revised draft environmental impact...

Municipality of Ulaanbaatar,_*-_1 > "-,, ,' Jle-{-'s;' Mongolia

World BankProject No.: TF 051125

E818Feasibility Study of the Second Ulaanbaatar November 13, 2003Services Improvement Project andPreliminary Design of Water Supply Facilities

Revised DraftEnvironmental Impact Assessment

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November 2003

Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.A-8, Green Park, New Delhi - 110 016, INDIA (www.ictonline.om)

in association with

ffakcrowPacific Consultants International, Halcrow China Ltd. Khot Services Co. Ltd.

JAPAN CHINA MONGOLIA

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Feasibility Study of the Second Ulaanbaatar Services Improvement Projectand Preliminary Design of Water Supply Facilities

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

CONTENTS

Chapter Section Sub-Section |Description Page Number (s)

ACRONYMS0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES - 1 to 7

0.1 Preamble ES - 10.2 Project Area ES - 10.3 Project Components ES - 10.4 Methodology ES - 20.5 Policy, Legal and Andministrative Framework ES - 20.6 Baseline Environmental Status ES - 20.7 Analysis of Alternatives ES - 40.8 Public Consultations ES - 40.9 Assessment of Environmental Impacts ES - 5

0.10 Mitigation Measures ES - 50.11 Conclusion ES - 7

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 - 1 to 271.1 General 1 - 11.2 Project Background 1 - 11.3 Project Road Description 1 - 2

1.3.1 Core Area Development 1 - 41.3.2 Urban Planing 1 - 51.3.3 Ger Area Water Supply 1 - 51.3.4 Ger Area Sainitation 1 - 61.3.5 Bath Houses 1 - 71.3.6 Ger Area Drainage 1 - 81.3.7 Ger Area Roads and Pathways 1 - 81.3.8 Forestation 1 - 10

1.4 Scope of Improvement 1 - 111.5 Scope of Environmental Study 1 - 111.6 Objectives of Environmental Study 1 - 111.7 Basis of EIA Preparation 1 - 121.8 Beneficial Impacts Due to the Project 1 - 121.9 Layout of EIA 1 - 13

2.0 LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE 2 1 to 11FRAMEWORK

2.1 Introduction 2 - 12.1.1 Institutional Setup of Municipality of Ulaanbaatar 2 - 12.1.2 Water Supply and Sainitation Company 2 - 32.1.3 Ulaanbaatar Housing and Public 2 - 32.1.4 Other Service Sectors 2 - 62.1.5 Land Management Institutions 2 - 6

2.2 Mongolia, Ministry of Nature and Environment 2 - 62.2.1 Formulation of Legislation 2 - 62.2.2 Mongolian, Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

2 72.2.3 Laws and Regulations 2 72.2.4 Water Management Institutions 2 82.2.5 Water Monitoring 2 82.2.6 Water Resource Management Policy 2 82.2.7 State Policy on Environment, 1998 2 82.2.8 National Security Concept of Mongolia 2 82.2.9 The Environmental Action Plan, 1995 2 9



CONTENTS

|Chapter| Section| Sub-Section IDescription Page Number (s)

2.2.10 Law on Environmental Protection, 1995 2 - 92.2.11 Mongolian Law on Water,1995 2 - 92.2.12 Mongolian Law on Fees for Utilization of Water and

Mineral Water, 1995 2 - 92.2.13 The National Water Policy Program, 1999 2 - 92.2.14 Wastewater Abatement Policy 2 - 102.2.15 Bio-diversity Conservation Action Plan 2 - 10

2.3 EIA Procedures in Mongolia 2 - 102.4 Implementation Responsibility 2 - 112.5 Environmental Monitoring 2 - 112.6 Permits and Clearances 2 11

3.0 METHODOLOGY 3 - 1 to 23.1 Introduction 3 - 13.2 Study of T.O.R, Guidelines, Legislation and 3 - 1

Administrative Framework3.3 Project Area Inspection 3 - 13.4 Collection of Data 3 - 13.5 Tree Inventory 3 - 23.6 Public Consultation 3 - 23.7 Data Analysis 3 - 2

4.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS 4 1 to 214.1 Baseline Conditions 4 14.2 Data and Information Sources 4 14.3 Physical Environment 4 1

4.3.1 Topogaphy 4 14.3.2 Geography 4 14.3.3 Soil Distribution 4 34.3.4 Geology 4 34.3.5 Soil Erosion 4 34.3.6 Seismicity 4 34.3.7 Climate 4 34.3.8 Snow Cover 4 44.3.9 Wind Regime 4 4

4.3.10 Drainage 4 44.3.11 Bathhouses 4 54.3.12 Sanitation 4 54.3.13 Pathways and Roadways 4 84.3.14 Ger Area Water Supply 4 11

4.4 Environmental Quality 4 114.4.1 Surface and Ground Water 4 114.4.2 Existing Air Quality 4 - 144.4.3 Existing Noise Quality 4 - 16

4.5 Ecological Environment 4 - 174.5.1 Fauna Distribution Around the UB Mountain 4 - 184.5.2 Avis 4 - 184.5.3 Fishes 4 - 18

4.6 Human Use Values 4 - 194.6.1 Archaeology and Cultural Sites 4 - 194.6.2 Land Use 4 - 19



CONTENTS

Chapter Section Sub-Section |Description Page Number (s)

5.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 5 1 to 65.1 General 5 15.2 With and Without Project Scenario 5.0 15.3 Analysis of other Alternative Options 5.0 15.4 Prioritazation of Environmental Issues in UB 5.0 4

6.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 6.0 1 to 36.1 Objectives of Public Consultation 6.0 16.2 Methodology Adopted for Consultation 6 1

6.2.1 Identification of Stakeholders 6 16.3 Results of Consultations 6 - 2

6.3.1 Household Survey 6 26.3.2 Discussion With Key Persons and Environmental

Experts 6 36.3.3 Observations from Fiel Visits 6 3

6.4 Discussion 6 3

7.0 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 7 - 1 to 107.1 Assessment of Environmental Impacts 7 - 17.2 Identification and Assessment of Impacts 7 - 1

7.2.1 Positive Environmental Impact due to Improvement of 7 - 1Urban Services in Ger Aras

7.2.2 Negative Environmental Impacts due to Improvementof Urban Services in Ger Aras 7 2

7.3 Associated Environmental Impacts 7 - 57.3.1 Construction Phase Impacts 7 - 5

7.3.1.1 Impact on Physical Environment 7 - 5a Impact on Climate 7 - 5b Impact on Topography 7 - 5c Impact on Land Stability 7 - 6

7.3.1.2 Impact on Environmental Quality 7 - 6a Impact on Surface Water 7 - 6b Impact on Ground Water 7 - 6c Impact on Air Quality 7 - 7d Impact on Noise Levels 7 - 8

7.3.1.3 Impact on Ecological Resources 7 - 9a Impact on Trees 7 - 9

___ b Impact on Aquatic Ecology 7 - 9c Aesthetic Values 7 - 10

7.3.1.4 Impact on Human Use Value 7 - 10a Loss of Monuments/Historical Areas 7 - 10b Health, Safety and Hygiene for Construction Workers 7 - 10c Impact of Snow on Water Supply System 7 - 10d Rehabilitation and Resettlement Issues 7 - 10

8.0 MITIGATION MEASURES 8 - 1 to 118.1 Mitigation Measures 8 - 1

8.1.1 Physical Environment 8 - 18.1.2 Environmental Quality 8 - 1

8.1.2.1 Water Quality 8 - 18.1.2.2 Air Quality 8 - 28.1.2.3 Noise Quality 8 - 4

8.1.3 Ecological Resource 8 - 5



CONTENTS

Chapter Section1 Sub-Section 1Description Page Number (s)

8.1.3.1 Trees 8 - 58.1.3.2 Impact on Aquatic Ecology 8 - 5

8.1.4 Impact on Human Use Values 8 - 58.1.4.1 Loss of Monuments/Historical Areas 8 - 58.1.4.2 Health, Safety and Hygiene for Construction Workers 8 - 68.1.4.3 Impact of Snow on Water Supply System 8 - 6

8.1.5 Other Impacts 8 - 68.1.5.1 Quarry and Borrow Operations 8 - 68.1.5.2 Localized Disturbance of Surrounding Areas 8 - 78.1.5.3 Animal Excrements 8 - 7

8.2 Afforestation 8 - 88.2.1 Afforestation in the Project Area 8 - 88.2.2 Design for Plantation 8 - 88.2.3 Area Proposed for Plantation 8 - 9

9.0 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 9 - 1

10.0 REFERENCES 10 - 1

ANNEXURES A-1 - A-23

ANNEXURES

Annexure Description 1 Page No.No. |_l_l

1.1 Number of Vehicles involved in Accidents in Ulaanbaatar A-12.1 Summary of Relevant Environment Legislation A-2 A-43.1 Questionnaire Used for Household Consultation A-5 A-74.1 Analysis of Chemical Properties and Texture of the Soil Collected A-8 = -4.2 Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological Characteristics of Water A-9 = -4.3 Water Quality Data of Springs A-10 - A-1 16.1 List of Officers/People Consulted on Environmental Impact A-12 - A-13

Assessment _

6.2 Response of Household Survey (Environmental Issues) A-14 - A-208.1 Detailed Estimates of Plantation A-21 - A-228.2 Proposed Fencing A-23

LIST OF TABLES

Table No4 Description Page No.

1.1 Description of Project Ger Area 1 - 21.2 Details of Ger Area Water Supply Program 1 - 61.3 Summary of Average Daily Traffic 1 - 91.4 Proposed Road Works 1 - 104.1 Terrain of the Project Area 4 - 14.2 Average Climatic Condition (1993-2003) of the Project Area 4 - 44.3 Volume of Untreated Sewage Discharged into Tuul River 4 - 64.4 UB City Industrial Wastewater Quality 4 - 74.5 Disease Reported Due to Water Contamination in Ger Areas 4 - 74.6 Surface Water Quality 4 - 124.7 Surface Water Quality Standards of Miongolia 4 - 134.8 Ambient Air Quality Standards of Mongolia (MNS: 4585-78) 4 - 154.9 Ambient Air Quality Data 4 - 154.1 Motor Vehicle Noise Emission Standards of Mongolia 4 - 16

4.11 Field Noise Sampling Results 4 - 175.1 Comparison of +ve and -ve impacts of with and without Project Scenario 5 - 57.1 Environmental Impact Matrix 7 27.2 Impact on Air Quality during Construction Stage 7 - 77.3 Likely Impact on Noise Quality in the Vicinity of Project Area 7 - 887.4 Typical Noise Levels of Principal Construction Equipments 7 - 98.1 Sources of Air Pollution, Impacts and Suggested Mitigation Measures 8 - 28.2 Sources of Noise Pollution, Impacts and Suggested Mitigative Measures 8 - 4

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS AND FIGURES

Photoaraphs

Photo No. I Description Page No.

4.1 Smoke from the Ger Area 4 - 164.2 Gully Erosion 4 - 164.3 Solid waste dumped on roadside 4 174.4 Smoke from Thermal Plant 4 17

Figures

Figure No. Description Page No.

1.1 Map Showing Project Ger Area 1 - 31.2 Water Supply Proposals in Bayankhoshii South Ger Area 1 - 141.3 Water Supply Proposals in Bayankhoshii (N & E) Ger Area 1 - 151.4 Water Supply Proposals in Chingeltei Ger Area 1 - 161.5 Water Supply Proposals in Dambadarjaa Ger Area 1 - 171.6 Water Supply Proposals in Dari-Ekh Ger Area 1 - 181.7 Water Supply Proposals in Naran Ger Area 1 - 191.8 Water Supply Proposals in Uliastai Ger Area 1 - 201.9 Proposed Road and Drainage Works in Uliastai Ger Area 1 - 21

1.10 Proposed Road and Drainage Works in Dari-Ekh Ger Area 1 - 221.11 Proposed Road and Drainage Works in Dambadarjaa Ger Area 1 - 23

1.12 Proposed Road and Drainage Works in Chingeltei Ger Area 1 - 241.13 Proposed Road and Drainage Works in Naran Ger Area 1 - 251.14 Proposed Road and Drainage Works in Bayankhoshii South 1 - 26

Ger Area1.15 Proposed Road and Drainage Works in Bayankhoshii (North 1 - 27

and East) Ger Area2.1 Organization Chart of MUB 2 - 22.2 Organization Chart of Water Supply Authority (USAG) 2 - 42.3 Organization Chart of OSNAAG 2 - 54.1 Geography of UB 4 - 24.2 Proposed V.I.P latrine for Individual 4 - 94.3 Proposed V.I.P latrine for Public 4 - 108.1 Proposed Plantation Area in Khaniin Material Area 8 - 108.2 Propsed Plantation Area in Dambadarjaa Ger Area 8 - 11

ACRONYMS AND MONGOLIAN TERMS

ALMGC Administration of Land Management Geodesy and CartographyAimag ProvinceAMSL Above Mean Sea LevelBOD Bio-chemical Oxygen DemandCDID City Development and Investment DepartmentCOD Chemical Oxygen DemandCTP City Treatment PlantDO Dissolved OxygenEA Environmental AssessmentEAP Environmental Action ProgramEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEMP Environmental Management PlanEPA Environmental Protection AgencyGol RiverGOM Government of MongoliaHEMA Hydrometeorological and Environmental Monitoring AgencyICT Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd., (the Consultants)IDA International Development AssociationKm KilometerLAD Land Administration DepartmentMEAP Mongolian Environment Assessment ProgramMONE Ministry of Nature and EnvironmentMPN Most Probable NumberMUB Municipality of UlaanbaatarNEAP National Environmental Action PlanOSNAAG Ulaanbaatar Housing and Public Services CompanyPAP Project-Affected PersonPCI Pacific Consultation InternationalSCEC State Committee for Environmental ControlSPM Suspended Particulate MatterSUBSIP Second Ulaanbaatar Services Improvement ProjectUB UlaanbaatarUBSIP1 Ulaanbaatar Services Improvement Project-1UBSIP2 Ulaanbaatar Services Improvement Project-2UFW Unaccounted for WaterUSGA Water Supply and Sanitation CompanyWB World BankWWTP Waste Water Treatment Plant

Mongolian TermsThe nomadic tent which is the traditional form of housing in Mongolia; equivalent

Ger to the term Yurt used in English and Yurta used in Russian; in this report gershas been used in the plural form,

Khashaa A fenced plot in which one or more gers are situated,Gudamj Street: line or row of Khashaa forming a contiguous area,Khoroo Administrative subdivision of a Duureg or district which can contain both gers

and apartment building and several gudamj,Ger Ger neighborhood

Duureg Administrative subdivision containing several Khoroo, the territory of UlaanbaatarDuu9eg is divided into nine duuregs

Consultancy Services for Second UlaanbaatarServices Improvement Project, Mongolia

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

0.1 Preamble

The project was commissioned by the Municipality of Ulaanbaatar (MUB), Govt ofMongolia with financial assistance from World Bank (WB No.TF 051125) and isawarded to Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats (ICT) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,India, in association with Pacific Consultants International (PCI), Halcrow China Limitedand Khot Services Co. Ltd for carrying out feasibility study of the Second UlaanbaatarServices Improvement Project (UBSIP2) and preliminary design of water supplyfacilities. The objective of the project is to improve quality of life of the urban poor in thesix informal settlement areas (ger areas) of Ulaanbaatar by providing basic urbanservices.

The main objectives of environmental impact assessment are to (i) assess and identifyenvironmental impacts of the project (both positive and negative, short term and longterm, reversible and irreversible), (ii) recommend mitigation measures or any change inproject designs, in light of identified negative impacts, if any.

0.2 Project Area

The Second Ulaanbaatar Services Improvement Project is proposed to be implementedin the six ger areas of Ulaanbaatar Municipality viz. Naran, Dari-Ekh, Chingeltei,Bayankhoshuu (including Khanlinmaterial), Uliastai and Dambadarjaa, and in the citycore area.

0.3 Project Components

The components of the Second Ulaanbaatar Services Improvement Project are asfollows:

Core Area Development Installation of water meters in the apartments, telemetering,water quality monitoring system, leak detection and repairing in city, CTP upgradationcomponents are approved by the MUB for consideration in core area development.

The development options considered in the core area will not have any potentialnegative impacts on environment during its implementation. However, it will furtherenhance the environmental quality in terms of reduction in seepage, water logging etc.

Ger Area Development The following components are approved by the MOU forconsideration in six ger areas:

. Water Supply: According to the proposals made for improved water supply in theproject ger areas, it will include connecting 107 existing kiosks; construction andrehabilitation of 90 kiosks (rehabilitate 63 existing kiosks and construct 27 newkiosks). All these facilities will be connected with water metering system. Thehospitals, clinics, schools and kindergartens will be connected to the centralizedpiped water supply system.

* Road and Pathways: Under UBSIP-2 it is proposed to constructs new access roads(17.1 Km), rehabilitation and widening of existing asphalt road (23.9 km),construction of integrated work (construction of road and drainage) 10.2 Km,construction of pathways (10.0 Km) and footbridges (240 m).

. Drainage: In the UBSIP-2 project 4.4 Km of lining of wide channels / stream andimprovement natural drains/ ravines (22.o km) have been considered forimprovement.

* Bathhouses: construction of new bathhouses to improve the hygienic condition of thepeople. A total 18 bathhouses proposed to be constructed under the project.

Environmental Impact AssessmentES - 1

Executive Summary

* Sanitation: Approximately 11500 VIP latrines will be constructed under the UBSIP-2project.

. Forestation: improvement of green cover through afforestation in selected areas.Approximately 8.9 ha areas will be greened under the project.

0.4 Methodology

The EIA has been prepared based on available data collected by team of consultants,consisting of the environmental specialist, domestic experts and engineers from variousGovt. offices and field surveys of project ger areas.

0.5 Policy, Legal and Administrative FrameworkThe Bank has classified proposed UBSIP2 as "Category B".

Mongolia's policies on environmental resources are two key aspects of the constitution:

* Article 6 of Mongolia's constitution states that the land, its groundwater, forests,water, wildlife, plants and other natural resources are public property and areprotected by the state. Land other than pastures, common use land, and land forstate special needs is owned by the citizens of Mongolia.

* Article 16, paragraph 2 states that citizens of Mongolia have a right to live in anecologically clean environment and to be protected from environmental pollution andecological imbalances.

The EIA law of 1998 is the key law concerning environmental assessment in Mongolia,and is implemented by the Ministry of Nature and Environment (MONE), in collaborationwith aimag, soum and local government.

The Mongolian Environmental Assessment Program (MEAP) is considered to be acomprehensive environmental and natural resource review process, which proposesreviews at every stage of policy, program, plan and project development. Presently theDepartment of Information Monitoring and Assessment in the MONE is in-charge ofreviewing the Detailed Project Report of all proposed investment projects andestablishing environmental categorical designation according to the law on EIA.Mongolian Law on EIA, 1998 requires EIA to be carried out before the implementationof major infrastructure projects. Amendment to the Environmental Impact AssessmentLaw, November 2 2 nd, 2001 also requires obtaining approval of environmental screeningand environmental clearance from the Ministry of Nature and Environment for all majorinfrastructure projects before its implementation.

0.6 Baseline Environmental Status

Ulaanbaatar is located in the foothills of the Khentii Mountain range. The city stands1,350 meters above mean sea level (amsl) and is surrounded by four high mountains.The topography of project area is mixed of flat, steppe, rolling and hilly. According to thesoil geography, the soil is divided in to three main groups viz. crumbed stones and lightclay in the low mountain areas, thin black brown soil in the mid-mountain area, and thinlight clayish brown soil in the valleys between the mountains.

The climate of the project area is characterized by four seasons viz. (i) the summerperiod from June to August when the average maximum temperature reaches 37.30C;(ii) the autumn and dry seasons from September to November when there is littlevariation between minimum and maximum temperatures; (iii) the winter period fromDecember to end of February when the minimum temperature reaches -49OC; (iv) thespring season from March to May, when the temperature ranges from -35.1°C to32.20C. The average relative humidity is 70% in January, 49% in April and 67% in July.The average annual precipitation is about 250 mm, 94% of this falls in the period fromApril to October and rest falls between November to March. On average, stable snow



coverage formation starts in the last 10 days of November and melts in the last 10 daysof March. So, stable 2-5cm-depth snow coverage continues for 110-120 days(maximum snow cover in January between 13-19cm). Mean snow density is 0.15 - 0.18g/cm3. The project area is located in an area of earthquake probability of 6-7 on theMSK scale. The project area is far away from the Mongol Altai Nuruu and KhuvsgulDarkhad Khotgor that are dangerous earthquake zones but there is high probability ofmedium strength earthquakes in the city. The wind in project area is pre-dominantlyfrom the northwest wind. The wind velocity in project area varies between 0.8 m/sec(Jan.) to 4.3-m/ sec (May).The general drainage condition in the project ger areas is poor. Some of the ger areasare adjacent to steep slopes and are susceptible to flooding from rainwater run off fromthe hills.A very limited number of bathhouses are available for ger area people. It is difficult forresidents to have a bath even once a week and many use baths in friend's apartments.Cost is also a factor because the charges of the use of the bathhouse are 700-1000Togrog per half hour per person, which very few ger people can afford.The city has about 110km pipeline network for discharging wastewater and sewage.This has been used since the 1950s and the wastewater is treated by a mechanic-biological process. The Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) was designed to treat 230,000m3 of sewage per day and the system operation is based on a gravity system, leading tothe STP located 1 1 km west of the city. At present the plant is treating 160,000 m3/daywastewater collected from urban and industrial areas of the city. Treated wastewater isdischarged into the Tuul river.The existing sanitation condition in ger areas is very poor. The ger area people utilizeon-plot, relatively poor quality, self-constructed pit latrines that are unhygienic, creatingcontamination in sub-surface, surface water bodies and soil and also resulting inoffensive odor.

The ger areas have few formal roads. All other open spaces between fence-lines arenaturally formed earth roads without any provision of drainage, and these are used byvehicles and pedestrians for movement. Currently the earth roads are scarred withgullies caused by soil erosion during rainstorms. Also pathways to accommodate theneeds of informal transport (like water carrying from kiosks on a small pull type trolley)are missing. At present the existing poor quality of earthen paths and roads is creatingsignificant dust pollution during any kind of vehicular movement, and also when it iswindy.At present most ger area residents obtain water from water kiosks, which are served bytrucks. Many of the kiosks are located in the areas where existing roads are very poorand a significant amount of dust is emitted due to movement of water tankers on theroads. Some of the ger households also get water from private wells, springs and rivers.The water quality is suffering in both the urban and peri-urban districts of UB. With theshift to a market based economy, many small businesses are being established and aredischarging their liquid wastes directly into the Tuul river and its tributaries. Some of theger districts have been built on low-lying land, resulting in subsurface watercontamination from latrines. Data collected from USAG shows higher pollution rates forseveral parameters at the Songino monitoring station, downstream of the city.Air quality is a major issue in the city, particularly in the winter due to pollution from gercoal fired stoves, and in the spring from sandstorms. There is also growing air pollutionfrom the increasing vehicular traffic and from individual building boilers. Air pollutionfrom city thermal plants is negligible and the plants have air pollution control devices,including scrubbers, retrofitted from the last ten years.


Executive Summary

Noise in the project area and its surrounding emanates from vehicular traffic,construction and commercial activities. The data collected on noise levels revealed thatnoise is not of much problem in most areas, with the exception of Dari-Ekh (No.2Khoroo, Chingeltei (shopping center Simba), and Naran (No.10 Khoroo). The reason forhigher noise levels in these areas is that the measurements were taken near to roadswhere vehicular traffic affects the ambient noise level.

The main vegetation community reported in the project influence area is consisting offorest communities commonly called Mountain Forest Steppe. This is a type ofconiferous forest including species such as Larch (Larix siberica), Pine (Pinussylvestrs), and Aspen (Populus tremula). According to the General Dendrologist of UBCity, the municipality has about 266,900 hectares of forest reserve, of whichapproximately 188,900 ha is currently under forest.

The situation in the forest sector has rapidly worsened over the last 5-10 years. Theforest fire, mining, overgrazing, improper commercial logging, illegal collection of woodfor construction, gers boundary fencing and use as fuel for heating gers and cooking arethe main factors causing deforestation and degradation in forest cover in the project gerdistricts.

At present, the forest cover / green cover in the project ger areas is negligible. Theproposed afforestation program, if successfully implemented will be able to enhance thegreen cover as well as sustainability of the area.

There are several small monasteries in the project area. One of these, Dambadarjaamonastery, is on the list of the seven most important historical sites in UB. Other thanthese monasteries there do not appear to be any features of archaeology and culturallysignificant sites of note in the ger districts.

The land use is clearly divided into the two areas of the city, urban and peri-urban (ger)districts. In the urban core of UB there are clearly designated parks, playgrounds andother green areas such as medians and street-side trees, and gardens betweenresidential apartments. In ger districts there are very few trees or vegetation, no propermanaged playgrounds except those attached to the few schools, and no designatedparks or green strips.

0.7 Analysis of Alternatives

The city ger areas are under-serviced in terms of facilities such as sanitation,bathhouses, potable water supply, drainage, pathways, roadways and green coverage.'With' and Without' project scenarios have been compared. It is concluded that underthe 'With" project scenario the positive/beneficial impacts will significantly improve theenvironment and enhance social and economic development of the ger areas. The"Without" project scenario would further deteriorate the environment and quality of lifevalues. Hence the 'With" project scenario with minor short-term, localized and reversibleimpacts is a more acceptable option than the "without" project scenario.

0.8 Public Consultations

Nearly 2000 households in different ger areas were interviewed. 75.7% people said thatthey get water from trucked kiosk. 30% of people said they do not have a soak pit. 40%of respondents said that their family members take baths in friend's apartments. Whenasked about their opinion on noise levels, 59.8% people said that the level wasdisturbing, and that vehicular traffic is the source. In response to air quality, 82.1% saidthat the air is polluted due to dust and domestic smoke.



0.9 Assessment of Environmental Impacts

Positive Environmental Impacts due to Improvement of Urban Services in Ger Areas

The proposed project is likely to improve the basic urban services, such as watersupply, sanitation, road and pathways, drainage, public bathhouses etc. resulting infurther improvement in environmental conditions. Deterioration in environmental qualitysuch as surface and ground water contamination/pollution, air and soil pollution due tolack of proper drainage and sanitation is expected to decrease significantly. Presentlydrinking water supply is poor and ger communities use about 10 liters per day perperson (as per the household survey results). The most significant positive impact of theproject in the operation phase will be the availability of adequate quantity of safedrinking water on a sustainable basis, thus meeting a basic need for a healthy,productive life of the people in the ger areas. The proposed water supply schemes willensure a better service delivery, which would enable supply of safe water at convenientpublic points. This will reduce the drudgery in fetching the daily water needs by thehouseholds, particularly women and children. The time and labour saved due to thebetter and more convenient service could provide opportunities for income generation,especially for women.

Soil erosion will decrease through the provision of lined drainage channels. The dustspollution generated by the movement of vehicles is likely to reduce, as under the projectimprovement of ger area access roads (proving bituminous surfacing) are proposed.

Improvement of drainage and sanitation conditions in the ger areas are likely to reducethe breeding of flies, bacteria, and mosquitoes, and will also reduce the contaminationof soil, surface and sub-surface water bodies. The offensive odor due to pit latrines willalso reduce.

The construction of additional public bathhouses and improvements in the water supplysystem will significantly improve the personnel hygiene of the ger area people.The proposed afforestation/plantation program will enhance the green cover andecological balance of the project areas if it is successfully implemented. Afforestation ofproject area will also reduce soil erosion, flood, and pollution levels, and enhance thehabitation for biotic organisms as well as provide a pleasant atmosphere for the localhabitants.

Negative Environmental Impacts due to Improvement of Urban Services in Ger Areas

The construction of roads will require stone aggregate, which may cause marginalresource depletion. Similarly river sand is a scarce commodity in Mongolia and thus theborrowing of sand from riverbeds will also have a minor resource depletion impact. Asan alternative, the possibility of using stone dust will need to be explored. Constructionof roads, water supply pipelines, drainage works and bathhouses is likely to havenegative impacts, in the short-term, localized on the topography, noise and air quality ofthe area. Construction of additional bathhouses may create a waterlogging problemduring the operation phase if proper drainage connectivity is not provided.

0.10Mitigation Measures

No change in the wind pattern, temperature and rainfall is anticipated in the projectarea. No specific mitigation measures are proposed for these. No significant impacts onland stability and topography are anticipated. Measures such as the removal of soil bylayer, separate stockpiling, covering piles to limit wind erosion, careful placement of soilstockpiles, construction of runoff channels and water storage, and correct orientation ofroads and paths will significantly reduce the problems during construction. However,care of the surrounding environmental features during land leveling, digging andconstruction of various services will reduce likely impacts on topography and stability.


Executive Summary

The surface and ground water quality in the project area will be maintained by adoptingvarious mitigation measures in construction vehicle parking areas, vehicle repair areasand workshops. An oil interceptor shall be provided to ensure that all wastewater flowsinto the interceptor prior to its discharge, to avoid contamination of nearbywatercourses. To avoid contamination of ground and sub-surface water due to seepagefrom the pit-latrines, hygienically and technically appropriate and socio-culturallyacceptable latrine systems are proposed. It will be important to ensure that theproposed pit latrines are suitably installed during construction.

The impacts on air quality will be much more pronounced during the construction stagethan the operational phase. Recommended mitigation measures include maintenance ofconstruction equipment and other machinery in good condition, so as to followprescribed standards and machinery causing excessive pollution (e.g. visible clouds ofsmoke) will be banned from construction sites. Asphalt plants will be operated inconformity with government pollution control legislation.

Under the proposed development the noise levels will be much more pronounced duringconstruction stage. Careful planning of machinery operation and scheduling ofoperations can reduce the noise levels. Use of equipment, emitting noise not greaterthan 90dB (A) for the eight-hour operations shift and use of noise shields forconstruction machinery and provision of earplugs to the heavy machine operators aresome of the mitigation measures to be used.

It is anticipated that use of plants and trees as fuel wood, by construction workers mayaffect the terrestrial ecology during construction which could be eliminated by supply offuel to construction workers and providing alternative fuels such as gas and electricity.

The Tuul River and its tributaries pass through the project area. Accidental spillage ofchemicals along with surface runoff and extraction of sand from riverbank may in theshort-term disturb the aquatic fauna of the water. It is recommended that proper carebe taken during extraction of sand so that associated impacts are avoided /minimized. Itis recommended that sand mining will be carried out from the dry river bed and as analternative stone dust could be used.All necessary and adequate care shall be taken to minimize impact on archaeologicalsites. All fossils, coins, articles of value of antiquity and structures and other remains orthings of geological or archaeological interest discovered on the site shall be theproperty of the Government, and shall be dealt with as per provisions of the relevantlegislation.Construction of the road, water supply pipeline and drainage works will inevitably resultin generation of debris / wastes. However, the amount of waste in normal situations isrelatively small. The amount of waste created in constructing the road may be greaterthan usual due to substandard subsoil materials, which will need to be replaced. TheContractor will be required to control the construction site, keep it clean and provideappropriate facilities for the temporal storage of all waste until it is disposed.Construction waste will be stored in special waste storage areas. The waste will bestored adequately to avoid pollution of water supplies and sources as well as to avoiddust formation during dry seasons. The Contractor will be responsible for the safetransportation and storage of all waste in order to prevent any kind of environmentalpollution or harmful effect to people or animals.

