review on vehicle barrier protection guidance -...
TRANSCRIPT
Review on vehicle barrier protection guidance
Karlos, Vasilis
Larcher, Martin
Solomos, George
2017
EUR 28938 EN
This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication.
Contact information Name: Vasilis Karlos Address: Safety and Security of Buildings Unit, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra (VA), Italy Email: [email protected] Tel.: +39 0332 78 5934
JRC Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc
JRC 109289
EUR 28938 EN
PDF ISBN 978-92-79-77071-5 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/845599
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017 © European Union, 2017
The reuse of the document is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the original meaning or message of the texts are not distorted. The European Commission shall not be held liable for any consequences stemming from the reuse.
How to cite this report: Karlos, V., Larcher M., Solomos G. Review on vehicle barrier protection guidance, EUR, doi
All images © European Union 2017
Title Review on vehicle barrier protection guidance Abstract A search and review of publicly available documents with guidance on the security of designated spaces against vehicle-ramming attacks has been conducted. The current report provides a list of these sources, which focus on the protection of public spaces, such as pedestrian areas, tourist sites, city squares or other perimeter protected areas. The list aims at bringing to the interested security stakeholders information on measures to prevent potential attacks and/or mitigate their consequences by properly designed and tested barrier systems.
i
Contents
Executive summary ............................................................................................. 1
1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 2
2 Availability of information sources ...................................................................... 4
3 Security Barrier Information Sources .................................................................. 5
4 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 11
References ........................................................................................................ 12
1
Executive summary The current document provides a list of available information sources focusing on the design, testing and installation procedures of vehicle barriers used to protect special security designated areas and the so-called soft targets against terrorist and other types of malicious extremist attacks by the use of vehicles. Soft targets represent vulnerable material or human assets, which in principle should not be specifically protected. However, such assets are often the target of terrorist groups in their effort to maximize casualties, inflict fear to the population and attain media coverage. Of particular interest are public spaces, such as pedestrian areas, fairs, tourist sites, outdoor markets and city squares, as was noticed during the recent attacks in Nice, Barcelona, London, Berlin and Stockholm. The list aims at bringing to the interested security stakeholder existing documents with information and practical guidance on the available methods for testing, selecting and installing vehicle security barriers that can prevent a potential attack and to mitigate the consequences, should such an attack materializes. Special attention is also given on introducing “security by design” concepts in public space design and promoting aesthetically pleasing barrier solutions in order to reach a balance between the open nature of public spaces and their security measures.
The collected documents mainly address the testing, selection and installation of vehicle barriers for security and not for safety purposes. The documents are grouped according to the following broad domains relating to their contents: testing, selection, design, aesthetics/security by design, application/installation, product availability and cost. Clearly, many of the presented documents fit into more than one domain, but the categorisation is based on the main piece of information that is provided.
The referenced information sources originate from various technical or standardization bodies and countries, such as UK, France, USA, Australia etc. The list is quite comprehensive but it is limited to the publicly available documents and practically to those found in English and French.
2
1 Introduction
The worldwide rise of terrorism has been accompanied by a series of vehicle-ramming attacks against targets that were characterized by limited protection measures. A tendency has appeared for assaults at unprotected places of people congregation, irrespective of the gathering purpose (recreational, political, religious, commercial etc.). The numerous recent terrorist attacks (Nice 2016, Berlin 2016, Barcelona and London 2017 etc.), has led into the realization that public spaces (pedestrian precincts, open-air festivals, fairs, outdoor markets, city squares etc.) are becoming potential targets of vehicle-ramming attacks performed by terrorist groups or extremists and often carried out by a single individual. Fig.1 shows the number of victims from vehicle-ramming attacks that were performed worldwide and in Europe in the last six years (numbers from [Jane’s], internal calculations). From the numbers in this figure it can be concluded that there exists a recurrent targeting of crowded places with the use of vehicles and that over the last years this has resulted in a steady increase in the death toll.
Figure 1. Number of victims in vehicle-ramming attacks in the last six years in Europe and worldwide.
It is a common belief among the public, the security officials and the administrators that more effective protection measures are necessary. This is a considerably difficult task as the public spaces vary widely and their characteristics range from fully open spaces with no protection to areas where basic or more elaborate protection has been introduced. Standardised solutions may not exist or may not be adequate due to the ever changing nature of the hazard, and for this reason any available information on protection guidance or best practice techniques is urgently needed. The European Commission has recently presented an Action Plan that aims at supporting Member States in protecting and reducing the vulnerability of public spaces [COM(2017)612]. As advocated in this communication, technical solutions should be sought that can help to make public spaces more secure while preserving their open and public nature. Further, it is pointed out that "security by design" should become an essential principle from a very early stage in their development.
