case submitted to him for decision;

3. That the judgment is

manifestly unjust; 4. That it is due to his

inexcusable negligence or ignorance.

ARTICLE 206 UNJUST INTERLOCUTORY ORDER 1. That the offender is a

judge; 2. That he performs any of

the following acts: a. Knowingly renders

unjust interlocutory order or decree, or

b. Renders a manifestly unjust interlocutory order or decree through inexcusable negligence or ignorance.

ARTICLE 207 MALICIOUS DELAY IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

1. That the offender is a judge; 2. That there is a proceeding in

court. 3. That he delays the

administration of justice; 4. That the delay is malicious,

that is, the delay is caused by the judge with deliberate intent to inflict damage on either party in the case.

Who Can Be Offenders in Art. 208? 1. Public officer Officers of the prosecution department, whose duty is to institute criminal proceedings upon being informed 2. Officer of the law By reason of position held by them are duty-bound to cause prosecution and punishment of offenders.

ARTICLE 208. PROSE-CUTION OF OFFENSES; NEGLIGENCE AND TOLERANCE Acts punished:

1. By maliciously refraining from instituting prosecution against violators of the law;

2. By maliciously tolerating

the commission of a crime.

Elements:

1. That the offender is a

public officer who has a duty to cause the prosecution of, or to prosecute offenses;

2. That knowing the

commission of the crime, he does not cause the prosecution of the criminal or knowing that a crime is about to be committed he tolerates its commission; and

3. That the offender acts with

malice and deliberate intent to favor the violator of the law.

ARTICLE 209 BETRAYAL OF TRUST BY AN ATTORNEY OR SOLI-CITOR — REVELATION OF SECRETS Acts punished:

1. Causing damage to his client, either: a. By any malicious

breach of professional duty; or

b. Inexcusable negligence or ignorance

2. Revealing any of the

secrets of his client learned by him in his professional capacity

3. Undertaking the defense of the opposing party in the same case without the consent of his first client after having undertaken the defense of said first client or after having received confidential information from said client

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SECTION TWO: BRIBERY

ARTICLE 210. DIRECT BRIBERY Acts Punished

1. By agreeing to perform, or by performing in consideration of any offer, promise, gift or present, an act constituting a crime, in connection with the performance of official duties.

2. By accepting a gift in consideration

of the execution of an act which does not constitute a crime, in connection with the performance of his official duty.

3. By agreeing to refrain, or by

refraining, from doing something which it is his official duty to do, in consideration of a gift or promise.

Elements of direct bribery:

1. That the offender be a public officer;

2. That the offender accepts an offer

or a promise or receives a gift or present by himself or through another;

3. That such offer or promise be

accepted, or gift or present received by the public officer – a. With a view to committing some

crime; or b. In consideration of the execution

of an act which does not constitute a crime, but the act must be unjust; or

c. To refrain from doing something which it is his official duty to do;

4. That the act which the offender

agrees to perform or which he executes be connected with the performance of his official duties.

ARTICLE 211 INDIRECT BRIBERY

1. That the offender is a public officer;

2. That he accepts gifts; 3. That the said gifts are

offered to him by reason of his office.

ARTICLE 211-A QUALIFIED BRIBERY

1. Public officer entrusted with law enforcement

2. Offender refrains from arresting or prosecuting an offender who has committed a crime punishable by reclusion perpetua and/or death

3. Offender refrains in consideration of any promise, gift or present

ARTICLE 212 COR-RUPTION OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS 1. That the offender makes,

offers or promises or gives gifts or presents to a public officer; and

2. That the offers or

promises are made or the gifts or presents given to a public officer, under circumstances that will make the public officer liable for direct bribery or indirect bribery.

ARTICLE 213 FRAUD AGAINST THE TREASURY AND SIMILAR OF OFFENSES Acts Punished

1. By entering into an agreement with any interested party or speculator or making use of any other scheme, to defraud the Government, in dealing with any person with regard to furnishing supplies, the making of contracts, or the adjustment or settlement of accounts relating to public property or funds

2. By demanding, directly or

indirectly, the payment of sums different from or larger than those authorized by law, in the collection of taxes, licenses, fees, and other imposts

3. By failing voluntarily to

issue a receipt, as provided by law, for any sum of money collected by him officially, in the collection of taxes, licenses, fees and other imposts

4. By collecting or receiving,

directly or indirectly, by way of payment or otherwise, things or objects of a nature different from that provided by law, in the collection of taxes, licenses, fees and other imposts

CHAPTER THREE: FRAUDS AND ILLEGAL EXACTIONS AND TRANSACTIONS

Elements of frauds against public treasury (Par. 1):

1. That the offender be a public officer;

2. That he should have

taken advantage of his office, that is, he intervened in the transaction in his official capacity;

3. That he entered into an

agreement with any interested party or speculator or madeuse of any other scheme with regard to

a. Furnishing supplies b. The making of

contracts, or c. The adjustment or

settlement of accounts relating to public property or funds;

4. That the accused had

intent to defraud the Government

Elements of illegal exactions (Pars. 2-4):

1. The offender is a public officer entrusted with the collection of taxes, licenses, fees and other imposts;

2. He is guilty of any of the

following acts or omissions:

a. Demanding, directly or indirectly, the payment of sums different from or larger than those authorized by law; or

b. Failing voluntarily to issue a

receipt, as provided by law, for any sum of money collected by him officially; or

c. Collecting or receiving,

directly or indirectly, by way of payment or otherwise, things or objects of a nature different from that provided by law.

ARTICLE 214 OTHER FRAUDS

1. That the offender is a public officer;

2. That he takes advantage of

his official position; 3. That he commits any of the

frauds or deceits enumerated in Arts. 315 to 318 (estafa, other forms of swindling, swindling a minor, and other deceits).

ARTICLE 216 POSSES-SION OF PROHIBITED INTEREST BY A PUBLIC OFFICER Persons liable:

1. Public officer who, directly or indirectly, became interested in any contract or business in which it was his official duty to intervene.

2. Experts, arbitrators,

and private accountants who, in like manner, took part in any contract or transaction connected with the estate or property in the appraisal, distribution or adjudication of which they had acted.

3. Guardians and

executors with respect to the property belonging to their wards or the estate.

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ARTICLE 217. MALVER-SATION OF PUBLIC FUNDS OR PROPERTY: PRESUMP-TION OF MALVERSATION

Acts punished: 1. By appropriating public

funds or property. 2. By taking or

misappropriating the same. 3. By consenting, or through

abandonment or negligence, permitting any other person to take such public funds or property.

4. By being otherwise guilty of

the misappropriation or malversation of such funds or property.

Common elements: 1. That the offender be a public

officer. 2. That he had custody or

control of funds or property by reason of the duties of his office

3. That those funds or property

were public funds or property for which he was accountable

4. That he appropriated, took,

misappropriated or consented, or through abandonment or negligence, permitted another person to take them.

CHAPTER FOUR: MALVERSATION OF PUBLICFUNDS OR PROPERTY

ARTICLE 218 FAILURE OF ACCOUNTABLE OFFICER TO RENDER ACCOUNTS

1. That the offender is a public officer, whether in the service or separated therefrom.

2. That he must be an

accountable officer for public funds or property.

3. That he is required by law

or regulation to render accounts to the Commission on Audit, or to a provincial auditor.

4. That he fails to do so for a

period of two months after such accounts should be rendered.

Malversation of Public Funds by Private Individual: 1. When a private person

conspired with a public officer to commit malversation.

2. When he is an

accomplice or accessory. 3. Where a private person

was constituted a custodian in whatever capacity even without a public officer involved and he misappropriated the same.

ARTICLE 219. FAILURE OF RESPONSIBLE PUBLIC OFFICER TO RENDER ACCOUNTS BEFORE LEAVING THE COUNTRY

1. That the offender is a public officer;

2. That he must be an

accountable officer for public funds or property;

3. That he must have

unlawfully left (or be on the point of leaving) the Philippines without securing from the Commission on Audit a certificate showing that his accounts have been finally settled.

ARTICLE 220. ILLEGAL USE OF PUBLIC FUNDS OR PROPERTY (Technical Malversation) 1. That the offender is a

public officer; 2. That there is a public fund

or property under his administration;

3. That such public fund or

property has been appropriated by law or ordinance;

4. That he applies the same

to a public use other than that for which such funds or property has been appropriated by law or ordinance.

ARTICLE 221. FAILURE TO MAKE DELIVERY OF PUBLIC FUNDS OR PROPERTY Acts Punished

1. By failing to make payment by a public officer who is under obligation to make such payment from Government funds in his possession.

Elements:

a. Public officer has government funds in his possession.

b. He is under obligation to make payment from such funds.

c. He fails to make the

payment, maliciously. 2. By refusing to make delivery

by a public officer who has been ordered by competent authority to deliver any property in his custody or under his administration

ARTICLE 222. OFFICERS INCLUDED IN THE PRECEDING PROVISIONS Private individuals who may be liable under Art. 217-221:

1. Private individuals who, in any capacity whatsoever, have charge of any national, provincial or municipal funds, revenue or property

2. Administrator, deposi-tory of funds or property attached, seized, or deposited by public authority even if such property belongs to a private individual (example: sheriffs and receivers)

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ARTICLE 223. CONNIVING WITH OR CONSENTING TO EVASION

1. That the offender is a public officer;

2. That he had in his custody

or charge, a prisoner, either detention prisoner or prisoner by final judgment;

3. That such prisoner escaped

from his custody; 4. That he was in connivance

with the prisoner in the latter’s escape.

Classes of prisoner involved:

1. If the fugitive has been sentenced by final judgment to any penalty.

2. If the fugitive is held only as

detention prisoner for any crime or violation of law or municipal ordinance.

CHAPTER FIVE: INFIDELITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

SECTION ONE: DISOBEDIENCE, �REFUSAL OF ASSISTANCE, AND MALTREATMENT OF PRISONERS

ARTICLE 224. EVASION THROUGH NEGLIGENCE

1. That the offender is a public officer;

2. That he is charged with the

conveyance or custody of a prisoner, either detention prisoner or prisoner by final judgment;

3. That such prisoner escapes

through his negligence. ARTICLE 225. ESCAPE OF PRISONER UNDER THE CUSTODY OF A PERSON NOT A PUBLIC OFFICER 1. That the offender is a private person; 2. That the conveyance or custody of a prisoner or person under arrest is confided to him; 3. That the prisoner or person under arrest escapes; 4. That the offender consents to the escape of the prisoner or person under arrest, or that the escape takes place through his negligence.

ARTICLE 226 REMOVAL, CONCEALMENT, OR DESTRUCTION OF DOCUMENTS (Infidelity in the Custody of Documents)

1. That the offender be a public officer;

2. That he removes, conceals or destroys documents or papers;

3. That the said documents

or papers should have been entrusted to such public officer by reason of his office;

4. That damage, whether

serious or not, to a third party or to the public interest should have been caused.

ARTICLE 229 REVELATION OF SECRETS BY AN OFFICER

Acts punished: 1. By revealing any secret

known to the offending public officer by reason of his official capacity.

2. By delivering wrongfully papers or copies of papers of which he may have charge and which should not be published.

Elements of No. 1:

1. That the offender is a public officer;

2. That he knows of the secret by reason of his official capacity;

3. That he reveals such secret without authority or justifiable reasons;

4. That damage, great or small, be caused to public interest.

Elements of No. 2:

1. That the offender is a public officer;

2. That he has charge of papers;

3. That those papers should not be published;

4. That he delivers those papers or copies thereof to a third person;

5. That the delivery is wrongful; and

6. That damage be caused to public interest

ARTICLE 230. PUBLIC OFFICER REVEALING SECRETS OF PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL

1. That the offender is a public officer;

2. That he knows of

the secrets of a private individual by reason of his office;

3. That he reveals

such secrets without authority or justifiable reason.

ARTICLE 227 OFFICER BREAKING SEAL

1. That the offender is a public

officer;

2. That he is charged with the custody of papers or property;

3. That these papers or

property are sealed by proper authority;

4. That he breaks the seals or

permits them to be broken.

ARTICLE 228. OPENING OF CLOSED DOCUMENTS

1. That the offender is a public officer.

2. That any closed papers,

documents, or objects are entrusted to his custody.

3. That he opens or permits to

be opened said closed papers, documents, or objects.

4. That he does not have the

proper authority.