Quarries and borrow pits will be backfilled with rejected construction wastes and will begiven a vegetative cover. If this is not possible, then excavation slopes will besmoothed and depression will be filled in such a way that it looks more or less like theoriginal ground surface.

To enhance the ecological balance of the project area, three locations have beenidentified for the plantation viz. Dambadarjaa (3 ha near power station), Dambadarjaa (3



ha) and Bayankhoshuu (Khaniin Material 2.9 ha). These lands located in the flood plainareas. The total cost for afforestation has been proposed to be approximately 100,000US$.

0.11 Conclusions

The Environmental Impact Assessment study has shown that the proposed SecondUlaanbaatar Services Improvement Project will not cause any long-term adverseenvironmental impacts. The project will bring about positive health and environmentalbenefits to the proposed ger areas through the supply of safe drinking water, creation ofnecessary environmental sanitation facilities, improvement in green cover, provision ofbathhouses, drainage and roads. The recommended environmental mitigationmeasures appropriately integrated in the project design would have a net positive effecton the environment.



1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

The Second Ulaanbaatar Services Improvement Project (UBSIP-2) has beencommissioned by the Municipality of Ulaanbaatar (MUB), Mongolia, with grant fromWorld Bank (TF 051125). The consultancy assignment for carrying out feasibilitystudy of UBSIP-2 and preparing preliminary design of water supply facilities isawarded to M/S Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi inassociation with Pacific Consultants International, Halcrow China Limited and KhotServices Co. Ltd. The consulting services started from 5th August 2003.

This is an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report for UBSIP-2, which theInternational Development Association (IDA) has rated as "Category B" inaccordance with the World Bank's Operational Policy 4.01. The main objectives ofEIA are to:

(i) assist in finalization of UBSIP-2 feasibility study considering environmentalfactors,

(ii) assess and identify environmental impacts of the project (both positive andnegative, short term and long term, reversible and irreversible),

(iii) recommend mitigation measures or any change in project designs, if significantnegative impact is identified.

However, this report does not cover social issues such as resettlement and landacquisition.

This chapter presents a brief project background and need for the project andexplains the basis for EIA preparation. Also, the structure of the consolidated reportis set out at the end of this chapter.

1.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND

The area of the capital covers about 470,444 ha but the built-up area is only 18722ha. comprising two distinct zones; one is the city core consisting of formal housing,administrative buildings and industries, all fully serviced and the second is the gerarea with low-cost housing and limited urban services.

The people live in two contrasting types of permanent urban accommodation: (a)apartment in four-nine storied buildings with electricity, piped potable and hot watersupplies, sewerage, piped heating, paved roads and bus or trolleybus services, andthe full range of educational, health, social and commercial facilities; and (b)traditional gers, and or assorted low-cost structures ranging from wooden shacks to ascattering of good-quality two-storied wooden or brick houses on individual fencedplots (Khashaas), usually supplied with electricity, communal water kiosks, individualpit latrines, coal or wood fired stoves for heating \ cooking, difficult access to socialand commercial facilities and poor levels of community services.

Ulaanbaatar is growing fast, with virtually the entire growth-taking place in the gerareas. As outlined earlier the population in ger areas do not have access toadequate urban services. In ger areas, water supply is via kiosk, sewage disposal isan onsite soak pit, drainage is an adhoc affair. Piped hot water supplies do not existand all heating is via individual coal or wood fueled stoves. Electricity service iswidespread and telephone service is available for those who can afford it. Improved(paved or gravel) roads also exist, but are far apart.

Environmental Impact Assessment1 - 1

Introduction

Keeping in view the above considerations, MUB has initiated the proposed feasibilitystudy of UBSIP-2 and preliminary design of water supply facilities. The objective ofthe proposed project is to improve quality of life of the urban poor in the six informalsettlement areas (ger areas) of Ulaanbaatar by providing basic urban services.

1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The Mongolian Capital City, Ulaanbaatar, is built to the north along the Tuul Riverand in valleys of Tuul's right hand tributaries, the Tolgoit, Selbe and Uliastai Riverson an average elevation of 1,350 meters above mean sea level. The south edge ofthe city is constrained by a series of mountains now declared as environmentalprotected area. The city core expands on relatively flat ground between the TuulRiver and the hills, while the ger areas spread in the valleys of Tuul tributaries and onthe hills.

The six ger areas that have been selected for UBSIP2 are given in Table 1.1 andFigure 1.1. The combined land area of these ger areas is approximately 4,039hectares. The total number of registered residents is just over 158107 but the actualpopulation including unregistered people is possibly between 210,000 - 220,000.

Table 1.1 Description of Project Ger Area

District Ger Area Pop. Area (ha) Terrain LocationBayangol Naran 28593 546 Hilly UrbanBayanzurkh Dari-Ekh 16451 547 _ Hilly Urban

Uliastai 10000 600 Steppe Peri-urbanChingeltei Chingeltei 18191 341 Hilly Peri-urban

Songino Bayankhoshuu 66870 1521 Rolling Peri-urban

Sukhbaatar Dambadarjaa 18002 484 Steppe Peri-urban

Total 158107 4039

The poor hygiene and sanitation conditions and practices are largely responsible forthe depressing health status in the ger areas surrounding the city core. There areimproperly installed and maintained pit latrines, absence of enough public bathhouses, insufficient water, poor quality drinking water (some times sourced frompolluted springs and streams), and general inattention to personal hygiene.

Mongolia's National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP 2000) states "the most urgentenvironmental and natural resource issues facing Mongolia are environmentalchallenges due to urbanization and socio-economic development, such asdegradation and overexploitation of natural resources, air pollution, water pollution,solid and hazardous waste disposal, land use conflicts between pasture andbiodiversity conservation, expansion of deserts by natural and human impacts andrecurrent natural disasters. The underlying and crucial factors for the achievement ofenvironmentally sustainable development in Mongolia are soundenvironmental legislation, a capable institutional framework, proper information andknowledge base, public understanding and participation and targeted investmentprogrammes to arrest environmental deterioration by devising appropriate mitigativemeasures and to create work and development opportunities for the local people".

Environmental Impact Assessment1-2


Figure 1.1


t Lw,-r @r^,^r,LEBJ

N .la~~~~~~%I~IILLLCIfrScodUanaaa evc

J~~~~~~~~~~ ST CTzi

a ~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ Y R K! H D I S T

-;0 N Go I N O K H A I R K, H A N D 15TRIC ci2|F /ANzURKHDI S T R I C T

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ hrr U | J/ ~~~~~~~Y A. N G3 0 L D 1 2 T RI T

/ - - ~~~~~~~~~~~ K ~~~~H A N LI U L D S T R I C T

8atonAs | ~~~~~~~~~Ger Areas in U laanbaatar |for Second Ulaanibaatar Services

I 1[,, | I(Showing Growth for Selected Areas 2000-2003) Improvement Project and Preliminary Design of

~airg: fsb.NdsCl.llS uLUI Water supplFa Facilites ( UBSIP-2)

Introduction

The various components of UBSIP-2, which have been approved by the steeringcommittee on 24 rh September 2003 during presentation of Inception Phase, are asfollows:

S.No. Area Development Components

a) Core Area . Water metering of apartments

. Telemetering

* Water quality monitoring system

* Leak detection and repairing in city

* CTP upgradationb) Six Ger Areas . Water Supply

Road and Pathways

. Drainage

* Bathhouses (non Bank financed component)

. Sanitation

. Forestation

1.3.1 Core Area Development

The source of water supply in Ulaanbaatar is ground water through 160 bore wellslocated in 4 well fields. The ground water is sterilized by chlorination at source and inreservoirs. The water distribution network is 350 km long. Pipes are either C.I. orsteel without any internal lining or protection. However, the exteriors of some pipesare coated with bitumen. The water supply facilities are protected by heavy insulationand thick soil covers to prevent freezing. The smaller pipe diameters are equippedwith pumps and heaters to circulate water and to maintain the temperature above 40C. Water reservoirs are of reinforced cement concrete.

The population of the apartment residents is about 358,340 and based on the waterusage reported, the corresponding figure for them would work out exceptionally highat about 370 Ipcd. It is reported that this figure is inclusive of 35% of UnaccountedFor Water (UFW). It is also reported that the raw water quality generally complieswith standards for potable water in Mongolia except for Mn and NO3 and occasionalE.Coli caused by contamination from industrial area or wastewater leakages fromsewerage sources.

Well pumps and booster pumps and associated electrical motors, electricalinstallations and monitoring instruments are generally old, consuming high energyand are in poor state of repair.

The wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located 11 km West of the city center wasdesigned for conventional secondary treatment with activated sludge process.Polishing ponds to give tertiary treatment including chlorination has hardly beenused. The sludge generated in the WWTP is put on drying beds without anydigestion. The wastes from WWTP discharges into Tuul River, downstream of the UBdeveloped area. The WWTP is in a serious state of dis-repair being very old and itsefficiency is not up to the mark.

The development options considered under the UBSIP2 in the core area i.e. watermetering of apartments, telemetering, water quality monitoring system, leak detectionand repairing in city CTP up-gradation will not have any environmental impact during



its implementation. However, it will further enhance the environmental quality interms of reduction of seepage, water logging etc.

1.3.2 Urban Planning

The Master Plan - 2020 for the city of Ulaanbaatar had brought out the planningissues, both in the ger areas and city core area. The city core area is well plannedwith sufficient civic facilities and services. In case of ger areas basic planning wasdone till 1990 and after transition in the economy, the planning aspect had taken aback seat primarily due to the ever increasing urban migration and the presence ofunregistered residents in the city. There is an urgent need to prepare developmentlayouts for the ger areas and to provide sufficient space for institutional and publicuses.

1.3.3 Ger Area Water Supply

Most ger area residents obtain water from water Kiosks. There are also some privatewells and some spring water sources but relatively few people use these. Currentwater supply to ger area residents can be categorized into the following 3 groups:

truck delivery,

kiosks connected to a piped network,

* private wells and use of river and spring water.

There are 126 kiosks being serviced by trucks delivering water. Out of a total of 45trucks (Russian ZIL-130 trucks) 40 are in operation. These trucks also deliver waterto about 10 organizations, which are not connected to the city water supply network,as well as areas in the city outskirts such as Tahilt, Salhit, Zaisan, Tsagaan Davaa,Gants Hudar, and to summerhouse areas during summer time.

One liter of water is produced at a cost of 1.7 Togrog but is sold for 0.5 Togrogs.One kiosk serves 850-900 consumers.

The residents take this water in containers (after payment). The kiosks are mannedand are open for 2 to 3 hours in the mornings and in the afternoons. Some kiosks areclosed throughout the winter, as they are inaccessible. The tankers travel 150 kmper day on very rough roads causing wear and tear of the vehicles. The UBSIP-2has been designed to help these services. According to the proposals made forimproved water supply in the project ger areas by 2008, it will include connecting 107existing kiosks, construction and rehabilitation of 90 kiosks (rehabilitate 63 existingkiosks and construct 27 new kiosks). All these facilities will be connected with watermetering system. The hospitals, clinics, schools and kindergartens will be connectedto the centralized piped water supply system. The project includes the construction of39.5 km of water mains and 10.5 km of distribution lines. Procurement of watertrucks, valves, pumps, electrical gear, cables and new control panels for therenovation or construction of two water wells and four pumping stations are also apart of ger area water supply improvement. It is estimated that improvement of thewater supply systems will benefits approximately 196,000 people. The proposedprogram in the ger areas is outlined in Table 1.2 and illustrated in the plans in Figure1.2 to 1.8, showing existing kiosks, kiosks to be connected, proposed new kiosks,kiosks to be rehabilitated, and proposed new pump station, etc. These kiosks havebeen selected considering the following issues:

* Distance- the distance of a kiosk should not be more than 300 meters fromthe nearest households,

* Request- considering requests of the local leaders, such as, representativesand khoroo leaders for the construction of new kiosks.


Introduction

It is observed that during summer some residents in ger areas collect water fromsprings or natural streams having polluted surface water, as they cannot afford to buypotable water from kiosks.

Table 1.2 Details of Ger Area Water Supply Program

Dambdaraa 4 1 6 1 1 1250 1800 3 2.

Dari -Ekh 4 ~~~5 (20 70 30

Naran~~~ 17 = 4 0. 0. 0

1 EeAe S0 0 0 0 0.2 .0 .0 E .0 E.A 00 0

pi ltins Ppuaio enite aebeomn tohih o ti apo cho reai

0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~'

solid~~~~~ wast coletin anUako otolddang, th. iuto i rtcl

Registo0 n 0 0 in 20 r- t~~ U 0. Ad 0. 0. X,~0GerTareas a0 . it . 2 2tr.

There ~ ~~. ar 20.omnlltie. h.l 49% of thmmesadrs

WrequILirement(L _j nt co W

Bayankhoshuu-1 15 13 1 10 - - 1 3400 2150 2 -

Bayankhoshuu-2 42 47 5 23 1 1 2 11000 4000 7 1

Chingeltei 23 22 2 14 1 1 1 8450 1800 2 j-

Dambadarjaa 14 16 6 11 - - 1 12500 1800 3 2

Dari -Ekh 9 9 4 5 - - 4200 720 3 -

Naran 17 - 4 - - - - -

Uliastai 6 - 5 - - - - -- - 3

The water quality of all the sources of water used as wate r supply by the MUB ismonitored by the USAG. They are monitoring phsico-chemical and bacteriologicalquality of water fourth time in a week in the core area water supply sources and oncea month in the ger area water supply sources.

1.3.4 Ger Area Sanitation

Virtually all Ger Area residents utilize on-plot, relatively poor quality, self-constructedpit latrines. Population densities are becoming too high for this approach to remainacceptable and healthy. Surface contamination is evident and ground watercontamination is likely. Combined with significant numbers of urban livestock, poorsolid waste collection, and lack of controlled drainage, the situation is critical.Registration data in 2003 revealed that:

* There are 84,000 families in ger areas in 67,000 khashaa (wooden fences)* There are 40,000-50,000 pit latrines* There are 208 communal latrines. Only 49% of them meet standards.* There are 40 communal soak-pits. Only 82% meet standards.* There are 31,114 individual soak-pits in the ger areas (59% do not meet

requirement noted in TN-UB 89-19)* 14% of the gers have no pit-latrines* 34% of gers have no soak-pits.* 50% of khashaa owners do not have space for new pit-latrines.

Environmental Impact Assessment1 -6


During the months of May to September, there is a problem with flies. Only 20% offamilies can afford to buy chemicals to kill flies. Many families put a layer of coal ashon the sewage occasionally to discourage the flies and mask the odor.

There are 10,000 cases of diarrhea every year in Mongolia and 60% to 70% of theseoccur in UB. Dysentery is the second most prevalent disease. Hepatitis in UB isseven times the international average. All these diseases originate from unsanitaryconditions, caused by open sewage in the pit-latrines, coupled with unhygienic habitsand shortage of water for washing.

The practice of adding lime to latrine pits, which was common in UB, has apparentlybeen discontinued due to households' inability to afford the lime. There are reports ofsalt being used for the same purpose, but this should be actively discouraged, as theresulting increase in the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) can render the soil barren.

The disposal of waste to the soil via pit latrines and soak pits in the ger areas raisesconcern due to the proximity to ground water and the presence of sandy or gravellysoils. There is a high risk of nitrates and phosphates entering the ground water.Although some of the test results on the ground water show an acceptable level ofnitrates (45 mg/I) as compared to the Maximum Acceptable Quantity (MAQ) of 245mg/L, it would be prudent to monitor the ground water in critical areas. This isespecially important where the water table is shallow, such as in ger areas, whichhave developed in the flood plain of the Tuul.

The raising of livestock in the territory of UB is potentially hazardous to the health ofthe residents. The excrement of livestock, when washed into the water supply by rainor leaching, can pose a very serious health hazard to the human population. E-colican get into the human consumption chain by being washed into wells, into streamsthat flow near springs, or it could be taken into the home by shoes, or spread by flies.

Households with no soak-pits are reported to have problems with their pit-latrinesfilling up in two years or less, as compared to the five to six years for people whohave soak-pits. This may be due to these households disposing of grey water into thepit-latrines, which impedes bacterial actions, increasing the bulk of the sludge andfilling up the pit latrine rapidly.

Half of the population in UB lives in the ger areas. It is estimated that 38% of thepopulation is poor or extremely poor, according to the Mongolian National Statistics..In order to achieve 98% household sanitation coverage by 2005, it is recommendedthat approximately 11500 VIP latrine be constructed under the UBSIP-2 project.

1.3.5 Bathhouses

Prior to 1990 there were 21 bathhouses. The charges for use of the bathhouses are1000 Togrog per half hour, which very few people can afford. Even so, the charge of700-1000 Togrog is only 1/3 of the actual cost, which works out to Togrogs 2910 pershower. The bathhouse is made viable by having several other businesses on thesame premises, such as a hair dressing, beauty saloon, small grocery store andpharmacy.

The bathhouses were privatized in post 1990 and because of commercial rates thesebecame unaffordable to ger area residents. Bathhouses are not popular now daysunlike in the pre-transition period. Consequently, the residents suffer from non-infectious skin diseases and incidence of scabies among children is on the rise.Many ger area residents use the bath and wash facilities available with friends andrelatives in the city core area.

The bathhouse component will include construction of three new bathhouses, withcapacity for three bathrooms and associated laundry facilities in each of the gerareas. A total 18 bathhouses proposed to be constructed. It is understood that the


Introduction

construction of new bathhouses in the ger areas is a non-bank financed component.The proposed bathhouses will be made affordable by allowing other businesses tooperate in the same premises, such as hairdressing, beauty saloon, small grocery,pharmacy and general stores. The profits coming from the rental of these facilitiescould subsidize the bathhouses.

1.3.6 Ger Area Drainage

The street and general drainage in the ger areas have not received the attention ofpolicy makers and administrators in the recent past. A severe flood affected UB in1967 and again in 1982, which resulted in the loss of lives and properties on anunprecedented scale. The bunds built along the banks of Uliastai, Selbe, Belkh andTolgoit rivers are in a bad condition due to lack of proper planning, poor constructionand poor maintenance. However, the floods in July 2003 in Naran (steep slopes)and in the Selbe River brought the problem into focus. The existing excess waterdisposal facilities have become either inadequate or not well maintained. Some newdrainage works were built under UBSIP1. In some ger areas like Tolgoit somedrainage related designs were made earlier. Ger areas lying in flat slopes aresusceptible to flooding from run off from the hills.The drainage component will include construction of new drainage/ improvement ofexisting drainage in ger areas, which will facilitate the smooth flow of excess water.

In the UBSIP-2 project 4.4 Km of lining of wide channels / stream andimprovement natural drains/ ravines (22.o km) have been considered forimprovement.

1.3.7 Ger Area Roads and Pathways

Only few of the ger areas are planned with surfaced access roads joining at thebeginning of ger area road network. The ger area road network consists of unpavedearth roads with difficult and unsafe geometries to negotiate. It refers to both sharpcurves with poor visibility and steep gradients that can not be negotiated by vehicleslike public buses ( medium and large size) and water tankers. The network is beingreviewed in conjunction with the development layout and suitable pavementcomposition provided. Currently the earth roads are scarred with gullies indicating thesoil erosion during the rainy days. Also the desirable pathways to accommodate theneeds of informal transport (like water carrying from kiosks on a small pull typetrolley) are missing.

Traffic volume counts were conducted during September-October 2003. A summaryof the survey results is given in Table 1.3, it shows that the average daily traffic(ADT) is in the range of 2000 to 12000 vehicles per day. The traffic consists of carsand jeeps (67%), buses (26%) and trucks (7%). Other vehicles (including tractors,motor cycles and horse carts) account for less than 0.1% of ADT. The trafficcomposition indicates a low traffic loading on the pavement and is highly passenger-oriented. Goods traffic is insignificant, as there are no significant numbers ofindustrial establishments.



Table 1.3: Summary of Average Daily Traffic (September/ October 2003)

Name of Road ADT (vehicles per day)

Cars & Jeeps Buses Trucks Total

Uliastai Asphalt Road 1191 898 125 2214

Dari-Ekh Road 9493 1350 864 11707

Dambadarjaa Road 2613 291 212 3116

Chingeltei West Road 3389 1073 257 4719

Bayankhoshuu South Road 4572 2403 842 7817

Bayankhoshuu North Road 1478 979 199 2656

Bayankhoshuu Bus Terminus Street Road 3801 2866 391 7058

Bayankhoshuu East Road 7135 2868 771 10774

The roads/pathways component considered under UBSIP-2, will includeimprovement of pathways / roadways in the project ger areas, which will facilitatesmooth vehicular movement. The bitumen option has been recommended in the gerarea road/pathways improvement. Figures 2.9 to 2.15 show the indicative locationsof the proposed roads as well as drainage works.

Under UBSIP-2 it is proposed to constructs new access roads (17.1 Km),rehabilitation and widening of existing asphalt road (23.9 km), construction ofintegrated work (construction of road and drainage) 10.2 Km, construction ofpathways (10.0 Km) and footbridges (240 m). (Table 1.4). The statistics of trafficaccident data is attached in Annexure 1.1, revealed that the rate of accidents ofsmall vehicles, such as cars, jeeps are higher due to negligence of driving and lackof median in majority of roads. Road with traffic volume (traffic in year 2003) greaterthan 10,000 vehicle /day. Our proposal for widening is 2 lane to four lane withmedian, will substantially reduce the traffic accident. In case of other roads, wherestrengthening is proposed, it is assume that the reduction of accident will minimal.


Introduction

Table 1.4: Proposed Road Works

Si. No. Work Item T Quantity (km)Construction of New Roads for Access- Intermediate Lane

1 Uliastai ger area 2.32 Dari-Ekh ger area 1.73 Dambadarjaa ger area 1.24 Chingeltei ger area 0.55 Bayankhoshuu ger area 3.3

Total 9.0Construction of New Roads for Access- Single Lane

1 Dari-Ekh ger area 2.42 Dambadarjaa ger area 2.43 Chingeltei ger area 2.14 Bayankhoshuu ger area 1.2

Total 8.1Miscellaneous Road Works

1 Construction of Pathways (km) 102 Construction of Footbridges (m) 240

3 Construction of Bridges (m) 100

4 Construction of Causeways (m) 24

Strengthening and Widening of Existing Asphalt Roads

1 Dari-Ekh Road 6.0

2 Bayankhoshuu East Road 6.0Total 12.0

Rehabilitation and Widening of Existing Asphalt Roads1 Uliastai Road 1.3

2 Dambadarjaa Road 1.63 Chingeltei West Road 3.64 Bayankhoshuu South Road 3.35 Bayankhoshuu North Road 1.56 Bayankhoshuu Bus Terminus ST 0.6

Total 11.9

1.3.8 Forestation

Forest resources of Mongolia are relatively limited and distributed in northern part ofMongolia, mainly in Khangai and Khentii high mountain ranges. As per the MongoliaState of the Environment 2002, recorded forest resources of Mongolia accounted forabout 11.6% of its land area.

According to the city master plan formulated in 1986 large area in the city ofUlaanbaatar was designated as a green area (park and planted area) and theintegrated plantation program was formulated for the plan. But most of the projectsand the program for greening have not been implemented yet, due to the lack offunds. Within the city boundary the planted areas open to the public is now 3.2 sq mper person, which is 3-5 times less than the city's required standard.



There is no forest cover in the many project ger areas, even no single tree exist insome of the ger area. In Bayankhoshuu and Dambadarjaa ger area some trees havebeen seen during field surveys. It is necessary to undertake some afforestationprogram, which can be carried out along with the other urban improvement services,so that ecological balance of the UB could be maintained.

The forestation component will include plantation of trees in selected locations ofproject ger areas, so that the green cover will increase, resulting in reduction ofdesertification, pollution and flooding. The total cost for plantation has been proposedto be approximately 100,000 US$.

1.4 SCOPE OF IMPROVEMENT

The UBSIP-2 project consists of the following components:a) improving ger area of Ulaanbaatar by providing basic urban services: water

supply, sanitation, drainage and bath houses, access roads and pathways;b) forestation/ plantation program to enhance the ecological status,c) upgrading the performance and sustainability of water sector agencies in

Ulaanbaatar;

d) enhancing the ger area management capacity of the MUB.

1.5 SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

The improvement of urban services may cause positive and negative, short term andlong term, reversible and irreversible impacts on physical and ecologicalenvironment. There is a need to identify adverse impacts of the project quantitativelyand appropriate mitigation measures are to be developed for:

avoiding the impacts,

mitigating the impacts

compensating the impacts, and

* enhancing the environmental improvement.

The emphasis during environment analysis, design and management action plan isto facilitate decision making and to ensure that the urban improvement options areenvironmentally sound and sustainable and contribute to the development andenhancement of environmental assets.

1.6 OBJECTIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

The main objective of the Environmental Impact Assessment is to determine themagnitude of potential impacts due to improvement of urban services and to suggestmost suitable control measures with optimum cost benefits, which will beincorporated in the Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP). This report hasbeen prepared after detail studies of all the environmental attributes existing in theproject influence area. It includes the outcome of detail discussions held betweenenvironmental and engineering teams for finalisation of the draft feasibility, cosideringimprovement of urban services with minimal costing and suitable control measures.In preparation of this report, views of interviewed people have also been considered.

The broad objectives of the EIA study are to:assess environmental status in the project and its surrounding areas,identify and assess environmental impacts of the proposed project componentson natural, physical and socio-economic environments during construction andoperational phases,


Introduction

. identify areas and aspects that are environmentally or socio-economicallysignificant,

* develop various services broadly ensuring that the environment and settlementsare least effected,

. develop cost-effective and implementable measures for mitigation of adverseenvironmental impacts, if identified,

* determine the magnitude of environmental impacts so that due consideration begiven to these during planning/design, construction and operation phases of theproject,

* develop a practical and implementable environmental management action plan(EMAP) for mitigation of adverse environmental impacts and monitoring ofmitigation measures during project construction and operation stages (the EMAPwill be prepared after finalization of feasibility report and will be submitted as aseparate report).

1.7 BASIS OF EIA PREPARATION

The EIA report has been prepared as per the international requirement and inaccordance with the guidelines of IDA and Ministry of Nature and Environment, Govt.of Mongolia. The approach and methodology followed to ensure that the proposeddevelopment is environmentally sound and sustainable.

1.8 BENEFICIAL IMPACTS DUE TO THE PROJECT

The benefits of the project to the users and communities can be summarized asbelow:

improved drainage system;approach to quick services safely;reduction in soil erosion;feeling of security and social equality;improve sanitation and hygienic condition;

* improve all weather potable water supply;reduce unhygienic condition;reduction in percolation and contamination of sub-surface water from sewage;reduction in surface water pollution which cause danger and discomfort to thepeople living in downstream;prevent offensive odour in the atmosphere;

. reduction in breeding of flies, bacteria, mosquitoes etc. which cause healthhazard;enhancement of urban improvement through better water supply and sanitation;improved aesthetics and ecological balance by integration of the project in thesurrounding area through landscaping/ forestation and environmental integration.socio-economic upliftment of people;improved quality of life;improvement in education and health care;

. generation of employment for local people in construction and maintenanceworks;



1.9 LAYOUT OF THE EIA REPORT

This EIA report presents the information required by decision makers to consider theeffects of the project on the environment in a fully informed fashion. The report isorganized as follows:

Executive Summary

Presents a brief summary of the entire report.

Chapter 1 - IntroductionThis section establishes the overall description of the project, including the basis forthe preparation of the EIA, Scope of improvement, objective of environment studyand the activities involved in preparing the EIA.Chapter 2 - Legal Policy and Administrative FrameworkThe chapter outlines the Policy, legal and administrative framework within which theEnvironmental Impact Assessment is undertaken.Chapter 3 - MethodologyDetails the methods used during the EIA study.Chapter 4 - Baseline ConditionsThis chapter describes the consolidated picture of the environmental setting of theproject area. Baseline conditions relating to meteorology, ecology, water resources,air quality, water and noise quality have also been detailed out. Current andproposed development activities within the Project area have also been taken intoaccount.Chapter 5 - Analysis of AlternativesThis chapter evaluates the "Without Project" and "With Project" scenarios in terms ofPotential Environmental impacts.Chapter 6 - Public ConsultationThis chapter presents the public information process, including consultation with localpeople, NGOs working in the area, and officials of Government of Mongolia.Considerable information on people's concerns and opinions about improvement inurban services and environmental issues was gathered during the process. This wasdone through direct consultations and through use of well structured questionnaires.Chapter 7- Assessment of Environmental Impacts

This chapter presents key environmental issues associated with the proposedproject. The project activities have been described first and the impacts have beendiscussed thereafter.Chapter 8 - Mitigation MeasuresThis chapter gives a brief account of various mitigation measures. The chapter hasbeen structured as per the impacts, which have been identified in Chapter 7.Chapter 9 - Findings and RecommendationsOutlines the finding and lists recommendations.Chapter 10 - ReferencesProvides the list of books, journals and publications consulted during EnvironmentalAssessment Study.AnnexuresProvides the data related to the various aspects collected during the EIA Study.


