REVIEW on PARTS of SPEECHPrelim November 2014

THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH

NOUN [names]

PRONOUN [replaces]

VERB [states action or being]

ADJECTIVES [describes, limits]

ADVERB [describes, limits]

PREPOSITION [relates]

CONJUNCTION[connects]

INTERJECTION [expresses strong feeling]

NOUNS

ORIGIN:

Old English, nama

Old German, namo

Greek, onoma, onyma

Latin, nomen

FIRST USED:

Before 12th Century

NOUNS

In English there are more nouns than any other part of speech.

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.

Nouns that name people, places, and things are usually easy to spot. Nouns that name ideas and qualities are harder to recognize.

People: teacher, student, Mr. Serrano, administrator, principal, Eddie

Places:Liberia, Philippines, classrooms, cafeteria, Catanauan

Things: pen, chalk, bird, rain, trucks, storm, motorcycle, minutes

Ideas: freedom, happiness, love fun, inflation, bravery, faith, anger

NOUNS

Exercise: Finding Nouns

A car totally run by a computer now exists. A key has been replaced by a card made of plastic. The driver inserts it into a slot in the dashboard. The seat and the mirrors are automatically adjusted first. Then a device uses radar to sense vehicles and objects ahead and puts on the breaks if necessary. If rain begins, the wipers turn on by themselves. A map gives instructions on the best route to follow. The carburetor checks itself to ensure the best mileage from a tank of gas. The car can even follow commands given by voice. To own such an amazing car is the dream of many people.

NOUNS

Keys:

A car totally run by a computer now exists. A key has been replaced by a card made of plastic. The driver inserts it into a slot in the dashboard. The seat and the mirrors are automatically adjusted first. Then a device uses radar to sense vehicles and objects ahead and puts on the breaks if necessary. If rain begins, the wipers turn on by themselves. A map gives instructions on the best route to follow. The carburetor checks itself to ensure the best mileage from a tank of gas. The car can even follow commands given by voice. To own such an amazing car is the dream of many people.

NOUNS

COMPOUND and COLLECTIVE NOUNS:

A noun that includes more than one word is called a compound noun.

Compound nouns can take one of three forms;

Separate words: living room, home run, record player

Hyphenated: break-in, attorney-at-law, twenty-one

Combined: birdhouse, headband, flashlight

Note: It is not always easy to know how a particular compound noun should be written. The best way to find out is to check in the dictionary.

NOUNS

COMPOUND and COLLECTIVE NOUNS:

A noun can also name group of people or things. This kind of noun is called a collective noun.

Team, family, herd, choir, jury

NOUNS

COMPOUND and COLLECTIVE NOUNS:

Exercise:

Number your paper 1 to 10. Then write the nouns in each sentence.

1. The pilot pulled the plane out of the nose dive.

2. Last summer Mark went to a dude ranch for two weeks.

3. Our class will meet with the mayor at city hall.

4. The new high school will open next week.

5. My sister went to school at night to study speed-reading.

6. The private detective compared the fingerprints.

NOUNS

COMPOUND and COLLECTIVE NOUNS:

Exercise:

Number your paper 1 to 10. Then write the nouns in each sentence.

7. Ken and I spent the day doing a jigsaw puzzle.

8. My brother-in-law lost his credit cards recently.

9. Will you give me a rain check on that invitation?

10. The prizewinner was surrounded by a group of fans.

NOUNSCOMMON and PROPER NOUNS:

All nouns are either common nouns or proper nouns. A common noun names any person, place, or thing. A proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing. All proper nouns begin with capital letter.

Common Nouns Proper Nouns

woman Mrs. Cadiz

city Lucena

building QCRB

team Enverga University

Note: A proper noun sometimes includes more than one word. For example, even though Enverga University is two words, it is considered one noun. It is the name of one place

NOUNS

COMMON and PROPER NOUNS:

Exercise:

Number your paper 1 to 10. Make two columns on your paper. Label the first column common nouns and the second column proper nouns. Then under the proper column, write each noun.

1. In Colombia, ants are sold as snacks from carts along the street.

2. Fried worms are eaten in Mexico.

3. People in Uganda crush flies and shape them into pancakes for lunch.

4. In other parts of Africa, termites are munched like pretzels.

5. Certain spiders are roasted in New Guinea.

NOUNSExercise:

Number your paper 1 to 10. Make two columns on your paper. Label the first column common nouns and the second column proper nouns. Then under the proper column, write each noun.