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ARTICLE 231 OPEN DISOBEDIENCE

1. That the offender is a judicial or executive officer;

2. That there is a

judgment, decision or order of a superior authority;

3. That such judgment,

decision or order was made within the scope of the jurisdiction of the superior authority and issued with all legal formalities;

4. That the offender

without any legal justification openly refuses to execute said judgment, decision or order, which he is duty bound to obey

CHAPTER SIX: OTHER OFFENSES OR IRREGULARITIES BY PUBLIC OFFICERS

SECTION ONE: DISOBEDIENCE, REFUSAL OF ASSISTANCE AND MALTREATMENT OF PRISONERS

ARTICLE 232. DISOBEDIENCE TO ORDER OF SUPERIOR OFFICER WHEN SAID ORDER WAS SUSPENDED BY INFERIOR OFFICER 1. That the offender is a

public officer; 2. That an order is issued

by his superior for execution;

3. That he has for any

reason suspended the execution of such order;

4. That his superior

disapproves the suspension of the execution of the order;

5. That the offender

disobeys his superior despite the disapproval of the suspension.

ARTICLE 233 REFUSAL OF ASSISTANCE

1. That the offender is a public

officer. 2. That a competent authority

demands from the offender that he lends his cooperation towards the administration of justice or other public service.

3. That the offender fails to do

so maliciously. ARTICLE 234. REFUSAL TO DISCHARGE ELECTIVE OFFICE

1. That the offender is elected by popular election to a public office;

2. That he refuses to be sworn in or to discharge the duties of said office; and

3. That there is no legal motive

for such refusal to be sworn in or to discharge the duties of said office.

ARTICLE 235. MALTREATMENT OF PRISONERS 1. That the offender is a public

officer or employee; 2. That he has under his

charge a prisoner convicted by final judgment or a detention prisoner;

3. That he maltreats such

prisoner in either of the following manners:

a. By overdoing himself in

the correction handling of a prisoner or detention prisoner under his charge either:

i. by the imposition of

punishments not authorized by the regulations, or

ii. by inflicting such punishments (those authorized) in a cruel and humiliating manner; or

b. By maltreating such prisoner to extort a confession or to obtain some information from the prisoner.

SECTION TWO: ANTICIPATION, PROLONGATION AND ABANDONMENT OF THE DUTIES AND POWERS OF

PUBLIC OFFICE

ARTICLE 236.ANTICIPATION OF DUTIES OF A PUBLIC OFFICE 1. That the offender is entitled

to hold a public office or employment, either by election or appointment;

2. That the law requires that he should first be sworn in and/or should first give a bond;

3. That he assumes the performance of the duties and powers of such office;

4. That he has not taken his oath of office and/or given the bond required by law.

ARTICLE 237. PROLONGING PERFORMANCE OF DUTIES AND POWERS 1. That the offender is holding

a public office;

2. That the period provided by law, regulations or special provisions for holding such office, has already expired;

3. That he continues to exercise the duties and powers of such office.

ARTICLE 238 ABANDONMENT OF OFFICE 1. That the offender is a

public officer; 2. That he formally

resigns from his position; � There must be written or formal resignation

3. That his resignation

has not yet been accepted;

4. That he abandons his

office to the detriment of the public service.

Qualifying circumstance – when the abandonment of the office has for its purpose to evade the discharge of the duties of preventing, prosecuting or punishing any of the crimes falling within Title 1 and Chapter 1 Title 3 of Book 2 of this Code

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ARTICLE 239. USURPATION OF LEGISLATIVE POWER 1. That the offender is an

executive or judicial officer;

2. That he:

a. Makes general rules or regulations

b. beyond the scope of his authority or b. Attempts to repeal a law or

c. Suspends the execution thereof.

ARTICLE 240. USURPATION OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS 1. That the offender is a

judge;

2. That he: a. Assumes a power

pertaining to the executive authorities; or

b. Obstructs the executive authorities in the lawful exercise of their powers

SECTION THREE: USURPATION OF POWERS AND UNLAWFUL APPOINTMENT

ARTICLE 241. USUR-PATION OF JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS

1. That the offender is an officer of the executive branch of the Government;

2. That he: a. Assumes judicial powers;

or b. Obstructs the execution

of any order or decision rendered by any judge within his jurisdiction.

ARTICLE 242. DIS-OBEYING REQUEST FOR DISQUALIFICATION

1. That the offender is a public officer;

2. That a proceeding is

pending before such public officer;

3. That there is a question brought before the proper authority regarding his jurisdiction, which is not yet decided;

4. That he has been lawfully

required to refrain from continuing the proceeding;

5. That he continues the

proceeding.

ARTICLE 243. ORDERS OR REQUESTS BY EXECUTIVE OFFICERS TO ANY JUDICIAL AUTHORITY

1. That the offender is an executive officer;

2. That he addresses any

order or suggestion to any judicial authority;

3. That the order or

suggestion relates to any case or business coming within the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of justice

ARTICLE 244 UNLAWFUL APPOINTMENTS

1. That the offender is a public officer;

2. That he nominates or

appoints a person to a public office;

3. That such person lacks

the legal qualifications therefor;

4. That the offender knows

that his nominee or appointee lacks the qualification at the time he made the nomination or appointment.

ARTICLE 245. ABUSES AGAINST CHASTITY – PENALTIES Ways of committing abuses against chastity:

1. By soliciting or making immoral or indecent advances to a woman interested in the matters pending before the offending officer for decision, or with respect to which he is required to submit a report to or consult with a superior officer.

2. By soliciting or making

immoral or indecent advances to a woman under the offender’s custody.

3. By soliciting or making

immoral or indecent advances to the wife, daughter, sister or relative within the same degree by affinity of any person in the custody of the offending warden or officer.

SECTION FOUR: ABUSES AGAINST CHASTITY

Elements:

1. That the offender is a public officer;

2. That he solicits or makes immoral or indecent advances to a woman;

3. That such woman must

be:

a. Interested in matters pending before the offender for decision, or with respect to which he is required to submit a report to or consult with a superior officer; or

b. Under the custody of the offender who is a warden or other public officer directly charged with the care and custody of prisoners or persons under arrest; or

c. The wife, daughter, sister

or relative within the same degree by affinity of the person in the custody of the offender.

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Elements:

1. That a person was killed; 2. That the accused killed him; 3. That the killing was attended

by any of the qualifying circumstances mentioned in Art. 248; and

4. That the killing is not parricide

or infanticide.

Rules for the application of the circumstances which qualify the killing to murder:

1. That murder will exist with only one of the circumstances described in Art. 248.

2. Where there are more than

one qualifying circumstance present, only one will qualify the killing, with the rest to be considered as generic aggravating circumstances.

3. That when the other

circumstances are absorbed or included in one qualifying circumstance, they cannot be considered as generic aggravating.

4. That any of the qualifying

circumstances enumerated in Art. 248 must be alleged in the information.

TITLE EIGHT: CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS

ARTICLE 248. MURDER Murder – unlawful killing of any person which is not parricide or infanticide, provided that any of the following circumstances is present: 1. With treachery, taking

advantage of superior strength, with the aid of armed men, or employs means to weaken the defense, or of means or persons to insure or afford impunity;

2. In consideration of a price, reward or promise;

3. By means of inundation, fire, poison, shipwreck, stranding of a vessel, derailment or assault upon a railroad, fall of an airship, by means of motor vehicles, or with the use of any other means involving great waste and ruin;

4. On occasion of any calamities enumerated in the preceding paragraph, or of an earthquake, eruption of a volcano, destructive cyclone, epidemic, or any other public calamity;

5. With evident premeditation; or 6. With cruelty, by deliberately

and Inhumanly augmenting the suffering of the victim, or outraging or scoffing at his person or corpse. (As amended by RA No. 7659)

ARTICLE 247. DEATH OR PHYSICAL INJURIES INFLICTED UNDER EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES

1. That a legally married person or a parent surprises his spouse or his daughter, the latter under 18 years of age and living with him, in the act of committing sexual intercourse with another person;

2. That he or she kills any or

both of them, or inflicts upon any or both of them any serious physical injury, in the act or immediately thereafter; and

3. That he has not promoted or

facilitated the prostitution of his wife or daughter, or that he or she has not consented to the infidelity of others.

ARTICLE 246. PARRICIDE 1. That a person is killed; 2. That the deceased is killed by

the accused; and 3. That the deceased is the

father, mother, or child, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or a legitimate other ascendant or other descendant, or the legitimate spouse, of the accused.

Cases of parricide when the penalty shall NOT be reclusion perpetua to death: Parricide through negligence

(Art. 365). Parricide by mistake (Art. 249). Parricide under exceptional

circumstances (Art. 247). The child should not be less

than 3 days old; otherwise the crime is infanticide (Art. 255)

SECTION ONE: PARRICIDE, MURDER, HOMICIDE

ARTICLE 249. HOMICIDE Elements:

1. That a person was killed; 2. That the accused killed him

without any justifying circumstance;

3. That the accused had the

intention to kill, which is presumed; and

4. That the killing was not

attended by any of the qualifying circumstances of murder, or by that of parricide or infanticide.

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ARTICLE 252. PHYSICAL INJURIES INFLICTED IN A TUMULTUOUS AFFRAY

1. That there is a tumultuous affray as referred to in Art. 251;

2. That a participant or some

participants thereof suffer serious physical injuries or physical injuries of a less serious nature only;

3. That the person

responsible therefor cannot be identified; and

4. That all those who appear

to have used violence upon the person of the offended party are known.

ARTICLE 253. GIVING ASSISTANCE TO SUICIDE Acts punished:

1. By assisting another to commit suicide, whether the suicide is consummated or not;

2. By lending his assistance to another to commit suicide to the extent of doing the killing himself.

ARTICLE 251. DEATH CAUSED IN A TUMULTUOUS AFFRAY

1. That there be several persons;

2. That they did not compose

groups organized for the common purpose of assaulting and attacking each other reciprocally, otherwise, they may be held liable as co-conspirators;

3. That these several persons

quarreled and assaulted one another in a confused and tumultuous manner;

4. That someone was killed in

the course of the affray; 5. That it cannot be

ascertained who actually killed the deceased; and

6. That the person or persons

who inflicted serious physical injuries or who used violence can be identified.

Persons liable: 1. The person or persons who

inflicted the serious physical injuries are liable.

2. If it is not known who inflicted the serious physical injuries on the deceased – ALL the persons who used violence upon the person of the victim are liable, but with lesser liability.

ARTICLE 250. PENALTY FOR FRUSTRATED PARRICIDE, MURDER, OR HOMICIDE Courts may impose a

penalty two degrees lower for frustrated parricide, murder or homicide.

Courts may impose a penalty three degrees lower for attempted parricide, murder or homicide.

This provision is permissive NOT MANDATORY.

SECTION ONE: PARRICIDE, MURDER, HOMICIDE

ARTICLE 254 DISCHARGE OF FIREARMS

1. That the offender discharges a firearm against or at another person; and

2. That the offender

has no intention to kill that person.

ARTICLE 255 INFANTICIDE Elements:

1. That a child was killed;

2. That the deceased child was less than three days (72 hours) of age; and

3. That the accused killed

the said child. Person liable in Intentional Abortion:

1. The person who intentionally caused the abortion under Art. 256;

2. The pregnant woman if she consented under Art. 258.

SECTION TWO: INFANTICIDE AND ABORTION

ARTICLE 256 INTENTIONAL ABORTION Ways of Committing Intentional Abortion:

1. By using any violence upon the person of the pregnant woman;

2. By acting, without using violence and without the consent of the woman (by administering drugs or beverages upon such pregnant woman without her consent; and

3. By acting, with the consent of

the pregnant woman, by administering drugs or beverages.

Elements: 1. That there is a pregnant

woman; 2. That violence is exerted, or

drugs or beverages administered, or that the accused otherwise acts upon such pregnant woman;

3. That as a result of the use of

violence or drugs or beverages upon her, or any other act of the accused, the fetus dies, either in the womb or after having been expelled therefrom; and

4. That the abortion is intended.

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ARTICLE 258. ABORTION PRACTICED BY THE WOMAN HERSELF OR HER PARENTS

1. That there is a pregnant woman who has suffered an abortion;

2. That the abortion is intended; and

3. That the abortion is caused by

– a. The pregnant woman

herself; b. Any other person, with her

consent; or c. Any of her parents, with her

consent, for the purpose of concealing her dishonor.