Wa ter D eman d for Capilta -2 5 Ifc$day

Water Kio s is Le ngil of TermopI asUc R eha blilatedl K iosks Wt To be Conne cled

Exls9ng Co nnecte New M an Branch KI oS CiPrculalmon Organizalion..- nnected Maln B ranch Pumn15 | 13 1 3400 2150 10 1 2

1W5

~~~~11 .1_,

- MV~~~~~~~~~4

Legend

TI Exist ng Kiosks and Numbers - Existn g Xftbte r Pipeline

Baruun Duurgiin Rese rwir P ropo sed WVater Pip eline

* Proposed New io~sk[s NQ School

F :I re 12

E nvinronm enrtal I mpact Assessin ent Water Supply P roposalsi n Bayank hoshu u S outh Ge r Area(K haniin Materal)Scale o a At 1: 15,1

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\ - t88 WVater deman iK for cai t ...... -2 5 1 lay ... -g V~~twciem2rKiforp2pt?-25! ~~.....Legendt88

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3 Bb.re hdle

Proposed vAer pipeline

I- --E N67 School.

2.NI 17 Kindergarten

_ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Hosotai4 N76 School

5 t Hosptal (center of theath N8)

6 NI 05 School

* '.... Ni 27 Kindergarten

'37~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

FflU!n I1

Water Supply- Proposals .

in Bayankhoshuu (North and East) Ger Area

L;L ' B f * ;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S * e cnA I:5

N t__d___Ce ;-I',A' '\ }82 ' -

Wate r Den-roend i r -Cap -a -25 lkapia da-y

Water KiRsks Length of Terrmpastic Rehabilitated Reservoirs Pump Kiosks With To be Connected

Existirng To be New Mla i n mBrah Kiosks Sktion Circuiation OrganizationC on nected Ban ra rch Pump

23 82 450 |1800 14 1 1 1 2

379

- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Legend-, - 42 4

- = . 40 Existing Kiosks and Numbers

* Proposed New Kiosks

R Existing Hailaast Reservoir

*; - - , - oC: -3> -; -17 Proposed Water Pipeline

- { 3 , .r Existinq Water Pipeline

-- ' - - -N103 Kindergarten

5 -; -- mN37 School

PIjure 1.4

aWater Supply Proposals\L 0 | ] ; 0 F t | | | | in Chingeltei Ger Area

&mb om A3 1:15p3M

Environmental I mpact Assessment

1-16

Vibr Dom and for C pib -25 lkAty

Wair Kiosks Lan glh of Tern oplim: Phablittd Kio.ku WiLh To be Con necbd E i ulUn gPpm Rh Circu laton Organaiion Bore Hole

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14 18 8 12500 1900 11 1 a 2

uL ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I

. a Ex Ii

;Propoed New - k

*21 Bore Hole

- -rpoed te r P Pele

N 58SokhC'DI

El N 109HWide rprleI

.:_ 0,-" I ,, ,'- 8 ', \' - ,b, ' Hosp,h g,i1 'h

f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- -J -. BM

Emu to /m m eklaI n KaotAnse sm e it

Water deman d for capita - 25'Vdday

Wuarbr Kicuk L Ongt Tmrmolic PohtbiIMd To~ b. Connecld

Conn ed N a IRin |2rmni K i Ocrgiionr

9 4 QOO no 5 1a,>f,..s':,-

Legend12 E xistin g k iosks an d n um be rs

* P rop os kiosks

13Bore hole

Existing vu ate r pip el ineI R Zuur*hoid busiin res ervoir si

P rop ose d vater p ip eli ne

Q Hospital

EJ Foomdmark etWKin derga dten

F *. .t 1 6

E nv iro n mentalI I mp a ct A sse ssme nt Water Supply Proposalsin Dar iEkh GerArea

Sopae ok At Il3 is1,j

Water Kicsks Lengt of afI

E_sstin | T o be New* Ten-nop, mcs|

_ 15 | 4se,

0

74 I

A; 'v; ; , ,3'- e -;-'' * N

: 1a{ X s 1 1~~~~~~~41'

Bisg123 eedKoss and Numbers

Proposed ew Kiosks

III. IV Reserwir

t -

Figire 1?

Environmental Impact Assessment Water Supply Proposalsin Naran GerArea

Scfl ok A4 1: 1;1ESI

119 ]

Water Deman d Capita - 251/cMuy

W r K iosks Length of Eisbng Boreo be Term opl astics H oe

Esng Co necte-d Netw Pipe, m Heo = 5 - a

Legend

* EisEin g K iosks and hb mbers

E P-ropcsed New Ki asks

* Bore Hole

Fglre 1B

E viron me rt l I mpa ct RA ss sment VVater Supply Proposals

Access Road Ifntermediate Lane)l(n 7r, L,m) 1 .55 k:mh

Constructiot of IRoad-on-Bu nd(2.7 km)

Proposed

I~~~~~~~~~~~ ar -Ii I nus,E;1

l ; ~~~~~ Ex istin- . \ .u ,sTermi nus.

- . ,4. - L *,V' XExisting FnAd to bERehabilitated (1. k km)

To City = To Nalaikh

F 9 tl 1.9

EnvironmentalI mpact Assessment Proposed Road and Drainage VVorksin Uliastai GerAreaScl_NA :53

SelDe toe, . .elbe Rer .- - Ravine Im rovemert 1'.0 km)V

aS. n r-' ccesRoead (Sincletaef-D -:p<; E 8kn - .-

*X ^^c <a ~ :

- Access R6ad(lnterrbedtatetLane. - - ; * , - . .- ,

. - - ine4n'> ;t:$Q FfvrF emenrt (1.n 0km,-

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/ 8 -/ Access Road (Intermediate Lane)C: 0 flf / , o.8 km

C)~~~~~~~1

o * Ravine Improwemert 0.9 kin)

A 1; t - * -*,Accsccess Road (Sinale Laele )

s - < 'stX+^ *o- ~*> ^ Access Road (Sin le Lanie0.7 km

* tRavine Improvement (0.8 km)

Flgg e1.1D

EnvironmentalI mpact Assessment Proposed Road and Drainage Worksin Dari-Ekh Ger AreaScl ok At 1:15J

1--

4 f-

Roa:d --:. id

Selbe River '* ccesR Itermediate Lan |

*~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ c cS e *ss R -1d (I r' erm d iat LaI(1.2km~~~1. k)

41~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

'''1., c*e - P _ ( :m° i-e Linz).; . -. .~ - f. - ek R.PoeinWo s

4 ;,we~ @. .,.

.. w S '4 K o- , L,t- -"

T -City \A ,,c e s ~sR o ~ I - ekt_RaecinW

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U /* 4* - -;-

~~~* t -o_*w5W.>

.* . Reai~tio _ - t ,- ' r 4- 1

Proposed Road aod Draidage WorksE nv iro n menita II mp act A sse ssme rx in] Dambadarjaa G er Area

I Sal ok At V:1UM1- 2 J

LP -*,f w"e

...5, ^ ., D 02 I m rovement af DrainsD 01 0.5 km D 05 0.5 kmD 02 0.6 km D 06 0.7 km

r 0: N t',* i, . D 03 0.4 km D 07 0.8 kmSs/ \ ' ' w rz> -D 03 D 0410.9 km D 0810.3 km

.H, ' '2t.s[D 04

Drain (1 . kM)

. / .. 3, ; * . ...... D 06

Access Road(Single Lane)(2.1 km) -

s~~~~~~~ ,.,';. .4 ..,t..:..:

1 v F; + t< q D 07.JAccess Road

(intermediate Lane) i (0.8km)t

Reha bi itation of. Existi ,*Road (3.6 kin .k*

. .. , . . .. ,fJ1 - , U<

Fgi E 1.12

E nv irc nmentalII mp a ct Asse ssmen rProposed Road and Drainage Worksin Chingeftei G er Area

am oh At 1:1S50

1 -24

U -- _ __; __ _ _ L

.1

o0 o(-

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Uz) it>'.'

- - - - -- - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 1-25~~~~~~~~f -A

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fy d 0 a is 11 4I* - -31Li j

2i~~ t w<Kcoi-

-c *h ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l~~~~F

(130)rI " 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fgue1.

0) 0r~~~~~~~~rpse odan riag ok

Environmental Impact Assessment in N aran Ger Area~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IL

Scale on A4 1:15.0.

1-2 - - - - - - - - - ;;

Road-on-B und(2.6 kin)

Favinempr v e ment

0~~~~~~~~~~~1

Road-on-Bund . - ' . A<ccess.Rba

1* ~~~~~~~~~~~2.0 km) .;

Ai

To -aigoh . Am. ... h

F.g e - ii

c~~~~~~~~~~ - a ,, 4

0~ ~~~~~~~~~~i Baakhsu Sout G er Area

STae h A llt UB3t

n , . : e >, .! . | * .

bipoed Roai n,Drinw eWokEnvlronmenal Impact ssessmen(tntrreit Lane)hu ouhCie A

(20km).n U4aea4 Ucko s11p

Lining of Drain(1.9 km)

To Zuun Salaa--<enaointation ot Exisiinr Koasr

Rd 01 Bayankhoshuu East Road (6.0 km)- 4 1 *J : . Rd 02 BEayankhoshuu BEus Terminus Street (0. 6 km)

... = ) ^} si Dr 01 Rd 03 Bayankhoshuu Zuun Salaa Road (1.5 krn)To E laruun Salaa -' la2Rd 03 . - . -- et t4 Dr 02 Rd 04 Bayankhoshuu South Road (1.4 km)To E aruun Salaa d 03~2ToI

W -- iZuu|D 0 - 1 4*n

\~~~~~ cell. ;> . .'

S .++ - t , 4 ' . - - -. i mDrovement of Drains/ * &'-..,**-.. .<gr4DO-.k

/ s / r ! .- - 9 \ . - - Ir@,*^|^^s ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Dr 04 - 2.6 kr-ndosruction of NewvRoad " , -;.-8*L rO 20k

Inlduding a ridge AcrosstTolgoit Zuun Salaa o rains(1.3 kr-O ,',dS;-

* ... .2 .r_

* S -- - --- zrO3 Dr-0- 0.9 k

~~ ; . . (1.2 km) - .. . \~~~~~~~~DO2-.9i

To Kha ni in M aterij_,--.: - ToCt

Nu ragt

Fgore I1.15

Proposed Road and Drainage Worksin uayankhoshuu (North and East) Ger Area

Scale oi A4 1:15,111

E nv i ro nmenta IA mpa ct A ssessmer


2. LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter reviews the existing institutional and legislative setup pertaining toUBSIP-2 and preliminary design of water supply facilities at national level.Regulations with respect to procedures and requirements those directly concern tothe project, the capacity of the pertinent institutions and agencies and their ability tosuccessfully execute the environmental management action plan have also beenstudied.

2.1.1 Institutional Setup of Municipality of Ulaanbaatar

The Mayor of Ulaanbaatar is the Governor of the Capital City Area, appointed by andreporting to the Prime Minister of the country. He is also accountable to the Khural(elected local representatives body). The Khural is the approving authority for theannual budget and plans and projects that implement the Master Plan. The city isadministered by the Municipal Government along with nine District Governments(Duuureg) of which six cover up built-up areas and three are rural. The Mayorappoints the district governors, who are nominated by the respective district Khural.Each district has a central office with staff and set of responsibilities, and themunicipal districts are divided into about 20 sub-districts (Khoroos) each with its ownoffice and responsibilities. A typical sub-district may contain an average of 1410households or 6536 people. At an informal level, sub-districts comprise a series ofKhisiks, or neighborhood groups of 150 to 400 households. The Khisiks have noformal office staff and provides only few functions. However, Khisiks represent apotential vehicle for generation of community participation.

The lines of authority and responsibility between the central and city governmentsare unclear, both in the law and administrative practice. There is overlap in almost allfunctional and sectoral areas. Generally speaking, with respect to expenditure thecentral government is responsible for capital expenditures while MUB is responsiblefor operation and maintenance expenditure.

The organizational chart of MUB is shown in Figure 2.1. Some functions areorganized under the Governor's office, others - particularly operating "companies" -under the Mayor's office.


Tourism Division Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (USAG)Housing and Communal ServiceAuthority(OSNAAG)Road & Transportation Department

City Maintenance Heating Stove DepartmentDivision National Recreation Park

_ "Tsetserlegjilt" Company /Gardening/"Lightening and Decoration" Company

Production and "Ulaanbaatar Zam Zasvar" (road maintenance)l) caService Division Company

o _________________ "Ulaanbaatar Us" Company /Drainage/"Nuuts" (Reserve) Company

Engineering Facility "Buyan" Company /Cemetery Service/Division Training Center of Water sport

Ulaanbaatar ServicesImprovement Project C

0

:_ - U,

7;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a

U Foreign Relation and Ec'Cooperation Division Taxation Departmentc

_ _ _ Property Management Department> City Development and Investment Department E0 _____ _ I Land Management Unit

Legal Division Professional Supervision Department >c

Police Department WCivil Defense HeadquarterSocial Insurance Department

Social Development Statistic, Information and Research DepartmentPolicy Division Education Department

m O I I Cultural DepartmentD Health Department

State Treasur-Youth and Children's DepartmentE__ State Treasure l Labor and Social Security Unit0 Division

0 s l l Civil Registration and Information Unit

E O )i- r- Finance, Economy City Planning, Research and Design Institute

'Z .' 1 and Strategy Policy Environmental Department15 N | Division Veterinary Department

Fire BrigadeE Archive

0: O | State Administration Customs Departmentc .. - andManagement Execute Judgment.o _ Division Sport Committee

a) .0)

Ca

Consultancy Sen/ices for Second UlaanbaatarServices Improvement Project, Mongolia

2.1.2 Water Supply and Sanitation Company (USAG)

USAG is a separate legal entity, reporting to the Mayor, responsible for sourcing andsupply of water and collection and disposal of wastewater. Its organization chart isgiven in Figure 2.2.

USAG delivers water directly to institutions and for service to apartments and somecommercial and industrial consumers USAG also delivers water to CTPs from whereOSNAAG distributes to the buildings. In the ger areas USAG delivers water bypipeline and truck.

USAG operates sewerage disposal system in city core and partially in ger areas.

USAG received technical assistance under UBSIP1 and a business plan wasprepared in 2000, which was considered to have underestimated performancetargets. A new business plan for 2005-2010 is under consideration.

With respect to institutional issues, UBSIP1 had covenants and recommendationswith respect to USAG. These are:

Issues Status

USAG was to increase tariffs to cover Gradual increases have beenoperating costs and debt service. implemented. Proposal by USAG in

March 2002 to increase tariffs by 30%was not approved by Governor.

Direct relationship with customers: take Decision of MUB to implement has notover CPTs and eliminate role of OSNAAG been acted upon.and kantors.

2.1.3 Ulaanbaatar Housing and Public Services Company (OSNAAG)

OSNAAG is a separate legal entity, reporting to the Mayor, responsible for managingpublic housing. It has 11 operating companies called kantors that are responsible forservices to apartment buildings, including CTPs. Its organization chart is given inFigure 2.3.

In UBSIP1 more than 12,000 water meters were installed in apartment buildings andpilot improvements to CTPs are being carried out.

OSNAAG received technical assistance under UBSIP1, for billing system softwareand training. As stated above, USAG was to take over CTPs from OSNAAG, but thishas not yet been implemented.


Legal, Policy and Administrative Framework

Figure 2.2 Organization Chart Of Water Supply Authority (USAG)

Managing Board of USAG

Director

Committee ofDirector

Senior Deut lr IFSDrector D I Deputy Director Deputy Director

Technical Project Planning, Supply and AdministrationDivision Implementation Financial and Maintenance and Human

Unit Economy Division ResourceDivision Division

Water Supply Department

Treatment Plant

Tank Division

Customers' Division

Sub Department

Central Laboratory

Dispatching Unit



Fiqure 2.3 Orqanization Chart of OSNAAG

| ~~~D irector

Unit for Human resource, ||Deputy Director and Chief Engineer|Social policy and Training Financial Unit

Lawyer and Human .. mHead oaf financial Head of marketingResource Manager c: 14. s.a accounting division

Engineer in kssistant Evionmntl mpct ssssen

Inspector for | o 01 | || E8 | I2-5charge of to Director Documentation ; Accountant, Economist and

labor and . storekeeper and Sales managersin sp ect io n Archivist I.specialists

an Training F Engineer in Engineer for

Engineers charge of water emergency

meter and materialmaintenan.ce supply

Plumbers

| ~~~~~~Kontors and L ift Company



2.1.4 Other Service Sectors

Bathhouses: Bathhouse operation comes under the Production and ServicesDivision (Mayor's office), delegated to the district level. Most bathhouses areoperated privately under a management contract with the City.

Drainage. Drains are maintained by Ulaanbaatar Us Company (Mayor's office). CityDevelopment and Investment Department (Governor's office) is responsible forpolicy, construction, monitoring and supervision of the drainage system.

Solid waste: Collection and transportation of solid waste is the responsibility ofMaintenance Division (Mayor's office), delegated to the district level. Disposal ofsolid waste is carried out by Nuuts Company (Mayor's office), which also operateslandfills.

Roads and pathways: Road and pathway construction is the responsibility of Roadand Transportation Department and maintenance is undertaken by Ulaanbaatar ZamZasvar Company, both under the Mayor's office.

Plantation: Gardening Company (Tsetserlegjilt) is responsible for plantation andmaintenance of gardens in Ulaanbaatar.

2.1.5 Land Management Institutions

The subject of land management involves several activities and institutions. Itencompasses planning, implementation of plans, land allocation and occupation,construction regulation, land tenure, registration of plots and immovable properties,land cadastre, charges for services to land, and property-related taxes.

In MUB land management activities are handled primarily by the City Developmentand Investment Department (CDID) and the Land Administration Department (LAD),following reorganization effective from February 2003.

The new Land Law and Land Privatization Law raise institutional issues, and theireffect at MUB level remains to be examined. However, most of the present landmanagement functions at district level continue as before although the role ofKhoroos is formalized in the new Land Law.

The new laws call for a single land registry under the State Immovable PropertyRegistry. It is not clear how this will affect the land registries at the districts. SIPR,under the Administration of Land Management, Geodesy and Cartography (ALMGC)are not part of MUB administration.

2.2 MINISTRY OF NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT (MONE)

Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development is the corner stone ofGovernment of Mongolia's Policy. Ministry of Nature and Environment (MONE) hastaken several policy initiatives and enacted several environmental and pollutioncontrol legislations to prevent indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources and topromote integration of environmental concerns in developmental project. MONE isthe agency primarily responsible for the review and approval of EIA pursuant toGovernment of Mongolia's legislation. MONE was formed in 1992 from the StateCommittee for Environmental Control (SCEC). MONE formed a new set oforganizations in 1996, which include: Environmental Protection Agency, LandAgency and Hydro Meteorological Agency.

2.2.1 Formulation of Legislation

Development of environmental policy / legislation in Mongolia has been assigned toMONE at the central level. The Ministry has been mandated with the responsibility for



introducing EIA into the planning process according to the law on EnvironmentProtection.

The Law on Environmental Impact Assessment, which has been enacted in 1998 requiresenvironmental impact surveys and assessments to be carried out prior to theimplementation of any project with the potential to endanger or seriously affect theenvironment. The legislation has provisions for evaluating the acceptability of theproject as well as measures to be taken in order to protect the environmental quality.

2.2.2 Mongolian Policy, Legal And Administrative Framework

Mongolia's policies on environmental resources are two key aspects of theConstitution:

Article 6 of Mongolia's Constitution states that land, groundwater, forests, water,wildlife, plants and other natural resources are public property and are protectedby the state. Land other than pastures, common use land, and land for statespecial needs is owned by the citizens of Mongolia.

Article 16, paragraph 2 states that citizens of Mongolia have a right to live in anecologically clean environment and to be protected from environmental pollutionand ecological imbalances.

The EIA law of 1998 is the key law concerning environmental assessment inMongolia, and is implemented by MONE, in collaboration with AIMAG and localgovernment.

2.2.3 Laws and Regulation

The laws and regulations, which are of relevance to the project, include:* Law on Environmental Protection, 1995

* Law on Air, 1995

* Law on Protection from Toxic Chemicals, 1995

* Law on Water, 1995

Law on Land, 1994

Law on Forest, 1995

Law on Hunting, 1995

Law on Natural Plants, 1995

Law on Protection from Toxic Chemicals, 1995

Law on Environmental Impact Assessment, 1998

* The Law of Mongolia on Environmental Impact Assessment, November 22, 2001* Law on Water and Mineral Water Use Fees, 1995

* Law on Special Protected Areas, 1995

* Government Regulation No.121 on the Environmental Impact Procedure, 1994* Law on Forest Fire Protection, 1996

* Law on Weather and Environmental Monitoring, 1997* Law on Fees for Harvest of Forest Timber and Fire Wood, 1995The above Laws are briefly described in Annexure 2.1.



2.2.4 Water Management Institutions

Due to economic reforms and structural changes, Ministry of Water Managementwas abolished in 1986. Most of the functions performed by that ministry weretransferred to MONE. Since the end of 1987, MONE has been in-charge of waterresource management policy. Therefore, the Law on Water and Law on Fees forutilization of Water and Mineral Waters and more than 20 related Regulations onwater management were initiated by MONE.

According to the Water law adopted in 1995, administrative authorities of all levels,from Parliament itself down to the local level, are given responsibilities andobligations in respect of water management, which they must exercise and carry out.

2.2.5 Water Monitoring

At present, regular water monitoring program on water quality is carried out throughthe 107 guards and 17 stations acting at 70 rivers, 1 spring and 9 lakes. Guards andstations undertake studies on water quality. The MONE were supported during 1995-1998, to re-establish around 15 ground water monitoring points along the Tuul River.12 of them were used for observation for water regime for water supply toUlaanbaatar City and 2 collected data on regime of the Tuul River. But since 1999the work has stopped due to lack of funds. The Central Laboratory of Environmentalconducts effluent monitoring.

2.2.6 Water Resource Management Policy

Overall objective of the Mongolian Water Resource Policy is to support sustainabledevelopment of the country by providing consumers with good and sufficient water,revitalizing the water resources, and preventing water resources from deteriorationand pollution.

To meet these objectives, following Laws and Policy have been adopted:

* Mongolian Law on Water, 1995

* Mongolian Law on Fees for Utilization of Water and Mineral Waters, 1995

* The National Water Policy Program, 1999

The Government recognizes that conservation of water resource is of primaryimportance for the long-term development of the economy.

2.2.7 State Policy on Environment, 1998

In 1998 the Parliament of Mongolia approved the Ecological Policy Document. Thisdocument states that, the underground and surface water resources are the mainsources for keeping healthy life and nature. The key issues of policy are the effectiveactions on water resources protection and conservation, and proper use of watersources.

2.2.8 National Security Concept of Mongolia, 1998

The National Security Concept of Mongolia, 1998 reflects means of ecologicalsecurity. The Concept document has statement on water and provides that all watersources should be under the state and public protection and there should be properusage of water resources. It underlines the importance of creating water resourceand exercising quality control for domestic and industrial usage. The conceptprovides basis of legal and economical incentives for confining the activities, whichhave direct effect or harm to water resources and ecology.



2.2.9 The Environmental Action Plan, 1995

The Environmental Action Program (EAP) has identified main problems of watermanagement and suggests certain identification parameters for prioritizing projectsidentifications. The EAP also defined required priority actions on Water Pollution andWater Quality issues like improving monitoring of water quality; providing sanitarytoilet facilities and waste disposal for the ger communities; improving the sewage andwaste removal capabilities in the non-ger parts of the cities; improve and expand thewastewater treatment facilities. The previous bank project, UBSIP-1, and the presentUBSIP-2 have considered the suggestions/ issues made in EAP-1995, such assupply of potable water, monitoring of water quality and providing improved toiletfacilities.

2.2.10 Law on Environmental Protection, 1995

Law on Environmental Protection is the general law on environmental management.The law has several basic articles related to the natural resources managementactivities including water management.

2.2.11 Mongolian Law on Water, 1995

The purpose of this law is to regulate protection and ensure proper use andrestoration of water resources. The Law includes general provisions concerningresearch, monitoring, databanks, water use, and the plenary rights of variousinstitutions involved in water-resource management.

The Law statements basically concentrated on prevention, protection activities thustheir need some amendments on actual water use procedures and on inter-sectorcoordination activities. The amendment was commenced in end of 1999.

2.2.12 Mongolian Law on Fees for Utilization of Water and Mineral Waters, 1995

The purpose of this law is to regulate the fee requirements for use of water andmineral water. As per the law, items subject to the fees are imposed, as identified inthe Water Law, for water use for commercial purposes, means use of water or thewater environment in production or service operations. Fees based on the metering,if the users do not have water meter than, water usage can be determined bycapacity or productivity of the facilities and constructions. Payers, use of water forhousehold needs, livestock, animals and family vegetable gardens are exemptedfrom the fee. By the General taxation Law the rates and amounts for water use feedetermined by the Government and the rates and amounts for mineral water use feesdetermined by the Aimag or capital city citizen, Representative Khurals within thelimits established in Article 7 of the law. These payment rates are established lowerthan actual calculated amount on basic, which should cover all expenditures.

2.2.13 The National Water Policy Program, 1999

The Policy document reflects overall related issues on water management activitiesincluding water resource, water quality, water uses and protection from deteriorationand pollution of the water resources. The Program defined main and priorityobjectives as implementation of multi-stage activities on preventing from negativeimpacts on health of population by improving of water supply and quality, creation ofa economic and legislative environment aimed at improvement of the level of properuse of water resources and wastewater treatment activities, and solution of theownership of water points and water constructions in order to improve their utilizationefficiency and to provide their smooth operations. The NWPP defines the basicstrategic trends on water sector and has three phases of its implementation (I phaseup to 2000, II phase 2001 - 2005, III phase 2006 - 2010). Within the program theCabinet established the National Water Committee, which has in-charge oforganization, regulation and monitoring on the program implementation. Deputy



Chairman of the Cabinet Secretariat has in the chair the National Water Committeeand its comprises as members the State Secretaries for Environment, Infrastructure& Development, Agriculture & Industry, Health & Social welfare and Finance, and inaddition organized working group nominated from related ministry officials. NationalWater Committee has local coordinating sub-committees in each Aimag. Accordingto the first phase the program has Priority action plan for its implementation. TheAction Plan includes 39 activities enclosed its responsible implementation agencies(concerned Aimag and local organizations).

2.2.14 Wastewater Abatement Policy

According to the Mongolian Environmental Action Plan, actions to improve waterquality have the highest priority, because over half of the population of Mongolia is atimmediate risk from water pollution. The primary cause is the poorly controlleddisposal of wastewater from common treatment facilities (only 50% of Ulaanbaatar is,in case, connected to treatment facilities) and from industrial plants (such as thoseengaged in meat-processing, pig farming, and wool and leather processing).

2.2.15 Bio-diversity Conservation Action Plan

Bio-diversity conservation action plan for Mongolia has been published in April 1996and approved by the Government on 16th July 1996. This plan presents a number ofpolicies and plans to ensure the sustainability of Mongolia's bio-diversity and toensure that the issue of bio-diversity is integrated into economic and social programs.Thus, in relation to the improvement of various services and water supply, the plancalls for the establishment of effective land-use planning and transportation policy.Action third of this policy states that "Transportation planning should be consistentwith land-use policy and plans should minimize the effects of development onbiological diversity and planning must aim to reduce the serious problem of multipletracking". It also states that sensitive areas such as wetlands should be avoided andrules should be established to avoid multiple tracking. It is important to be aware ofthe policies set down in the bio-diversity action plan to ensure that the proposedimprovement work are compatible with the national efforts to safeguard theMongolian Environment.

2.3 EIA PROCEDURES IN MONGOLIA

The Mongolian law on Environmental Impact Assessment, 1998 establishes generalrequirements, procedures and implementing aspects of environmental impactassessment. The main purpose of the law is to regulate environmental impactassessment and the decision-making on the implementation of projects.

The law stipulates that any projects or development initiatives are the subject forEnvironmental Screening or General Environmental Impact Assessment (GEIA). Theproject proponent is required to submit summary and technical documentation toMONE or to the local AIMAG authority in line with screening criteria was prescribed.This criterion stipulates that any development projects in the agriculture sector exceptwater reservoirs, irrigation facilities, and the cultivation of virgin land are under theresponsibility of AIMAG and sum authorities.

On the basis of conclusions of environmental screening and GEIA, one of thefollowing decisions will be made:

To provide approval for implementation without further assessment, if the projectimpacts and consequences meet the requirements of existing environmentalstandards and requirements;

In case where negative impacts are deemed to be unlikely and / or insignificant.Project implementation may be approved subject to specific conditions regardingmanagement and organizational measures to be taken;



In case where negative impacts are regarded as likely and or significant, theproject may be required to undergo more detailed assessment or DetailedEnvironmental Assessment (DEIA).

If a DIEA is required, the project proponent is responsible for contracting one ofMongolia's licensed environmental consultancy company (of which there arecurrently 21) to conduct the DEIA in accordance with the requirements set out in theDEIA. Enforcement and monitoring of the implementation of EnvironmentalManagement Plans set out in DEIAs are the responsibility of local governmentagencies.

2.4 IMPLEMENTATION RESPONSIBILITY

Suggested mitigation measures to be adopted during the civil works in accordancewith the environmental legislation would be enforced by MUB along with thesupervision consultants.

2.5 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING

During construction it is recommended that close supervision and monitoring of thefollowing activities / tasks should be undertaken with respect to the relatedspecification clauses in the construction contract:

* Selection and restoration of borrow areas and quarries,

* Control of toxic and hazardous substances,

* Avoiding excess cutting of vulnerable slopes,

* Quarries rehabilitation and management,

* Careful location of construction camps,

* Proper disposal of wastes generated from camps,

* Locating and operating asphalt and concrete mixing plants with the Governmentlegislation,

Not using machinery causing excessive pollution,

* Use of equipment emitting noise not more than 9OdB(A),

* Avoiding impact on flora, fauna and water bodies.

* Proper disposal of debris / construction waste;

Periodical monitoring of water, air and noise quality.

* Monitoring of sanitary and hygienic conditions of labour camps,

* Plantation of suitable species in afforestation program including monitoring andsupervision up to 2 years.

2.6 PERMITS AND CLEARANCES

Municipality of Ulaanbaatar (MUB) should obtain all the necessary permits prior tothe commencement of any related work, which will include:-

• Permit to fell trees - a request letter must be sent to MONE and Forestdepartment for permission to fell trees if any.

* Permit for quarrying - a request letter should be sent to the concerned authoritiesto establish and operate the quarries if it is a new quarry.

Environmental Impact Assessment2- 11


3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been carried out to assess the potentialenvironmental impacts and develop appropriate mitigation and enhancementmeasures while EMAP gives an action plan to ensure implementation of identifiedmeasures during project design, implementation and operation phase.

Environmental Assessment helps to identify impacts in order to improve decision-making and to ensure that the project options under consideration areenvironmentally sound and sustainable. The purpose of EA are:

* to determine the potential impacts of a project that may affect the environment,* to develop a means/methodology for impact prevention, mitigation (reduction),

minimization and compensation to enhance the overall benefits of the project.The following steps were undertaken during the study:

. review of documents for appreciation of policy, legal and administrativeframework,

* inspection of project area, pathway, roadway, sanitary condition of bathhouses,water supply, sanitation, waste disposal, drainage condition and possibility ofafforestation in the ger area;

* collection of representative baseline data from primary and secondary sources;* public consultation,

* analysis of data for evaluation of positive and negative impacts,

* recommendation of feasible and cost effective measures to mitigate the identifiedenvironmental impacts,

3.2 STUDY OF TOR, GUIDELINES, LEGISLATION AND ADMINISTRATIVEFRAMEWORK

Relevant literature i.e. information on wildlife, flora, pollution, waste disposal,sanitation, water supply, water quality etc. pertaining to the project have been studiedand reviewed. Guidelines of MONE along with relevant environmental rules andregulations applicable to the project have been studied in order to develop the EIAmethodology.

3.3 PROJECT AREA INSPECTION

The environmental consulting team visited the project area from 25th September to1 0th October 2003 to assess the environmental baseline conditions sensitive to theproject. The suitability of alignment for road, drainage and water supply pipeline fromthe point of view of biophysical and socio-economic perspectives (i.e. minimumimpacts and maximum benefits) has been assessed. The data have been collectedto predict and quantify environmental impacts along with practical environmentalmitigation measures and improvements.

3.4 COLLECTION OF DATA

Available baseline data on environmental features has been collected from existingmonitoring stations and National and International offices in the project area.Wherever baseline data was not available, data have been generated by collectingrepresentative samples and testing them for the required parameters.