An effort has been made in the current document to provide a list of the available information sources focusing on the testing, design and installation of vehicle mitigation measures against terrorist and other types of malicious extremist attacks. These documents aim at offering to the interested security stakeholder insight into how physical security measures can be utilized for mitigating the consequences of such types of attacks.
3
The term “vehicle-ramming” is typically adopted to indicate the use of vehicles (cars, vans, trucks etc.) used as a weapon against human targets by terrorists and other type of extremists in their effort to maximize casualties, gain global attention and inflict fear to the population. The methodology of the attackers during the last years has shifted by placing the citizen as the main target instead of other critical infrastructures for which attacks require better preparation, larger funds and have lower chances of success. The increase in vehicle-ramming attacks is also attributed to the easy planning, the direct accessibility to a wide variety of vehicles and the minimal expertise required. In response to this threat, besides the intelligence and prevention measures for averting such attacks, considerable attention has been directed by many countries to methods and techniques for enhancing the physical security measures of public spaces. This has resulted in a considerable number of guidance and best practice documents, which, by not being in the form of official standards, may not always be known to all security officers, premise owners, building designers, technical experts or other interested professionals.
For the purposes of this document vehicle barriers are devices or other structural obstacles that allow the controlled access of vehicles to an area that is designated as protected. These barriers should be specifically designed and capable of stopping an ill-intentioned vehicle that attempts to breach the barrier. They are placed across roadways and passages and can be active or passive, permanent or temporary, and come under various technical and commercial names as bollards, wedge barriers, beam barriers, concrete Jersey barriers etc., and they can even take the form of concrete sitting benches, flower planters etc.
The material that is collected and presented in the current report focuses on vehicle barriers that are mainly utilized for security and not safety purposes. The distinction between safety and security barriers is a challenging task, as they both share many common characteristics and they can satisfy different protection needs. Safety barriers are utilized for preventing and/or mitigating the results of an accident (errant vehicle) that can result in life loss, injuries or environmental destruction. On the other hand, vehicle security barriers are adopted for creating a physical obstacle against unauthorised entry and other form of relevant attacks, aiming at protecting human life and damage of property.
The list of documents included in the present report can serve as a tool for establishing techniques that could be adopted for enhancing the security of crowded spaces. The referenced information sources originate from a wide variety of technical or standardization bodies and countries (UK, France, USA, Australia etc.). The documents are in their majority recent and, according to their contexts, are presented under the following non-strictly separable categories: testing, selection, design, aesthetics/security by design, application/installation, product availability and cost. As will be noticed, in the European Union the listed guidelines originate mostly from the UK and France, while similar documents were not found publicly available in the other Member States.
The documents are of public domain and most of them are freely downloadable from the indicated web sites.
Towards enriching this list, the authors would be grateful to receive any additional information regarding missing or newly-produced documents on the subject.
4
2 Availability of information sources The following tables contain the guidance documents available from the various information sources regarding physical protection measures against vehicle-ramming attacks. A short description and keywords of each document are included. The identified sources originate from several countries and the documents found, at the first phase of this search, are predominantly written in the English, French, or German languages. As a result, in the EU relevant guidance has been found in reports, the majority of which has been produced in the UK. As mentioned above, it would be highly appreciated if informed readers point out to the authors the existence of similar documents in other languages.
The first table below graphically summarises the current state of guidance availability and completeness of coverage per security
*Publicly available in EU working languages
** USA, Australia
Good coverage/availability
Full availability in the UK, partial availability in the rest EU member states
Partial coverage/availability
Partial availability in the UK, no availability in the rest EU member states
No coverage/availability
5
3 Security Barrier Information Sources
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e de
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per
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acce
ss c
ontr
ol, e
lect
roni
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curit
y,
reso
urce
man
agem
ent
Issu
e da
te
2007
1987
2011
2003
2012
2001
2010
Spe
cifi
cati
on
Desig
ning
and
Tes
ting
of
Perim
eter
Sec
urity
El
emen
ts
Desig
n Gu
idel
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for
Phys
ical
Sec
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of
Faci
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Refe
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Miti
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Pot
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Desig
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Com
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Bu
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Te
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Prim
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Des
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Safe
Sc
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Pro
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s in
Case
of
Terr
orist
Att
acks
and
Sc
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Sho
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Phys
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-HDB
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13/1
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A-42
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7
FEM
A-42
8/BI
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07
FM 3
-19
.30
ATTP
3-
39.3
2
Doc
umen
t ty
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Guid
e
Hand
book
Man
ual
Guid
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Pub
lishe
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Aut
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The
Nat
iona
l Ca
pita
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d Se
curit
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)
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(USA
)
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rtm
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of th
e Ar
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(USA
)
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y
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8
Link
http
s://
ww
w.w
bdg.