SECTION THREE: DUEL

ARTICLE 257. UNINTEN-TIONAL ABORTION

1. That there is a pregnant woman;

2. That violence is used upon such pregnant woman without intending an abortion;

3. That the violence is

intentionally exerted; and

4. That as a result of the violence, the fetus dies, either in the womb or after having been expelled therefrom.

ARTICLE 259. ABORTION PRACTICED BY A PHYSICIAN OR MIDWIFE IN DISPENSING OF ABORTIVES

Elements:

1. That there is a pregnant woman who has suffered an abortion;

2. That the abortion is intended;

3. That the offender, who must be a physician or midwife, causes, or assists in causing the abortion; and

4. That said physician or midwife takes advantage of his or her scientific knowledge or skill.

As to PHARMACISTS, the ELEMENTS are:

1. That the offender is a pharmacist;

2. That there is no proper

prescription from a physician; and

3. That the offender dispenses any abortive.

ARTICLE 260. RESPONSIBILITY OF PARTICIPANTS IN A DUEL

Acts punished: 1. By killing one’s adversary

in a duel; 2. By inflicting upon such

adversary physical injuries; and

3. By making a combat although no physical injuries have been inflicted.

Persons liable: 1. The person who killed or

inflicted physical injuries upon his adversary or both combatants in any other case, as principals.

2. The seconds, as

accomplices.

SECTION TWO: INFANTICIDE AND ABORTION

ARTICLE 261 CHALLENGING TO A DUEL Acts Punished

1. By challenging another to a duel;

2. By inciting another to give

or accept a challenge to a duel; and

3. By scoffing or decrying

another publicly for having refused to accept a challenge to fight a duel.

Persons liable: 1. Challenger 2. Instigators

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ARTICLE 262 MUTILATION Two kinds:

1. By intentionally mutilating another by depriving him, either totally or partially, of some essential organ for reproduction (castration).

Elements: a. That there be

castration, that is, mutilation of organs necessary for generation, such as penis or ovarium; and

b. That the mutilation is caused purposely and deliberately, that is, to deprive the offended party of some essential organ for reproduction.

2. By intentionally

making other mutilation, that is, by lopping or clipping off any part of the body of the offended party, other than the essential organ for reproduction, to deprive him of that part of the body (mayhem).

CHAPTER TWO: PHYSICAL INJURIES

ARTICLE 263. SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURIES How committed: 1. By wounding; 2. By beating; 3. By assaulting; or 4. By administering injurious substance. Serious physical injuries 1. When the injured person

becomes insane, imbecile, impotent or blind in consequence of the physical injuries inflicted;

2. When the injured person – a. Loses the use of speech

or the power b. to hear or to smell, or

loses an eye, a c. hand, a foot, an arm, or a

leg; d. Loses the use of any such

member; or e. Becomes incapacitated

for the work in which he was therefore habitually engaged, in consequence of the physical injuries inflicted.

3. When the person injured - a. Becomes deformed, or b. Loses any other member

of his body, or c. Loses the use thereof, or d. Becomes ill or

incapacitated for the performance of the work in which he was habitually engaged for more than 90 days, in consequence of the physical injuries inflicted.

4. When the injured person becomes ill or incapacitated for labor for more than 30 days (but must not be more than 90 days), as a result of the physical injuries inflicted.

Requisites of deformity: 1. Physical ugliness; 2. Permanent and definite

abnormality; and 3. Must be conspicuous and

visible.

Qualifying Circumstances: 1. Offense committed against

persons enumerated in the crime of parricide.

2. With the attendance of circumstance which qualify the crime to murder.

ARTICLE 264 ADMINISTERING INJURIOUS SUBSTANCE OR BEVERAGES

1. That the offender inflicted upon another any serious physical injury;

2. That it was done by knowingly administering to him any injurious substances or beverages or by taking advantage of his weakness of mind or credulity; and

3. That he had no intent to kill.

ARTICLE 265 LESS SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURIES

1. The offended party is incapacitated for labor for 10 days or more but not more than 30 days, or needs attendance for the same period; and

2. The physical injuries must not be those described in the preceding articles.

Qualified Less Serious Physical Injuries: 1. A fine not exceeding P500, in addition to arresto mayor, shall be imposed for less serious physical injuries when:

a. There is manifest intent to insult or offend the injured person; or

b. There are circumstances adding ignominy to the offense.

2. A higher penalty is imposed when the victim is either:

a. The offender’s parent, ascendant, guardian, curator or teacher; or

b. Persons of rank or persons in authority, provided the crime is not direct assault.

The law includes 2 subdivisions, to wit: 1. The inability for work; and 2. The necessity for medical attendance

ARTICLE 266 SLIGHT PHYSICAL INJURIES AND MALTREATMENT Kinds:

1. Physical injuries which incapacitated the offended party from one to nine days, or required medical attendance during the same period;

2. Physical injuries which did not prevent the offended party from engaging in his habitual work or which did not require medical attendance; and

3. Ill-treatment of another by

deed without causing any injury.

ANTI-HAZING LAW (R.A. No. 8049) Hazing – is an initiation rite or practice as a prerequisite for admission into membership in a fraternity, sorority or organization by placing the recruit, neophyte or applicant in some embarrassing or humiliating situations such as forcing him to do menial, silly, foolish, and similar activities or otherwise subjecting him to physical or psychological suffering or injury. acts are punishable: All acts so long as it caused physical injuries at the very least.

Persons liable: 1. Officers and members of the fraternity, sorority or organization who actually participated in the infliction of physical harm shall be liable as principals – if the person subjected to hazing suffers any physical injury or dies as a result thereof. 2. Owner of the place where the hazing is conducted shall be liable as an accomplice – when he has actual knowledge of the hazing conducted therein but failed to take any action to prevent the same from occurring. 3. Parents shall be liable as principals – when they have actual knowledge of the hazing conducted in the home of one of the officers or members of the fraternity, sorority or organization, but failed to prevent the same. 4. School authorities and faculty members shall be liable as accomplices - when they consent to the hazing or have actual knowledge thereof, but failed to take any action to prevent the same from occurring. 5. Officers, former officers or alumni of the organization, group, fraternity or sorority shall be liable as principals - if they actually planned the hazing, although not present when the acts constituting the hazing were committed. 6. Officers or members of the organization, group, fraternity or sorority shall be liable as principals - if they knowingly cooperated in carrying out the hazing by inducing the victim to be present thereat. 7. The fraternity or sorority’s adviser shall be liable as principal - if he was present when the acts constituting the hazing were committed and failed to take any action to prevent the same.

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ARTICLE 266-B QUALIFIED RAPE Rape under both acts of committing it is qualified by the following: Note: Rape is punishable by death if it falls under any of 4-14 circumstances. 1. When rape is committed with

the use of a deadly weapon or by two or more persons;

2. When by reason or occasion

of rape, the victim has become insane;

3. When the rape is attempted

and a homicide is committed by reason of or on the occasion of rape (special complex crime);

4. When by reason of or on

occasion of rape, homicide is committed (special complex crime)

5. When the victim is under 18

years of age and the offender is a parent, ascendant, step-parent, guardian, relative by consanguinity or affinity within the third civil degree, or the common law spouse of the parent of the victim;

6. When the victim is under the custody of the police or military authorities or any law enforcement or penal institution;

7. When the rape is committed in full view of the spouse, parent, or any of the children or other relatives within the third civil degree of consanguinity;

CHAPTER THREE: RAPE

2. By any person who, under any of the circumstances mentioned in paragraph 1 hereof, shall commit an act of sexual assault by inserting his penis into another person’s mouth or anal orifice of another person, or any instrument or object, into the genital or anal orifice of another person. Elements: a. That the offender commits an

act of sexual assault; b. That the act of sexual assault

is committed by any of the following means:

i. By inserting his penis into

another person’s mouth or anal orifice;

ii. By inserting any instrument

or object into the genital or anal orifice of another person

c. That the act of sexual assault

is accomplished under any of the circumstances enumerated under the first act of committing rape.

How rape is committed: 1. By a man who shall have carnal knowledge of a woman under any of the following circumstances: a. Through force, threat or

intimidation; b. When the offended party is

deprived of reason or otherwise unconscious;

c. By means of fraudulent machinations or grave abuse of authority;

d. When the offended party is under twelve (12) years of age or is demented, even though none of the circumstances mentioned above be present.

Elements:

a. That the offender is a man; b. That the offender had carnal

knowledge of a woman; c. That such act is accomplished

under any of the following circumstances:

i. By using force or

intimidation, or ii. When the woman is deprived

of reason or otherwise unconscious, or

iii. By means of fraudulent

machination or grave abuse of authority, or

iv. When the woman is under 12

years of age or demented.

ART. 266-A ANTI-RAPE LAW Classification of Rape

1. Traditional Rape under Art. 335- carnal knowledge with a woman against her will; in this case, the offender is always a man and the offended party is always a woman.

2. Sexual Assault under R.A. 8353- this is committed when the offender inserts his penis to another person’s mouth or anal orifice or by inserting an instrument or object into the genital or anal orifice of another person. The offender and theoffender can either be a man or a woman in the case of the insertion of any instrument or object.

8. When the victim is a religious engaged in legitimate religious vocation or calling and is personally known to be such by the offender before or at the time of the commission of the crime;

9. When the victim is a child

below 7 years old; 10. When the offender knows

that he is afflicted with HIV/AIDS or any other sexually transmissible disease and the virus or disease is transmitted to the victim;

11. When committed by any

member of the AFP or para-military units thereof of the PNP or any law enforcement agency or penal institution, when the offender took advantage of his position to facilitate the commission of the crime;

12. When by reason or on the occasion of the rape, the victim has suffered permanent physical mutilation or disability;

13. When the offender knew of the pregnancy of the offended party at the time of the commission of the crime;

14. When the offender knew of the mental disability, emotional disorder and/or physical disability of the offended party at the time of the commission of the crime.

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TITLE NINE: CRIMES AGAINST PERSONAL LIBERTY AND SECURITY

SECTION ONE: ILLEGAL DETENTION

Qualifying circumstances: Death Penalty is imposed (KERT)

a. If the purpose is to extort ransom

b. When the victim is killed or dies a consequence of the detention;

c. When the victim is raped; or

d. When the victim is subjected to torture or dehumanizing act.

ARTICLE 267 KIDNAPPING AND SERIOUS ILLEGAL DETENTION

Elements: (PICK) 1. That the offender is a

private individual who is not any of the parents of the victim nor a female;

2. That he kidnaps or detains another, or in any other manner deprives the latter of his liberty;

3. That the act of

detention or kidnapping must be illegal;

4. That in the commission

of the offense, any Of the following circumstances is present:

a. That the kidnapping or

detention lasts for more than 3 days; or

b. That it is by committed simulating public authority; or

c. That any serious

physical injuries are inflicted upon the person kidnapped or detained or threats to kill him are made; or

d. That the person

kidnapped or detained

ARTICLE 268 SLIGHT ILLEGAL DETENTION Elements: (PIKO) 1. That the offender is a

private individual; 2. That he kidnaps or detains

another, or in any manner deprives him of his liberty;

3. That the act of kidnapping or detention is illegal;

4. That the crime is committed without the attendance of the circumstances enumerated in Art. 267.

Liability is mitigated when the following circumstances concur: (VOB) 1. Offender voluntarily

releases the person so kidnapped or detained within three days from the commencement of the detention.

2. Without having attained the purpose intended; and

3. Before the institution of

criminal proceedings against him.

ARTICLE 269 UNLAWFUL ARREST

1. That the offender

arrests or detains another person

2. That the purpose of the offender is to deliver him to the proper authorities

3. That the arrest or

detention is unauthorized by law or there is no reasonable ground therefor.

ARTICLE 270 FAILURE TO RETURN A MINOR

1. That the offender is

entrusted with the custody of a minor person (less than 18 years old);

2. That he deliberately fails to restore the said minor to his parents or guardian

ARTICLE 271 INDUCING A MINOR TO ABANDON HIS HOME

1. That a minor (less than 18 years old) is living in the home of his parents or guardian or the person entrusted with his custody;

2. That the offender induces said minor to abandon such home

SECTION TWO: KIDNAPPING OF

MINORS

ARTICLE 266-C EFFECT OF PARDON Effects of pardon: 1. The subsequent valid

marriage between the offender and the offended party shall extinguish:

a. The criminal action or b. The penalty already imposed.

2. The subsequent

forgiveness of the wife to the legal husband shall extinguish the criminal action or the penalty, PROVIDED that the crime shall not be extinguished or the penalty shall not be abated if the marriage is void ab initio.