Methodology

The potential environmental impact that may arise due to developmental worksparticularly construction of roadways/pathways and water supply pipe lines has beenstudied in respect of the following:

i. Air - In order to evaluate representative air quality and to design appropriate airpollution mitigation measures, ambient air quality data has been collected from theto know the concentration of various air pollutants in and around the project area.

ii. Water - Data on sources and quality of water supplied in the project area hasbeen collected to ascertain the pollution level.

iii. Noise - The representative noise level data has been collected from thesecondary sources to assess the present noise level.

iv. Land/Soil - Potential land instability that may result from construction of road/pathand water supply pipeline i.e. soil erosion, drainage etc. along with soilcharacteristics has been assessed.

v. Solid waste management of ger area and city - Data regarding wastecollection, disposal and management has been collected from the secondarysources and supplemented through field verification.

vi. Ecology - The data regarding plant and animal species have been collected andanalyzed. Wherever available, reports on ecological information within projectinfluence area have been referred to.

vii. Archeological sites /land use - Data regarding archeological sites and land usepattern has been collected from the secondary sources as well as siteobservation.

viii. Data Regarding Other Aspects of the Project- Sanitation conditions are verypoor throughout all the ger areas. This situation is possibly more acute wheresteeper slopes cause run-off contamination. Data regarding sanitation,bathhouses, drainage, ger area road, pathways, water supply, forestation andsewerage has been collected from various govt. officials and supplemented by siteverification.

The questionnaire developed for collection of environmental data is given inAnnexure 3.1.

3.5 TREE INVENTORY

No tree and plant will be uprooted due to proposed improvement works. Accordinglytree inventorization has not been done. If during final design, any tree / plant is to beuprooted the same will be recorded and compensated as per the law in force.

3.6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Consultation on important environmental issues, have been carried out with thestakeholders such as Govt. officials, non-government organizations, communityrepresentatives and local residents to determine and incorporate their views.

Group discussions have been conducted at different places of the project area inorder to collect the information from the grass-root levels. Local peope and Khorooleaders participated actively in such group discussions .

3.7 DATA ANALYSIS

The environmental field data have been analyzed in order to assess theenvironmental impacts of the project. The likely environmental changes wereconsidered from the existing situation. The existing environmental conditions wereconsidered as the reference level and the positive and negative changes inenvironmental conditions resulting from the project were evaluated.

Environmental impact Assessment3 -2


4. BASELINE CONDITIONS

4.1 BASELINE CONDITIONS

This chapter describes the baseline data for the existing environment coveringphysical and biological components. Current and proposed development activitieswithin the project area have also been taken into account.

4.2 DATA AND INFORMATION SOURCES

The description of the baseline environmental conditions is based on an analysis ofavailable published data about the project area, consultation withstakeholders/households and data collected during the field survey. The majorenvironmental features in the entire project area are almost similar. Not muchdifference has been found during the field survey in environmental features in theproject area except pathways/roads, drainage condition and waste disposal. Thesucceeding paragraphs contain a brief description of the environment of the projectarea, including its physical and ecological resources. Some of the features in thearea are illustrated in Photographs 4.1 to 4.4 which are presented at the end of thechapter.

4.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

4.3.1 Topography

The topography of the project area is flat, steppe, rolling and hilly (Table 4.1). Thevegetation is predominately steppe grassland and some of the hills around theproject area are covered with coniferous forest.

Table 4.1: Terrain of the Project AreaTerrain Type Characteristic Ger AreasSteppe Relatively flat land above the Dambadarjaa, Uliastai

river flood plain but below thehill slopes

Rolling Undulating land at the foot of Bayankhoshu,the hillsides

Hilly Steep slopes Naran, Chingeltei, Dari-Ekh

4.3.2 Geography

Ulaanbaatar is the capital city of Mongolia and located on the foothills of the KhenteinMountain. The city stands 1,350 meters above mean sea level (amsl) and issurrounded by four high mountains viz. to the south Bogd Mountain (2268 amsl) andSongino Khairkhan (1652 amsl), to the north Chingelte Mountain (1949 amsl) and tothe east Bayan Zurkh Mountain (1834 amsl). The Figures 4.1 show the location ofUB including forest areas.


Baseline Conditions

Figure 4.1


Ski:<~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E

:^ * *, s r ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- _7.1-

-2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-


4.3.3 Soil Distribution

The whole area of Ulaanbaatar is a part of the mountain forest-steppe belt. Theterritory of Ulaanbaatar belongs to the category of southwest part of Khangai andcentral part of Khentii region by soil formation. According to the soil geography it isdivided into three main parts, viz. crumbed stones and light clay in the small and lowmountain, thin black brown soil in the middle mountain and light clayish brown soil inwide and narrow valley between the mountains. The soil distribution reported in theproject area is consist of shallow stony dark chestnut soil, alluvial meadow soil,alluvial weakly developed soil, ordinary dark chestnut soil, dark chestnut soil anddark chestnut. The data collected on soil characteristics is presented in Annexure4.1, revealed that pH values ranges from 7.4 to 8.7 and humus values ranges from0.6 % to 3.8%. The Ca2 ' and Mg2+ value varies from 10 mg-ekv/100gm and 2mg-ekv/1 OOgm to 5 mg-ekv/1 OOg respectively.

Soil contamination through solid waste disposal is clearly visible throughout all areaof UB. Soil quality tends to be poor; it is low in organic matter and has difficulty inretaining water. Some of the households cultivate vegetables but there is noknowledge of composting of plant waste and its use in soil improvement or use asfertilizer.

4.3.4 Geology

From geological perspective, the project area is mainly consists of metamorphic,magmatic and clastic complexes of all the geological ages. The surface of themountain structures usually has Precambrian and Paleozoic Geosynclinalcomplexes, characterized to a significant extent by deformations and metamorphicchanges. Mesozoic rocks and Cenozoic sediments cover the folded and faultedfoundations. Small masses of granitic rocks are also occurring at some places.

4.3.5 Soil Erosion

At present several locations in the ger areas footpaths/pathways have beenconverted like seasonal drain lines. During rainy season, these drain lines arecarrying away the topsoil of the area and finally creating deposition problems innearby watercourses particularly in Tuul River. Some of the connectingpathways/footpaths have been converted into gullies and become dangerous to thepeople traveling / carrying water from the kiosks to the ger. The improvement ofpathways and construction of drainage will significantly reduce this problem.

4.3.6 Seismic

The project area is located in earthquake probability zone of 6-7 MSK scale of earthtremor. The territory of the city is faraway from the Mongol Altai Nuruu and KhuvsgulDarkhad Khotgor zone, which is dangerous region of earthquake in Asia. However,there is high probability of middle-powered earthquake in the project area.

4.3.7 Climate

Consequent to the geographical situations, surface relief and the height above meansea level, the climate of UB is distinctly continental. Since Mongolia is situated in themiddle latitude, the western and northern winds prevail during whole year.

The climate of the project area is characterized by four seasons viz. (i) the summerperiod from June to August when the average maximum temperature reaches up to37.30C; (ii) the autumn and dry seasons from September to November when thevariation is not much in minimum and maximum temperatures; (iii) the winter periodfrom December to end of February when minimum temperature reaches -49°C; (iv)the spring season from the March to May, when temperature variation betweenminimum and maximum is in the range of -35.1 0C to 32.20C. Compared to other


Baseline Conditions

indicators, the relative humidity is used very often and it is variable. The amount ofrelative humidity is in inverse relation to air temperature, but also depends on fog andblack deposition. As per the data given in table the average relative humidity is 70%in January, 49% in April and 67% in July. It shows the amount of content of air andvapor. The average annual precipitation is about 250 mm, 94% of it fall in the periodfrom April to October and rest of it fall between November to March.

The average climatic data in respect of air temperature, precipitation and wind speedhave been collected from secondary sources and is summarized in Table 4.2.

4.3.8 Snow Cover

On an average, stable snow coverage formation starts in last 10 days of Novemberand melts in last 10 days of March. Period of snow cover and its removal is differentfor each year. The earliest date, when snow begins to cover a land is October 15thand the latest date when snow begins to remove is May 2 0 th. Thickness of snowcovering in the beginning of winter and end of winter is 2-5 cm and it reaches 5-7 cmin the middle of winter. So, stable 2-5cm-depth snow coverage continue for 110-120days (maximum snow cover in month of January between 13-19cm). Mean snowdensity reported is 0.15 - 0.18 g/cm3.

Table 4.2 Average Climatic Condition (1993-2003) of the Project AreaI Month of the Year

S Name of StationNo I II III IV V VI VIl VilI IX X Xl XII

Monthly Mean Air Temperature DC

1 Ulaanbaatar (Takhilt) -24.8 -19.4 -9.3 0.7 9.2 15.1 17.2 15.2 7.9 -1.2 -13.7 -22.0

2 (Buyantukhaa) -25.9 -22.2 -11.0 0.4 8.5 14.8 17.0 14.3 7.4 -1.7 -14.4 -23.2

Monthly Mean Maximum Air Temperature

1 Ulaanbaatar (Takhilt) -1.8 8.5 18.3 25.0 31.6 34.5 38.0 34.6 29.1 22.5 13.0 6.1

Ulaanbaatar II2 (Buyantukhaa) -0.7 8.0 15.4 23.4 132.2 134.7 37.3 33.0 33.4 20.7 16.0 7.6

Monthly Mean Minimum Air Temperature

1 Ulaanbaatar (Takhilt) -46.7 -42.7 -35.1 -24.7 -16.1 -6.5 -3.0 -5.6 -18.0 -32.4 -38.5 -49.0

2 Ulaanbaatar -42.6 -36.6 -33.3 -19.0 | -11.7 -5.3 -0.2 -0.5 -10.5 | -22.9 -37.4 -40.2

Monthly Mean Precipitation (mm)

1 Ulaanbaatar (Takhilt) 1.6 1.7 2.7 7.4 13.1 44.9 64.1 63.4 30.0 7.6 3.6 2.7

2 Ulaanbaatar 1.1 1.2 1.6 6.4 | 9.0 33.3 72.0 77.4 | 34.8 8.4 5.0 3.1

Relative Humidity (%)

1 Ulaanbaatar (Takhilt) |70 |69 156 |49 153 ]62 167 [65 |63 161 [65 [71

Average Wind Speed (m1s)

1 Ulaanbaatar (Takhilt) 1.5 2.1 2.9 3.8 4.3 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.0 1.5

2 (uyanbtukhaa) 0.8 1.3 2.3 3.6 3.8 3.4 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.0 1.3 0.9

4.3.9 Wind Regime

Northwest wind is dominant in Ulaanbaatar. The wind velocity of Ulaanbaatar variesbetween 0.8 m/sec (January) to 4.3-m/ sec (May).

4.3.10 Drainage

The general drainage condition in project area is very poor. Some of the ger areasare laying in flat slopes and are susceptible to flooding from run off from the hills. Thefloods in July 2003 in Naran (steep slopes) brought the poor drainage condition into



focus. The poor drainage condition in ger areas is creating various kind of problemsviz. enhanced soil erosion, contamination in watercourses etc.

Some of the ger districts have been built on hillsides in the north of UB withoutconcern for the water runoff. This lack of attention to drainage patterns could causeproblems of washouts of soil. This situation is made much worse by the almostcomplete denuding of the hills of natural vegetation and the lack of any replacementvegetation. This has caused landslides that are likely to be a recurring event (seesection 1.3.6).

4.3.11 Bathhouses

Very limited bathhouses are available for ger area people. It is difficult for residents tohave a bath even once a week and many use baths in friend's apartment. Cost isalso affecting to the people to take bath because the charges of the use of thebathhouse are 1000 Togrog per half hour, which very few ger people can afford.These factors are also enhancing unhygienic condition amongst the people.

The present environmental condition of the existing bathhouses is satisfactory. It isnecessary to make bathhouses affordable and popular amongst the ger people byreducing the cost and increasing the numbers in each ger area with no subsidy orminimal subsidy (see section 1.3.5).

4.3.12 Sanitation

a) City Sewerage System

Ulaanbaatar City has about 110km pipeline network for discharging wastewater andsewage. This has been used since the 1950s and a mechanic-biological processtreats the wastewater. The Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) was designed to treat230,000 m3 of sewage per day and the system operation is based on a gravitysystem, leading to the STP located 11 km west of the city. At the present the plant istreating 160,000 m3/day of wastewater collected from urban and industrial areas ofthe UB. Treated wastewater is discharged into the Tuul river.

USAG (the water supply and sewerage company) is responsible for Ulaanbaatar Citysewerage network. The network consists of three main collectors and 19 secondarycollectors. The three main collectors are: downtown area (area located from Selberiver to the rainwater drainage channel located west of the 1st khorool), Tolgoit areaand city outskirts (area located from the rainwater drainage channel to the west endof the city) and Southern collector (area located from east end of the City up to Selberiver).

OSNAAG (public housing utility company) is responsible for sewerage for apartmentareas in Ulaanbaatar City. The total length of the sewerage network of OSNAAG isabout 109km. The conditions of wastewater pipelines of OSNAAG have similarproblems as USAG ones.

The sewerage network within the city consists of pipelines of the following types:

* Reinforced concrete pipeline - 39.30km* Ceramic pipeline - 40.07km* Cast iron pipeline - 3.40km* Asbestos- cement pipeline - 26.30kmMost of the wastewater collectors have not been regularly maintained for manyyears. As a result, the joints and the pipes themselves are in poor condition. In someplaces, tree roots have grown over the pipelines, and other materials have causedblockages that have resulted in serious operational problems.


Baseline Conditions

There are certain problems with the operation of the STP, such as:

* There is no standby power (during power failures, the entire domestic andindustrial effluent is discharged directly into the river),

* Flow meters and controls are inoperative,

* Most of the mechanical and electrical equipments are in poor condition.

The USAG Action Report for 2002 examined the incidence of damage to pipelinesand the cost of the repairs. It also reported that the volumes of untreated sewagedischarged into the Tuul River due to technical reasons (Table 4.3). During theperiod of 1998 and 2000, the efficient of STP was good, so that untreated sewagedischarged in to the river was less as compared to the other years. However, somepart of the STP was got broken in 1999, so that high amount of untreated sewagewas discharge into the river. As per the USAG, approximately 138,500m3 sewagewas discharged in the Tuul River during 2002. It is anticipated that the discharge ofuntreated sewage into the river will affect the water quality and aquatic ecosystem.People collecting water from the downstream of the river may also get affected. Thequantitative data on how many people get affected due to the use of water fromdownstream of the river are not maintained, hence not available. Only data onphysico-chemical characteristics of the various water bodies, viz. Uubulan (upstream ofTuul river), Zaisan (adjacent to Ulaanbaatar) and Songino (downstream of Tuul river) areavailable and are presented in Table 4.5.

Table 4.3 Volume of untreated sewage discharged intoTuul River due to technical reasons

1997 I 1998 I 1999 | 2000 I 2001 I 200225,300 m3 6,600 m3 460,800 m3 6,400 m3 194,800 m3 138,500 m3

The wastewater charge paid by OSNAAG to USAG varies, depending on whetherhouseholds have water meter or not. For households with meters the charges is 72Togrogs per m3and for households with no water meters it is 120 Togrog per m3. Thewastewater service charge paid from industry users to USAG is 115 Togrog per m3 .The conditions of the STP are not good. Therefore, a contact has been signedbetween USAG and Grupo Industrial Ercol Marelli, S.A. Spain for improvement of theSTP. The following components have been considered for the improvement:

* Compressors,Pumping Station,

. Aeration* Screens* Flow control equipment* Sludge circulation* Waste water pumps* Sludge pumps* Oxidation tanks, Gate valvesThe industrial wastewater of the city is treated in Khargia wastewater treatmentplant which was established in 1975 with a capacity of 13,800 m3 / day. The planttreats wastewater generated by a number of factories, including cashmere factories,Gobi, Buyan A and B, carpet factories, paint workshops, wool washing workshops,tanning research and testing center, tanning industry, and wool research center. Theplant is now operating under private ownership.

Wastewater quality analyzed by the Laboratory of Central Wastewater TreatmentPlant is shown in the Table 4.4.



Table 4.4 UB City Industrial Wastewater quality Reported by Laboratory of CentralWastewater Treatment Plant (Analyzed date 16th January 2002)

Industry PH COD-Cr KjN BOD SS S04 Cl Cr(Vp TOD COBg/m 3 gIm3 g/m 3 g/m 3

gIm3 g/m3 gim GIm3 /BOD

Permissible level* 6.5-8.5 400-800 30 200-400 407 1355-1500 905-1000 0.27-0.5 -Armonia 6.2 32.1 11413 1048 11151 0.07 21943 3.2Mon-Forte 7.0 15016 1502 n.d. 7063 409 335 n.d. 21878Arildii 12.5 6191 619 2490 3716 1577 4098 41.6 9020 2.5Buligar 11.6 6015 602 2930 2193 2284 82.5 59.4 8764 2.8Sor 9.5 5467 547 2250 3615 1106 470 100 7966 2.5Makh Impeks 6.0 4261 426 n.d. 1312 151 384 n.d. 6209Mongol Shevro total 11.5 3551 355 1279 1426 528 130 7.5 5174 2.8Eermel 7.5 3058 306 n.d. 344 83 37.6 n.d. 4456Mongol Amical 6.3 2075 208 n.d. 409 50.1 77.4 n.d. 3023Ikh Asar 11.2 1968 197 917 759 499 2075 4.9 2868 2.2Talkh chiher 4.2 1466 147 n.d. 854 30.9 28.0 n.d. 2137Gobi 7.0 1166 117 n.d. 710 82.8 59.9 n.d. 1699Darkhan Nehii 7.0 508 50.8 n.d. 110 269 767 3.9 741Hospital of Injure 7.1 343 34.3 n.d. 99.0 45.1 32.7 n.d. 500Color printing factory 5.9 290 29.0 n.d. 176 43.7 62.3 n.d. 423Chinggis beer 6.6 2341 23 n.d. 139 22.8 49.9 n.d. 341APU 7.5 183 18 n.d. 20.5 36.8 15.0 n.d. 267Pharmacy Factory 7.2 179 17.9 n.d. 47.8 25.0 24.1 n.d. 261Khatan suikh 6.9 170 17.0 n.d. 29.9 22.7 92.4 n.d. 248Juulchin service 6.8 167 16.8 n.d. 200 26.8 12.9 n.d. 244Science and Study 7.2 164 16.5 n.d. 105 24.7 72.7 n.d. 240TES 3 7.4 112 11.2 n.d. 28.1 91.5 21.0 n.d. 163Biokombinat 7.4 82.4 8.2 n.d. 49.0 15.7 17.8 n.d. 120Autobus-1 7.0 32.7 3.3 n.d. 22.3 51.5 20.7 n.d. 47.7

*Discharge standards to surface water

b) Sanitation in Ger Areas

The existing sanitation condition in ger areas is very poor. The ger area people utilizeon-plot, relatively poor quality, self-constructed pit latrine that is unhygienic, creatingcontamination in sub-surface, surface water bodies and soil and also enhancingoffensive odor in the atmosphere (see section 1.3.4).As per the reports, between 15 th and 17 th July 2003, most of ger areas ofUlaanbaatar suffered from heavy flood, resulting in increased ground and surfacewater contamination due to seepage from pit latrines, which increased the impacts ofthe waterborne diseases (Table 4.5).

Table 4.5: Disease Reported Due to Water Contamination in Ger AreasS.No. Date District Disease Reported

Hepatitis Dysentery Salmonellas Total1 20 June- Songino 27.0 58.0 10 95.0

20 July Khairkhan20 July- Do 33.0 48.0 7.0 88.0

20 August2 20 June- Bayangol 13.0 22.0 3.0 38.0

20 July20 July- Do 15.0 33.0 5.0 53.0

20 August3 20 June- Khan-Uun 7.0 14.0 0.0 21.0

20 July20 July- Do 10.0 13.0 1.0 24.0

20 August I4 20 June- Sukhbaatar 10.0 17.0 1.0 28.0

_ 20 July I I I


Baseline Conditions

S.No. Date District Disease ReportedHepatitis Dysentery Salmonellas Total

20 July- Do 12.0 18.0 6.0 36.020 August

5 20 June- Chingeltei 10.0 18.0 5.0 33.020 July___20 July- Do 20.0 29.0 2.0 51.0

20 August6 20 June- Bayanzurkh 18.0 42.0 8.0 68.0

20 July _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

20 July- Do 27.0 53.0 4.0 84.020 August

The UBSIP-2 strategy for sanitation is based on the introduction of VentilatedImproved Pit (VIP) latrines. It is presume that the VIP latrine will be generally suitablefor the conditions found in the UB ger areas. The application of VIP latrines in gerareas will be based on a matrix of conditions and sanitation management methods.The matrix will include the following parameters:

Hydro-geological condition of soils,The number of users of pit latrines in the typical household,Possibilities for combined pit latrines and soak pits,Possibilities to use septic bacteria for pit latrines during warm periods,Possibilities to use chemical additives, salts and ashes.

Household sanitation technology- the VIP latrine constructed with local materials isrecommended mainly for individual households with an income above the average.The typical deigns of VIP latrines is presented in Figures 4.2 and 4.3. With thesefacilities, hygiene, smell and fly control are expected to be improved, and to beprovided complete child safety.Institutional sanitation technology- the VIP latrine is also recommended for schoolsand kindergartens. Only in the semi-urban areas where piped water is available, aflush toilet is the best-suited option. For flush toilets the septic tank or aqua privysystems are recommended.The water supply is not enough to suggest connecting sewage to the STP in the gerareas, because each flush will require at least 5-10 liters of water.

4.3.13 Pathways and Roadways

a) Roads in Ger Areas

The ger areas have a few formal roads. All other open spaces between fence-linesare naturally formed earth roads without any provision of drainage, and vehicles andpedestrians use these. These earthen roads have the following problems:

1. No pavement and drainage facilities exist and therefore the earthen roads are notserviceable during rains.

2. Due to poor condition and narrow width and lack of proper alignment (bothhorizontal and vertical) utility vehicles such as water tankers, solid wastecollection trucks and emergency vehicles, ambulances and fire engines cannotget access to individual plot.



Figure 4.2: Proposed VIP Latrine for Individual

View fr SIDE

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3. In many ger areas streams crosses the pathways but are not bridged. Therebymovement of traffic including pedestrian is restricted and also createcontamination in watercourses.

4. Absence of all weather roads is one of the main reason for lack of proper publictransport in ger areas.

The provision of an adequate road network in most ger areas will require some re-organization of spaces. This will entail some displacement of properties, bothtemporary and permanent and also create short-term, localized pollution duringconstruction.

b) Pathways in GerAreas

There were no surfaced pathways in ger areas prior to UBSIP1. Under UBSIP1,approximately 15.6 km asphalt surfaced pathways were built in Gandan, Khailaastand Denjiin Myanga. These facilitate the manual conveyance (using pull type trolley)of water from water kiosks.

Only few of the ger areas are planned with surfaced access roads joining at thebeginning of ger area road network. The ger area road network consists of unpavedearth roads with difficult and unsafe geometries to negotiate. It refers to both sharpcurves with poor visibility and steep gradients that cannot be negotiated by vehicleslike public buses (medium and large size) and water tankers. The network needs tobe reviewed in conjunction with the development lay out and suitable pavementcomposition provided. Currently the earth roads are scarred with gullies indicating thesoil erosion during the rainy days. Also the desirable pathways to accommodate theneeds of informal transport (like water carrying from kiosks on a small pull typetrolley) are missing.

At present existing poor quality earthen paths are creating significant dust pollutionduring any kind of vehicular movement and also due to wind.

4.3.14 Ger Area Water Supply

At present most ger area residents obtain water from water Kiosks, which is servedby truck delivery water supply system. Some of the Kiosks are located in the areawhere existing roads are very poor and significant amount of dust emit due tomovement of water tankers on road. Some of the ger households also get water fromthe private well, spring and river. As per the environmental expert of MONE, thequality of water of these watercourses is not suitable for drinking purposes.

4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

4.4.1 Surface and Ground Water

The country is not rich in water resources as compared with other countries.Mongolia's environmental conditions present some challenges in development andmanagement of water resources. The average rainfall is quite low and in most casesthe steams and reservoirs are completely frozen for a considerable portion of theyear. In view of prevailing unfavorable climatic conditions, scarcity of the surfacewater and its uneven sporadic territorial distribution, the country has to rely ongroundwater resources as the main source of drinking, agricultural and industrialwater supply for most of the towns and settlement. The ground water is strictlyinsufficient in April to May, when the groundwater table is lowest in the year.

The water quality is suffering in both the urban and peri-urban districts of UB. Withshift to a market based economy, many small businesses are springing up and aredischarging their liquid wastes directly into the Tuul River and its tributaries. These


Baseline Conditions

new industries are difficult to supervise and have resulted in enforcement problems.Information on new businesses, type and location is not coordinated betweenministries. Also, some ger districts have been built on low - lying land, resulting insubsurface water contamination from latrines. At present surface water pollution is anenvironmental issue. The project feasibility study has considered these issues andrecommended suitable measures to avoid the problems, such as urban planningstrategies, city developments and valley developments, protection of water resources(Tuul River is a critical water sources for UB city. It will be particularly important tocontrol development to the east of the city in areas where this may impact waterquality in the central and upper source catchments areas), and in the ger areas.

Tuul River is one of the biggest river and flows along the north side of the capital.Tuul River is flowing from the confluence of Namya and Nergui Rivers, which havetheir sources from Chisaalai peak and Shorootiin dava, situated 2000 amsl. Thebasic resource of water for Tuul River is summer and autumn rains. For example-Annual river runoff in Ulaanbaatar is 627 million cubic meters, out of which 1.4 %flows for the period from October to March, 14% flows in April and May and 84.5%flows in summer and autumn. Therefore, it is clear that basic source of water of TuulRiver is the rain. To know the physico-chemical characteristics of the various waterbodies viz. Uubulan (Upstream of Tuul River), Zaisan (Adjacent to Ulaanbaatar)Songino (Downstream of Tuul River) exists in and around the project area, data havebeen collected from the USAG office and is shown in Table 4.6. A water qualitystandard of Mongolia is presented in Table 4.7 for reference. Data presented in Table4.5 shows significantly high pollution rates as compared to the standards for severalparameters, such as, BOD (9.2mg/I), NH 4 (6.14 mg/I), and NO2 (0.152 mg/I), at theSongino monitoring station, downstream of Tuul River.

Table 4.6 Surface water Quality (mg/I)

Parameter Uubulan (Upstream of Zaisan (Adjacent to Songino (Downstream ofTuul river) Ulaanbaatar) Tuul river)

1999 2000 2001 1999 2000 2001 1999 2000 2001PH (-) 7.58 7.83 7.51 7.85 7.91 7.45 7.78 7.87 7.6Ec (mS/cm) 71 98 104 68 77 75 152 254 36702 9.51 7.58 8.16 9.47 9.69 9.08 9.61 8.38 6.93BOD5 1.68 1.59 1.51 1.56 2.29 1.28 5.9 6.07 9.2COD-Mn 3.9 2.2 3.1 4.6 2.5 4.8 4.5 4.9 7.5TDS 60.3 68.4 75.8 47.4 63.6 61.0 115.8 111.0 236.5NH4 0.12 0.07 0.13 0.21 0.08 0.29 5.11 5.42 6.14NO2 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.21 0.104 0.152NO3 0.23 0.22 0.25 0.22 0.14 0.19 0.44 0.67 1.13P 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.005 0.005 0.135 0.214 0.410F 0.15 0.28 0.17 0.17 0.11 0.09 0.16 0.15 0.11Cr6 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.005Detergent 0.053 0.015 0.025 0.025 0.008 0.01 0.022 0.027 0.024



Table: 4.7 Surface Water Quality Standards of Mongolia (MNS 4586-98)

SI.No Chemical elements Tolerance SI.No Chemical elements Tolerance1 PH 6.5-8.5 15 Mo 0.25 mg/l2 Dissolved oxygen (02) 6 >4mg/l 16 Cd 0.005 mg/I3 Biological Oxygen Demand 3 mg/I 17 Co 0.01 mg/l4 Chemical Oxygen Demand 10 mg/l 18 Pb 0.01 mg/l5 NH4-N 0.5 mg/I 19 As 0.01 mg/l6 NO2-N 0.02 mg/l 20 Cr 0.05 mg/l7 N03-N 9.0 ,ig/l 21 Cr 6+ 0.01 mg/l

8 P02-P 0.1l g/l 22 Zn 0.01 mg/l

9 Cl 300 mg/l 23 Hg 0.1 mkg/l10 F 1.5 mg/l 24 Mineral oil 0.05 mg/l11 S0 4 100 mg/l 25 Phenol 0.001 mg/l12 Mn 0.1 mg/I 26 GINB 0.1 mg/l13 Ni 0.01 mg/l 27 Benzo [a] pyren 0.005 mg/l14 Cu 0.01 mg/l

Source: Ministry of Nature and Environment

Water quality of tube wells:

Results of physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis of water from selected tubewells in central water source area are presented in Annexure 4.2. A perusal of theresults indicated that ground water is bacteriologically safe for drinking, as the valuesconform to the Mongolian and the WHO standards except tube well No.16, whichshowed a value of 93 is observed in the winter period only. This may be a localphenomenon as in other seasons the value was between 1 and 7.

Chemically, the quality of ground water of the tube wells except tube well No. 36, issafe for drinking and all concentration of the chemical constituents are well within thepermissible limits. Nitrate value in tube well No.36 is found to be more than thepermissible limits of 10 ppm and values varied between 12.2 and 14.8 ppm.

Presence of ammonia is noticed in water samples of well No. 21 and 22 in thesecond season only. Total value of dissolved solids in well No. 36 is always higherthan that of other wells.

Water quality of springs:

Springs in UB are also being degraded by uncontrolled access and possibly fromsubsurface contamination. There have been some efforts made (by the Govt.) at fewof the natural springs to protect the surface around the springs by putting pavingstones, cement slabs or boulders around them. However, this has had only partialsuccess as the surface protection is small in area and the area outside theimprovement gets trampled and impacts the springs. Design of barrier and placementof stones, slabs or cement has been inadequate to prevent contamination of thewater from the water collection containers used in the pools of standing water at thesprings instead of further downstream.


Baseline Conditions

Results of physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis of water from the springssource area are presented in Annexure 4.3. A perusal of the results indicated thatspring water is bacteriologically not safe for drinking. Bacterial numbers are higher inalmost 50% of the water springs (Tolgoit 1 khoroo sprong, Zuun salaa spring,Bayankhoshuu spring, Chingeltei valley spring, Hailast arvain valley spring, Denjiinspring and Dambadarjaa spring). It is presumed that the higher concentration ofbacteria in various springs is due to the seepage from pit latrines. However, thisproblem will be minimized by the proposed improved sanitation. Chemically, qualityof water of the springs except Denjiin, Arvain tal and Bayankhoshuu water spring, issafe for drinking and all concentration of the chemical constituents are within thepermissible limits. Chloride value in Denjiin spring is found to be more (580 ppm)than the permissible limits of 350 ppm.