org/
FFC/
VA/V
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phy
secm
c_20
15.p
df
http
s://
ww
w.w
bdg.
org/
FFC/
GSA/
site_
secu
rity
_dg.
http
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/Med
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/Doc
umen
ts/h
ostil
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idel
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-cro
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http
s://
ww
w.d
hs.g
ov/s
ites/
defa
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files
/pub
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/dam
s-ve
hicl
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-508
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ov/x
libra
ry/a
sset
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428_
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df
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epub
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g/on
linep
ubs/
nchr
p/n
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ian
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s,
med
ians
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lic sp
ace,
safe
acc
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Issu
e da
te
2015
2007
2017
2010
2012
2006
2015
Spe
cifi
cati
on
Phys
ical
Sec
urity
Des
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Man
ual (
for V
A m
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on
criti
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The
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Dam
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Prim
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Guid
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In
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ance
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SA)
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gov/
med
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shop
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roup
.com
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app
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odes
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rier t
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inin
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desig
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eter
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type
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, aes
thet
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lity,
inst
alla
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requ
irem
ents
, ac
tive/
pass
ive
barr
iers
syst
ems o
verv
iew
, co
st a
naly
sis, d
ebris
Issu
e da
te
2007
2009
2013
2013
1999
2008
2010
Spe
cifi
cati
on
Site
and
Urb
an D
esig
n fo
r Sec
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(aga
inst
po
tent
ial t
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isk a
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Secu
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iers
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Guid
ance
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sele
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stal
latio
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d us
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veh
icle
se
curit
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ière
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Sécu
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pour
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hicl
e Ba
rrie
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Sele
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A 43
0
-
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Guid
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Book
Inte
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orks
hop
Agre
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Publ
icly
Av
aila
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Spec
ifica
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Guid
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Guid
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Guid
e
Pub
lishe
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Aut
hor
Depa
rtm
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f Ho
mel
and
Secu
rity-
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A (U
SA)
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fee
Inte
rnat
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rgan
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Briti
sh
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plic
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10
Link
http
s://
ww
w.w
bdg.
org/
FFC/
DOD/
UFC
/ufc
_4_0
22_0
3_20
13.p
df
http
://w
ww
.cds
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/cds
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df
http
://w
ww
.esd
.whs
.mil/
DD/
http
s://
ww
w.w
bdg.
org/
FFC/
AF/A
FDG/
ARCH
IVES
/afin
stal
http
s://
pdc.
usac
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my.
mil/
libra
ry/B
arrie
rCer
tific
atio
n
http
s://
safe
ty.fh
wa.
dot.g
ov/r
oadw
ay_d
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coun
term
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thet
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15Sa
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org/
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aint
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ymen
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den
barr
iers
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arrie
rs, s
tone
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rrie
rs, s
teel
bar
riers
, con
cret
e ba
rrie
rs
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e, v
ehic
le b
arrie
rs, f
ence
s,
pede
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n sc
reen
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ting,
acc
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cont
rol,
build
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enve
lope
, col
umn
prot
ectio
n, e
lect
rical
syst
ems
Issu
e da
te
2013
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2004
1997
2017
2015
2007
Spe
cifi
cati
on
Secu
rity
Fenc
es a
nd
Gate
s
Desig
n Gu
idel
ines
for
Secu
rity
Fenc
ing,
Gat
es,
Barr
iers
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Gua
rd
Faci
litie
s
DoD
Antit
erro
rism
Ha
ndbo
ok
(cha
pter
s 22-
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Inst
alla
tion
Forc
e Pr
otec
tion
Guid
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DoD
Anti-
Ram
Veh
icle
Ba
rrie
r List
Aest
hetic
Bar
rier
Cost
Est
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r Phy
sical
Se
curit
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Phys
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Sec
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(USA
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SA)
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11
4 Conclusions In the current document, sources of guidelines and other information material concerning the protection from vehicle-ramming incidents by using barrier systems have been collected and presented. The illustrated sources cover a wide range of areas, including documentation on proper testing, design and selection methodologies for vehicle barriers. The list included herein, is divided in categories based on the scope of each document and contains practical guidance originating from various countries. As noted, in the European Union detailed documentation on installation methodologies, cost and available products is rather limited and there is strong encouragement by the European Commission for the development of such material. As emphasized in several of the documents collected, special care should also be paid on barrier aesthetics and the integration of security by design concepts in the construction of such systems in particular for public spaces, like city centres. The future guides to be produced should aim at providing advice to the security stakeholders for reducing the risk of a vehicle-ramming attack and introducing proper measures for mitigating the consequences, should such an incident occurs.