(This is an exception to the rule that forgiveness by the offended party shall not extinguish the penal action in crimes against person) ARTICLE 266-D PRESUMPTIONS Evidence which may be accepted in the prosecution of rape: 1. Any physical overt act

manifesting resistance against the act of rape in any degree from the offended party; or

2. Where the offended party is so situated as to render him/her incapable of giving his/her consent

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ARTICLE 272. SLAVERY (PE) 1. That the offender

purchases, sells, kidnaps or detains a human being;

2. That the purpose of the offender is to enslave such human being.

Qualifying circumstance: When the purpose of the offender is to assign the offended party to some immoral traffic. ARTICLE 273 EXPLOITATION OF CHILD LABOR (RAR-age) 1. That the offender retains a

minor in his service;

2. That it is against the will of the minor;

3. That it is under pretext of

reimbursing himself of a debt incurred by an ascendant, guardian or person entrusted with the custody of such minor.

SECTION THREE: SLAVERY AND SERVITUDE

ARTICLE 274. SERVICES RENDERED UNDER COMPULSION IN PAYMENT (CAP) 1. That the offender

compels a debtor to work for him, either as household servant or farm laborer;

2. That it is against the debtor’s will;

3. That the purpose is to

require or enforce the payment of a debt.

CHAPTER TWO: CRIMES AGAINST SECUIRTY

SECTION ONE: ABANDONMENT OF HELPLESS PERSONS AND EXPLOITATION OF MINORS

ARTICLE 275. ABANDONMENT OF PERSONS IN DANGER AND ABANDONMENT OF ONE’S OWN VICTIM Acts punished: 1. By failing to render

assistance to any person whom the offender finds in an uninhabited place wounded or in danger of dying when he can render such assistance without detriment to himself, unless such omission shall constitute a more serious offense.

Elements: (UWOF) a. The place is uninhabited; b. The accused found there

a person wounded or in danger of dying;

c. The accused can render assistance without detriment to himself;

d. The accused fails to render assistance.

2. By failing to help or render assistance to another whom the offender has accidentally wounded or injured.

3. By failing to deliver a child under seven years of age whom the offender has found abandoned, to the authorities or to his family, or by failing to take him to a safe place.

ARTICLE 276. ABANDONING A MINOR (SCAN) 1. That the offender has

the custody of a child;

2. That the child is under seven years of age.

3. That he abandons such

child; 4. That he has no intent to

kill the child when the latter is abandoned.

Circumstances Qualifying the Offense: (DD) 1. When the death of the

minor resulted from such abandonment; or

2. If the life of the minor was in danger

ARTICLE 279. ADDITIONAL PENALTIES FOR OTHER OFFENSES (Imposition of the penalties prescribed in the preceding articles (Art 275-278) shall not prevent the imposition upon the same person of the penalty provided for any other felonies defined and punished under the Code.)

ARTICLE 280. QUALIFIED TRESPASS TO DWELLING (PEA) 1. That the offender is a private person;

2. That he enters the dwelling of another; 3. That such entrance is against the latter’s will. Qualifying Circumstance: If committed by means of violence/intimidation. Rule: Whoever enters the dwelling of another at late hour of the night after the inmates have retired and closed their doors does so against their will. Prohibition in this case is presumed. Cases to which the provision of this article is NOT applicable: 1. If the entrance to another’s dwelling is made for the purpose of preventing some serious harm to himself, the occupants of the dwelling or a third person. 2. If the purpose is to render some service to humanity or justice. 3. If the place where entrance is made is a café, tavern, inn and other public house, while the same are open. ARTICLE 281 OTHER FORMS OF TRESPASS (CUMN) 1. That the offender enters the closed premises or

the fenced estate of another 2. That the entrance is made while either of them

is uninhabited; 3. That the prohibition to enter be manifest; 4. That the trespasser has not secured the

permission of the owner or the caretaker thereof.

SECTION TWO: TRESPASS TO DWELLING

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ARTICLE 282. GRAVE THREATS Acts punished:

1. By threatening another with the infliction upon his person, honor, or property or that of his family of any wrong amounting to a crime and demanding money or imposing any other condition even though not unlawful, and the offender attained his purpose. (with condition)

2. By making such threat without the offender attaining his purpose. (with condition; elements for this act are the same with the first except that the purpose is not attained.)

3. By threatening another with

the infliction upon his person, honor or property or that of his family of any wrong amounting to a crime, the threat not being subject to a condition. (without condition)

SECTION THREE: THREATS AND COERCION

Qualifying Circumstance: If threat was made in writing or through a middleman. Elements of Grave Threats where the offender attained his purpose: (TCDA)

1. That the offender threatens another person with the infliction upon the latter’s person, honor or property, or upon that of the latter’s family, of any wrong;

2. That such wrong amounts to a crime;

3. That there is a demand for

money or that any other condition is imposed, even though not unlawful;

4. That the offender attains his

purpose. Elements of Grave Threats NOT subject to a condition: (TCN)

1. That the offender threatens another person with the infliction upon the latter’s person, honor, or property, or upon that of the latter’s family, of any wrong.

2. That such wrong amounts to a crime.

3. That the threat is not subject

to a condition.

ARTICLE 283. LIGHT THREATS (TNDA/N) 1. That the offender makes a threat to

commit a wrong;

2. That the wrong does not constitute a crime;

3. That there is a demand for money or

that other condition is imposed even though not unlawful;

4. That the offender has attained his

purpose or, that he has not attained his purpose.

ARTICLE 284. BOND FOR GOOD BEHAVIOR When a person is required to give bail bond: 1. When he threatens another under the circumstances mentioned in Art. 282. 2. When he threatens another under the circumstances mentioned in Art. 283. ARTICLE 285. OTHER LIGHT THREATS Prohibited Acts: (TOO) 1. Threatening another with a weapon, or drawing such weapon in a quarrel, unless it be in lawful self-defense. 2. Orally threatening another, in the heat of anger, with some harm constituting a crime, without persisting in the idea involved in his threat. 3. Orally threatening to do another any harm not constituting a felony.

ARTICLE 286. GRAVE COERCION Two Ways of Committing Grave Coercion: (PC) 1. By preventing another by means of violence, threats or intimidation, from doing something not prohibited by law. (Preventive) 2. By compelling another, by means of violence, threats or intimidation, to do something against his will, whether it be right or wrong. (Compulsive)

When PREVENTING is not considered Coercion: Under Art. 132: When a

public officer prevents the ceremonies of a religious group.

Under Art. 143: When a person prevents the meeting of a legislative assembly.

Under Art. 145: When a

person prevents a member of Congress from attending meetings, expressing his opinions or casting his vote through the use of force or intimidation.

When PRISION MAYOR shall be imposed: (VCP) 1. If the coercion is committed

in violation of the exercise of the right of suffrage.

2. If the coercion is committed to compel another to perform any religious act.

3. If the coercion is committed to prevent another from performing any religious act.

When COMPELLING is not considered Coercion: Under Art. 127: When a

public officer compels a person to change his residence.

Under Art. 267: When a person kidnaps his debtor to compel him to pay.

Elements: (PCVN) 1. That a person prevented

another from doing something not prohibited by law, or by compelling him to do something against his will, be it right or wrong;

2. That the prevention or

compulsion be effected by violence, threats or intimidation.

3. That the person that

restrained the will and liberty of another has no right to do so, or in other words, that the restraint is not made under authority of law or in the exercise of any lawful right.

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ARTICLE 287 LIGHT COERCION (CSVP)

1. That the offender must be a creditor;

2. That he seizes anything belonging to his debtor;

3. That the seizure of the

thing be accomplished by means of violence or a display of material force producing intimidation;

4. That the purpose of the

offender is to apply the same to the payment of the debt.

Unjust Vexation (2nd par.) Includes any human conduct that, although not productive of some physical or material harm, could unjustifiably annoy or vex an innocent person. The paramount question to be considered is whether the offender’s act caused annoyance, irritation, torment, distress, or disturbance to the mind of the person to whom it was directed.

SECTION THREE: THREATS AND COERCION

ARTICLE 288. OTHER SIMILAR COERCIONS (COMPULSORY PURCHASE OF MERCHANDISE & PAYMENT OF WAGES BY MEANS OF TOKENS) Prohibited acts:

1. Forcing or compelling, directly or indirectly, or knowingly permitting the forcing or compelling of the laborer or employee of the offender to purchase merchandise or commodities of any kind from him

Elements: a. That the offender is any

person, agent or officer of any association or corporation.

b. That he or such firm or corporation has employed laborers or employees

c. That he forces or

compels, directly or indirectly, or knowingly permits to be forced or compelled, any of his or its laborers or employees to purchase merchandise or commodities of any kind from him or from said firm or corporation.

2. Paying the wages due

his laborer or employee by means of tokens or objects other than the legal tender currency of the Philippines, unless expressly requested by such laborer or employee

Elements: a. That the offender pays

the wages due a laborer or employee employed by him by means of tokens or objects

b. That those tokens or objects are other than the legal tender currency of the Philippines.

c. That such employee or laborer does not expressly request that he be paid by means of tokens or objects.

ARTICLE 289 FORMATION, MAINTENANCE, & PROHIBITION OF COMBINATION OF CAPITAL OR LABOR THROUGH VIOLENCE OR THREATS

3. That the offender employs violence or threats, in such a degree as to compel or force the laborers or employers in the free and legal exercise of their industry or work;

4. That the purpose is to organize, maintain or prevent coalitions of capital or laborers or lockout of employers.

ARTICLE 290 DISCOVERING SECRETS THROUGH SEIZURE OF CORRESPONDENCE (PSID)

1. That the offender is a private individual or even a public officer not in the exercise of his official function;

2. That he seizes the papers or letters of another;

3. That the purpose is to

discover the secrets of such other person;

4. That the offender is

informed of the contents of the papers or letters seized.

Qualifying Circumstance: Offender reveals the contents of such paper or letter of another to a third person. ARTICLE 291 REVEALING SECRETS WITH ABUSE OF OFFICE (MLR) 1. That the offender is a

manager, employee or servant;

2. That he learns the secrets of his principal or master in such capacity;

3. That he reveals such

secrets.

ARTICLE 292 REVELATION OF INDUSTRIAL SECRETS (MSRP) 1. That the offender is a

person in charge, employee or workman of a manufacturing or industrial establishment;

2. That the manufacturing/industrial establishment has a secret of the industry which the offender has learned;

1. That the offender

reveals such secrets;

2. That prejudice is caused to the owner.

CHAPTER THREE: DISCOVERY AND REVELATION OF SECRETS

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ARTICLE 293 WHO ARE GUILTY OF ROBBERY Robbery – is the taking of personal property belonging to another, with intent to gain, by means of violence against, or intimidation of any person, or using force upon anything. Classification of Robbery: 1. Robbery with violence

against, or intimidation of persons (Arts. 294, 297 and 298).

2. Robbery by use of force upon things (Arts. 299 and 302).

Elements of Robbery in general: 1. That there be personal

property (bienes muebles) belonging to another;

2. That there is unlawful taking (apoderamiento or asportacion) of that property;

3. That the taking must be

with intent to gain (animus lucrandi);

4. That there is violence

against or intimidation of any person or force used upon things.

TITLE TEN: CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY

ARTICLE 294 ROBBERY WITH VIOLENCE AGAINST OR INTIMIDATION OF PERSONS Acts Punished under this Article: 1. (a) When by reason or on

occasion of the robbery, the crime of homicide is committed; (b) or when the robbery is accompanied by rape or intentional

2. When by reason or on

occasion of such robbery any of the physical injuries resulting in insanity, imbecility, impotency or blindness is inflicted. (subdivision 1 of Art. 263)

3. When by reason or on occasion of robbery, any of the physical injuries penalized in subdivision 2 of Art. 263 is inflicted.

When the person injured a. Loses the use of speech

or the power to hear or to smell, or loses an eye, a hand, a foot, an arm, or a leg;

b. Loses the use of any such member; or

c. Becomes incapacitated for the work in which he was therefore habitually engaged, in consequence of the physical injuries inflicted;

SECTION ONE: ROBBERY WITH VIOLENCE AGAINST OR INTIMIDATION OF PERSONS

4. (a) If the violence or intimidation employed in the commission of the robbery is carried to a degree clearly unnecessary for the commission of the crime; or (b) When in the course of its execution, the offender shall have inflicted upon ANY PERSON NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS COMMISSION physical injuries covered by subdivisions 3 and 4 of Art. 263.