4.4.2 Existing Air Quality

Ulaanbaatar city is situated in an area that is sunk below its surroundings and issurrounded by Chingeltei mountain-northern side, Bogd mountain-southern side,Songinokhairkhan mountain- western side, and Bayzurk mountain eastern side,therefore, screen of smoke and dust is usually covered in the city.

Air quality is a major issue in the city, particularly in the winter due to the pollutionfrom ger coal fired stoves and in the spring from sandstorms. There is also growingair pollution from increasing vehicular traffic and from individual building boilers. Airpollution from city plants is said to be negligible and the plants have had air pollutioncontrol devices, including scrubbers, retrofitted in the last ten years. Theenvironmental officials say that 40% of the air pollution is from the stoves used in theger area, 30% is from vehicle emission, 20% is from boilers from the urban buildingand 10% is from the coal fired thermal plant.

The major sources of air pollution in Ulaanbaatar are:

* Combined Power and Heat Station: There are three combined power and heatstations in UB, which operate on coal. The stations consume about 5 milliontones of coal per year. Total power of the stations is 25000 million kilowatt peryear.

* Heat only Boilers: There are 250 heat only boilers for heating some individualbuildings and industrial purposes. They used 400 thousand tones of coal peryear.

* Transport More than 37 thousands of cars considered as moving sources.

Households: There are about 75 thousands of households / gers which consumenearly 200 thousands tones of coal and 160 m3 woods per year for cooking andheating of house.

Arial Sources: Dust from solid waste, power station's ash and degraded land.

Since the open disposal areas to the east of the city have been closed and mostof the ash, which was dumped there, has long since blown away.

* The new disposal site is unlined and uncovered, but it is to the west of the cityand as the prevailing wind direction is towards the west, the main recipients ofwaste is now the grasslands to the west of the city.

* Sandstorms bring particulate matter into Ulaanbaatar from outside the city. Dueto lack of green cover in most of the city, particularly in the ger areas, the wind isable to pick up soil to add to the storm. The normal wind conditions are alsocontributed to the loss of topsoil.



The air quality data in respect of project area has been collected from secondarysources is presented in Table 4.9. The national ambient air quality standards ofMongolia for four major pollutants viz. suspended particulate matter (called dust inMongolia), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2),is shown in Table 4.8. It is revealed that the concentration of NO2 and SO2 are onhigher side in winter months (December and January) than 24 hours averageprescribed for NO2 and SO2 by Government of Mongolia. This is because of use ofwood and coal for heating and cooking in gers and also from the transportation. Theair pollution is an environmental problem, and a problem for human health. The latteris evident with the increasing rates of respiratory diseases of the general population,particularly children under 14 years.

Table 4.8: National Ambient Air Quality Standards of Mongolia (MNS 4585:98)

S. No. Air Quality Parameter Unit ConcentrationMaximum 24 hrs mean

1 SO 2 pg/M3 500 302 CO pg/M3 8* 3*3 NO2 pg/M3 85 40

4 03 pg/M3- 120 (mean for 1 hr.)

5 SPM pg/M3 500 150

6 Pb pg/M3 1.07 Benzaperine pg/M3 0.001

* NDIR and gas correlation method


Baseline Conditions

Table 4.9: Ambient Air Quality Data (2002) in pg/M 3

Sampling Point Pollutants Sampling MonthsJan. Feb. March April Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Bayankhoshuu SO2 76.0 22.0 33.0 6.0 10.0 25.0 32.0Shop Center NO2 92.0 53.0 33.0 28.0 46.0 45.0 84.0Bayankhoshuu TSP 1.146Uliastai 6 KhorTolgoit SO2 43.0 34.0 18.0 7.0 33.0 51.0XIl School NO2 101.0 69.0 37.0 14.0 57.0 71.0

Bayankhoshuu SO2 12.0 25.0 9.0 4.0 15.0 20.0Med. Center NO2 52.0 58.0 26.0 12.0 52.0 31.0PieceBayankhoshuu TSP 0.152 0.157Uliastai 7 KhorBayankhoshuu SO2 31.0 16.0 18.0 7.0 7.0 25.0 10.0Auto School NO2 92.0 76.0 33.0 20.0 29.0 96.0 73.0Yarmag SO2 61.0 40.0 24.0 19.0 32.0 24.0Child Med. NO2 61.0 65.0 26.0 17.0 60.0 38.0Center IlIlYarmag 3 Kho TSP 0.036E.Naran SO2 104.0 28.0 17.0 11.0 17.0 40.0 28.0TB Center NO2 86.0 61.0 25.0 36.0 43.0 91.0 93.0Chingeltei SO2 18.0 9.0 16.0 18.0 17.0 50.0 64.0XVII School NO2 47.0 32.0 58.0 40.0 33.0 97.0 47.0Chingeltei SO2 25.0 19.0 24.0 11.0 28.0 43.0 62.0Kinder garten- NO2 85.0 47.0 24.0 25.0 53.0 82.0 38.0

1 9 3 _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Dambadarjaa SO2 14.0 6.0 15.0 7.0 12.0 22.0 23.0Nursing home NO2 79.0 50.0 26.0 30.0 51.0 52.0 49.0Dari-Ekhi Shop SO2 49.0 57.0 43.0 37.0 12.0 62.0 28.0Center NO2 174.0 70.0 35.0 49.0 73.0 78.0 54.0Dari-Ekhi 2 Kho TSP 0.355Anusement SO2 11.0 22.0 14.0 13.0 15.0 22.0 17.0Park NO2 52.0 32.0 31.0 36.0 47.0 52.0 35.0Uliastai Flours SO2 66.0 90.0 18.0 8.0 36.0 44.0 28.0Production NO2 45.0 94.0 22.0 29.0 50.0 52.0 34.0Ulaankhuaran SO2 20.0 74.0 19.0 16.0 12.0 55.0 41.0Univ. Police NO2 59.0 62.0 24.0 28.0 40.0 61.0 26.0

4.4.3 Existing Noise Levels

The noise in project area and its surrounding emanates from jeeps, cars, smallbuses, trucks, other vehicles, on going construction and commercial activities.Mongolia has not yet established ambient standards for outdoor noise levels, butemission standards are available for few vehicles, as shown in Table 4.10. Thesevalues, given in dB(A), approximate the way the human ear perceives air-bornesound.

Table 4.10: Motor Vehicle Noise Emission Standards of MongoliaVehicle Type Maximum Allowable Noise Level, at 7.5 m

Pre-1987 vehicles 1987 and later

Passenger Car 82 dB(A) 80 dB(A)

Bus 91 dB(A) 85 dB(A)

Truck 91 dB(A) 88 dB(A)Source: [EKO, 1998]


Consultancy Senrices for Second UlaanbaatarServices Improvement Project, Mongolia

A brief noise survey has been carried out from 8th October to 12th October, 2003 bythe Consultants to establish a baseline for the analysis of the potential additionalnoise that will be generated by the construction as well as operation phase of theproject. Samplings have been carried out in good weather with light wind.Measurements have been taken for 20 minutes at each sampling locations, asindicated in Table 4.11. Measurements have been taken near the edge of theroadways, pathways, near shops, near ger etc,. This is conservative, since sensitivenoise locations such as school classrooms and hospitals, tend to be at somedistance from the roads. A reduction of 3 to 6 dB(A) from the measured values maybe appropriate to account for the same.

Table 4.11: Field Noise Sampling Results (8th Oct. 2003)

Location Measured Levels,dB(A)

Minm Max Avg.Dari-Ekhi (Bayanzurkh Duureg, II Khoroo, Str. 21, H.No 574) 46.0 56.0 51.0Dari-Ekhi (Bayanzurkh Duureg, II Khoroo, Str. 17) 68.0 70.7 69.35Dambadarjaa (Sukhbaatar Duureg, 15 Khoroo, Str.29,H.No.338 50.4 60.0 55.2Dambadarjaa (Sukhbaatar Duureg, 16 Khoroo, Str.37, 53.0 68.0 60.5H.No. 144Chingeltei (Chingeltei Duureg, 18 Khoroo, Str.21, H.No. 432) 51.0 57.0 54.0Chingeltei (Chingeltei Duureg, Shop center Simba) 62.0 78.0 70.0Naran (Bayan Gol Duureg, 10Khoroo, Str. E.Naran 10) 57.0 59.0 58.0Naran (Bayan Gol Duureg, 10Khoroo, Autoroad) 76.0 81.8 78.9Uliastai (Bayanzurkh Duureg 8 Khoroo, H.No.484) 49.0 56.5 52.75Uliastai (Bayanzurkh Duureg 8 Khoroo, H.No.338) 62.0 74.5 68.25Bayankhoshuu( Songinokhairkhan Duureg, 1 1 Khoroo, Str.5, 54.0 57.0 55.5H.No.44)Bayankhoshuu( Songinokhairkhan Duureg, 8 Khoroo, 65.0 79.0 72.0Autoroad) I

The average Noise levels presented in Table 4.8 reveal that noise is not of muchproblem in the many areas except at Dari-Ekhi (Bayanzurkh Duureg, ll Khoroo, Str.17), Chingeltei (Chingeltei Duureg, Shop center Simba), Naran (Bayan Gol Duureg,1OKhoroo, Autoroad). The reasons for higher noise levels in these areas are themeasurements have been taken near to the road and on going vehicular traffic haveenhanced the ambient noise levels.

4.5 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

The vegetation cover around the UB Mountain and its neighbourhood consists offorest community commonly called Mountain Forest Steppe, which is a kind ofconiferous forest like Larch (Larix siberica), Pine (Pinus sylvestrs) etc. As per thereport of B. Chimed, General Dendrologist of UB city, the total area of the city forestresources is 266,900 hectares (ha), 70% of which or 188,900 ha area are covered byforest. The forest cover under various species is described below:

* Larch (Larix sibirica) 91600 ha* Stone Pine (Pinus sibirica) 37500 ha* Spruce (Picea ovobata) 25000 ha* Pine (Pinussylvestris) 12100 ha* Aspen (Populus tremula) 800 ha* White Birch (Betula platyphylla) 19900 ha* Poplar (Populus diversifolia) 100 ha* Willow (Salix spp.)' 3800 ha


Baseline Conditions

The other major kinds of flora reported in the territory of UB are Chenopodium album,C. aristatum, Iris dichotoma, Potentilla anserinea, Artemisia commutata, A.scaeporia, Urtica anguistifolia, Festuca lenensis, Silene repens, S. glareosa,Korshinskyi, Stenophylloides, Leontopodium, Thymus dahuricus., Schizonepeta sp.,Elytrigia repens., Taraxacum sp., S. Klementzii, S. salicifolia, Plantago sp.,Astralaqus. galactites etc.

The situation in the forest sector is not satisfactory. The situation has rather rapidlyworsened over the last 5-10 years. The main cause of deforestation and forestdegradation are improper commercial logging, illegal collection of wood forconstruction and use as fuel, fire and overgrazing. The forest resources within the UBMunicipality is also decreasing due the above reasons, but mainly for making gerarea boundary / fencing, construction of houses both ger as well as buildings, use asfuel for making ger warm and cooking, making furniture etc. However, it is anticipatedthat the project will include an awareness-companying component aimed ateducation of beneficial and adverse effects of deforestation and advantages offorestation programme considering ecological parameters. The program will alsoinclude legal enforcement option.

According to the Mongolian forest law, the green zone of the urban areas could beestablished within a 30 km radius. The Government Resolution Number 326established the green zone of UB city in 1996. As per the law, within the green zone(30 km radius) it is prohibited to cut trees for logging activities and fuel consumption.However, at present people generally ignore this law due to lack of enforcement.

Because in general the development of ger districts on N, E and W-facing slopesrequired the felling of trees, the forest cover / green cover in the project ger area isnegligible which need proper consideration for policy maker. Proposed afforestationprogram (Ref. Chapter 8), if successfully implemented will be able to enhance thegreen cover and sustainability of the area and simultaneously fulfill the higherdemand of wood.

4.5.1 Fauna Reported in the Project Area

The main animals reported in and around the ger districts are listed below:

a) Mammalai: House Mouse (Mus musculus), Brandt's Vole (Microtus brandtii),Narrow-skulled Vole (Microtus gregalis),Daurian Pica (Ochotna daurica) and TolaiHare (Lopus tolai).

b) Amphibia: Mongolian Toad (Bufo raddei), Siberian Salamander (Hynobiuskeyserlingi), Japanese Treefrog (Hyla japonica), Amur Frog (Rana amurensis).

c) Insect: House Fly (Musca domestica), Siberian Moth (Dendrilimus superans),Gypsy Moth (Lymanthria dispar), Moth (Orgya antiqua), Moth (Erannis jacobsoni),Longicorn Beetle (Monochamus sutor), Longicorn Beetle (Acanthocinuscarinulatus), Larch Bark Beetle (Ips subelongatus), Siberian Bark Beetle(Scolytus morawitzi).

4.5.2 Birds Reported in the Project Area

The major bird species reported in the area are Black Kite (Milvus migrans), HornedLark (Eremophila alpestris), Carrion Crow (Corvus corone), Raven (C. corax), Rook(C. frgilegus), Magpie (Pica pica), Pigeon (Columba livia), House Sparrow (Passerdomesticus),Trees Srarrow (Passer mnotanus), Red-billed Chough (Pyrrhocoraxpyrrhocorax), Northern Sparrow (Accipiter nisus), Daurian Jackdaw (Corvus daurica),etc.



4.5.3 Fishes

The main fish species enlisted in the Tuul River are Siberian Grayling or Umber(Thymallus arcticus), Siberian Loach (Nemacheilus barbatus toni), Northern Pike(Erox lucius), Lenok (Brachmystax lenok), Spiny Loach-Siberian (Cobitus teania),Burbot (Lota Iota), River Perch (Perca fulviatilis). Occasionally, occurrence of a fewrare fish species, viz. Taimen (Hucho taimen), Siberian Roach (Rutilis rutilis), Mirror(Cyprinus carpio) and Amur Catfish (Parasilurus asotus) are also reported in the TuulRiver.

4.6 HUMAN USE VALUES

4.6.1 Archaeology and Cultural Sites

There are several small monasteries in the project area. One of these, Dambadarjaamonastery, is on the list of the seven most important historical sites in UB. Other thanthese monasteries there do not appear to be any features of archaeology andculturally significant sites of note in the ger districts. The primary cultural andhistorical sites are located in the urban core.

4.6.2 Land Use

The land use is clearly divided into the two areas of the city, urban and peri-urban(ger) districts. In the urban core of UB there are clearly designated parks,playgrounds and other green areas such as medians and street-side trees,residential apartment, markets etc. In ger areas there are very few trees orvegetation, no playgrounds except those attached to the few schools, and nodesignated parks or green strips, traditional gers and wooden shacks.


Photo 41: Smokelfroni the Ger Area

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Photo 4k2: Gtlly Erosion

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Plioto 4k3: So lid waste duimpedl oni roa(isilale

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Photo 4.-k Smoke from Thermal Plaint

Consultancy Senrices for Second UlaanbaatarServices Improvement Project, Mongolia

5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

5.1 GENERAL

An analysis of alternatives has been carried out "with project" and "without project"scenarios in terms of potential environmental impact.

5.2 "WITH" AND "WITHOUT" PROJECT SCENARIO

The ger area lacks basic urban service facilities like sanitation, bathhouses, potablewater supply, drainage, pathways and roadways and green coverage. 'With' and'Without' project scenarios have been compared as given in Table 5.1. It is evidentfrom the Table that under 'With" project scenario, the positive/beneficial impacts willvastly improve the environment and enhance social and economic development ofthe ger areas. Whereas under 'Without" project scenario, environmental setup andquality of life will further deteriorate . Hence the "With" project scenario with minorreversible impacts is an acceptable option than "without" project scenario. Theimplementation of the project therefore, will definitely be advantageous to achieve theall - round development of the socio-economy and progress of the ger areas.

The impact on air, surface and ground water and noise quality will be positive. Dustand particulate matter during construction will affect temporarily the localized airquality. The project will improve the over all quality of life of resident of ger areas byproviding them basic urban amenities like potable water supply, proper drainagesystem, provision of bathhouses, proper sanitation and pathways. The impact interms of reduced prevalence of water-borne diseases, better overall health conditionsespecially for children and women and awareness of environmental hygiene issueswill also be beneficial. Benefit, which is not quantified in this assessment, will bemajor reduction in SPM level from vehicles using a surfaced road (with projectscenario), compared to a continued use of dusty un-surfaced/path. The afforestationprogram will further enhance the ecological balance of the area.

The marginal impacts due to air, noise, dust pollution and cufting of hill slopes will betaken care of by adopting mitigative measures such as land management andarboriculture.

5.3 ANALYSIS OF OTHER ALTERNATIVES OPTIONS

a.Sanitation

A sewer system is not an option: This system uses water to convey sewage throughgravity pipes, and the resultant average consumption of water has to beapproximately 200 liters per capita daily (Ipcd). This is not sustainable for the gerareas, due to the unavailability of adequate amount of water and the inability of theproposed system to sustain the supply and distribution requirements.

There is a design of a pit latrine called VIP latrine (ventilated improved pit latrine),which could minimize the chances of vectors (flies) to sit on the sewage, andminimize odours by providing continuous aeration and ventilation of the pit. The useof this design must be encouraged, or rather, legislated. The use of V.I.P. latrines inthe Bayankhutag Soum in 2000 (Clean Environment-Health Project) resulted in animprovement in the sanitary condition in the Soum, a decrease in odours, and amarked decrease in the prevalence of diarrhea and water related diseases.


Analysis of Alternatives

There is also a need to review the use of bacterial augmentation: This is a techniquewhere beneficial bacteria are added to the sewage on a weekly basis to acceleratethe decomposition of the organic mass. This may prove to be viable, but only if twoproblems can be overcome, (a) the cost and (b) the transportation problems. Thecost of using bacterial additives produced in Canada or other countries will beprohibitive, and also the cost of transportation will be excessive. This alternativebecomes feasible if technology is transferred to Mongolia and the bacteria areproduced on a local basis. As the bacteria do not survive at sub-zero temperatures, itwill be only used in the summer, when the hygienic problems occur.

Recommendation: The use of V.I.P. larine is the best option for consideration in thepresent project.

b. Water Surnlv

Piped water supply: piped water supply is a common form of water supplyimprovement. In the case of UBSIP-2, boreholes are considered as the water sourcefor the piped water supply. The ground water quality of borehole fields is generallygood as reported by USAG and thus the need for treatment is limited to chlorination,which is applied mainly as a safety measure against contamination in the distributionnetwork.

Advantages and disadvantages of piped water supply are given bellow:

Advantages:. High level of service can be provided by bringing water to or near the

consumers,* Water quality can be controlled up to the kiosks,* Water can be supplied to areas where no local water sources are available,* Water can be supplied to a large number of consumers, especially in areas

with high population density,* Water can be supplied to hilly areas where water trucks cannot reach.

However, it should be noted that the advantages of piped water supply schemesapply only when the schemes are operating continuously.

Disadvantages:* Substantial initial investment costs,* Sufficient number of skilled manpower required,* Operational costs required, except for gravity schemes,* Constant and reliable supply of primary power and spares required,* Chemicals have to be supplied constantly in the case of piped schemes with

full treatment.

Water Tanker Supply This option consists of feeding points, water trucks, accessroads and kiosks. The kiosks are simple buildings constructed with bricks, with watersupplied by tanker on a daily basis. The frequency of delivery can vary betweenweekdays and weekends, as there is more demand for water in the weekends.Typically there might be one daily tanker delivery on weekdays and two in theweekends.

The advantages of water tanker supply are:Low initial investment cost,

Environmental Impact Assessment5-2


* Simple to operate,* Low operating cost with minimal water consumption and wastage,* Facilitates regular water supply to the remote areas.

The disadvantages of water tanker supply are:* May increase risk of water contamination,* Medium level of services reliability.

Recommendation: From the operation and service point of view water tanker supplyrelies on a good access road network. Thus, additional road construction and 0 & Mcost have been taken into account in comparison to water tanker and piped watersupply options. It has been recommended to construct 9.0 km of new roads underthe present project to facilitate the public water distribution system. The cost analysisshows that the piped water supply and tanker delivery, operating a double shift day,is of the same order. Tanker delivery with only one shift per day has a greater costimplication, so that both options are considered in the project ger areas depending onsituations.

c. Bathhouses

Individual Option: This option is not feasible due to less water availability and lesswater supply in the ger areas.

Public Bathhouses: The criteria that have been used for the selection of publicbathhouses include:

* Density of population,* Availability of water,* Availably of land,* Sustainability of soil to sub-soil water disposal/ drainage, or access to tanker

wastewater disposal, and* All weather access roads.

The above criteria have identified many sites in the project ger areas. A more criticalselection would have to be at the feasibility study stage, depending on the overallbudgetary constraints. However, three public bathhouses in each project ger areashave been recommended for construction.

d. Afforestation

Community Based Afforestation: In this scheme, plantation will be carried out byinvolvement of the ger areas people. It is assumed that each ger owner will plant 3-4trees within the ger boundary and maintain it up to maturity. Planting material will beprovided by the MUB from the project costs. However, this idea was droppedbecause of (i) ownership problem, (ii) lack of acceptable watering systems andavailability of water.

Afforestation through plantation company (TSETSERLEGJILT Company): In thisscheme the plantation company at selected locations in the ger areas will carry outplantation. They will maintain all the plants and plantation sites. Three locations havebeen identified for the plantation in the project ger areas (see section 8.2). Each areahas an area of approximately 3 ha. In this scheme, various items required formaintaining the seedling are proposed, such as water system, weeding system,silvicultural system and fencing around the plantation areas to avoid human andanimals impacts. In this scheme there is no problem of ownership because theproposed plantation company will be working under the MUB.



From the above analysis, it appears that afforestation through "TSETSERLEGJILT"Company (the plantation company) is of the best option and so proposed in theproject for consideration.

5.4 PRIORITIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN UBAs per the National Environmental Action Plan (NEPA) 2000, the most urgentenvironmental and natural issues facing Mongolia as well as UB are environmentalchallenges due to urbanization and socio-economic development, such as (i)degradation, pollution and overexploitation of natural resources including water, (ii)air pollution, (iii) unsatisfactory disposal of solid waste, (iv) land use conflict, (v) non-sustainable utilization of land and forest, and (vi) expansion of desert due to naturaland human impact and severe natural disasters.

Under the UBSIP-2, sanitation, improvement of paths/roads, better potable watersupply, bathhouses and afforestation components have been considered to improvethe overall environmental condition of the project ger areas. Afforestation andsanitation are the most priority issues in the UB and considered in the project, so thatenvironmental quality will be improved. At present forest cover in the project gerareas is negligible. Considering the options analysed above, the environmentalconditions of the project areas could be significantly improved in various ways, suchas:

* Improved sanitary conditions - reduced offensive odour, and enhancedpersonnel hygiene,

* Improved roads/paths - reduced dust pollution and fuel consumption,. Increased plantation areas (afforestation programme) - reduced pollution

levels and enhanced ecological balance,



Table 5.1 Comparison of Positive and Negative Impacts of 'With' and 'Without' Project Scenario

With Project Without ProjectSI.No Impacts Impacts

+ve -ve +ve -veWith the improvement of approach roads and Minor topographical Nil Increase in travel timepathways in ger areas, the traffic problems due changes in the area due toto obstructed movements of vehicles will be cutting, leveling and filling, Increase In fuel consumpbonminimized and thus wastage of fuel emissions Increase in dust pollution & vehicular emissionfrom the vehicles will be reduced and dustclouds will be minimizedDue to improvement of road condition, supply of Nil Nil Non availability of potable water in winterwater through tanker to kiosk can be maintainedthroughout the year

2 Improvement of water supply Minor impact associated Nil Non availability of portable water supply in ger areas,with digging and filling by Enhance the further deterioration of ecological condition,laying water supply line

Enhance unhygienic condition,3 Improvement of sanitary condition Nil Nil Increase in unhygienic condition, increase in diseases,

contamination of ground and surface water and soil,

Sewage is generally disposed of in a nearby watercourse andthis will cause further water pollution and also danger anddiscomfort to the people living downstream,

Increase in percolation of sewage and contamination to sub-surface water,

Increase breeding of flies, bacteria, mosquitoes etc. causinghealth hazards,

4 Improvement in personal hygiene by Nil Nil Increase in unhygienic condition, increase in diseases,constructing bathhouses contamination of ground, and surface water and soil, breeding

of vector diseases,



With Project Without ProjectSI.No Impacts Impacts

+ve -ve +ve -ve5 Improvement in drainage Minor effects on soil due to Nil Increase in soil erosion, flooding and contamination of surface

construction of drains water and soil,

Further increase of offensive odour in the watercourse,

6 Improvement in land management Ger people will have to Nil Lack of funds will result in unsustainable provision of services,bear additional cost forimprovement of urbanservices

7 Development of green belt / afforestation Nil Nil Lack of greeneries, desertification, soil erosion, pollution andflooding condition will further increase,Livelihood opportunity will reduce,

Ground water pollution from seepage will increase,

8 Employment to local workers on the project Nil Nil Arrest of possible significant enhancement and economicitself development of the area,



6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION

In keeping with the World Bank's OP 4.01, household consultations were held, aspart of EIA study in all ger areas covered under the project. This chapter discusseson community consultations held with households, government officials, stakeholdersand incorporation of various measures pertaining to environmental issues based onthe responses from the people.

6.1 OBJECTIVES OF CONSULTATIONS

The process of public participation / consultations were taken up as an integral partof the project in accordance with EIA requirements. The objectives of theseconsultations are:

* To educate the general public, specially potentially impacted communities Iindividuals and stakeholders about the proposed project activities;

* To familiarize the people with technical, environmental, social and economicissues of the project for better understanding;

* To solicit the opinion of the affected communities / individuals on environmentalissues and assess the significance of impacts due to the proposed development;

* To foster co-operation among the team members of the project i.e. the officers ofMUB, the community and the stakeholders to achieve a cordial workingrelationship for smooth implementation of the project;

* To identify the environmental issues relating to the proposed activity underSecond Ulaanbaatar Services Improvement Project;

* Assess the views of the beneficiary community and their willingness to participatein the project in a bottom up planning and decision making process;

* To secure people's inputs in respect of project design, selection of mitigationmeasures and monitoring strategies;

* To ensure lessening of public resistance to change by providing them a platformin the decision making process.

6.2 METHODOLOGY FOR CONSULTATIONS

Consultation with the community has been carried out using household surveyquestionnaires and interviews with key stakeholders and organizations. In addition,reconnaissance visits have been made to ger areas.

6.2.1 Identification of Stakeholders

Stakeholders were identified to ensure as wide a coverage as possible of the projectarea as follows:

Households in the project area including potential Project Affected Persons* Local voluntary organisations / Non-government Organizations (NGOs)* Government agencies / departments

Khoroo leaders and other key persons in the community such as teachers, healthworkers, doctors, prominent women etc.


Community Consultation

A questionnaire survey was designed to obtain background information and details ofissues that concern households in the project area. In addition, environmental issueswere discussed with relevant organizations, key persons and experts. The list ofpeople contacted for such discussions is given in Annexure 6.1.

6.3 RESULTS OF CONSULTATIONS

6.3.1 Household survey

Nearly 2000 households have been interviewed in ger areas using a questionnairethat included environmental issues. The purpose and nature of the project has beenexplained to respondents and their views sought on the major parameters. Theresponses are tabulated and set out in Annexure 6.2. A summary of the surveyresults is presented in the following table:

Question Summary response Percentage(%)

Do you obtain enough water each day? Yes 75.75What is your source of water? Kiosk / trucked water 84%Are you satisfied with the availability of Yes 80%water?Does your ger plot have a pit latrine? Yes 98.9%Is your latrine ventilated? Yes 40.6%

No 59.4%How long does a pit latrine last? Average 5 years N/a

(Minimum 3.7 years,maximum 9.8 years)

What do you do when the latrine is full? Dig new one 81.5%Use vacuum truck 12.3%

Do you have space in your plot for a pit Yes 76.6%latrine?What kind of pit latrine would you prefer? Lined pit 93.3%Do you have a soak pit? Yes 35%How do you prevent flies in your latrine? Using chlorine 61%

Using salt 24.6%Do family members wash their hands Yes 90.5%after using the latrine? No 9.5%Is drainage system satisfactory in your Yes 59.9%area? No 40.1%Where do your family members bathe? At home 35.5%

In bath house 24.4%In friend's apartment 40.1%

How often is your solid waste collected? Once/month 51 %Less than once/month 39.6%

Who collects it? Municipality 87.6%Is noise level in your area disturbing? No 59.8%Is air quality a problem? Yes 82.1%What is the cause of poor air quality? Dust 47.7%

Household fire smoke 36.36%industry 26%

What illnesses have your family members Tuberculosis 15.37%suffered from in the last year? Dysentery 4.6%

_ Hepatitis 2.6%



6.3.2 Discussions with key persons and environmental experts

The project concept was received enthusiastically by Khoroo leaders who assuredthe consulting team of their support. It was considered that the major environmentalimpact of the project would occur during the construction phase when air and waterquality would be affected and construction noise could be an issue. These concernswould last only until project completion. All people who were met expressed a strongdesire for improved conditions in the ger areas.

6.3.3 Observations from field visits

Ger areas are virtually void of vegetation except for some very minor areas ofplanting inside a few ger plots. There are also very few paved areas. As a result, gerareas are extremely dusty in dry periods. Evidence of poor drainage is common andpathways are in poor condition in many places. Many ger plots are on slopingsections and experience run-off during rainy periods. Erosion, especially on thesesloping sites is widespread.

6.4 DISCUSSION

The process of the questionnaire survey and discussions with key persons andexperts allowed project personnel to explain the purpose of the project torepresentatives of the community.

Some questions in the survey may require further study. For example, the surveyindicated that people were satisfied with the amount of water available to them. Theaverage water collected is 10 litres per person per day. It is anticipated that theproject will include a communication/education component aimed at increasingawareness of sanitation concerns and creating demand for improved sanitation. Aproduct of this increased demand is likely to be an increase in water consumption forsanitation purposes. It is also likely that present demand for water consumption isconsiderably influenced by the requirement to collect it from a kiosk and carry ortransport it back to the ger plot. The response to a question on whether familymembers wash hands after using the latrine is almost 100%. This is not borne out bystatistics of diseases such as diarrhoea, a common cause of which is poor personalhygiene. Similarly, reporting on family illness does not mirror health profiles in gerareas where incidence of diarrhoeal diseases is high. The reported level oftuberculosis is also considerably higher than the national average.



7. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

7.1 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

In the context of the proposed 'follow-on' project and the activities for the variousproject components, this chapter identifies and analyses the potential environmentalimpacts. Identification and assessment of the potential environmental impacts basedon the baseline information on existing environment, supplemented by field visits andprimary survey of the various environmental components have been carried out.Impact of proposed urban improvement activities on various environmentalcomponents have been assessed during planning and design stages as well asduring construction and operational stages.