Finally, it is worth commenting that the CEN member states, UK and the USA have adopted different barrier impact testing procedures, as per CWA 16221, PAS 68 and ASTM F2656-15, respectively. This implies that after testing a barrier according to one of these procedures, some ambiguity exists as to whether it complies with the requirements of the other two documents. In order to avoid costly multiple impact tests, the industry usually resorts to the impact testing prescribed in IWA 14 of ISO, which has been developed from a committee that comprised representatives from several countries and organizations. IWA 14 has encompassed many of the testing recommendations of the previously mentioned standards in an effort to combine acquired knowledge and introduce a document that can be applied internationally and provide security certification.
12
References Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Action Plan to support the protection of public spaces, COM(2017) 612 final.
American Public Transportation Association, APTA SS-SIS-RP-009-12, Anti-Vehicle Barriers for Public Transit, Infrastructure Security Working Group, Washington D.C., 2012.
American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM F 2656-15, Standard Test Method for Vehicle Crash Testing of Perimeter Barriers, United States, 2007.
Australia-New Zealand Counter-Terrorism Committee, Hostile Vehicle Guidelines for Crowded Places, Commonwealth of Australia, 2017.
British Standards Institution, PAS:68, Impact test specifications for vehicle security barrier systems, UK, 2013.
British Standards Institution, PAS:69, Guidance for the selection, installation and use of vehicle security barriers, UK, 2013.
Coaffee, J., Terrorism, Risk and the Global City – Towards Urban Resilience, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Surrey, England, 2009.
Department of Homeland Security, Dams Sector- Active and Passive Vehicle Barriers Guide, Washington D.C., United States of America, 2010.
Department of Homeland Security, Guide to Active Vehicle Barrier (AVB) Specification and Selection Resources, 2014.
Department of Defence, DoD Antiterrorism Handbook, Washington D.C., United States of America, 2004.
Department of Defence, MIL-HDBK-1013/1, Design Guidelines for Physical Security of Facilities, United States of America, 1993.
Department of Defence, MIL-HDBK-1013/10, Design Guidelines for Security Fencing, Gates, Barriers, and Guard Facilities, United States of America, 1993.
Department of the Army, FM3-19.30, Physical Security, Washington D.C., United States of America, 2001.
Department of the Army, ATTP3-39.32, Physical Security, Washington D.C., United States of America, 2001.
Department of Transportation, Aesthetic Barrier, Federal Highway Administration, United States of America, 2015.
Department of Veteran Affairs, Cost Estimates for Physical Security Enhancements-Physical Security Design Manual for VA Facilities, Washington D.C., United States of America, 2007.
Department of Veteran Affairs, Physical Security Design Manual (for VA mission critical facilities), Office of Construction and Facilities Management, United States of America, 2015.
Direction générale de l'aviation civile, État de l'art des systèmes de protection périmétrique des aérodromes, Service technique de l'aviation civile, 2012.
European Committee for Standardization, CWA16221, Vehicle Security Barriers-Performance requirements, test methods and guidance on application, 2010.
European Committee for Standardization, EN1317-1, Road Restraint Systems-Part 1: Terminology and general criteria for test methods, 2010.
European Committee for Standardization, EN1317-2, Road Restraint Systems-Part 2: Performance classes, impact test acceptance criteria and test methods for safety barriers and vehicle parapets, 2010.
European Committee for Standardization, EN1317-3, Road Restraint Systems-Part 3: Performance classes, impact test acceptance criteria and test methods for crash cushions, 2010.
13
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KJ-N
A-28938-EN
-N
doi:10.2760/845599
ISBN 978-92-79-77071-5