When the person injured – a. Becomes deformed, or b. Loses any other

member of his body, or c. Loses the use thereof,

or d. Becomes ill or

incapacitated for the performance of the work in which he was habitually engaged for more than 90 days, in consequence of the physical injuries inflicted.

5. If the violence employed

by the offender does not cause any of the serious physical injuries defined in Art. 263, or if the offender employs intimidation only. (simple robbery)

ARTICLE 295 ROBBERY WITH PHYSICAL INJURIES, COMMITTED IN AN UNINHABITED PLACE BY A BAND OR WITH THE USE OF FIREARM ON A STREET, ROAD OR ALLEY Qualified Robbery with Violence Against or Intimidation of Persons: Nos. 3, 4, and 5 of Article 294 if committed:

1. In an uninhabited place (despoblado); or

2. By a band (en cuadrilla); or

3. By attacking a moving train, street car, motor vehicle, or airship; or

4. By entering the passengers’ compartments in a train, or in any manner taking the passengers by surprise in their respective conveyances or

5. On a street, road, highway, or alley, and the intimidation is made with use of firearms, the offender shall be punished by the maximum period or the proper penalties prescribed in Art. 294.

ARTICLE 296. DEFINITION OF A BAND AND PENALTY INCURRED BY THE MEMBERS THEREOF Outline: 1. When at least four armed

malefactors take part in the commission of a robbery, it is deemed committed by a band.

2. When any of the arms used in the commission of robbery is not licensed, the penalty upon all malefactors shall be the maximum of the corresponding penalty provided by law without prejudice to the criminal liability for illegal possession of firearms.

3. Any member by a band

who was present at the commission of a robbery by the band, shall be punished as principal of any assaults committed by the band, unless it be shown that he attempted to prevent the same.

Requisites for liability for the acts of other members of the band: 1. He was a member of the band; 2. He was present at the commission of a robbery by that band; 3. The other members of that bandcommitted an assault; 4. He did not attempt to prevent the assault.

ARTICLE 297. ATTEMPTED AND FRUSTRATED ROBBERY COMMITTED UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES Special Complex Crime: When by reason or on occasion of an attempted or frustrated robbery, a homicide is committed. The penalty is the same whether the robbery is attempted or frustrated. ARTICLE 298 EXECUTION OF DEEDS BY MEANS OF VIOLENCE OR INTIMIDATION Elements: 1. That the offender

has intent to defraud another;

2. That the offender compels him to sign, execute, or deliver any public instrument or document;

3. That the compulsion is by means of violence or intimidation.

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ARTICLE 299. ROBBERY IN AN INHABITED HOUSE/PUBLIC BUILDING OR EDIFICE DEVOTED TO WORSHIP (Subdivision A) 1. The offender entered:

a. an inhabited house, b. a public building or c. an edifice devoted to

religious worship 2. The entrance was

effected by any of the following means:

a. Through an opening not intended for entrance or egress;

b. By breaking any wall, roof, floor, door, or window;

c. By using false keys, picklocks or similar tools; or

d. By using any fictitious name or pretending the exercise of public authority.

3. That once inside the building, the offender took personal property belonging to another with intent to gain

SECTION TWO: ROBBERY WITH THE USE OF FORCE UPON THINGS

(Subdivision B) 1. Offender is inside a

dwelling house, public building or edifice devoted to religious worship, regardless of the circumstances under which he entered it.

2. The offender takes personal property belonging to another with intent to gain under any of the following circumstances:

a. by the breaking of

internal doors, wardrobes, chests, or any other kind of sealed furniture or receptacle

b. by taking such furniture or objects away to be broken open outside the place of the robbery

ARTICLE 300. ROBBERY IN AN UNINHABITED PLACE AND BY A BAND Under this Article, Robbery with Force Upon Things is qualified when committed in an uninhabited place AND by a band, as distinguished from Qualified Robbery with Violence or Intimidation of Persons (Art. 295) which is committed in an uninhabited place OR by a band.

ARTICLE 301 WHAT IS AN INHABITED HOUSE, PUBLIC BUILDING OR BUILDING DEDICATED TO RELIGIOUS WORSHIP AND THEIR DEPENDENCIES Dependencies of an inhabited house, public building or building dedicated to religious worship – all interior courts, corrals, warehouses, granaries or enclosed places 1. Contiguous to the

building or edifice, 2. Having an interior

entrance connected therewith, and

3. Which form part of the whole.

ARTICLE 302 ROBBERY IN AN UNINHABITED PLACE OR IN A PRIVATE BUILDING

1. That the offender entered an uninhabited place or a building which was not a dwelling house, not a public building, or not an edifice devoted to religious worship;

2. That any of the following circumstances was present:

a. The entrance was

effected through an opening not intended for entrance or egress;

b. A wall, roof, floor, or outside door or window was broken;

c. The entrance was effected through the use of false keys, picklocks or other similar tools;

d. A door, wardrobe, chest, or any sealed or closed furniture or receptacle was broken; or

e. A closed or sealed receptacle wa removed, even if the same be broken open elsewhere;

3. That with intent to gain, the offender took therefrom personal property belonging to another.

ARTICLE 303 ROBBERY OF CEREALS, FRUITS, OR FIREWOOD IN AN UNINHABITED PLACE OR PRIVATE BUILDING Penalty is 1 degree lower when cereals, fruits, or firewood are taken in robbery with force upon things. ARTICLE 304. POSSESSION OF PICKLOCKS OR SIMILAR TOOLS

1. That the offender has in his possession picklocks or similar tools;

2. That such picklocks or similar tools are specially adopted to the commission of robbery;

3. That the offender does

not have lawful cause for such possession.

ARTICLE 305 FALSE KEYS

Inclusions:

1. Tools not mentioned in the next preceding article

2. Genuine keys stolen from the owner

3. Any keys other than

those intended by the owner for use in the lock forcibly opened by the offender.

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ARTICLE 306. BRIGANDAGE

1. There be at least four armed persons

2. They formed a band of robbers

3. The purpose is any of the following:

a. To commit robbery in a highway; or

b. To kidnap persons for the purpose of extortion or to obtain ransom; or

c. To attain by means of force or violence any other purpose

Presumption of law as to brigandage: All are presumed to be highway robbers or brigands, if any of them carry unlicensed firearm. The only things to prove are: 1. That there is an

organization of more than three armed persons forming a band of robbers;

2. That the purpose of the band is any of those enumerated in Art. 306;

3. That they went upon the highway or roamed upon the country for that purpose;

4. That the accused is a member of such band.

CHAPTER TWO: BRIGANDAGE

ARTICLE 307 AIDING OR ABETTING A BAND OF BRIGANDS 1. That there is a

band of brigands;

2. That the offender knows the band to be of brigands;

3. That the offender

does any of the following acts:

a. That he aids,

abets, or protects such band of brigands;

b. That he gives them information on the movements of the police or other peace officers of the government; or

c. That he acquires

or receives property taken by such brigands.

ARTICLE 308 WHO ARE LIABLE FOR THEFT

1. That there be taking of personal property;

2. That said property belongs to another;

3. That the taking be done with intent to gain;

4. That the taking be done without the

consent of the owner;

5. That the taking be accomplished without the use of violence against or intimidation of persons or force upon things.

Theft is likewise committed by: 1. Any person who, having found lost

property, shall fail to deliver the same to the local authorities or to its owner

2. Any person who, after having maliciously damaged the property of another, shall remove or make use of the fruits or object of the damage caused by him;

3. Any person who shall enter an

enclosed estate or a field where trespass is forbidden or which belongs to another and without the consent of its owner; shall hunt or fish upon the same or shall gather fruits, cereals, or other forest or farm products.

ARTICLE 309. PENALTIES The basis of penalty in Theft is: 1. The value of the

thing stolen, and in some cases,

2. The value and the nature of the property taken, or

3. The

circumstances or causes that impelled the culprit to commit the crime

ARTICLE 310 QUALIFIED THEFT There is qualified theft in the following instances: 1. If theft is committed by a

domestic servant

2. If committed with grave abuse of confidence

3. If the property stolen is (a) motor vehicle, (b) mail matter or (c) large cattle

4. If the property stolen consists

of coconuts taken from the premises of plantation.

5. If the property stolen is taken

from a fishpond or fishery 6. If property is taken on the

occasion of fire, earthquake, typhoon, volcanic eruption, or any other calamity, vehicular accident or civil disturbance

Elements: 1. Taking of personal property; 2. That the said property

belongs to another; 3. That the said taking be done

with intent to gain; 4. That it be done without the

owner’s consent; 5. That it be accomplished

without the use of violence or intimidation against persons, nor of force upon things;

6. That it be done with grave abuse of confidence.

ANTI CARNAPPING ACT of 1972 (R.A. 6539) Carnapping - taking, with intent to gain, of motor vehicle belonging to another without the latter’s consent, or by means of violence against or intimidation of persons, or by using force upon things. If the OWNER, DRIVER OR OCCUPANT of a carnapped vehicle is killed or raped in the course of the commission of the carnapping or on the occasion thereof, the penalty of reclusion perpetua to death shall be imposed. Qualified Theft only: If material or physical possession was given to the offender Estafa only: If material plus juridical possession were given to the offender

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CHAPTER THREE: THEFT CATTLE RUSTLING LAW of 1974 (P.D. 533) Cattle Rustling – is defined as the taking away by means, method or scheme, without the consent of the owner/raiser, of any large cattle whether or not for profit or gain, or whether committed with or without violence against or intimidation of persons or force upon things. It includes the killing of large cattle or taking it as meat or hide without the consent of the owner/raiser. Presumption of Cattle Rustling: Failure to exhibit the required documents by any person having in his possession, control, or custody of large cattle, upon demand by competent authorities shall be prima facie evidence that the large cattle in his possession, control and custody are the fruits of the crime of cattle rustling.

LAW ON ILLEGAL FISHING (P.D. 534) Illegal Fishing – the act of any person to catch, take or gather or cause to be caught, taken or gathered fish or fishery/aquatic products in Philippine waters with the use of explosives, obnoxious or poisonous substances or by the use of electricity. Dealing in illegally caught fish or fishery/aquatic products – any person who possesses or deals in, sells or in any manner disposes of, for profit , any fish, fishery/aquatic products which have been illegally caught, taken or gathered.

“HIGHGRADING” OR THEFT OF GOLD (P.D. 581) “Highgrading” or Theft of Gold – the act of any person who shall take gold-bearing ores or rocks from a mining claim or mining camp or shall remove, collect or gather gold-bearing ores or rocks in place or shall extract or remove the gold; from such ores or rocks, or shall prepare and treat such ores or rocks to recover or extract the gold content thereof, without the consent of the operator of the mining claim. Presumption: Unauthorized possession by any person within a mining claim or mining camp of gold-bearing ores or rocks or of gold extracted or removed from such ores or rocks shall be prima facie evidence that they have been stolen from the operator of a mining claim (Sec. 2).

ANTI – FENCING LAW (P.D. 1612) Elements: 1. Crime of robbery or

theft has been committed;

2. Accused, who is not a principal or accomplice in the commission of the crime of robbery or theft, buys, receives, possesses, keeps, acquires, conceals, sells, or disposes of, or shall buy and sell, or in any other manner deal any article, item, object or anything of value which he knows, or should be known to him, to have been derived from the proceeds of said crime;

3. Accused knows or

should have known that said article, item, object or anything of value has been derived from the proceeds of theft or robbery;

4. Accused has intent to

gain for himself or another

Presumption of Fencing. � Mere possession of any good, article, item, object, or anything of value which has been the subject of robbery or thievery shall be prima facie evidence of fencing.

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 401 Penalizing the Unauthorized Installation of Water, Electrical or Telephone Connections, the Use of Tampered Water or Electrical Meters, and other Acts Acts punished: 1. The use of tampered

water or electrical meters to steal water or electricity;

2. The stealing or pilfering of water and/or electrical meters, electric and/or telephone wires;

3. Knowingly possessing

stolen or pilfered water and/or electrical meters and stolen or pilfered electric and/ or telephone wires.