7.2 IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS

Identification and assessment of impacts have been structured in accordance withthe sequence followed in Chapter 4 'Baseline environmental conditions'. Theimplementation of urban services improvement project will have beneficial impacts onthe environment as appropriate measures have been incorporated at the designstage itself. As will be further discussed below, the long-term impacts will be mainlybeneficial. However, in the short-term, i.e. during the construction phase, there mightarise negative environmental impacts, which can be kept under check through properplanning and adopting regulatory measures.

7.2.1 Positive Environmental Impacts due to Improvement of Urban Services

The second Ulaanbaatar services improvement project (SUBSIP) is likely to improvethe basic urban services, such as water supply, sanitation, road and pathways,drainage, public bathhouses etc. and further enhance the overall environmentalcondition in the project ger areas after its implementation. Deterioration inenvironmental quality such as surface and ground water pollution, air and soilpollution due to lack of proper drainage and sanitation is expected to decreasesignificantly. The most significant positive impact of the project in the operation phasewill be the availability of adequate quantity of safe drinking water on a sustainablebasis, thus meeting a basic need for a healthy, productive life of the people in the gerareas. The proposed water supply schemes will ensure a better service delivery,which would enable supply of safe water at convenient public points. This will largelyeliminate / reduce the drudgery in fetching the daily water needs by the households,particularly women and children. The time and labour saved due to the better andmore convenient service could provide opportunities for income generation,especially for women.

At few locations in ger areas earthen footpaths have been converted into drain orgully and creating problems to the people carrying water from the Kiosks, passingvehicles and also enhancing soil erosion, which is likely to be decreased by thedevelopment of proper roads/pathways along with environmental friendlyconstruction. The dust pollution generated due to movement of vehicles betweenKhasha (fence) lines is likely to reduce.

Improvement of drainage and sanitation condition in the ger areas is likely to reducethe breeding of flies, bacteria and mosquitoes etc., which otherwise will cause healthhazard. This will also reduce the on going contamination of soil, surface and sub-surface water bodies. The present on going offensive odour due to pit latrine is alsolikely to be reduced.


Assessment of Environmental Impacts

The ger area people are facing difficulty for taking bath due to less availability ofwater supply in ger areas as well as cost factors of limited bathhouses. Theconstruction of additional public bathhouses and improvement in water supplysystem will significantly improve the personnel hygiene of the ger area people if it isbearable for the people (cost factor).

At present there is very thin green cover in the ger area as well as city core.Proposed afforestation / plantation program will enhance the green cover andecological balance of the project areas if it is successfully implemented. Afforestationof project area will also reduce the soil erosion, flooding and pollution levels andenhance the habitation for biotic organisms as well as provide pleasant atmospherefor the local habitants.

7.2.2 Negative Environmental Impacts due to Improvement of Urban Services

The construction of road will require stone aggregate, which may cause marginallyresource depletion. Similarly river sand is a scarce commodity in Mongolia and thusborrowing of sand from riverbed will also have minor resource depletion impact.Therefore as an alternative, a possibility for using stone dust will need to be explored.Construction of road, water supply pipeline, drainage line and bathhouses are likelyto have localized and micro level short-term localized negative impacts on thetopography, noise and air quality of the area. Construction of additional bathhousesmay create waterlogging problems during operation phase, due to insufficient drainfacilities.

The expected potential environmental impact arising from the project intervention Iactivities have been identified, classified as positive / negative and presented inmatrix form in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1 Environmental Impact Matrix

Si Project Interventions Potential Environmental I pact (s)No Positive Negative

1 Preparatory activities Primary Primary

* Information * Appreciation of environmental and * Land acquisition andEducation sustainability issues of the project by the cash compensation, ifCommunication target community any(IEC) campaigns to * Community's willingness for informed * Financial burden ongenerate demand for participation secured and their community and thethe project environmental concerns ascertained Municipality

* Public consultations * Collective decision by communityto identify issues of regarding sitting of facilities,concern to the * Capacity building in developmentcommunities, their planning and administration.preferences andpriorities regardingthe proposed project

2 Water Supply Primary Primary

* Improvement of * Direct benefits to ger area residents are * Increased ground/existing water supply estimated in terms of the costs of surface watersystems obtaining the manual energy required for abstraction

hauling water, but the wider health * Risk of loweringbenefits arising from this are not ground water levelquantified and are likely to be significant, * Risk of hydraulic

* The services in the project area will be interference betweengreatly improved, particularly in terms of existing and new dug /availability of supplies, bore well sources

* Availability of increased /demanded level * Temporary disruption



Si Potential Environmental Im pact (s)No Positive Negative

of safe drinking water on a sustainable in existing waterbasis supply services

* Employment opportunities for local * Temporary increase intechnicians/ NGOs and private sector emissions of noise,

* Reduction in water and sanitation related vibrations, dust anddiseases, improved personal and family fumes fromhealth and hygiene leading to improved constructionquality of life of the people operations

Secondary * In uncovered cut and* Opportunities for income generation fill areas- chances of

especially by women soil erosion / silt runoffand depreciation ofenvironmentalaesthetics

* Traffic congestion andblockage of access togers

* Chances of polluted/contaminated waterserved in distributionsystem if proper careand monitoring nottaken up during watersupply,

Secondary* Hazard of land

subsidence caused byexcessive groundwaterpumping

* Inadequate protectionof water source fromsurface runoff pollution

3 Sanitation, Primary PrimaryBathhouse and* Some of ger area such as Dari-Ekh, * Risk of ground water

Drainage Bayankhoshu have built on low-lying contamination fromInstallation of land, resulting in sub-surface water sanitation systems ifhousehold sanitation contamination from the seepage of pit disposed untreatedsystems/ latrines which will be minimized due to * Temporary increase inconstruction of proposed improvement of latrines erosion, traffic,additional designs, vehicular emission,bathhouses I * The current public health risks, which are ambient noise levelimprovement of particularly alarming in cases where raw and dust concentrationdrainage condition sewage is accumulating in the ger areas, during construction

would be greatly reduced by the proper * Construction ofdisposal of sewage, addition bathhouses

* The ecological benefits to the rivers may create watercurrently receiving raw sewage is large, logging problem ifand the consequent threats to animal proper drainageand human users downstream of sewage connectivity is notreceiving point will be greatly reduced, provided

* Reduction in soil, ground and surface Secondarywater contamination * Inadequate

* Enhance the personnel hygiene maintenance of* As per the WHO Environmental Health drainage line will likely

Study 2001, 60.3% of ger area create problem duringhouseholds take bath at other operation phase



Si . . Potential Environmental Impact (s)No Project Interventons Positive Negative

households living in apartments whichwill be reduced

* Reduction in water and sanitation relateddiseases, improved personal/ familyhealth and hygiene

* Employment opportunities for localtechnicians/ NGOs and private sector

Secondary

* Improvement in general health status ofpeople

* Enhanced environmental sanitation andhygiene status and general aesthetics ofger areas

* Increase in value of property4 Road I Pathways Primary Primary

Paving of internal * Smooth flow of vehicular traffic, reduced * Temporary increase inpaths / roads maintenance of vehicles, reduced dust noise level, dust,

level and improved aesthetics erosion, vehicular* At present several locations in the ger emission, loss of soil

areas paths have been converted like quality duringseasonal drain lines and during rainy constructionseason, these drains lines carry away the * Disruption of normaltopsoil of the area and finally create movement of peopledeposition problems in nearby and vehicular trafficwatercourses particularly in Tuul River. including diversion ofSome of the connecting pathways / traffic during roadfootpaths are also converted like gullies, improvement /creating problems and become construction ofdangerous to the people traveling / drainage linescarrying water from the kiosks to the ger. SecondaryImprovement of pathways will * Waste generatedsignificantly reduce these problems. during construction

Secondary may create short term* Increase in value of property problems

5 Community and Primary PrimaryInstitutionalInstituiomnal * Enhanced Community mobilization for * Working time scheduleDevelopment local development works of the people may be* Community * Improved decision making process affected during

participation among the user community awareness program* Improved self-reliance for planning,

implementation and development works* Greater social interaction and collective

responsibilities* Improved community awareness/

knowledge of water, health, hygiene andenvironment leading to positivebehavioral changes

5 Afforestation Primary Primary

* Development of * Enhanced ecological balance of the area * Change in existinggreen cover * Reduced land degradation and soil landscape / land use

erosion



Si . . Potential Environmental Im pact (s)No Positive Negative

* Reduced atmospheric pollution* Enhanced water absorption capacity of

soil, reduced flooding

Secondary* Enhanced aesthetic beauty of the area* Enhanced shade cover* Provide habitation for birds/animals

7.3 ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

7.3.1 Construction Phase Impacts

The project envisages improving some of the poor quality earth roads/ pathways thatare presently highly eroded and in poor conditions, construction of water supplypipeline, Kiosks, bathhouses, drainage etc. considering needs and priorities ofpeople.

There will be, environmental impacts associated with the construction process andwill continue during construction period. These short-term impacts can be avoided ormitigated (within acceptable limits) by taking proper precautions in design / planningstages and by observing the environmental laws and regulations relevant toconstruction activities in Mongolia.

The project activities during construction phase will typically consist of leveling of siteincluding hill slope cutting, digging for installation of water supply pipelines anddrainage, construction of bathhouses, borrow pit and quarry work and other relatedconstruction operations. These activities will have likely impact on the followingenvironment components:1. Physical Environment2. Environmental Quality3. Ecological Resources4. Human Use ValuesThe impacts of the project activity on each of the environmental attributes are brieflydiscussed below:

7.3.1.1 Impact on Physical Environment

a) Impact on Climate

Since it is expected that only at few places hill slopes are likely to be cut, there willnot be observed any considerable changes in wind profile, temperature and rainfall inthe project area.

Thus the proposed improvement work will be a relatively localized activity, whichimplies that the improvement of urban services will not have any significant impact onclimate conditions of the project area.

b) Impact on Topography

During improvement of the proposed urban services, the micro-level topography willchange to some extent due to cutting of hills, stone quarrying, filling and constructionof project-related structures etc. With adequate planning, the topographical impactscan be kept within acceptable limits and can even enhance the local aesthetics.



Moreover, the ongoing negative impacts on topography due to soil erosion are likelyto be eliminated. Therefore, the overall impact on topography is anticipated to bepositive.

c) Impact on Land Stability

The terrain and geological conditions are such that it requires reasonable care inexercising urban services planning and design. The likely interaction between theproposed improvement work and the existing land features will involve no significantimpact on land stability in the project area.

7.3.1.2 Impact on Environmental Quality

Construction Phase:a. ImPact on Surface Water

The proposed UBSIP-2 (Ulaanbaatar Services Improvement Project-2) will havelikely impacts on water resources due to extraction of water from the water bodiesparticularly from the Tuul River for construction work.

Likely impacts on water resources are given below:

SI. No. Impacts due to construction Indicators

1 Use of water supply for construction Quantum of water used

2 Contamination from improper sanitation and Area of construction camp/waste disposal in construction camps disposal site and proximity

to water bodies/ channels

The construction of roads/pathways, water supply pipeline, drainage line,bathhouses, improved latrine system etc. will not have major impact on the surfacewater quality in the area. Contamination of water bodies may occur due to carelessor accidental spilling of construction materials such as oil, grease, fuel and paint inthe equipment yards if located nearby the bank of river. The likely expected problemsassociated during the construction process can be kept under control by adoptingproper mitigation measures as suggested in mitigation measure chapter of this reportand also follow up of the EMP which will be submitted as a separate Volume.

b) Impact on Ground Water Quality

Ground water pollution can take place only if a dump contains chemical substances,which will get leached out by precipitation of water and percolate to the ground watertable. In this project no such material in any substantial quantity will be used. Henceimpact on the ground water quality is not anticipated from the construction work.

Operational Phase:

It is expected that the overall impacts of the operational phase on the surface andground water quality will be positive, if the suggested mitigation measures arefollowed.

Positive impacts: The improvement of sanitation and drainage conditions, andawareness/ education campaigns in the ger areas will significantly minimize theexisting contamination problems of the surface and ground water bodies and furtherenhance the personal hygienic condition.



c) Imoact on air Quality

Construction Phase:

The proposed construction impacts will be mostly localized and concentrated in theconstruction area. To assess the present status of air quality in the project areas, airquality data were collected and is shown in Table 4.9 revealed that concentration ofSO2 in air is slightly higher during winter months due to increased emission fromheating sources and electricity generation. The concentration of NO2 is also onhigher side because of vehicular emission and less wind velocity.

Air quality impacts during construction are likely to result from three main sources viz.(i) emissions from construction equipment, including delivery trucks; (ii) fugitive dustfrom earth-moving operations and cutting; (iii) increased traffic congestion inconstruction areas.

The likely negative impacts on air quality during construction are given below inTable 7.2.

Table 7.2: Impact on Air Quality during Construction Stage

No. Impact Source

1 Generation of * Cutting of slopes, land leveling, digging,Dust (SPM) * Transportation and tipping of cut material,

* Transportation of raw materials from the sources,

* Stone crushing, handling and storage of aggregates in theasphalt plants,

* Site leveling, laying of asphalt, construction of footbridges,

* Asphalt mix plants due to mixing of aggregates withbitumen (for the asphalting the roads, bitumen will beimported from the Russia, so that there is no resourcedepletion problem raised in the project area).

2 Generation of * Hot mix plants,polluting gases * Large construction equipment, trucks and asphaltincluding SO 2, prg andtrucin equipment;NOx and HC producing and paving equipment;

* Movement of heavy machinery, oil tankers etc. is likely tocontribute towards higher emissions of gases;

* Toxic gases released through the heating process duringbitumen production; and

* Inadequate vehicle maintenance and use of adulteratedfuel in vehicles being used at construction site.

It is expected that the air quality will be affected to some extent by dust andparticulate matters generated by construction, vehicular movements, site clearance,earth filling and material loading, and unloading. The impacts are expected to belocalized, temporary and confined to the construction areas. Care will be taken atsensitive locations along the settlements. It is expected that the SPM level will beincreased during construction work and it is hoped that certain mitigation measuresas suggested in Table 8.1 shall bring down the SPM levels in the project area to theprescribed standards to the extent possible.

Operational Phase:

It is expected that the over all operational phase impact on air is likely to be positive.



Positive Impact

With the improvement of pathways, the traffic problems due to obstructedmovements of vehicles will be minimized and thus the wastage of fuel and emissionsfrom the vehicles will also be reduced. Proposed forestation programme if properlyimplemented will also help in reducing pollution level. Improvement in drainage andsanitation will also help to reduce offensive gases in to the atmosphere. Thus, theproject will have significant positive impacts on micro-level environment duringoperation stage.

d) Impact on Noise Levels

Construction Phase

One of the potential negative impacts is noise during the construction period.However, considering the intensity of impacts and short duration of theimplementation, noise impact is considered to be insignificant. The major sources ofnoise pollution are movement of construction vehicles, digging of land, constructionmachinery etc. Concrete mixing and material movements are the primary noisegenerating activities and will be uniformly distributed over the entire constructionperiod. Construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of80-95 dB(A). The major noise impact and its possible sources are summarized as inTable 7.3.

Table 7.3: likely Impact on Noise Quality in the Vicinity of Project Area

Impact SourceIncreased Noise Levels * Mobilization of construction machinery,causing discomfort to Acceleration/deceleration/gear changes by the vehicleslocal residents and depending on the level of congestion and smoothness ofworkers road surface,

* Construction of structures and facilities,* Excavation for foundations and grading of the site,* Construction of bathhouses, water supply pipeline and

drainage line,* Crushing plants, asphalt production plants; and* Loading, transportation and unloading of construction

materials.

Typical noise levels associated with the various construction activities andconstruction equipments are presented in Table 7.4 for reference:

Table 7.4: Typical noise levels of principal construction equipments(Noise Level in db (A) at 50 Feet)

Clearing Structure constructionBulldozer 80 Crane 75-77Front end loader 72-84 Welding generator 71-82Jack hammer 81-98 Concrete mixer 74-88Crane with ball 75-87 Concrete pump 81-84

Concrete vibrator 76Excavation and Earth Moving Air compressor 74-87Bulldozer 80 Pneumatic tools 81-98

Backhoe 72-93 Bulldozer 80Front end loader 72-84 Cement and dump trucks 83-94



Clearing Structure construction

Dump truck 83-94 Front end loader 72-84

Jack hammer 81-98 Dump truck 83-94

Scraper 80-93 Paver 86-88

Grading and Compaction Landscaping and clean-up

Grader 80-93 Bulldozer 80

Roller 73-75 Backhoe 72-93

Truck 83-94

Paving Front and end loader 72-84

Paver 86-88 Dump truck 83-94

Truck 83-94 Paver 86-88

Tamper 74-77 Dump truck 83-94

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, noise from Construction Equipment and Operations. BuildingEquipment and Home Appliance. NJID. 300. 1.Decemember 31, 1971

The noise levels indicated for various construction activities/ equipments though farexceed the permissible standards (Table 4.10), however, due to their intermittentnature, the impact of increased noise levels is only temporary. Even so the extremelyhigh sound levels present a real risk to the workers on the site.

The noise produced during the construction will however not have significant impactson the existing ambient noise level, if proper mitigation measures will be adoptedduring construction. The various mitigation measures for minimizing noise levels aresuggested in Chapter 8.

Operational Phase:

No significant impact of noise is expected on environment during operational phaseof the proposed improvement works.

7.3.1.3 Imnact on Ecological Resources

a) Impact on Trees

The minor ecological degradation from the construction of the water supply pipeline,drainage system, improvement of pathway / roadways will result from the direct lossof grasses due to land clearing, land leveling and digging of land.

It is anticipated that use of plants and trees as fuel wood, by construction workersmay affect the terrestrial ecology during construction which could be eliminated bysupply of fuel to construction workers and providing alternative fuels such as gas andelectricity.

Positive Impact

It is expected that improvement of the urban services such as water supply wouldlikely encourage the ger area people for plantation of trees, which will furtherenhance the green cover of the area.

b) Impact on Aquatic Ecology

Negative Impacts:

The Tuul River passes through the project ger districts. During extraction of sandfrom riverbank for construction purpose may create short-term disturbance to theaquatic fauna, resulting in temporary displacement of the aquatic fauna.



Positive Impacts:

Due to improvement of sanitation and drainage systems is likely to be reduced directcontamination of water bodies.

c) Aesthetic Values

Positive Impacts:

Aesthetic values in the ger areas will improve due to easy access of urban serviceslike improved sanitation, drainage, water supply, road/paths and afforestation. Nosignificant negative aesthetic impacts are expected due to the project.

7.3.1.4 Impact on Human Use Value

a) Loss of Monuments/Historical Areas

An archaeological study carried out during the planning of UBSIP-2 showed that thegiven territory is not of interest from the archeological point of view and there were noarchaeological monuments discovered in the proposed improvement area. There areno state-protected natural parks in the area where the improvement work is to becarried out. Other than some monasteries, there do not appear to be any culturalsites in ger areas. The primary cultural and historical sites are located in the urbancore. The proposed project thus will not have any adverse impact onmonuments/historical places since the proposed project is away from these areas,but care will be taken during civil work and preserve any monuments, if found.

b) Health, Safety and Hygiene for Construction Workers

It is expected that the minor impact of the project on public health, is likely to arisewithin construction camp during construction period. Due to the concentration ofpeople, the transmission of potential disease is likely to be increased. Additionalconcerns arising from inadequate health and safety practices are sometimesencountered at construction sites. With follow up of mitigation measures assuggested in Chapter 8 will reduce the problems up to acceptable level.

c) ImLact of Snow on Water SuPPly System

The stable snow cover formation starts in November and continue up to end ofMarch, which will affect the supply of water system, so it is necessariy that watersupply pipeline, will be put underground with sufficient depth (2.5 m) to avoid freezingproblem in water supply pipeline.

d) Rehabilitation and Resettlement Issues

The rehabilitation and resettlement issues are presented in a separate report calledResettlement Action Plan.


Cosultancy Services for Second UlaanbaatarSenrices Improvment Project, Mongolia

8. MITIGATION MEASURES

8.1 MITIGATION MEASURES

The proposed UBSIP-2 (Second Ulaanbaatar Services Improvement Project), asdiscussed earlier, will bring about positive health and environmental benefits throughsupply of safe drinking water, provision of safe sanitation systems, provision ofadditional bathhouses, improvement of drainage, improvement of pathways androads and afforestation program. However, the project is also likely to cause someadverse environmental impacts depending upon site-specific situations encounteredin the project area. Appropriate environmental mitigation measures have beenidentified and discussed in this chapter. These measures suitably integrated in theproject design, and taken care of during construction and operation stages wouldeliminate / minimize the adverse impacts and enhance the net positive benefit. Thischapter has been structured as per the impacts that have been identified in Chapter7 'Assessment of Environmental Impacts'. The various project stages during whichthe mitigative measure will be incorporated are:

* Design Stage;* Site Clearance;* Construction Stage; and* Operational Stage.

8.1.1 Physical Environment

The negative impacts on the climatic conditions as already discussed in Chapter 7'Assessment of Environmental Impacts' will only be localized and of temporarynature. No change in the wind pattern, temperature and rainfall is anticipated in theproject area. Hence, no specific mitigation measures are proposed for offsetting theabove impacts.

No significant impact on land stability and topography is anticipated. Carefulplacement of soil stockpiles, construction of runoff channel and water storage, correctorientation of roads and paths will significantly reduce the problems associatedduring construction. However, it is recommended that adequate mitigation measuresbe adopted during land leveling, digging and construction of various services to avoidlikely expected impacts on topography and stability, which have been mentioned inthe previous chapter.

8.1.2 Environmental Quality

8.1.2.1 Water QualytY

The surface and ground water quality in the project area will be maintained byadopting the following mitigation measures:

* Prevention of surface water pollution: Measures have been planned to captureand clean up the run-off during construction from road, drainage, bathhouses etc.by providing temporary pits in each construction site. All the pits should becovered and surrounded by thin plastic paper to reduce the seepage. When thepit is filled with the run-off materials, it will be cleaned up by disposing off all thematerials in pre-identified and approved (by Site Engineer) places, or wastes fromthe pit will have to be trucked to the city system (STP). After the completion ofthe civil works all the pits will be filled with soil, which will bring back originalshape of the land plot.

* Avoidance of vertical channels on slopes to block water runoff.


Mitigation Measures

* Stationing of fuel storage and vehicle cleaning area at least 300m away from thenearest drains/water bodies during improvement of roads. It is suggested that fuelshould be stored in containers. Some of the area should be paved for storage ofthe containers as well as for vehicle cleaning to avoid seepage and spills of oil into sub-surface soil. These areas should be periodically cleaned. All the wastematerials collected should be trucked to the city treatment plant.

* Discharge of oil and grease is most likely from construction vehicle parking area,vehicle repair area and workshops. An oil interceptor should be provided toensure that all wastewater flows into the interceptor prior to its discharge. Thedevice should have a chamber for separation of oil and water that can handle 200Uhr of wastewater. The oil float appearing on the surface should be removed byperiodic cleaning, perhaps once a week by skimming off the oil film from thesurface. All the recovered oil from the interceptors should be trucked to therefining industry or city system (STP).

* Avoidance of contamination of ground and sub-surface water due to seepagefrom the pit-latrines (sewerage). Hygienically and technically appropriate andsocio-culturally acceptable latrine system has been designed by the sanitaryengineer for the project. However, proposed pit latrine design will be suitablymodified during construction, If so required.

8.1.2.2 Air Quality

The impacts on air quality will be much more pronounced during the constructionstage than the operational phase. The mitigation measures suggested are:

* Construction equipment and machinery should be maintained to ensure thatpollution emission levels comply with the prescribed standards. Machinerycausing excessive pollution (e.g. visible clouds of smoke) will be banned fromconstruction sites.

* Asphalt and concrete plants will be operated in conformity with governmentpollution control legislation.

* Enforcement of standards in vehicle maintenance.

Table 8.1 presents a comparative account of the sources of air pollution and theirmitigation measures planned as given below.

Table 8.1: Sources of Air Pollution , Impacts andSuggested Mitigation Measures

Si. Sources of Air Impacts Suggested Mitigation MeasuresNo Pollution__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1. * Cutting of slopes for Generation * To ensure that crushers, batchingwidening of the of dust plants and asphalt plants all arefootpaths/ paths; (SPM) located away in the downwind directiondigging of land for from the nearest human settlementswater supply pipe and provide temporary wind break walllines, construction along the settlements;of pit latrines and * To ensure that all precautions will bebathhouses taken to reduce the level of dust

* Transportation and emission from crushers, batching andtipping of cut asphalt plants and from transportationmaterial; of other materials;

* Transportation of raw materials from * Provision of wind breaking wall aroundquarries and borrow the sources of dust such as vibratingsites; screens, conveyors, etc. will besites; ________________________________ provided and regularly checked for all


Cosultancy Services for Second UlaanbaatarServices Improvment Project, Mongolia

Si. Sources of Air Impacts Suggested Mitigation MeasuresNo Pollution

* Stone crushing, stone crushers used to supply materialhandling and for the project;storage of * Vehicles delivering loose and fineaggregates in the materials like crusher dust, sand andasphalt plants; soil will be covered to reduce spills on

* Site leveling, existing roadscleasng, laying of * The hot mix plant will be fitted with dust

* Asphalt mix plants extraction units;due to mixing of * Water will be sprayed on earthworks,aggregates with temporary haulage and detour roadsbitumen on a regular basis. During and after

compaction of the sub-grade, water willbe sprayed at regular intervals toprevent dust generation;

* It shall be ensured that the dustemissions from the vibrating screenand crusher at the stone quarries donot exceed the emission standards setby MONE;

* Monthly monitoring will be conductedat locations where earthworks or slopecutting operationsare under way.

* An adequate cyclone/scrubber tocontrol emissions from the stock of hotmix plants will need to be provided inthe event of emissions exceeding theMONE norms;

2. * Hot mix plants; Generation * All vehicles, equipment and machineryLarge construction of polluting used for construction work will beequipment, trucks gases regularly maintained to ensure that theand asphalt including pollution emission levels conform to theproducing and SO2, NOx MONE norms; andpaving equipment; and HC * To ensure the efficiency of the

* Movement of heavy mitigation measures suggested, airmachinery, oil quality monitoring will be carried out attankers etc. will least once a month at all theserelatively contribute locations to check as to whether thetowards higher emission levels are within the norms asemissions of gases; prescribed by MONE .

* Toxic gasesreleased throughthe heating processduring bitumenproduction;

* Inadequate vehiclemaintenance anduse of adulteratedfuel in vehicle beingused atconstruction site.

The household survey carried out in the early stage of the project brought out that82.1% respondents stated that air quality was a problem (please refer to Chapter 6).The Mongolian Statistical Year Book 2002 also indicated that 1,203 and 1,089persons died due to respiratory diseases in 2001 and 2002 respectively. It ispresumed that dust emission will be reduced due to the proposed improvement of


Mitigation Measures

roads and paths in the project ger areas. For the improvement of air quality, otherremedial measures are also recommended, which include less polluting fuel optionssuch as, use of natural gas and increase of the existing electricity based trolley busservices.

8.1.2.3 Noise Quality

Under the proposed development the noise levels will be much more pronouncedparticularly during construction stage. Mitigation measures as listed in Table 8.2, willbe adopted for reducing noise levels during construction work.

Table 8.2 Sources of Noise Pollution, Impacts andSuggested Mitigation Measures

Source of Noise Pollution Impacts Suggested Mitigation Measures* Mobilization of heavy construction Increased * All construction equipment,

machinery; Noise Levels plants, machinery and vehicles* Acceleration/deceleration/gear causing will follow prescribed noise

changes by the vehicles discomfort to standards. All constructiondepending on the level of local residents equipment used for an eightcongestion and smoothness of road and workers hour shift will conform to asurface; standard of less than 90 dB (A);

, * ~~~~~~~~~At construction sites within* Use of blasting to cut into the hill Am ofshuman settlm n

sides; ~~~~~~~~~1 50m of human settlements,sides; noisy construction will be* Excavation for foundations and stopped between 10.00 PM and

grading of the site; 6.00 AM;* Construction of structures and * Vehicles and construction

facilities; machinery will be monitored* Crushing plants, asphalt production regularly with particular

plants; and attention to silencers andmufflers to maintain noise* Loading, transportation and levels to minimum;

unloading of construction materials Woeres tminite v*Workers In the vicinity of highnoise levels must wear earplugs, helmets and should beengaged in diversified activitiesto prevent prolonged exposureto noise levels of more than 90dB (A) per 8 hour shift;

* Hot mix plant, batching oraggregate plants will not belocated within 500 m ofsensitive land use as schools,hospitals etc;

* At critical locations, especiallyalong sensitive receptors suchas hospitals and schools,temporary noise barrier wallssuch as wooden wall or GIsheet will be used; and

* Reduction of speed, limitationin times of operation ofvehicles, limitation in number ofvehicles will also reduce the

I________________________________ noise.The following mitigation measures will also be adopted to reduce the impact of noiselevels.



* The noise control measures include limitations on allowable grades eg. Open-graded asphalt and avoidance of surface dressings to reduce tire noise insensitive areas.

* Construction machinery will be located away from the settlements.* Careful planning of machinery operation and scheduling of operations can reduce

the noise levels. Use of equipment, emitting noise not greater than 90dB (A) forthe eight-hour operations shift and locating of construction yards at a distance ofat least 500m from any residential areas can be adhered to.

* Use of noise shields to construction machinery and provision of earplugs to theheavy machine operators are some of the mitigation measures, which could befollowed by the contractors during the civil works.

8.1.3 Ecological Resources

8.1.3. 1 Trees

The improvement of proposed urban services will not have any impacts on terrestrialecology. However, to avoid likely impact on trees cutting by the workers duringconstruction, following measures will be under taken.

* It is anticipated that use of plants and trees as fuel wood, by construction workersmay affect the trees cover during construction which could be eliminated bysupply of fuel to construction workers and providing alternative fuels such as gasand electricity,

. Providing environmental education /awareness training by contractor to theconstriction worker regarding effects of tree felling on environment,

It is suggested that regular monitoring by the forest department will be done,

Water sprinkling on trucks used as construction vehicles will be properly andregularly done, so that dust pollution problem on vegetation will be minimized.

Proposed afforestation plan will enhance the ecological status of the area, ifproperly implemented.

8.1.3.2 Fishes

The Tuul River passes through the project area. Accidental spillage of chemicalsalong with surface runoff and extraction of sand from riverbank may in the short-termdisturb the aquatic fauna of the water. It is recommended that proper care be takenduring extraction of sand so that associated impacts are avoided/minimized. Thefollowing suggested mitigation measures would also be followed:

* Sand mining will be done from dry riverbed area,

* As an alternative stone dust could be used.

8.1.4 Impact on Human Use Values

8.1.4. 1 Loss of Monuments /Historical Areas

During survey and discussion with stakeholders it have been found that the giventerritory is not of interest from the archeological point of view and there are noarchaeological monuments discovered accept monasteries.

All necessary and adequate care will be required to be taken to minimize impact onplaces of worship.