6. These insects taste like peanut butter, but they don’t stick to the roof of your mouth.

7. Restaurants in New York City serve ants and grasshoppers dipped in chocolate.

8. In recent years the North American Bait Farms have held a bake-off using worms.

9. In some cookbooks you can find a recipe for green peppers stuffed with earthworms.

10. Some people think that moths taste better than potato chips.

PRONOUNS

ORIGIN:

Latin, pronomin- pronomen

Pro- for + nomin, nomen- name

FIRST USED:

1530

PRONOUNS

Richard took Richard’s books with Richard.

Speaking and writing would be very repetitious if there were no words to take the place of nouns. Pronouns do this job. With the substitution of pronouns for nouns, the example above reads more smoothly and is easier to understand.

Richard took his books with him.

PRONOUNS

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns.

Pronoun Antecedents

The noun that a pronoun refers to or replaces is called its antecedent. In the following examples, an arrow has been drawn from the pronoun to its antecedent. Notice that the antecedent usually comes before the pronoun.

Lee s a i d t h a t h e c o u l d n ’ t g o .

PRONOUNS

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns.

Pronoun Antecedents

The noun that a pronoun refers to or replaces is called its antecedent. In the following examples, an arrow has been drawn from the pronoun to its antecedent. Notice that the antecedent usually comes before the pronoun.

Xiaou caught the ball and threw it to the first base.

PRONOUNS

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns.

Pronoun Antecedents

The noun that a pronoun refers to or replaces is called its antecedent. In the following examples, an arrow has been drawn from the pronoun to its antecedent. Notice that the antecedent usually comes before the pronoun.

Lynn asked Sandy , “Did we miss a turn?”

PRONOUNSExercise: Finding Antecedents

Write the antecedent for each underlined pronoun.

1. Ellen carried her umbrella to school.

2. Walter said, “ I like mashed potatoes best.”

3. Anton asked Michelle to go to the dance with him.

4. Kenneth and Margo said they were going to the movies.

5. Sandy told Robert that she was having a party.

6. The sky has a rosy tint to it.

7. Did Clara and Ann wear their uniforms.

8. Jeff asked Laida, “Are you leaving now?”

9. Albert said that he was going to play hockey.

10. The coach asked the team, “Are you ready to win?”

PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS

All the nouns on the preceding slide are personal pronouns. These are the most commonly used pronouns. Personal pronouns are divided into the following three groups.

First Person (The person speaking)

Singular: I, me, my, mine

Plural: we, us, our, ours

Second Person (The person spoken to)

Singular: you, your, yours

Plural: you, your, yours

Third Person (The person or thing spoken about)

Singular: he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its

Plural: they, them, their, theirs

PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS

Examples:

First Person Pronouns:

I want to take my dog with me.

We think our way is best for us.

That boat is ours.

Second Person Pronoun:

Did you clean your room?

Are these sneakers yours?

Third Person Pronoun:

The reporter took his camera with him.

They like their soup very hot.

PRONOUNSExercise: Finding Personal Pronouns

Number your paper 1-10. Then write the personal pronouns in each sentence.

1. She slung the camera over her shoulder.

2. My friends and I went to the football game.

3. Are the tickets yours or ours?

4. Your mother called you an hour ago.

5. We decided to bring our dog with us.

6. Do they plan to invite him or me.

7. The record albums are mine, but the stereo is hers.

8. He gave the car its first oil change.

9. Should we meet at his house or theirs?

10. They carried their raincoats with them.

PRONOUNSExercise: Finding Personal Pronouns

Number your paper 1-10. Then write each personal pronoun and its antecedent.

1. Because Mr. Serrano had left his briefcase at home, he went back to get it.

2. The children asked their father if they should take their sleeping bags with them.

3. Betty told Karen, “You go now, and I will come later.”

4. The Garcias will take their dogs with them.

5. As Anna watched the parade, she saw Juan in it.

6. Carlos asked Bob, “Will you help me repair my car?”

7. Jim asked Mike if he would try out for the play with him.

8. Frank told Maggie, “Chad can ride with you and me.”

9. Mary said to Joyce, “I think this book is yours.”

10. The less borrowed the rake, but they will return it.

PRONOUNSOTHER KINDS OF PRONOUNS

Besides personal pronouns, there are a few other kinds of pronouns.