Theft of electricity can also be committed by any of the following means: 1. Turning back the dials of

the electric meter; 2. Fixing the electric meter

in such a manner that it will not register the actual electric consumption;

3. Under-reading of electric consumption; and

4. Tightening screw or rotary blades to slow down the rotation of the same

PENALIZING TIMBER SMUGGLING OR ILLEGAL CUTTING OF LOGS FROM PUBLIC FORESTS AND FOREST RESERVES AS QUALIFIED THEFT (P.D. NO. 330) Any person, whether natural or juridical who directly or indirectly cuts, gathers, removes, or smuggles timber, or other forest products, either from any of the public forest, forest reserves and other kinds of public forest, whether under license or lease, or from any privately owned forest land in violation of existing laws, rules and regulations shall be guilty of the crime of qualified theft. ARTICLE 311. THEFT OF THE PROPERTY OF THE NATIONAL LIBRARY AND NATIONAL MUSEUM Theft of property on National Library and Museum has a fixed penalty regardless of its value. But if the crime is committed with grave abuse of confidence, the penalty for qualified theft shall be imposed, because Art 311 says “unless a higher penalty should be provided under the provisions of this Code.”

CHAPTER THREE: THEFT

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ARTICLE 312 OCCUPATION OF REAL PROPERTY OR USURPATION OF REAL RIGHTS IN PROPERTY 1. That the offender takes

possession of any real property or usurps any real rights in property;

2. That the real property or real rights belong to another;

3. That violence against or

intimidation of persons is used by the offender in occupying real property or usurping real property or usurping real right in property;

4. That there is intent to

gain. Acts punishable under Article 312: 1. By taking possession of

any real property belonging to another by means of violence against or intimidation of persons.

2. By usurping any real rights in property belonging to another by means of violence against or intimidation of persons.

CHAPTER FOUR: USURPATION

ARTICLE 313. ALTERING BOUNDARIES OR LANDMARK

1. That there be boundary marks or monuments of towns, provinces, or estates, or any other marks intended to designate the boundaries of the same;

2. That the offender alters said boundary marks.

CHAPTER FIVE: CULPABLE

INSOLVENCY CHAPTER SIX: SWINDLING AND OTHER DECEITS

I. Estafa with

Unfaithfulness or Abuse of Confidence

A. Estafa with unfaithfulness (Article 315, No. 1-A) 1. That the offender

has an onerous obligation to deliver something of value;

2. That he alters its substance, quantity or quality;

3. That damage or prejudice capable of pecuniary estimation is caused to the offended party or third persons.

B. Estafa with abuse of confidence. Article 315 No.1-B) 1. That money, goods,

or other personal property be received by the offender in trust, or on commission, or for administration, or under any other obligation involving the duty to make delivery of, or to return, the same;

2. That there be misappropriation or conversion of such money or property by the offender, or denial on his part of such receipt;

3. That such misappropriation or conversion or denial is to the prejudice of another;

4. That there is demand made by the offender party to the offender.

C. Estafa by taking undue advantage of the signature in blank (Article 315, No. 1-C) 1. That the paper with

the signature of the offended party be in blank;

2. That the offended party should have delivered it to the offender;

3. That above the signature of the offended party a document is written by the offender without authority to do so;

4. That the document so written creates a liability of, or causes damage to the offended party or any third person.

ARTICLE 315 SWINDLING/ ESTAFA Elements in general: 1. That the accused

defrauded another by abuse of confidence, or by means of deceit;

2. That the damage or

prejudice capable of pecuniary estimation is caused to the offended party or third persons.

Damage or prejudice may consist of: 1. Offended party

being deprived of his money or property as a result of the defraudation;

2. Disturbance in

property rights; 3. Temporary

prejudice.

ARTICLE 314. FRAUDULENT INSOLVENCY

1. That the offender is a debtor, that is, he has obligations due and demandable;

2. That he absconds with his property;

3. That there be

prejudice to his creditors.

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Definition of Terms 1. Misappropriation (M)

- the act of taking something for one’s own benefit

2. Conversion - the act of using or disposing of another’s property as it was one’s own; thing has been devoted to a purpose or use other than that agreed upon.

3. Material Possession

(MP) – The actual physical possession of personal property, where the possessor cannot claim a better right to such property than that of its owner.

4. Juridical Possession

(JP) – Is present when the possession of the personal property arises from a lawful causation, contract or agreement, express or implied, written or unwritten or by virtue of a provision of law.

5. Ownership (O) –

There is ownership of the personal property when there is no obligation to return exactly the same property given or lent to the possessor.

CHAPTER SIX: SWINDLING AND OTHER DECEITS

1. If the offender has been given Material Possession of the personal property and he Misappropriates the same, he is liable for the crime of THEFT.

MP + M = Theft

2. If the offender has been given Juridical Possession and Material Possession of the personal property and he Misappropriates the same, he is liable for the crime of ESTAFA.

JP + MP + M = Estafa

3. If the person has been given the Ownership, Juridical Possession, and Material Possession of the personal property and he Misappropriates the same, he is NOT criminally liable and incurs only a CIVIL LIABILITY.

O + JP + MP + M = NO CRIME

II. Estafa by Means of Deceit (Article 315, No. 2) 1. That there must be

false pretense, fraudulent act or fraudulent means;

2. That such false pretense, act or fraudulent means must be made or executed prior to or simultaneously with the commission of fraud.

3. That the offended

party must have relied on the false pretense, fraudulent act, or fraudulent means, that is, he was induced to part with his money or property because of fraudulent means;

4. That as a result

thereof, the offended party suffered damage.

Ways of commission: A. Art. 315 No. 2 (A): 1. By using a fictitious name.

2. By falsely pretending to

possess (a) power, (b) influence, (c) qualifications, (d) property, (e) credit, (f) agency, (g) business or imaginary transactions.

3. By means of other similar

deceits. ILLEGAL RECRUITMENT Under the Migrant Workers Act (R.A. No. 8042) Illegal Recruitment – Any act of canvassing, enlisting, hiring, or procuring workers, including referring contract services, promising or advertising for employment abroad, whether for profit or not, when undertaken by a non-licensee or non-holder of authority. Any such non-licensee or non-holder of authority who, for a fee, offers and promises employment abroad to two or more persons shall be deemed so engaged in illegal recruitment. Economic Sabotage: 1. Illegal recruitment by syndicate – committed by a group of three (3) or more persons conspiring or confederating with one another. 2. Large Scale Illegal Recruitment – committed against three (3) or more persons.

B. Art. 315 No. 2 (B) By altering, the quality, fineness or weight of anything pertaining to his business C. Art. 315 No. 2 (C) By pretending to have bribed any Government employee D. Art. 315 No. 2 (D) 1. That the offender

postdated a check, OR issued a check in payment of an obligation

2. That such postdating or issuing a check was done when the offender had no funds in the bank, or his funds deposited therein were not sufficient to cover the amount of the check

BOUNCING CHECKS LAW (B.P. Blg. 22) Offenses Punished under BP 22: A. Making or Drawing and issuing a check knowing at the time of issue that he does not have sufficient funds. Elements: 1. That a person makes

or draws and issues any check to apply on account or for value.

2. That the person knows that at the time of issue he does not have sufficient funds or credit with the drawee bank for the payment of such check upon its presentment

3. That the check is

subsequently dishonored by the drawee bank for insufficiency of funds or credit, or would have been dishonored for the same reason had not the drawer, without any valid reason, ordered the bank to stop payment.

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Failing to keep sufficient funds to cover the full amount of the check. 1. That a person has

sufficient funds with the drawee bank when he makes or draws and issues a check

2. That he fails to keep sufficient funds or to maintain a credit to cover the full amount if presented within a period of 90 days from the date of appearing thereon.

3. That the check is

dishonored by the drawee bank

CHAPTER SIX: SWINDLING AND OTHER DECEITS

Requisites for Criminal Liability under BP 22: 1. A person makes,

draws or issues a check as payment for account or for value.

2. That the check was dishonored by the bank due to a lack of funds, insufficiency of funds or account already closed.

3. The payee or holder of such check gives a written notice of dishonor and demand for payment.

4. That the maker, drawer or issuer, after receiving such notice and demand, refuses or fails to pay the value of the check within FIVE BANKING DAYS.

E. Art. 315, No. 2(E) 1. By obtaining food,

refreshment or accommodation at hotel, inn, restaurant, boarding house, lodging house or apartment house without paying thereof, with intent to defraud the proprietor or manager thereof

2. By obtaining credit at any of the said establishments by the use of any false pretense

3. By abandoning or surreptitiously removing any part of his baggage from any of the said establishment after obtaining credit, food, refreshment or accommodation therein, without paying therefor.

III. Estafa Through the Following Means A. Estafa by inducing another to sign any document (Article 315 No. 3A) 1. That the offender

induced the offended party to sign a document;

2. That deceit be employed to make him sign the document;

2. That the offended party personally signed the document;

3. That prejudice be caused.

B. Estafa by resorting to some fraudulent practice to insure success in gambling (Article 315 No. 3B) C. Estafa by removing, concealing or destroying documents (Article 315 No. 3C) 1. That there be court

record, office files, documents or any other papers;

2. That the offender removed, concealed or destroyed any of them;

3. That the offender had intent to defraud another.

ARTICLE 316 OTHER FORMS OF SWINDLING Persons liable: 1. Any person who, pretending to be the owner of any real property, shall convey, sell, encumber or mortgage the same.

a. That the thing be immovable, such as a parcel of land or a building; (property must actually exist)

b. That the offender who is not the owner of said property should represent that he is the owner thereof

c. That the offender

should have executed an act of ownership (selling, leasing, encumbering or mortgaging the real property);

d. That the act be made to the prejudice of the owner or a third person

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2. Any person who, knowing that real property is encumbered, shall dispose of the same, although such encumbrance be not recorded. a. That the thing

disposed of be real property.

b. That the offender knew that the real property was encumbered, whether the encumbrance is recorded or not. (principle of constructive notice does not apply)

c. That there must be

express representation by the offender that the real property is free from encumbrance.

d. That the act of

disposing of the real property be made to the damage of another.

CHAPTER SIX: SWINDLING AND OTHER DECEITS

3. The owner of any personal property who shall wrongfully take it from its lawful possessor, to the prejudice of the latter or any third person.

a. That the offender is the owner of personal property;

b. That said personal property is in the lawful possession of another;

c. That the offender wrongfully takes it from its lawful possessor; (if from unlawful possessor, Article 429 of the Civil Code applies)

d. That prejudice is thereby caused to the possessor or third person.

4. Any person who, to the prejudice of another, shall execute any fictitious contract. 5. Any person who shall accept any compensation for services not rendered or for labor not performed.

6. Any person who shall sell, mortgage or encumber real property with which the offender guaranteed the fulfillment of his obligation as surety. a. That the offender is a

surety in a bond given in a criminal or civil action;

b. That he guaranteed

the fulfillment of such obligation with his real property or properties;

c. That he sells,

mortgages, or, in any manner encumbers said real property;

d. That such sale,

mortgage or encumbrance is (1) without express authority from the court, or (2) made before the cancellation of his bond, or (3) before being relieved from the obligation contracted by him.

ARTICLE 317. SWINDLING A MINOR

1. That the offender takes a dvantage of the inexperience or emotions or feelings of a minor;

2. That he induces such

minor to assume an obligation, or to give release, or to execute a transfer of any property right;

3. That the consideration

is some loan of money, credit, or other personal property; (if real property, Article 318 applies; minor cannot convey real property without judicial authority)

4. That the transaction is

to the detriment of such minor

CHAPTER SEVEN: CHATTEL MORTGAGE

ARTICLE 319. REMOVAL, SALE OR PLEDGE OF MORTGAGED PROPERTY Acts punishable: A. Removal of Mortgaged Property By knowingly removing any personal property mortgaged under the Chattel Mortgage Law to any province or city other than the one in which it is located at the time of execution of the mortgage, without the written consent of the mortgagee or his executors, administrators or assigns. Elements: 1. That personal property is

mortgaged under Chattel Mortgage Law;

2. That the offender knows that such property is so mortgaged;

3. That he removes such

mortgaged personal property to any province or city other than the one in which it was located at the time of the execution of the mortgage;

4. That the removal is

permanent; 5. That there is no written

consent of mortgagee, executors, administrators or assigns to such removal.

B. Sale or Pledge of Mortgaged Property By selling or pledging personal property already pledged, or any part thereof, under the terms of the Chattel Mortgage Law, without the consent of the mortgagee written on the back of the mortgage and noted on the record thereof in the office of the register of deeds of the province where such property is located. Elements: 1. Personal property is

pledged under Chattel Mortgage Law;

2. Offender, who is the mortgagor, sells or pledges the same property or any part thereof;

3. No consent of mortgagee written on the back of the mortgage and noted on the record thereof in the Office of the Register of Deeds.