All fossils, coins, articles of value of antiquity and structures and other remains orthings of geological or archaeological interest discovered on the site will be the


Mitigation Measures

property of the Government, and will be dealt with as per provisions of the relevantlegislation.

The contractor will take reasonable precaution to prevent his workmen or any otherperson from removing and damaging any such article or thing and will, immediatelyupon discovery thereof, and before removal, acquaint the Engineer of such discoveryand carry out the Engineer's instructions for dealing with the same, awaiting which allwork shall be stopped 100 m in all directions from the site of discovery.

8.1.4.2 Health, Safety and Hy-giene for Construction Workers

Construction of the road, water supply pipeline will inevitably result in generation ofwastes. However, the amount of waste in normal situations is relatively small. Theamount of waste created in constructing the road may be greater than usual due tosubstandard subsoil materials, which will need to be replaced. The Contractor will berequired to control the construction site, keep it clean and provide appropriatefacilities for the temporal storage of all waste until it is disposed. Construction wastewill be stored in special waste storage areas. The waste will be stored adequately toavoid pollution of water supplies and sources as well as to avoid dust formationduring dry seasons. The Contractor will be responsible for the safe transportationand storage of all waste in order to prevent any kind of environmental pollution orharmful effect to people or animals.

The results of the households survey referred to before indicated that solid wastemanagement in the ger areas was poor. Collection is done once a month, as statedby 51 % of the respondents. The solid management is not a project component underUBSIP-2. The JICA is negotiating with the MUB regarding the solid wastemanagement under another project.

All necessary safeguards will be taken to ensure safety, welfare and good health ofall persons entitled to be on site and that works are carried out in a safe and efficientmanner. The personnel working at vulnerable locations at site will wear safetyhelmets and strong footwear. It is to be ensured that all workmen and staff employedat the site use safety equipment such as eye protectors, hearing protectors, safetyhelmet, safety equipment. Fire extinguishers and first-aid equipment will also be keptat the site.

Injuries may occur during the construction period. It is therefore pertinent to providefirst aid facilities for all the construction workers. At construction camps and at allworkplaces first aid equipment and nursing staff must be provided.

8.1.4.3 Impact of Snow on Water Sumoly System

Various measures to control the effects of snow on the water supply system such aspufting supply pipeline 2.5 m underground and where it is not possible to insulate thepipeline with thermocol etc., as proposed so that sustainability of the water supply willbe maintained through out the year.

8.1.5 Other Impacts

8.1.5.1 Quarry and Borrow OPerations

It is expected that, location of quarry and borrow areas used in UBSIP-1, it will alsobe used for UBSIP-2. Quarries and borrow pits will be backfilled with rejectedconstruction wastes and will be given a vegetative cover. If this is not possible, thenexcavation slopes will be smoothened and depression will be filled in such a way thatit looks more or less like the original ground surface.



Mitigation for Quarries:

The following mitigation measures will be implemented.

* Aggregates will be sourced only from the licensed quarry sites, complying withthe environmental and other applicable regulations,

* Occupational Safety procedures/practices for the work force will be adhered in allquarries as per law,

* Quarry and crushing units will have adequate dust suppression measures likesprinkler in work area and along approach road to quarry site,

* Water tankers with suitable sprinkling system will be deployed along the haulageroads. Water will be sprinkled regularly to suppress the airborne dust due to thedumper/truck movement. Required frequency will be determined by the sitecondition by the Engineer.

* Trucks deployed for the material transportation will be spillage proof.

Impact Mitigation of Borrow Areas:Impact due to borrowing soil can be significantly mitigated by the following measures:

. Prior approval will be issued from the concerned authorities and all localenvironmental regulations will be complied,

* Borrow operation plant and machineries will conform to the government noiseemission regulations,

* Provision of protective gears like earplugs will be made available to the workforceexposed to noise level beyond the threshold limits. Rotation of personnel will beensured.

* All operation area will be water sprinkled to control dust levels to the NationalAmbient Air Quality Standards.

8.1.5.2 Localized disturbance of surroundincq areas

* Ensured proper construction management and reshape the site conditions to itsorigin or as mentioned in the project document,

* Off-site disposal locations for materials and debris should be determined to beacceptable.

* Proper plans for disposal of construction waste to be included in the contractdocuments,

* Proper and safe handling, transporting and dumping of waste material includingfencing and public awareness signs,

* Avoid cutting of trees if they do not make a real obstacle,

8.1.5.3 Animal Excrements

. The animal excrements need to be collected in bags and disposed of in themunicipality collection center.

* The animal excrements will be disposed of into pre-constructed pit and when thepit is filled up with excrement, it will be covered with layers of soil, which wouldallow for decomposition. After a gap of 15-20 days, the decomposed material willbe used as fertilizer for growing vegetables or crops.


Mitigation Measures

8.2 Afforestation Program

Plants are a predominant feature for any environmental enhancement measures.These are capable of absorbing, to some extent, the pollution from the atmosphereand release oxygen from their photosynthesis process. Plants also provide otherindirect benefits to the living beings; some of these are listed in section 8.2.1.

The annual afforestation rate is low in Ulaanbaatar (UB), in comparison with the areaof critical land to be reforested and the reported annual rate of deforestation. Thequality of forest plantation is poor, mainly due to the lack of adequate maintenanceand care. The management of the forest resources in UB suffers from severalweaknesses, such as unregulated overuse and inadequate protection, impact ofhuman interference and severe climatic conditions. The planted areas, particularly insub-urban areas need a special watering system to cope with the severe climate inwinter. So far, the city has not been yet equipped with such a system.

8.2..1 Obiectives of Afforestation

The forestation in the project area has been conceptualized keeping in mind a set ofobjectives to improve the overall environmental quality of the project area. The mainobjectives are as follows:

* Produce greener landscape,

* Climate amelioration,* Check air and noise pollution,

* Check soil erosion,* Reduce flooding,

• Moderating the effect of wind and incoming radiation,* Enhancing aesthetics,

* Provide shade and habitation to birds, insects and animals,* Enhance the visual experience of traveling in the project area.

8.2.2 Forestation in the Project Area

The forestation of the project area is concerned with all aspects that affect theappearance of the natural environment. Trees are a predominant feature in theforestation design. Mistakes committed in selection of the right type of trees beforeplantation become problematic to correct at a later stage. Careful selection and useof appropriate planting material will accomplish the functional requirement of thearea.

The composition of plants recommended for plantation in the project areas (perhectare) is given below:

1. Populus- Populus diversifolia (200 plants / ha)2. Elm -Ulmus pumila (100 plants/ ha)3. Shrubs (600 plants /ha, species includes composition of Hippophae rhamnoides,

Ribes nigrum, Padus asiafica, Ribes diacantha)

The entire plantation related work, like layout, digging, and preparation of soilmaterials etc. will be carried out before the spring season and planting will be carriedout during the spring season. The total cost for forestation is estimated to beapproximately US$ 100,000. The cot per hectare, including the cost for maintenancein the 2nd year of project implementation is approximately US $ 11,234. The cost for3 ha plantation, including equipments and facilities required has been worked out and



attached as Annexure 8.1. The proposed design for fencing is also attached asAnnexure 8.2. Approximately 8.9 hectares of land will be covered under theafforestation programme.

8.2.3 Area Proposed for Plantation

Following places have been selected for plantation:* Bayankhoshuu ger area, Khoroo No. 7 (Khanii Material area, 2.9 ha),* Dambadarjaa, near power station, Khoroo No. 16 (3 ha), and* Dambadarjaa, Khoroo No. 16 (3ha).

These locations are also shown in Figures 8.1 and 8.2.The Project Management Unit of the MUB should inform the concerned landmanagement officers of the above-mentioned khoroos regarding the proposedplantation work, so that these land areas are preserved for the said work.It is recommended /suggested that the entire plantation related work will be assignedto the "TSETSERLEGJILT" Company, which is working under the MUB and haaabout 60 years rich experience in plantation of trees and shrubs in various places inUB.


-SFigLwe8.1, Propcsed PlantationA Xb alaOO =

-.J- F'l't I lti

1 g'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ZaoW.l L ' I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

n ,, 7. ... , _

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

B-1 0,

Figure 8.2. Proposed Plartalon Ares Sci I:MDMO

:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 j

I~~~~~~4 Z

I,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,

1-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

U K H H A 'T A R Ar

1 tto ~~loon F _

1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ g 38 -1 1


9. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This EIA report has been prepared concurrently with the Feasibility Study Report and beforethe preliminary design, but care has been taken to fulfill the requirement of the EIA.

It is expected that the UBSIP-2 will improve the basic urban services, such as potable watersupply, sanitation, roads and pathways, drainage, public bathhouses, greenery etc. in theger areas. Deterioration in environmental quality due to lack of proper drainage andsanitation is anticipated to decrease significantly. The proposed water supply scheme willensure a better service delivery, which would enable supply of safe water at convenientpublic points, thus meeting a basic need for a healthy, productive life of the people. This willreduce the drudgery in fetching the daily water needs by the households, particularly womenand children. The time and labour saved due to the better and more convenient servicecould provide opportunities for income generation, especially for women. Improvement ofdrainage and sanitation condition in the ger areas is likely to reduce the breeding of flies,bacteria and mosquitoes etc., which cause various kinds of health hazards. Improveddrainage and sanitation facilities will also reduce on going contamination in soil, surface andsub-surface water bodies. The present offensive odour due to pit latrines is also likely to bereduced. The construction of additional bathhouses will significantly improve the personalhygiene of the ger area people.

At several locations in ger areas earthen paths become drains and gullies during rainstorms.This creates problems to the people carrying water from the Kiosks/rivers/ springs, passingvehicles and it also accelerates soil erosion. The dust pollution generated due to movementof vehicles on footpaths is expected to reduce with surface improvements.

At present, green cover in the project area is negligible due to over exploitation of forestcover and grazing, however, proposed afforestation / plantation program if implemented andproperly monitored will significantly enhance the green cover, resulting in furtherimprovement in the ecological balance of the project area. Afforestation of project area willalso reduce the soil erosion, flood, and pollution level and enhance the habitation for bioticorganisms as well as provide pleasant atmosphere for the local habitants.

Provision of community water supply and improvement in sanitation will lead to increasingsanitary management of sewage, which will prevent health hazards to the residents.

This EIA has identified likely impacts on surface water bodies, air and noise duringconstruction period and has defined mitigation measures. Those mitigation measures will beimplemented and monitored during the project construction. However, an environmentalmanagement and monitoring plan will be structured to define clearly the enforceable actionsto be taken by the construction contractors. It will contain the necessary guidance to ensurethat the project is environmentally acceptable during the construction phase.

On the basis of the environmental assessment it is expected that there will be no significantnegative environmental impacts and hence no additional study is required except theproposed EMP. However, during construction period an environmental specialist will berequired to look after the implementation of recommendations made, so that the constructionwork is environmentally sound and sustainable.

In conclusion, the project will have overall beneficial impacts after completion in terms ofpotable water supply and improved sanitary and hygienic conditions in the project area. Itwill have insignificant negative impacts on air quality, noise levels, watercourses and soilduring civil works, which will be appropriately monitored and adequately mitigated. Atpresent, this report has not identified any comprehensive, broad, diverse or irreversibleadverse impacts caused by the proposed project activities.



10. REFERENCES

The following list of books, journals and publications have been consulted duringEnvironmental Impact Assessment Study

* ADB.2002.Mongolia's Environment: Implications for ADB's Operations, ADB, Manila,Philippines.

* Alta Canadian Geomatics Inc./ HABICO and Canadian International developmentAgencies 2002. Ger Area Upgrading Plan, Ger Area Upgrading Project ServicesImprovement Project-2 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, Volume -1.

* Altantsetseg, J. and Namkhaijantsan, G. 1997. Change of Bio-climate conditions andHuman Health in Mongolia. The Third Mongolia and China Symposium on climateChange in Arid and Semi-arid Regions over the Central Asia. Beijing, China.

• APHA.. 2001. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste Water, APHA,Washington.

* Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies. 1998. Environmental Assessment for theMunicipality Services Improvement Project (first phase), Final Report, Volume -1.

* Barker, J.R. and Tingey, D.T., 1991. Air Pollution Effects on Bio-diversity, Van NostrandReinhold, New York.

. Bayasgalan, B. Dr. 2002, Methodological Problems of Environmental ImpactAssessment, Ministry of Nature and Environment.

* Chimed, B. 2000. City Green Zone and Gardening,(this article published in the bookentitled Ecology- Sustainable Development of UB city (200) edited by R. Mijiddarj et. all.

* Department of Roads, 1998: Highway Design Standards, Republic of Mongolia,Ulaanbaatar.

. Erdenetuya, M and Erdenechimeg, R. 2000. Mongolian climate and children health.Environmental Threats to the Health of Childen. Manila.

* Fletecher, J.L. and Busnel, R.C., 1978. Effects of Noise on Wildlife, Academic Press,New York, 1978.

* G. Zaanhuu, 2001 and L. Sedbazar, 2001. Compilation of Laws, Regulations andStandards on the Use, Protection, Rehabilitation and Restoration of Minerals.

* Larry, W. Canter,1996. Environmental Impact Assessment, Mc Graw-Hill InternationalEdition, Singapore.

* Listori, J.A. 1996. Bridging health gaps: Lessons for Sub-Saharan Africa InfrastructureProjects. AFTES Working Paper No. 20. Urban Environmental Management. 79p.

• Ministry of Nature and Environment, 2001. The Law of Mongolia on EnvironmentalImpact Assessment.

* Ministry of Nature and Environment, 2000. National Environmental Action Plan, Govt. ofMongolia (final draft gth June 2000).

* Ministry of Nature and Environment, 1999. Mongolia's Wild Heritage (BiologicalDiversity, Protection Areas and Conservation in the Land of Chingis Khaan, MONE,United Nations Development Program - Global Environmental Facility, World Wide Fundfor Nature.

. Noel de Nevers, 1995. Air Pollution Control Engineering, Mc Graw-Hill InternationalEdition, Singapore.

* Roads and the Environment: A Handbook September, 1994, The World Bank ReportTWU 13, Chapter 17 - Road Safety, Page 117.


References

* The World Bank 1995. World Bank Operational Directive OD 4.04: Natural Habitats.Washington, D.C..

* The World Bank 1999. World Bank Operational Policy OP. 4.01: EnvironmentalAssessment.

. The World Bank, 1991. World Bank Operational Directive OD 4.01: EnvironmentalAssessment. Washington D.C..

* The World Bank, 1993. Environmental Assessment Source book Update: EnvironmentalScreening, April 1993, No. 2. Environment Department. Washington, D.C..

* Tsunokawa, K. and Hoban C. 1997. Roads and the Environment: a handbook. WorldBank Technical Paper No. 376. 225p.

. UNEP. 2002. Mongolia: state of the Environment, United Nations EnvironmentalProramme.


Annexure 1.1

Number of Vehicle Involved in Accidents in Ulaanbaatar

Year Type of Vehicles Involved in Accident

Cars/Jeeps Trucks Buses Heavy Motorcycle BicyclesMachinery

1997 2056 292 282 5 28 6

1998 2652 344 384 3 28 10

1999 3289 326 576 13 36 18

2000 3982 434 646 21 45 27

2001 3485 384 500 16 53 5

2002 3408 391 548 22 52 32Source: Mr. Battulaa, Expert of the Transportation Facilities

A-1

Annexure 2.1

Summary of Relevant Environmental LegislationsSi. Article Act Year PurposeNo. No.

1 1to 60 The Mongolian Nov. 11, The purpose of this law is to regulate theLaw on Land 1994 possession, use and other related issues of

land by citizens, economic entities andorganizations,

2 1 to 44 The Mongolian law Nov. 15, The purpose of this law is, to regulate theon Special 1994 use and procurement of land, formulateProtection Area special protection and preservation and

conservation of its original condition in orderto preserve the specific traits of the naturalzones, unique information, rare andendangered plants and animals, historic andcultural monuments and natural beauty aswell as research and investigate evolution.

3 1 to 39 The Mongolian law March 30, The main purpose of this law is the regulationon Environment 1995 of inter relations between the state, citizens,Protection economic entities and organisations in order

to guarantee the human right to live in ahealthy and safe environment, ecologicallybalanced, social and economic development,the protection of the environment for presentand future generations, the proper use ofnatural resources and the restoration ofavailable resources.

4 1 to 6 The Mongolian March 31, The principal objective of this law isLaw on Air 1995 protection and proper use of the atmosphere

(hereinafter referred to as air) in relation tothe human right to live in a healthy and safeenvironment, to provide environmentalbalance for the sake of present and futuregenerations.

5 1 to 29 The Mongolian April 10, The objective of this law is to regulate theLaw on Hunting 1995 protection and proper use of mammals, birds

and fish

6 1 to 30 The Mongolian April 13, The main purpose of this law is to regulateLaw on Water 1995 the protection, proper use and restoration of

water.

7 1 to 33 The Mongolian March 31, The object of this law is to regulate theLaw on Forest 1995 protection, proper use and restoration of

forests.

A-2

Annexure 2.1

Si. Article Act Year PurposeNo. No.

8 1 to 22 The Mongolian April 11, The purpose of this law is to regulate theLaw on natural 1995 protection, proper use and restoration ofplants natural plants other than forest and cultivated

plants.

9 1 to 19 The Mongolian April 14, The main objective of this law is to regulateLaw on Protection 1995 the production, export, import, storage, trade,from Toxic transport, use and disposal of toxicChemicals chemicals.

10 1 to 3 The Mongolian May 22, The purpose of this law is to regulate the feeLaw on Hunting 1995 requirement for the use of the huntingReserve Use reserve by citizens, economic entities andPayments and on organisations and the authorisation fees forHunting and hunting and trapping animals, birds and fishTrappingAuthorizationsFees.

11 1 to 14 The Mongolian May 22, The purpose of this law is to regulate the feeLaw on Water and 1995 requirements for the use of water andMineral Water Use mineral water by citizens, economic entitiesFees and organizations.

12 1 to The Mongolian May 19, The purpose of this law is to regulate the feeLaw on Fees for 1995 requirements for harvest of forest timber andHarvest of Forest fuel wood by citizens, economic entities andTimber and Fuel organizations.Wood

13 1 to 13 The Mongolian May 19, The purpose of this law is to regulate the feeLaw on Natural 1995 requirements for the use of natural plants.Plant use fees

14 - The Law on Fire 1996 The purpose of this law is to prevent theProtection forest fire.

15 - The Law on 1997 The purpose of this law is to monitor theWeather and weather and environmental condition ofEnvironmental project areaMonitoring

A-3

Annexure 2.1

SI. Article Act Year PurposeNo. No.

16 - The Law on EIA 1998 The purpose of this law is to ensure EIA iscarried out before the implementation ofmajor infrastructure projects.

17 - The Law of November, The purpose of this law is to regulate theMongolian EIA 2001 interrelations of conducting EIA & preventing

any damages of ecological balance

Source: Mongolian Environmental Laws, Ulaanbaatar, 1996, Ulaanbaatar Khot, Khudaldaany Gudamj-5, Ministryof Nature and the Environment

A-4

Ulaanbaatar Service Improvement Project 2 Annexure 3.1

QUESTIONNAIRE HOUSEHOLDDate of interview ...............................................................

Name of the enumerator ......................................................

Brick & other Woodenhouse house Ger

Number of houses [ ] [ ] [ ]and gers in the plot

Type of the housing of household Brick&other Woodeninterviewed house house Ger

[ ] [ ] [ ]

How many households are in this plot? hh[ ]

GENERAL

1. Address

Plot No. [ ]Street [ ]Khoroo [ ]Duureg [ ]

2. Name of head of household [ ]

WATER SUPPLY

1. Do you obtain sufficient amount of water a day? 1. Yes 2. No

2. From where do you get your water? code

1. Through pipelines directly at home [ ]

2. Reservoir/River

3. Wells

4. Trucked kiosk

5. Kiosk which is connected to the pipe

3. Water availability in the Kiosk code

1. Good [ ]

2. Satisfactory

3. Bad liter

Household Interview A-5 October 2003


SANITATION

4. Do you have pit latrine in your plot? 1.Yes 2. Noyears

5. How long (years) do you use one pit latrine? [ ]

6. What do you do if latrine is full? code1. emptied by vacuum truck [ ]2. dig new one3. other

7. Do you have a space in your plot for new pit latrine? 1. Yes 2. No

8. What kind of pit latrine do you prefer to be constructed? code1. lined pit (wooden timber, concreted) [ ]2. unlined pit

9. Do you have soak pit? code1. Yes, same pit for pit latrine2. Yes, different pit3. No

10. How do you prevent from flies in your pit latrine? code1. salting [ ]2. chlorinating3. ashing4. nothing

11. your family members wash hands after use of pit latrine? 1. Yes 2. No

DRAINAGE, BATHHOUSES

12. How is the drainage condition in the area? code

1. Good [ ]

2. Satisfactory

3. Poor

13. Your opinion about the improvement of drainage in your area?

[ ]BATHHOUSES

14. Do you have bath houses in the area that you are living? 1. Yes 2. No

15. Where your family members bath? code

1. In your own home [ ]

2. In the public bath house



3. In apartment (relatives)

SOLID WASTE

16. How often is your solid waste collected? code

1. once atwo week [ ]

2. once a month

3. never

17. Who empties it from the house? code

1. ourself [ ]

2. Municipality

ENVIRONMENT

18. Is the noise level in your area disturbing? 1. Yes 2. No

If so, where those noise come from? code1. industry ]2. traffic [3. construction work [1. workshop [2. others ............

19. Is the quality of air a problem? 1. Yes 2. No

If so, what is the cause of it? code1. domestic smoke [ ]2. industry [ ]3. dust [ ]4. others I ]

20. In the last year what illness have members of your family suffered from?

Name of the diseases How manypeople affected

1 Diahorrea / dysentery2 Brucellosis3 Viral hepatitis4 Heart diseases-5 Tuberculosis6 Scabiesr7 Others


Annexure 4.1_________ ~~~~Mechanical Texture and Chemical Characteristics ____ _____ ____________

Soil layers, Distribution of mechanical texture , mm Free (labile) microelementssampling Humus % N 002 pH Ma-ekv/1 00cr

demp cm 1-0.25 0.25-0.05 0.05-0.01 0.01- 0.005- <0.001 <0.01 Ca Mg~ P20. K20_________ ~~~~~~ ~ ~~0.005 0.001 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_______ __ ____ _ ____ ____ __ ______ Shallow stony dark chestnut soil _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ Dari- Ekhi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

AO0-12 10 60.7 7.8 6.2 5.6 9.7 f21.5 2.7 0.13 _ __7.8 18 3 1__4 13BK 54-70 12.9 66. 7. 4.5 64 3.6 14.1 ___0_04 1.6 8. 12_ _____I___BKC 47 1225 86 8.9 2.47 7.3 6. 36. 20.1 11.0 .4 8.12 __

________ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Alluvial meadow soil __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Selbe _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

AO0-10 J1.8 f40.7 31.8 3.3 8.3 14.1 25.7 3.8 0.19 _ __7.9 23 5 J2.5 28A 15-25 j5.2 47.4 24.6 2.2 10.6 10 f22.8 2.2 0.1 ____7.9 21 3 J1.6 18

AB 40-50 1 { 42 30.6 3.8 15.3 7.3 j26.4 1.1 _ ___ 0.2 8 18 3 10.5 10BgC 70-801 3.4 149.1 19.7 8.2 9.8 9.8 127.8 _ ___ ____ 1.6 8.1___1

_________ _____ ~~Alluvial weakly developed__soil__ _ __ .Dambadarjaa_ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _

A 0-8 28.4 f20.8 30.2 7.3 7.8 5.4 20.5 2.9 0.15 ____ 8 _______2.3 20BK 26-401 10 15.8 40.4 2.4 7.6 3.8 j13.8 0.8 13.4 8.2 ________

BKC 44-601 25.6 43.3 28.3 _____ 1.7 0. j10.3 12.8 8.4 ___ _____

_________ _____ ________Ordinary (humus) dark chestnut soil 3prTama xap X J3H xepc Chingek e ___________

A 0-10 12.4 34.4 28.6 6.1 10.9 7.6 24.6 2.9 0.14 ____7.6 22 4 2.1 16A 10-22 12.3 47.2 24.7 6 13 6.8 25.8 2.4 0.1 _ __7.8 20 4 1.6 13

BK 36-60 122.2 33.8 13.9 5 8.6 16.5 30.1 0.6 14.6 8.3 ___ _____

BKC 60-801 32.6 1 46 4.5 1.8 14.4 1 17.2 11.1 8.4 ___ ___ _____

__________ ______ _________ _________ D ark chestnut soil _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ E . H arah_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

AO--1 0 J24.7 f43.8 f 25.1 4.5 1 0 9.9 24.4 2.8 f0.13 ___7.8 21 3 1.9 1 8A 10-20 11.6 33.8 1 29.7 7.4 10.8 6.7 24.9 2.2 0.1 _ __7.9 19 2 1.2 12

AB 20-32 24.6 28.5 127.6 4.5 2.1 -7.1 19.3 1.6 ~____ ___8.1_____________

5KC 60-801 19.21 65.3 2.6 1 6.4 12.91 3.8 8.6__________________ ____ _____ _____ ___ _ _____ _ ___ _____D ark chestnut soil Y arm ag _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

AO0-10 20 22,5 f 34,5 8.3 7.6 7.1 23 3 0.14 _ __ 8 20 4 1.6 1 8A 10-18 8.3 23,4 33.8 7.6 9,5 5.4 22.5 2.4 0.11 _ __ 8 1 8 4 1 .16

BK 18-35 38.6 28,5 13.5 4 7,9 7.5 19.4 1.3 _____ 8.6 8.4__________BKC35-62 54.5 28,5 7,1 3.2 3.3 3.9 ,9.9 _________ 6.4 8.7 ___ _____

_________ _____ ________ _________Soil layers, s m pling d m p U liastai _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A 0-10 2,6 32J 3,7 6.2 12.3 8.2 26.7 3.3 0.16 _ __7.4 18 4 1.4 20BC 10-32 12,8 36,61 32,4 3.8 4.9 9.5 18.2 lj 0.04 _ __7.5 10 2 0.4 8C 32-60 9,1 41,3j 23,3 11.5 9.5 4.7 12.9 11 __ 7.7 ________ __

A-8

Annexure 4.2OS86111068i 8 i4 16d 66 h1w01 e8luWob 1 -Physical, Chemical and bcterolokglcal analssof waer fromselected tube wells hnCentral Source. 2002

1 68*8* -It- season 2 68*8*2nd season 3 68*0*83rd season 4 6W**84th seasonO6o00 O 6*4,0Me,

aaeo* 86**8O s*bieddlj..~ 32 0-Physical, Chernical and 63 96 I. - 1 6

u'i'-C-- olour 20 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 p 0 0 0 18 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 I0 0 1 8 3 0 0 0 0 D 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0y0 Wi/ -Smnell 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0o/Ai&'lw- Taste 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-6MAAiAaiW6oea6+*ia6 087 0.084 0 093 0.1 0.1 0.101 0.103 0.317 0.095 0.085 0.082 0.087 0.083 0.088 0.081 0.101 0.357 0.096 0.085 0.079 0.08 0.077 0.08 0.098 0.105 0.396 0.102 ).196 0.079 0.084 0.087 0.084 0.087 0,085 0.083 0.268 0.089msifii/ -cncuch*f

Va&66 iawMi eso AW&AS*Ai4e/-iiHarrlss CaMg 5 076 0.4 0.44 0.38 0.37 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.2 0.36 r.76 0.38 0.32 0.32 0.26 0.32 0.3 0.42 1.4 0.38 .92 0.4 0.36 0.35 0.29 0.32 0.39 0.43 1.48 0.4 r.82 0.32 0.4 0.34 0.32 0.34 0 38 0.5 1.02 0 34tmmol4/I I I IIaiO66 A/I- Ca rng4' 100 123 24 9.62 10,02 10.42 11.62. 12.04 12.02 12.82 36.07 10.42 2324 10.02 .1042 10.42 8.81 10.02 8.81 12.02 42.48 11.2 3.06 11.22 10.02. 10.02 7.21 9.62 12.24 13.22 44.09 10.42 4.05 0.62 10.42 11.22 9.6 9.62 11.22 13 62 30.86 9 62

IaidtlA//- MgMIrng/1 30 4 37 3089 4.62 2.01 1.94 2.43 2.43 1 94 7.29 2.43 4.37 2.67 1.46 1.45 0.97 1.7 1.94 2.92 8.26 2.43 4.13 2.92 2 67 12.43 2.67 1 94 2.18 2.43 9.24 3.4 .35 1.94 3.4 1.46 1.95 2.43 2.43 3089 6 08 2 43Nfi O iAM- CIgA' *n 50 250 8 5 602 4 25 6 02 4.25 4 95 4.78 6 02 18.76 5.66 3.85 4.25 2.83 2.47 3.89 4.25 3.89 5.31 21.95 4.95 11.68 4.08 4.43 4.43 2.12 2.48 3.54 3 89 24.95 5.43 .63 3.47 4.16 5.2 5.09 4.16 3.82 3.47 14 92 3 47

M69ea4iAA/ -Ammon;hng4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.195 0.015 0.0070 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0IeoOeo AO&/ -Ndrfehni 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0IeoAoAA/i- NdralelmgA/ 1 0 10 784 1 007 00901 1 092 1.802 1 857 2.417 2.438 13 25 1.505 3.784 0.954 1.187 1.272 1.06 1 08 1.08 2.683 14.84 1.1668 .639 1.06 1.378 1.06 1.007 1 097 1.802 2.12 12.19 1.558 .042 1.08 1.06 0.424 0 424 1.007 1.166 1 219 13 57 3 18

u6k 0-eO//6 - H 5-1 85 7 06 715 6 95 7 09 7.14 7 26 7.13 7.16 6.89 6.96 7.08 6.96 7.43 7.03 7.39 7.03 7.18 7.08 7.31 6.93 7.08 6.8 6.82 6.09 6.96 6.95 6.92 6 92 6.95 6.07 .07 17 7.16 7.22 7.33 7.11 7.32 7.06 7.32 7 131le6o,66o4140iA/ -Totla 843 482 45 76 42.71 51.86 51.86 48 82 48.82 97.63 51.86 85.43 46.82 45.76 45.76 51.86 51.86 45.76 48.82 109.8 51.86 91.53 51.87 57.97 57.97 39.66 42,71 45.76 48682 119 48.82 9.32 45.76 39.66 45.76 48.82 45 76 45.76 45.76 82.37 45 76alkalie I1666o64'0AA/&1 TotlaiFe 0 3 3 0 0 0 007 0.019 0 0 007 0.012 0.009 0 0.013 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.081 0.015 0.015 0.022 0.032 0.007 0.022 0.007 0.0030 0.023 0.062 0 0 0 0 0.015 0.18 0.015N1O660~ alA/l -04/rngA 500 1400 11 3 3 57 2.74 2 97 3 45 4 64 3.57 4 76 28 2.86 11.3 14.76 16.19 6.19 4.16 4.05 3.57 4.64 35.7 8.02 13.68 2 38 2.38 2.62 3.57 3.45 4.20 5.35 41.65 3.213 12.49 3.008 2.86 4.165 5.355 4.165 2.6 3 81 21.66 41655