Reflexive Pronouns.

These pronouns are formed by adding –self or –selves to certain personal pronouns.

Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself

Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Example:

M i gue l b o u g h t h i mse l f a n e w b o o k

T h e gue s t s s e r v e d t he mse l ves a t a b u f f e t .

Note:

Do not write or say hisself or theirselves.

PRONOUNSExercise: Finding Personal and Reflexive Pronouns

Number your paper 1-10. Then write each personal or reflexive pronoun. Beside each pronoun, write its antecedent.

1. The Tans bought themselves a video recorder.

2. “Tell me what you heard, “Mark told Michelle.

3. Melissa gives herself a manicure every week.

4. The cat tossed its toy mouse into the air and caught it.

5. The students wrote their reports and turned them in.

6. “Did you teach yourself to ski?” Ysabelle asked Rey.

7. “I will help myself by exercising more,” Arianne said.

8. Laica took her turn after Paulo took his.

9. “Can you tell me if Reynaldo is here?”

10. “The Tagles spoke highly of you when they were here,” Jake told Princess.

PRONOUNSINDEFINITE PRONOUNS

These pronouns very often refer to unnamed people or things. They usually do not have definite antecedents as personal pronouns do.

Several have qualified for the contest.

Many attended the school concert.

I’ve heard everything now!

Common Indefinite Pronouns

all both few nothing

another each many one

any either most several

anybody everybody neither some

anyone everyone none someone

anything everything no one something

PRONOUNSExercise: Finding Indefinite Pronouns

Number your paper 1-10. Then write each indefinite pronoun.

1. The invitation was extended to anyone.

2. Both of you know everything that happened.

3. No one saw anyone from the other school at the dance.

4. Each of the witnesses knew something about the accident.

5. Some arrived early, but many came late.

6. All except Madel attended the class meeting.

7. One of my friends will go with me.

8. None of the dinner had been eaten.

9. Did you tell anybody about either of our ideas?

10. Most of my friends sent me a card on my birthday.

PRONOUNSDEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

These pronouns are used to point out people, places, and objects.

This is Jeraldine’s coat on the hanger.

Are these Jeriel’s glasses?

Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

These pronouns are used to ask questions.

What is known about the case?

Who is coming to the party?

Interrogative Pronouns: what, which, who, whom, whose

PRONOUNSExercise: Finding Demonstrative Pronouns and Interrogative Pronouns

Number your paper 1-10. Then write each demonstrative and interrogative pronoun in the following sentences.

1. What is the starting time of the game?

2. If that is true, who will help us?

3. Arlene can’t decide between these or those.

4. Whom did Arvin meet at the dance.

5. That is my sweater.

6. These are Christopher’s gloves and those are Madel’s.

7. If Mom has the keys, then whose are these?

8. This is Amy’s first trip to Pampanga.

9. Which of those does Lucy want?

10. What does Ruth think this could be?

PRONOUNSExercise: Finding the Pronouns

Number your paper 1-10. Then write all the pronouns in each sentences.

1. After the party, most of the guests said they enjoyed it very much.

2. What is Tom doing in our garage?

3. Meg thinks she found the candles and their holders.

4. Teresa cooked herself an egg for breakfast.

5. Everyone donated something to the fund.

6. The judge asked the jury, “Is this your verdict?”

7. Both of the girls took their roller skates with them to the rink.

8. What does that mean to you?

9. One of the parrots got out of its cage.

10. When Jorge finished his homework, he put it into his notebook.

PRONOUNSExercise: Substituting Pronouns for Nouns

The following paragraph repeats some nouns too often. Rewrite the paragraph by replacing nouns with pronouns where they are needed. Then underline your changes.

Investigations into the intelligence of gorillas show that gorillas are much

smarter than people once thought gorillas were. Gorillas will stack boxes to

help gorillas reach bananas that are too high to pick. Gorillas will use sticks as

tools to pull food into gorillas’ cages. One scientist, Dr. James White, trained a

female gorilla named Congo to perform various actions. When the scientist

returned some years later, Congo remembered the scientist. Congo also

repeated some of the actions the scientist had taught Congo.