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ARTICLE 320-326-B REPEALED BY PD 1613 PD 1613-AMENDING THE LAW ON ARSON Kinds of Arson: 1. Arson (Sec. 1, PD

No. 1613)

2. Destructive arson (Art. 320, as amended by RA No. 7659

3. Other cases of

arson (Sec. 3, PD No. 1613)

Arson – when any person burns or sets fire to the property of another, or his own property under circumstance which expose to danger the life or property of another. (Sec. 1, PD 1613)

CHAPTER EIGHT: ARSON AND OTHER CRIMES INVOLVING DESTRUCTIONS

Destructive Arson (Art. 320, RPC) Burning of:

1. One (1) or more buildings or edifices, consequent to one single act of burning, or as a result of simultaneous burnings, committed on several or different occasions.

2. Any building of public or private ownership, devoted to the public in general or where people usually gather or congregate for a definite purpose such as, but not limited to, official governmental function or business, private transaction, commerce, trade workshop, meetings and conferences, or merely incidental to a definite purpose such as but not limited to hotels, motels, transient dwellings, public conveyances or stops or terminals, regardless of whether the offender had knowledge that there are persons in said building or edifice at the time it is set on fire and regardless also of whether the building is actually inhabited or not.

3. Any train or locomotive, ship or vessel, airship or airplane, devoted to transportation or conveyance, or for public use, entertainment or leisure.

4. Any building, factory, warehouse installation and any appurtenances thereto, which are devoted to the service of public utilities.

5. Any building the

burning of which is for the purpose of concealing or destroying evidence of another violation of law, or for the purpose of concealing bankruptcy or defrauding creditors or to collect from insurance.

There is also Destructive Arson: (Art. 320, RPC)

1. When the arson is committed by 2 or more persons, regardless of whether their purpose is merely to burn or destroy the building or the burning merely constitutes an overt act in the commission of another violation of the law

2. When any person shall burn:

a. Any arsenal, shipyard, storehouse or military powder or fireworks factory, ordnance, storehouse, archives or general museum of the Government.

b. In an inhabited

place, any storehouse or factory of inflammable or explosive materials.

Other cases of Arson: (Sec. 3, PD 1613) Burning of: 1. Any building used as

offices of the Government or any of its agencies.

2. Any inhabited house or dwelling.

3. Any industrial establishment, shipyard, oil, well or mine shaft, platform or tunnel.

4. Any plantation, farm, pasture land, growing crop or grain field, orchard, bamboo grove or forest.

5. Any rice mill, sugar mill, cane mill, or mill central.

6. Any railway or bus station, airport, wharf, or warehouse.

Special Aggravating Circumstance on Arson (Sec. 4, PD 1613): 1. If committed with intent

to gain. 2. If committed for the

benefit of another. 3. If the offender be

motivated by spite or hatred towards the owner or occupant of the property burned.

4. If committed by a syndicate - planned or carried out by three or more persons

Prima facie evidence of Arson (Sec. 6, PD 1613): 1. If the fire started simultaneously in more

than one part of the building or establishment.

2. If substantial amount of flammable substances or materials are stored within the building not of the offender nor for the household.

3. If gasoline, kerosene, petroleum or other flammable or combustible substances or materials soaked therewith or containers thereof, or any mechanical, electrical, chemical, or electronic contrivance designed to start a fire, or ashes or traces of any of the foregoing are found in the ruins or premises of the burned building or property.

4. If the building or property is insured for substantially more than its actual value at the time of the issuance of the policy.

5. If during the lifetime of the corresponding fire insurance more than two fires have occurred in the same or other premises owned or under the control of the offender and /or insured.

6. If shortly before the fire, a substantial portion of the effects insured and stored in a building or property had been withdrawn from the premises except in the ordinary course of business.

7. If a demand for money or other valuable consideration was made before the fire in exchange for the desistance of the offender or for the safety of the person or property of the victim.

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Attempted, frustrated or consummated arson: 1. A person, intending to

burn a wooden structure, collects some rags, soaks them in gasoline and places them beside the wooden wall of the building. When he is about to light a match to set fire to the rags, he is discovered by another who chases him away.

2. Any charring of the

wood of a building, whereby the fiber of the wood is destroyed, is sufficient. It is necessary that the wood should be ablazed.

3. Setting fire to the contents of a building constitutes the consummated crime of setting fire of a building, even if no part of the building was burned.

CHAPTER NINE: MALICIOUS MISCHIEF

ARTICLE 327 MALICIOUS MISCHIEF

1. That the offender deliberately caused damage to the property of another;

2. That such act does not constitute arson or other crimes involving destruction;

3. That the act of

damaging another’s property be committed merely for the sake of damaging it.

ARTICLE 328. SPECIAL CASES OF MALICIOUS MISCHIEF (When Qualified)

1. Causing damage to obstruct the performance of public functions;

2. Using poisonous or corrosive substances;

3. Spreading any

infection or contagion among cattle;

4. Causing damage to the property of the National Museum or National Library, or to any archive or registry, waterworks, road, promenade, or any other thing used in common by the public.

ARTICLE 329 OTHER MISCHIEFS Mischiefs not included in the next preceding article and are punished according to the value of damage caused. ARTICLE 330 DAMAGE AND OBSTRUCTION TO MEANS OF COMMUNICATION Person liable: Any person who shall damage any railway, telegraph or telephone lines.

Qualifying circumstance: Damage shall result in the derailment of cars, collision or other accident

ARTICLE 331 DESTROYING OR DAMAGING STATUES, PUBLIC MONUMENTS OR PAINTINGS Persons liable: 1. Any person who shall

destroy or damage statues or any other useful or ornamental public monuments.

2. Any person who shall destroy or damage any useful or ornamental painting of a public nature.

ARTICLE 332 PERSON EXEMPT FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY Crimes involved in the exemption: 1. Theft 2. Swindling 3. Malicious mischief Persons exempted: 1. Spouses, ascendants

and descendants, or relatives by affinity on the same line.

2. The widowed spouse

with respect to the property which belonged to the deceased spouse before the same shall have passed to the possession of another.

3. Brothers and sisters

and brothers in law and sisters in law, if living together.

4. Stepfather, adopted

father, natural children, concubine, paramour included as ascendants by affinity.

CHAPTER TEN: MALICIOUS MISCHIEF

TITLE TEN: CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY

CHAPTER ONE: ADULTERY AND CONCUBINAGE

ARTICLE 333 ADULTERY Who are liable?

1. The married woman who engages in sexual intercourse with a man not her husband.

2. The man who, knowing of the marriage of the woman, has sexual intercourse with her.

Elements:

1. That the woman is married;

2. That she has sexual intercourse with a man not her husband;

3. That as regards the

man with whom she has sexual intercourse, he must know her to be married.

ARTICLE 334 CONCUBINAGE Who are liable? 1. The married man 2. The woman who knew that

the man was married.

Elements:

1. That the man must be married;

2. That he committed any of the following acts:

a. Keeping a mistress in

the conjugal dwelling (mistress must live therein as such);

b. Having sexual intercourse under scandalous circumstances with a woman who is not his wife (proof of actual sexual relations not required as long as it can be inferred);

c. Cohabiting with her in any other place (as husband and wife);

3. As regards to the woman, she must know him to be married.

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ARTICLE 336. ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS 1. That the offender

commits any act of lasciviousness or lewdness;

2. That the act of lasciviousness is committed against a person of either sex;

3. That it is done under

any of the following circumstances:

a. By using force or

intimidation

b. When the offended party is deprived of reason or otherwise unconscious

c. By means of

fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority

d. When the offended

party is under 12 years of age or is demented.

CHAPTER TWO: ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS

CHAPTER THREE: SEDUCTION, CORRUPTION OF MINORS, AND WHITE SLAVE TRADE

ARTICLE 337 QUALIFIED SEDUCTION Two classes: 1. Seduction of a virgin

over 12 years and under 18 years of age by persons who abuse their authority or the confidence reposed.

2. Seduction of a sister by her brother or descendant by her ascendant, regardless of her age and reputation.

Elements: 1. That the offended

party is a virgin;

2. She must be over 12 and under 18 years of age;

3. That the offender

had sexual intercourse with her;

4. That there is abuse of authority, confidence or relationship on the part of the offender.

The following are the OFFENDERS:

1. Those who abused their authority:

a. Persons in public authority

b. Guardian c. Teacher d. Person who, in any

capacity, is entrusted with the education or custody of the woman seduced

2. Those who abused confidence reposed in them:

a. Priest b. House servant c. Domestic

3. Those who abused their

relationship: a. Brother who seduced his

sister b. Ascendant who seduced

his descendant c. A “domestic” is different

from a house servant, it means any person living under the same roof as a member of the same household, and includes boarders or house-guests but not transients or visitors.

d. The fact that the girl gave her consent to the sexual intercourse is no defense. In the same way, lack of consent of the girl is not an element of the offense.

e. The seduction of a sister or descendant is known as incest.

ARTICLE 338 SIMPLE SEDUCTION

1. That the offended party is over 12 and under 18 years of age;

2. That she must be of good reputation, single or widow;

3. That the offender has sexual intercourse with her;

4. That it is

committed by means of deceit.

ARTICLE 339. ACTS OF LASCIVIOUS-NESS WITH THE CONSENT OF THE OFFENDED PARTY

1. That the offender commits acts of lasciviousness or lewdness;

2. That the acts are committed upon a woman who is a virgin or single or a widow of good reputation, under 18 years of age but over 12 years, or a sister or descendant regardless of her reputation or age;

3. That the offender

accomplishes the acts by abuse of authority, confidence, relationship or deceit.

ANTI-SEXUAL HARRASMENT ACT (R.A. No. 7877) Persons penalized: Employer, employee, manager, supervisor, teacher, professor, instructor, coach, trainor, or any other person having authority, influence, or moral ascendancy over another in a work, education or training-related environment. Prohibited acts: Demanding, requesting, or otherwise requiring any sexual favor from the other, regardless of whether the demand, request, or requirement is accepted by the object of the act.

ARTICLE 340 CORRUPTION OF MINORS (AS AMENDED BY BP 92) Prohibited acts – to promote or facilitate the prostitution or corruption of persons under age to satisfy the lust of another. Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse Act (R.A. 7610) – Child prostitution and attempt to commit child prostitution are punished under this Act. Sec. 5. Child Prostitution and other Sexual Abuse – Children whether male or female, who for money, profit or other consideration or due to the coercion or influence of any adult syndicate or group, indulge in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct are deemed to be children exploited in prostitution and other sexual abuse.

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Persons liable: 1. Those who engage in or

promote, facilitate or induce child prostitution which include, but are not limited to the following:

a. Acting as a procurer of a child prostitute;

b. Inducing a person to be a client of a child prostitute by means of written or oral advertisements or other similar means;

c. Taking advantage of influence or relationship to procure a child as a prostitute;

d. Threatening or using violence towards a child to engage him/her as a prostitute;

e. Giving monetary consideration, goods or other pecuniary benefit to a child with the intent to engage such child in prostitution.

2. Those who commit the act of sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct with a child exploited in prostitution or subjected to other sexual abuse.

3. Those who derive profit or advantage therefrom, whether as manager or owner of the establishment where the prostitution takes place, or of the sauna, disco, bar, resort, place of entertainment or establishment serving as a cover or which engages in prostitution in addition to the activity for which the license has been issued to said establishment.

ARTICLE 341 WHITE SLAVE TRADE Prohibited acts:

1. Engaging in the business of prostitution;

2. Profiting by prostitution;

3. Enlisting the services

of women for the purpose of prostitution.

CHAPTER FOUR: ABDUCTION

Two Kinds of Abduction: 1. Forcible abduction (Art. 342) 2. Consented abduction (Art. 343) ARTICLE 342. FORCIBLE ABDUCTION

1. That the person abducted is a woman; regardless of her age, civil status, or reputation;

2. That the abduction is against her will;

3. That the abduction is with lewd design.

ARTICLE 343 CONSENTED ABDUCTION Elements: 1. That the offended

party must be a virgin; 2. That she must be over 12 and under 18 years if age;

2. That the taking away of the offended party must be with her consent, after solicitation or cajolery from the offender;

3. That the taking away

of the offended party must be with lewd design.