6o6ald iAAOlwAslelshrg4 1000 1000 110 73.5 48 80 72 100 5 83 85 5 295.5 62.5 118 75 81 76 67 69 67 79 226.5 63 136 65 73 72 47 47 56 63 272 75 127 67 55 59 69 63 66 62 145 64i6Aa/1-/P04 ftgA 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.006 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

EOy4y6 - 'CiIi / .A .2 14 11 .4 0 .6 06 .0 .6 .8 05 .8 25 .6 17 16 . .2 04 .6 16 .6 14 12 21 .6 13 .4 10-.8 112 14 .4 19 . 9 . 9 7

6i00A&/- F /mg 7 15 15 11 1022 0.22 0 17 0 11 0.17 0.11 0.17 0.17 0.08 0.11 0.06 0.17 0.11 0.11 0.05 0.16 0.17 0.11 0.22 0.22 0.11 0.11 0.17 0.17 0 17 0.22 0.17 0.06 0.08 0.22 0.22 0.055 0.247 0.22 0.275 0.11 0.275 0.165 0 33Eiee,eo0- Kohl/r >333 >333 1>333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >33 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >.333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333 >333N-6 65 -Kok index <3 <,3 <3 <,3 <,3 <3 <-3<3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 ,3 <3 <3 <3 < 33 <3 3 <,3 3 3 3 3 <3 <3 <3 3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 3 <3 <3 3/I4/i 6Hiof-Number of 100 0 3 93 2 40 10 2 7 2 1 4 4 1 1 9 6 11 13 4 25 21 0 15 7 4 16 6 0 9 9 7 5 3 1 16 1 1 0 4 1 0clenum ndi4ii -Enferowcws >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >50 >5 >0 >0 >0 >0 >0 >50 >5 >00 > >5 >50 >50 >5 >5 .>50 1>50 >50 >5s0 >50 >0 >0 >0 >0 >0 >0 >0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

A-9

Annexure 4.3Water Quality Data of Springs

Oe56le 0eioeeayy - Chemical analysis 0eiaeeawy -Bacteriological

'0 -~~~~~~~~Q) q o (CahA6 - 01 ~~ ~ ~~~~~~:0 ic0 -wj '0 '0D -0 -0~~~ya- ~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :~~~~~~~ :~~~~~~~ ~~~~~2 ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ -~~~'a '01 a Ca aDistrict date iy6 - Name & Location -| o Co E :0 w ; -oDistrictHdaC n uo 0 o0

| Aayi,cG66-l ~~ ~ ~ ~ 0. 150 Ea6 riea-prr3i 0 |~ 0 | 7.2C21r" 6S31 r 1+ r | 0

0Aaaac~ 0i e a o SN e e1 l-o tk o 8.1 1.93 4.2 44 4C 1

V 0 E~~~~1-0' CD 0

WHO a to~~~~~~~~~~~~'O :

Mongolian Standards(YCT 900-92) N g ~~ ~~ ~~~ to co 2- a)

Kha~irkhan 15-Feb [ naeaa, Aa ngi 0 0 Zuun 7.12 2.16 12 16 48 62 6.1. 0.12 0.001 7.04 0.15 (0

Baanzurkhalaa Bayankhohonkho

18-Apr -e eeo a6e~ - Ulziit springco_Ca

3-Jul Between1 a ond e 2 6khbro - 7.47 42.6 9. 148 19.2 20 63. 0.26 0.437 542. 0.036 300

2 of ChingeltSpringeof 7.86 2.35 2.4 367.2 449 329. 0.03 0.013 2.4 0.018 30

O?e~66 1~ b6ii-Tolgit khooo7.1 1.3 4.2 447 2.4 126 31.7 0.013 0.024 137. 0.046 700

Songino- I C\lhairkhan 14 o ,cao -Zuujiin 7.65 6.14 3.8 40 12 120 31.7 0.02 0.07 37.04 0.05 500Mongoianeo D10 Stadar s = .1Y.5CT2 68 44 6. 9022 0.\2. 0 059 LO100

Bayaankhos6 eaa- Spring in at 7.42 2.68 5.2 76 14.8 8 50 0.22 0.058 41.6 0.11 400

xdaae yeGi ayya oynth ehn 7.16 2.26 2.4 360 7.2 14 32.9 0.02 0.003 18.41 0.023 >190,~~2-Apr, id of Chvin etei

Beayeoe-an,,zur,kh,,,

18ingeltei xee6oyi y66 aooaa -oyy s7. 43 4.7 4 6 21. 10 .1 0. . 0.07 357.9 0.032 4

3 AJl etee 10-i and 2 k -henroo 7.55 7.14 5. 568 192 580 68.3 0.07 0.039 37.9 0.036 890

AA&&i~6000-tMf A66A Spring ofI 7.1 26.55 42 52 16. 449 67.1 20 0.036 324.5 0.059 >100

KhairkhanOq6LffiA6&A Atq6i6 -Sprngun 7.72 6.88 3. 40 14. 14 28. 0.026 0.058 18.94 0.073 >500HalastBynkohu

A&fii66&6f0 06f At6thebehin 7.65 7.38 5.4 100 46.8 68 54. 0.05 0.029 20.71 0.046 >100- _____ BaysideofsAvai tabul erint

Chingelt6eAprxeiayeoyeiayonea 6o -At heto 7.1627.14 3. 20 9.6 12 15.6 .0 0.052 15.7 0.046 ###

Chingeltei bus terminate

A-i10

ONi&6f 0eioeeayy - Chemical analysis 0&fzeeayy -Bacteriological

CD ~~:(U C(UALzaga- if ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0:0 I( (I) -o -o=Q ICZ ~~~~~~~~:M ,( c-U -U CD Distric9t date~ ~ 6-Name & Location 0 CO Ica B °o o 0 E C C I ~ -0 ~ -~ E 0 ) -0 -0g .'coDistrictodate fa) a) E 0 Hl Be0in

4- 'O : c'o '0 10 -

o 0 -.- (UC: E U .C- C V 0 E CL 0 1_ _ _ _ _ _ o _ _ _ Cl) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C~~~~~~~~~) C

O~~6u,ib~e-Ontheeast ~ 7.83 3.3 3.4 36 1. 0 219 .1 .1'8.c03o##

Oaeeanof UfM - Chinogiaee - 7.47 2.43 5.2 76 16.8 64 30.5 0 .11 0.11 40.6 0.13 3000Hailast Arvain valleyAqfew6f 1000 ayya 66oea - Denjiin 7.78 2.01 4.2 52 19.2 16 31.7 0.14 0.035 18.4 0.111000, upper spring

Ayfaee 1 00-Of 94iP& 6oa - Denjiin 7.74 1.34 4.8 60 21.6 22 42.7 0.004 18.9 0.11 40001000, on the south of Bl.M

29-Mar AAiAAd&6&A 6oyay 6fi - 6.22 3.61 3.2 48 9.6 16 21.9 0.072 0.072 15.1 0.027 200Dambadarjaa mineral water

15-Apr NA66o6f a6eaa - Salkhit spring 7.7 1.09 3.6 110 19.2 8 19.5 0.003 0.4 150

7-Jun Nae66eof a6eaa - Salkhit spring 7.57 5.46 3.4 110 16.8 16 20.7 0.02 0.046 60Nc6AWAaod - 10-Aug Atfaidd6Ai a6e6a - 7.46 5.62 3.6 40 19.2 12 15.8 0.34 0.043 0.13 120Sukhbaatar Dondogdulam spring

10-Aug A d&eAA 6yay6 on - 7.43 6.21 3.4 40 16.8 18 17 0.01 0.0092 6000Dambadarjaa mineral waterDambaad<earj eaoeaa spring 6.65 6.47 4 60 12 16 25.6 0.32 0.001 15.7 0.082 80Dambadarjaa spring

Nae oeo0f AeMA - Salkhit spring 6.88 6.89 3.4 56 7 16 25.6 0.06 0.006 17.3 0.036

A-1 1

Annexure 6.1

List of Officers/ NGOs Consulted on Environmental Impact Assessment Issues

S. No. Name and Address Subject1 Mr. Chultemsurengii Batsaikhan, Expert for Ecological Plantation I

Policy, Department of Strategical Policy and Economy, UB afforestation issuesCity Government, Mayor's Office, Government of in UBMongolia.

2 Dr. B. Bayasgalan, Deputy Director, Department of EnvironmentalSustainable Development, Ministry of Nature and Screening andEnvironment, Government of Mongolia. Environmental

Impact Assessmentof UBSIP2

3 Dr. A. Namkhai, Director of Environmental and Air, water, soil andSustainable Development Department, Ministry of Nature noise quality data,and Environment, Government of Mongolia. Environmental Laws

4 Ms. Badarchiin Tuul, Project Manager, Project Preparation of EIAManagement Unit, UB Service Improvement Project,Mongolia

5 Dr. Prof. S. Chuluunkhuyag, President of the Center, Regarding R & R,Ecological Research Center, NGO, Mongolia EIA

6 Ms. S. Zolzaya, Ecological Research Center, NGO, EIA issuesMongolia

7 Mr. Badrakh Chimid, General Dendrologist, Governor's AfforestationOffice of Capital City, UB, Mongolia

8 Mr. Togoo Nyamdavaa, Water Sector Specialist, UBSIP, Water Quality &Project Management Unit, UB, Mongolia, Supply system

9 Mr. Karl E. Hansen, Consultant Team Leader, UBSIP-1, Water supply

10 Mr. Jaroslva Kozel, Sanitary Engineer, World Bank EIA PreparationConsultant, UBSIP2,

11 Mr. Hubert Jenny, Senior Municipal Engineer, Urban EIA PreparationEnvironment Development Sector Unit, World Bank

12 Mr. Bharat Dahiya, Urban Development Specialist, Urban EIA PreparationDevelopment Unit, World Bank

13 Khoroo Leader, Ger Area- Bayankhoshu, (Khoroo Nos. Issues related to5,6,7,8,9,11) 1st Oct, 2003 Drainage, Water

supply, Bathhouses,Road

14 Khoroo Leader, Ger Area- Chingeltei, (Khoroo Nos. 17,18) Issues related to3rd Oct, 2003 Drainage, Water


15 Khoroo Leader, Ger Area- Dambadarjaa, (Khoroo Nos. Issues related to15,16) 35t Oct, 2003 Drainage, Water


A-12

Annexure 6.1

16 Khoroo Leader, Ger Area- Dari-Ekh, (Khoroo No. 2) 30 Issues related toSept, 2003 Drainage, Water


17 Khoroo Leader, Ger Area- Naran, (Khoroo Nos. 9,10,11) Issues related to2 9 th Septt, 2003 Drainage, Water


18 Khoroo Leader, Ger Area- Uliastai (Khoroo No. 10), 2nd Issues related toOct, 2003 Drainage, Water


19 Mr. G. Budragchaa, Director, The Natural Environmental Issues related toDepartment of Capital City, UB, 13th Oct., 2003 Drainage, Water

supply, Bathhouses,Sanitation,Forestation

20 Mr. Luvsandavaajav, Deputy Director, The Natural Issues related toEnvironmental Department of Capital City, UB, 13th Oct., Drainage, Water2003 supply, Bathhouses,

Sanitation,Forestation

21 Ms. Oyuntuya, World Vision(NGO), Assistant, UB, 15t Information onAug, 2003 activities in UB

20 Mr. Prasanna De Silva, World Vision, (NGO), National Co- World Visionordinator for Operation, UB, 1 gth Aug, 2003 Programs in ger

areas

A-13

Annexure 6.2Respose to household survey questionnare with reference to environmental issues

Tablel. Do you obtain sufficient amount of water/ day

Si. Name of Ger Household _ of whichNo Area interviewed YO Yes % No |_°h

1 Naran 312 15.8 162 51.9 150 48.12 Dari ekh 203 10.3 149 73.4 54 26.63 Uliastai 98 5 92 93.9 6 6.14 Chingeltei 182 9.2 154 84.6 28 15.45 Bayankhoshuu 706 35.8 495 70.1 211 29.96 Dambadarjaa 160 8.1 149 93.1 11 6.97 Tolgoit 311 15.8 291 93.6 20 6.4

= Total 1972 100 1492 75.7 480 24.3

Table2. From where do you get your water?

of which |Si. Name of Ger Household through kiosknwhichNo Area interviewed % pipelines % reservoi % wells % trucked % is connected %directly at r I river kiosk to the pipe

~~~~home __

1 Naran 310 15.9 4 1.3 0 0 5 1.6 294 94.8 7 2.32 Dari ekh 199 10.2 5 2.5 12 6 31 15.6 151 75.9 0 03 Uliastai 92 4.7 4 4.3 0 0 23 25 65 70.7 0 04 Chingeltei 182 9.4 2 1.1 11 6 4 2.2 165 90.7 0 05 Bayankhoshuu 698 35.9 29 4.2 5 0.7 53 7.6 610 87.4 1 0.16 Dambadarjaa 159 8.2 4 2.5 3 1.9 91 57.2 61 38.4 0 07 Tolgoit 305 15.7 5 1.6 1 0.3 12 3.9 287 94.1 0 0Total 1945 100 53 2.7 32 1.6 219 11.3 1633 84 8 0.4

Table 3. Water availability in the kiosk

SI. Name of Ger Household % of which _

No Area interviewed god % satisfac % bad %1 Naran 312 15.8 58 18.6 158 50.6 96 30.82 Dari ekh 203 10.3 88 43.3 55 27.1 60 29.63 Uliastai 98 5 44 44.9 48 49 6 6.14 Chingeltei 182 9.2 96 52.7 53 29.1 33 18.15 Bayankhoshuu 706 35.8 209 29.6 339 48 158 22.46 Dambadarjaa 160 8.1 70 43.8 68 42.5 22 13.817 Tolgoit 311 15.8 226 72.71 611 19.61 24 7.71

Total 1972 100 7911 40.11 7821 39.71 399 20.2

'-14

Annexure 6.2

Table 4. Do you have pit latrine in your plot?

SI. Name of Ger Household % of whichNo Area interviewed Yes % No %

1 Naran 312 15.8 310 99.4 2 0.62 Dari ekh 203 10.3 197 97 6 33 Uliastai 98 5 95 96.9 3 3.14 Chingeltei 182 9.2 182 100 0 05 Bayankhoshuu 706 35.8 699 99 7 16 Dambadarjaa 160 8.1 158 98.8 2 1.27 Tolgoit 311 15.8 310 99.7 1 0.3

= Total 1972 100 1951 98.9 21 1.1

Table 5. How long (years) do you use one pit latrine ?years

SI. Name of Ger SmallNo Area Biggest est Average

1 Naran 23 0 4.12 Dari ekh 40 0 3.73 Uliastai 10 0 3.94 Chingeltei 31 0 5.95 Bayankhoshuu 27 0 4.36 Dambadarjaa 1000 0 9.87 Tolgoit 30 0 5.6

Total 1000 0 5

Table 6. What do you do if latrine is full ?

of whichSI. Name of Ger Household % emptied by dig newNo Area interviewed vacuum % dnew other %

________ _____ _ _______ _ _____ truck one1 Naran 310 15.9 42 13.5 255 82.3 13 4.22 Dari ekh 195 10 43 22.1 133 68.2 19 9.73 Uliastai 96 4.9 9 9.4 65 67.7 22 22.94 Chingeltei 182 9.3 17 9.3 145 79.7 20 115 Bayankhoshuu 701 35.9 59 8.4 - 613 87.4 29 4.16 Dambadariaa 158 8.1 15 9.5 134 84.8 9 5.77 Tolgoit 309 15.8 54 17.5 245 79.3 10 3.2

_ Total 1951 100 239 12.3 1590 81.5 122 6.3

A-15

Annexure 6.2Table 7. When did you last empty the latrine last time

SI. Name of Ger Household of46 whichvenoNo Area interviewed 1-3 years % years 4 -7 6% empti|d

1 Naran 311 16.1 10 3.2 1 0.3 2 0.6 298 95.82 Dari ekh 195 10.1 3 1.5 1 0.5 2 1 189 96.93 Uliastai 94 4.9 7 7.4 2 2.1 0 0 85 90.44 Chingeltei 182 9.4 8 4.4 2 1.1 6 3.3 166 91.25 Bayankhoshuu 696 35.9 39 5.6 11 1.6 7 1 639 91.86 Dambadarjaa 157 8.1 5 3.2 5 3.2 22 14 125 79.67 Tolgoit 302 15.6 13 4.3 8 2.6 7 2.3 274 90.7

Total 1937 100 85 4.4 30 1.5 46 2.4 1776 91.7

Table 8. Do you have a space in your plot for pit latrine ?

SI. Name of Ger Household _ of whichNo Area interviewed __ Yes % No %

1 Naran 312 15.8 208 66.7 104 33.32 Dari ekh 203 10.3 148 72.9 55 27.13 Uliastai 98 5 91 92.9 7 7.14 Chingeltei 182 9.2 135 74.2 47 25.85 Bayankhoshuu 706 35.8 564 79.9 142 20.16 Dambadarjaa 160 8.1 144 90 16 107 Tolgoit 311 15.8 220 70.7 91 29.3

= Total 1972 100 1510 76.6 462 23.4

Table 9. What kind of pit latrine do you prefer to be constructed?

_________ _ 7of w hich ______

SI. Name of Ger Household lined pitNo Area interviewed /% (wooden unlined

timber, pitconcreted) % pit__

1 Naran 311 15.8 300 96.5 11 3.52Dari ekh 202 10.3 196 97 6 33 Uliastai 98 5 94 95.9 4 4.14 Chingeltei 182 9.2 165 90.7 17 9.35 Bayankhoshuu 706 35.9 666 94.3 40 5.76 Dambadarjaa 160 8.1 158 98.8 2 1.27 Tolgoit 310 15.7 258 83.2 52 16.8

Total 1969 100 1837 93.3 132 6.7

16

Annexure 6.2Table 10. Do you have soak pit?

of which |SI. Name of Ger Household % Yes, same Yes,No Area interviewed pit for pit for % different % No %

pit latrine pit1 Naran 311 15.8 95 30.5 131 42.1 85 27.32 Dari ekh 201 10.2 93 46.3 56 27.9 52 25.93 Uliastai 98 5 58 59.2 20 20.4 20 20.44 Chingeltei 182 9.3 35 19.2 113 62.1 34 18.75 Bayankhoshuu 705 35.9 237 33.6 290 41.1 178 25.26 Dambadarjaa 160 8.1 28 17.5 85 53.1 47 29.47 Tolgoit 309 15.7 142 46 133 43 34 11= Total 1966 100 688 35 828 42.1 450 22.9

Table 11. How do you prevent from flies in your pit latrine?

SI. Name of Ger Household % of whichNo Area interviewed salting % chlorina % ashing % nohn %1 Naran 308 15.7 93 30.2 172 55.8 13 4.2 30 9.72 Dari ekh 201 10.3 52 25.9 107 53.2 8 4 34 16.93 Uliastai 97 5 17 17.5 63 64.9 4 4.1 13 13.44 Chingeltei 180 9.2 45 25 115 63.9 12 6.71 8 4.45 Bayankhoshuu 703 35.9 163 23.2 407 57.9 22 3.1 111 15.86 Dambadarjaa 160 8.2 24 15 130 81.2 3 1.9 3 1.971 olgoit__ 309 15.8 88 28.5 200 64.7 10 3.2 11 3.6

_ Total__ _ _ 1958 100 482 24.6 1194 61 72 3.7 210 10.7

Table 12. Does your family members wash hands after use of pit latrine?

SI. Name of Ger Household °h of which |No Area interviewed Yes % No |______

1 Naran 312 15.9 289 92.6 23 7.42 Dariekh 202 10.3 179 88.6 23 11.43 Uliastai 98 5 89 90.8 9 9.24 Chingeltei 182 9.2 175 96.2 7 3.85 Bayankhoshuu 704 35.8 640 90.9 64 9.16 Dambadarjaa 160 8.1 119 74.4 41 25.67 Tolgoit 310 15.8 291 93.9 19 6.11

Total 1968 100 1782 90.5 1861 9.5

17

Annexure 6.2Table 13. How is the drainage condition in the area?

SI. Name of Ger Household % of whichNo Area interviewed good % satisfac % poor %

1 Naran 285 15.6 117 41.1 96 33.7 72 25.32 Dari ekh 195 10.7 27 13.8 36 18.5 132 67.73 Uliastai 92 5 6 6.5 12 13 74 80.44 Chingeltei 177 9.7 83 46.9 58 32.8 36 20.35 Bayankhoshuu 626 34.3 203 32.4 159 25.4 264 42.26 Dambadarjaa 152 8.3 47 30.9 39 25.7 66 43.47 Tolgoit 299 16.4 165 55.2 45 15.1 89 29.8

_ ITotal 1826 100 648 35.5 445 24.4 733 40.1

Table 14. Where does your family bath?

SI. Name of Ger Household = of whichNo Area interviewed % in your own % in the arin %

_______ _____ _ _______ _ _____ hom e public _ _ __ apartm e _ _ _

1 Naran 285 15.6 117 41.1 96 33.7 72 25.32 Dari ekh 195 10.7 27 13.8 36 18.5 132 67.73 Uliastai 92 5 6 6.5 12 13 74 80.44 Chingeltei 177 9.7 83 46.9 58 32.8 36 20.35 Bayankhoshuu 626 34.3 203 32.4 159 25.4 264 42.26 Dambadarjaa 152 8.3 47 30.9 39 25.7 66 43.47 Tolgoit 299 16.4 165 55.2 45 15.1 89 29.8

Total 1826 100 648 35.5 445 24.4 733 40.1

Table 15. How often is your solid waste collected?

Sl._____ -Nameof Ger Household . .of which ,SI. Name of Ger Household % once a two once a never % more thanNo Area interviewed week month month

1 Naran 311 15.8 14 4.5 132 42.4 7 2.3 158 50.82 Dari ekh 202 10.3 5 2.5 42 20.8 5 2.5 150 74.33 Uliastai 98 5 3 3.1 30 30.6 0 0 65 66.34 Chingeltei 182 9.3 2 1.1 152 83.5 2 1.1 26 14.35 Bayankhoshuu 702 35.7 41 5.8 374 53.3 28 4 259 36.96 Dambadarjaa 1601 8.1| 91 5.6 114 71.2 1 0.6 36 22.57 Tolgoit 3101 15.81 55 17.7 1591 51.31 11| 3.51 85 27.4

Total 19651 1001 1291 6.6 10031 51| 541 2.71 779 39.6

18

Annexure 6.2Table 16. Who empties it from the house?

Si. Name of Ger Household _ _ of whichNo Area interviewed our self % municu %1 Naran 311 15.8 30 9.6 281 90.42 Dari ekh 202 10.3 13 6.4 189 93.63 Uliastai 98 5 13 13.3 85 86.74 Chingeltei 182 9.2 24 13.2 158 86.85 Bayankhoshuu 706 35.8 71 10.1 635 89.96 Dambadarjaa 160 8.1 14 8.8 146 91.2_7 Tolgoit 311 15.8 80 25.7 231 74.3Total 1970 100 245 12.4 1725 87.6

Table 17. Is the noise level in your area disturbing?

Si. Name of Ger Household % of which |No Area interviewed Yes % No %__%_ 71 Naran 311 15.9 107 34.4 204 65.62 Dari ekh 201 10.3 100 49.8 101 50.23 Uliastai 96 4.9 16 16.7 80 83.34 Chingeltei 180 9.2 32 17.8 148 82.25 Bayankhoshuu 702 35.9 338 48.1 364 51.96 Dambadarjaa 160 8.2 50 31.2 110 68.87 Tolgoit 308 15.71 144 46.8 164 53.2_ Total 1958 100 787 40.2 1171 59.8

Table 18. If so, where those noise come from?

SI. Name of Ger industry % traffic % constru worksho % othersNo Area ction % oPhe1 Naran 11 3.7 90 13.9 4 6.5 4 5.6 292 Dari ekh 3 1 92 14.2 12 19.4 18 25 243 Uliastai 2 0.7 10 1.5 2 3.2 2 2.8 124 Chingeltei 3 1 28 4.3 4 6.5 3 4.2 125 Bayankhoshuu 156 52.5 305 47.1 37 59.7 43 59.7 1796 Dambadarjaa 2 0.7 47 7.3 1 1.6 1 1.4 87 Tolgoit 120 40.4 76 11.7 2 3.2 1 1.4 23Total 297 100 648 100 62 100 72 100 287

^ 19

Annexure 6.2

Table 19. Is the quality of air a problem?

Si. Name of Ger Household _ of whichNo Area interviewed Yes % No |

1 Naran 312 15.8 293 93.9 19 6.12 Dari ekh 202 10.3 169 83.7 33 16.33 Uliastal 98 5 20 20.4 78 79.64 Chingeltei 181 9.2 110 60.8 71 39.25 Bayankhoshuu 706 35.8 647 91.6 59 8.46 Dambadarjaa 160 8.1 88 55 72 457 Tolgoit 311 15.8 290 93.2 21 6.8

Total 1970 100 1617 82.1 353 17.9

Table 20. If so, what is the cause of it?

Si. Name of Ger domestic % industry % dust % others %No Area smoke

1 Naran 111 15.6 61 12 183 19.6 83 122 Dari ekh 83 11.7 75 14.7 88 9.4 110 163_Uliastai 4 0.6 2_ 0.4 1_ 3 1.4 1_1 1.64 Chingeltei 58 8.1 29 5.7 46 4.9 14 25 Bayankhoshuu 308 43.3 244 47.8 377 40.4 310 456 Dambadarjaa 41 5.8 17 3.3 48 5.1 25 3.67 Tolgoit 107 15 82 16.1 179 19.2 136 19.7

= Total 712 100 510 100 934 100 689 100

Table 21. In the last year what illness have member of your family suffered from?

Si. Name of Ger dairy/dysenter % brucellosis % viral tubercul % sabisNo Area v breos hepatiti osis sca bies

1 Naran 1 1.1 1 10 2 3.9 49 16.3 12 Dari ekh 3 3.3 110 1 2 33 11 03 Uliastai 4 4.3 0 0 0 0 7 2.3 04 Chingeltei 28 30.4 0 0 16 31.4 18 6 25 Bayankhoshuu 45 48.9 6 60 26 51 157 52.2 166 Dambadarjaa 0 0 0 0 1 2 12 4 07 Tolgoit 11 12 2 20 5 9.8 25 8.3 31

=Total 92 100 10 100 51 100 301 100 221

Annexure 8.1

Detailed Estimates of Plantation per 3 Hectares Plot

Years Items | Cost TI Unit Rate |Scope of Work |Total Cost|

I A. General1 .Survey for demarcation of Plantation, preparation of land, 11 0/ha 3 ha 330clearing of shrub and removal of debris2.Digging,filling and silvicultural operations for plantation of trees, 420/ha 3ha 1260shrubsTotal (A) 1590B. Cost of Plants (Seedlingsy Black Soil1. Aspen 1.7/plant 600 plant 10202.Elm 0.86/plant 300 plant 2583.Shrub 1.3/plant 1800 plants 23404.Black Soil 2/m3 157.5m3 115Total (B) 3933C. Transportation Charges1. Transportation of plants L.S. L.S. 7832. Transportation of Black Soil L.S. L.S. 62.8Total C 845.8D. Fencing and Protection1. Installation Expenditure 5.16/m 150m 7742. Material expenditurea. Latch/black wooden 0.86/ 150 piece 129

pieceb. Barbed wire (fence) 1.29/m 2400m 3103c. Black lacquer 2.58/kg 48kg 124Total (D) 4130E. Cost of watering systems1. Cost of borehole with 30 m depth 1 number L.S. 43102. Construction of water system for 3 ha 1 .63/m 600 m 977.83. Cost of materials for constructing water system 2.96/m 600 m 1778.54. Cost of work power 132.7/mon 7 months 929

th5. Cost of materials for constructing 1 OOm water systema. Main Channel 0.289/kg 488kg 141.4b. Hydrant f-25 channel 0.06/kg 16.32kg 4.77c. Sprinkler system 52.76/piec 17 number 879

ed. F-32 channel 6.89/piece 2 number 13.78

e. Electrode 2.117/kg 8.5 kg 18f. Sand 0.86/m3 25m3 21.5g. Dye 0.86/kg 10kg 8.6Total (D) 9082.35F. Cost of Equipments1. Shovel 3.87/piece 15 number 58.182. Pick axe 2.15/piece 15 number 32.323. Pipe 1.29/m 500m 646.54. Working dress 21.55/piec 15 number 323.27

e5. Gloves 0.3/piece 15 number 4.56. Nog 0.215/piec 3600m 775.8

e7. Cord 0.1 72/m 1800m 3108. Glove (canvas) 0.43/piece 15 number 6.469. Watchmen house 1house 1 house 431Total (F) 2588.03G. Cost of passenger car for supervisionFuel charges L.S. L.S. 1119Total (F) 1119G. Cost of Man power1. Team Leader/Specialist 87/month 6 months 5222. Master 60/month 12 months 7243. Gardener (5 gardener forl months) 57/month 3 months for 15 2565

gardener4. Watch man 50/month 3 watch man for 12 1800

monthsTotal G 5611

1st Year Grand Total (A+B+C+D+E+F+G) 28899.18

Annexure 8.1

I Years | Items CostI l | Unit Rate I Scope of Work | Total Cost

2nd YearsA. Cost of Trees/shrubs In 2nd Year1. Aspen 2.16/tree 60 plants 129.62. Elm 1.3/tree 30 plants 393. Shrubs 1.73/shrub 180 shrubs 311.4

s4. Black Soil 1.98/m3 17.5m3 34.655. Manure 2.586/kg 63 kg 162.9Total A 677.55B. Transportation Charges1. Transportation of Plants/shrubs L.S. L.S. 882. Transportation of Black soil/manure L.S. L.S. 21Total B 109C. Silvicultural operation + manure L.S. L.S. 1839Total C 1839

D. Cost of Man power1. Team Leader/Specialist 87/month 3months 2612. Master 60/month 12 months 7203. Watch man 50/month 21 months 1050Total D 2031

2nd Yeai Grand Total (A+B+C+D) 4656.55

1st Year + 2nd Total 33556Miscellaneous 150Grand Total (1 st Year + 2nd Year + 33,706Miscellaneous)

Total area proposed for plantation = 8.9 hectares (viz. 3 ha. in Dari-Ekh, 2.9 ha. inBayankhoshuu and 3 ha in Dambadarjaa

Total Cost For 8.9 hectares 100,000Note: Approximately 8.9 hectares land area will be planted in proposed 100,000 US$. However, if Bank shouldapproved additional US$1120, it will help to increase the plantation area about 0.1 hectare, so that all theproposed three locations would become equal i.e.. 3 hectares each.

Annexure 8.2Scale 1:15

250 2000

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _

Proposed Fenc

Proposed Fencing

revised draft environmental impact...

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