Crimes against Chastity where age and reputation of the victim are immaterial:

1. Acts of

lasciviousness against the will of the offended party or against a sister or descendant.

2. Qualified Seduction of sister or descendant.

3. Forcible Abduction.

ARTICLE 344 PROSECUTION OF THE CRIMES OF ADULTERY, CONCUBINAGE, SEDUCTION, ABDUCTION, RAPE AND ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS 1. Adultery and

concubinage must be prosecuted upon the complaint signed by the offended spouse (and in the absence of an express or implied pardon).

2. Seduction, abduction and acts of lasciviousness must be prosecuted upon the complaint signed by (and in the absence of an express pardon) offended party –

i. Even if a minor ii. If of legal age and not incapacitated, only she can file complaint

CHAPTER FIVE: PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE PRECEDING CHAPTERS OF TITLE ELEVEN

If a minor or incapacitated and refuses to file either of the next succeeding persons may file: a. Either of the parents

b. Either of the

grandparents whether paternal or maternal side

c. Legal or judicial

guardians d. The State, as parens

patriae when the offended party dies or becomes incapacitated before she could file the complaint and she has no known parents, grandparents or guardians.

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ARTICLE 315 SWINDLING/ ESTAFA Elements in general: 1. That the accused

defrauded another by abuse of confidence, or by means of deceit;

2. That the damage or prejudice capable of pecuniary estimation is caused to the offended party or third persons.

Damage or prejudice may consist of: 1. Offended party

being deprived of his money or property as a result of the defraudation;

2. Disturbance in property rights;

3. Temporary

prejudice.

ARTICLE 345 CIVIL LIABILITY OF PERSONS GUILTY OF CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY Persons who are guilty of rape, seduction or abduction shall also be sentenced: 1. To indemnify the

offended woman;

2. To acknowledge the offspring, EXCEPT:

a. In adultery and

concubinage since only a natural child may be acknowledged

b. Where either the offended party or the accused is married

c. When paternity

cannot be determined as in multiple rape

d. Other instances where the law should prevent the offender from doing so; In every case to support the offspring.

CHAPTER FIVE: PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE PRECEDING CHAPTERS OF TITLE ELEVEN

ARTICLE 346 LIABILITY OF ASCENDANTS, GUARDIANS, TEACHERS, OR OTHER PERSONS ENTRUSTED WITH THE CUSTODY OF THE OFFENDED PARTY Persons who cooperate as accomplices but are punished as principals in rape, seduction, abduction, acts of lasciviousness, acts of lasciviousness with the consent of the offended party, corruption of minors, white slave trade: 1. Ascendants, 2. Guardians, 3. Curators, teachers, and 4. Any person, who cooperates as accomplice with abuse of authority or confidential relationship.

TITLE TWELVE: CRIMES AGAISNT THE CIVIL STATUS OF PERSONS

CHAPTER ONE: SIMULATION OF BIRTHS AND USURPATION OF CIVIL STATUS

ARTICLE 347 SIMULATION OF BIRTHS, SUBSTITUTION OF ONE CHILD FOR ANOTHER, CONCEALMENT OR ABANDONMENT OF A LEGITIMATE CHILD Acts punished:

1. Simulation of births;

2. Substitution of one child for another; and

3. Concealing or

abandoning any legitimate child with intent to cause such child to lose its civil status.

In the third way of committing this crime, three requisites must be present, namely:

1. The child must be

legitimate;

2. The offender conceals or abandons such child; and

3. The offender has the

intent to cause such child to lose its civil status.

ARTICLE 348. USURPATION OF CIVIL STATUS Usurping the civil status of another is committed by assuming the filiation, or the parental or conjugal rights of another with intent to enjoy the rights arising from the civil status of the latter. Crime is qualified if the purpose is to defraud offended parties and heirs.

CHAPTER TWO: ILLEGAL MARRIAGES

ARTICLE 349. BIGAMY

1. That the offender is legally married;

2. That the marriage has not been dissolved or, in case the spouse is absent the absent spouse could not yet be presumed dead according to the Civil Code;

3. That he contracts

a second marriage or subsequent marriage; and

4. That the second or

subsequent marriage has all the essential requisites for validity.

ARTICLE 350 MARRIAGE CONTRACTED AGAINST PROVISIONS OF LAWS (Illegal Marriage)

1. That the offender contracted marriage;

2. That he knew at the time that:

a. The requirements

of the law were not complied with; or

b. The marriage was in disregard of a legal impediment.

QUALIFYING CIRCUMSTANCE: if either of the contracting parties obtains the consent of the other by means of violence, intimidation or fraud.

ARTICLE 351. PREMATURE MARRIAGES Persons liable:

1. A widow who married within 301 days from the date of the death of her husband, or before having delivered if she is pregnant at the time of his death.

2. A woman whose marriage having been annulled or dissolved, married before delivery or before expiration of the period of 301 days after the date of legal separation.

ARTICLE 352. PERFORMANCE OF ILLEGAL MARRIAGES Priests or ministers of any

religious denomination or sect, or civil authorities who shall perform or authorize any legal marriage ceremony shall be punished under the Marriage Law.

Art. 352 presuppose that the priest or minister or civil authority is authorized to solemnize marriages. If the accused is not authorized to solemnize marriage and he performs an illegal marriage ceremony, he is liable under Art. 177 (usurpation of authority or public function).

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ARTICLE 353 LIBEL 1. That, there must be an

imputation of a crime, or a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status or circumstance;

2. That the imputation must be made publicly;

3. That it must be malicious;

4. That the imputation must be directed at a natural person or a juridical person, or one who is dead;

5. That the imputation must tend to cause the dishonor, discredit, or contempt of the person defamed.

Test of defamatory imputation: A charge is sufficient if the words are calculated to induce the hearers to suppose and understand that the person against whom they were uttered was guilty of certain offenses, or are sufficient to impeach the honesty, virtue or reputation, or to hold him up to public ridicule.

TITLE THIRTEEN: CRIMES AGAINST HONOR

CHAPTER ONE: LIBEL

SECTION ONE DEFINITIONS, FORMS, AND PUNISHMENT OF THIS CRIME

ARTICLE 354 REQUIREMENT FOR PUBLICITY Every Defamatory Imputation is Presumed to be Malicious, Even if it be True. The PRESUMPTION is rebutted if it is shown by the accused that – 1. The defamatory imputation is

true, in case the law allows proof of the truth of the imputation (see Art. 361);

2. It is published with good intention;

3. There is justifiable motive for

making it. MALICE is not presumed in the following cases involving qualifiedly privileged communication: 1. Private communication made

by any person to another in the performance of any legal, moral or social duty.

2. A fair and true report, made in good faith, without any comments or remarks, of any judicial, legislative, or other proceedings which are not of confidential nature or of any statement, report, or speech delivered in said proceedings, or of any other act performed by public officers in the exercise of their functions.

Requisites of the first kind of privileged communication:

1. That the person who

made the communication had a legal, moral or social duty to make the communication, or, at least, he had an interest to be upheld;

2. That the communication is addressed to an officer or a board, or superior, having some interest or duty in the matter;

3. That the statements

in the communication are made in good faith.

Requisites of the second kind of privileged communication:

1. That it is fair and

true report of a judicial, legislative, or other official proceedings which are not of a confidential nature, or of a statement, report or speech delivered in said proceedings, or of any other act performed by a public officer in the exercise of his functions;

2. That it is made in good faith;

3. That it is without any

comments or remarks.

Under Republic Act No. 1477: A newspaper reporter cannot be compelled to reveal the source of the news report he made, unless the court or a House or committee of Congress finds that such revelation is demanded by the security of the state.

THE ANTI-WIRE TAPPING ACT (R.A. No. 4200) Unlawful acts by any person or participant, not authorized by all the parties to any private communication or spoken word:

1. To tap any wire or cable.

2. To use any other device or arrangement to secretly overhear, intercept or record such communication by using a device known as dictaphone, dictagraph, detectaphone, walkie-talkie or tape-recorder.

3. To knowingly possess

any tape/wire or disc record of any communication or spoken word or copies thereof.

4. To replay the same for any person or persons.

5. To communicate the contents thereof, verbally or in writing.

6. To furnish transcriptions thereof, whether complete or partial.

Exception: When a peace officer is authorized by written order from the court.

ARTICLE 358 SLANDER (oral defamation) Kinds: 1. Simple slander 2. Grave slander, when it is of a serious and insulting nature Factors that determine the gravity of the oral defamation: 1. Expressions used; 2. Personal relations of

the accused and the offended party;

3. Circumstances surrounding the case;

4. Social standing and position of the offended party.

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SECTION TWO: GENERAL PROVISIONS

ARTICLE 359 SLANDER BY DEED Slander by Deed– is a crime committed by performing any act which casts dishonor, discredit or contempt upon another person. Elements: 1. That the offender

performs any act not included in any other crime against honor;

2. That such act is performed in the presence of other persons;

3. That such act cast

dishonor, discredit, or contempt upon the offended party.

Slander by deed is of two kinds:

1. Simple slander by deed; or

2. Grave slander by deed, that is, which is of a serious nature.

ARTICLE 360. PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR LIBEL

1. The person who publishes, exhibits or causes the publication or exhibition of any defamation in writing or similar means.

2. The author or editor of a book or pamphlet.

1. The editor or business manager of a daily newspaper magazine or serial publication.

2. The owner of the printing plant which publishes a libelous article with his consent and all other persons who in any way participate in or have connection with its publication.

ARTICLE 361 PROOF OF TRUTH When proof of the truth is admissible in a charge for Libel:

1. When the act or omission imputed constitutes a crime regardless of whether the offended party is a private individual or a public officer.

2. When the offended party is a Government employee, even if the imputation does not constitute a crime, provided it is related to the discharge of his official duties.

ARTICLE 362 LIBELOUS REMARKS Libelous remarks or comments connected with the matter privileged under the provisions of Art. 354, if made with malice, shall not exempt the author thereof nor the editor or managing editor of a newspaper from criminal liability

ARTICLE 363. INCRIMINATING INNOCENT PERSONS

1. That the offender performs an act;

2. That by such act he directly incriminates or imputes to an innocent person the commission of a crime;

3. That such act does

not constitute perjury

CHAPTER TWO: INCRIMINATORY MACHINATIONS

ARTICLE 364 INTRIGUING AGAINST HONOR Committed by any person who shall make any intrigue which has for its principal purpose to blemish the honor or reputation of another. This refers to such intrigues against a person’s honor or reputation which are not otherwise punished under other articles of the code. It differs from defamation in that it consists of tricky or secret plots and may be committed without using written or spoken words which are defamatory

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ARTICLE 365 IMPRUDENCE AND NEGLIGENCE Four ways of committing quasi- offenses under Art 365: 1. By committing through

reckless imprudence any act which, had it been intentional, would constitute a grave or less grave felony or light felony;

2. By committing through simple imprudence or negligence an act which would otherwise constitute a grave or less serious felony;

3. By causing damage to

the property of another through reckless imprudence or simple imprudence or negligence;

4. By causing through

simple imprudence or negligence some wrong which, if done maliciously, would have constituted a light felony

TITLE FOURTEEN: QUASI-OFFENSES

SOLE CHAPTER: CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE

Reckless Imprudence – consists in voluntarily but without malice, doing or failing to do an act from which material damage results by reason of inexcusable lack of precaution on the part of the person performing or failing to perform such act, taking into consideration his employment or occupation, degree of intelligence, physical condition and other circumstances regarding persons, time and place. Elements: 1. That the offender does or

fails to do an act.

2. That the doing of or the failure to do that act is voluntary.

3. That it be without malice.

4. That material damage results.

5. That there is inexcusable lack of precaution on the part of the person performing or failing to perform such act taking into consideration –

Employment or

occupation. Degree of intelligence,

physical condition, and Other circumstances

regarding persons, time and place

Simple Imprudence – consists in the lack of precaution displayed in those cases in which the damage impending to be caused is not immediate nor the danger clearly manifest. Elements: 1. That there is lack of

precaution on the part of the offender.

2. That the damage impending to be caused is not immediate nor the danger clearly manifest.

Qualifying Circumstance: Failing to lend help. It raises the penalty one degree higher. Except: Sec. 55 of RA 4136, the driver can leave his vehicle without aiding the victims if: 1. He is in imminent

danger of being harmed,

2. He wants to report to the nearest officer of the law, or

3. He desires to summon a physician or a nurse for medical assistance to the injured.

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