review on hepatoprotective medicinal plants for …
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Kale et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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REVIEW ON HEPATOPROTECTIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR
LIVER DISEASES
Swapnali Gangadhar Kale*, Sneha Sampat Kanase, Saurabh Deepak Kalkate and
Sagar S. Muley
Anand Charitable Sanstha’s Collage of Pharmaceutical Science and Research Ashti. Dist.
Beed.
ABSTRACT
Liver is a vital organ play a major role in metabolism and excretion of
xenobiotics from the body liver cell injury is caused by many toxic
chemicals (like antibiotic, chemotherapeutic agents, carbon
tetrachloride, Viral hepatitis, etc.). Excessive alcohol consumption and
microbes is well studied. Hence, herbal drugs have become
increasingly and become popular and their use trade worldwide. liver
injury induced by toxins is more common nowadays. So, herbal
medicines are used fr treatment of liver disease from a long time.
Thaats why herbal remedies are focused in the pharmaceutical
industries. Evolve a safe route of for liver disorder. Ther present
review is aimed to compile the data on herbal drugs used in
hepatotoxicity, their mode of action (MOA) are highlight the most recent studies on
hepatotoxicity subject and based information published in scientific database such as scopus
and pubmed.
KEYWORDS: Herbal drugs, liver, hepatoprotectives, herbs, herbal drug.
INTRODUCTION
Medicinal Plant have been major source for cure of human disease since time immemorial.
Today one fourth of the world population depends on traditional medicines side effect
convention medicines. Efficiency of plant derived drug the growing interest in natural
product has increased scientific interest in medicinal plants. There is a rational therapy
available for liver disorder and it’s so still changes to modern medicines. In Olden time
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 8.084
Volume 9, Issue 7, 1088-1102. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105
Article Received on
07 May 2020,
Revised on 27 May 2020,
Accepted on 17 June 2020,
DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20207-17906
*Corresponding Author
Swapnali Gangadhar Kale
Anand Charitable Sanstha’s
Collage of Pharmaceutical
Science and Research Ashti.
Dist. Beed.
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herbal products were used for medicinal purpose both internally as well as externally herbal
drugs are used juice, latex or derived powder form.[1]
Liver
A. Histology of liver
The liver is the largest internal organ of the human body, weighing approximately 1.5 kg.
Embryologically it develops from the foregut and it spans the upper right and part of left
abdominal quadrants. Anatomically the liver consists of four lobes: two larger ones (right and
left) and two smaller ones (quadrate and caudate). Histologically speaking, it has a complex
microscopic structure, that can be viewed from several different angles. Physiologically
speaking, the liver also performs many essential functions and it is your best friend when you
are enjoying some beers with your friends. This article will examine every histological
component of the liver, its macroscopic and microscopic vascular supply, and the biliary
system.
Fig no. 1 – Histology of liver.
B. Functions
1. manufacture and excretion of bile.
2. manufacture of several major plasma proteins albumin, fibrinogen and prothrombin.
3. metabolism of proteins carbohydrates and lipids.
4. storage of Vitamins A, D and B12 and ions.
5. detoxification of toxic substances such as alcohol and drugs.
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6. liver has wide range of function including detoxification protein synthesis and production
of biochemical necessary for digestion and synthesis as well as breakdown of small and
complex molecules.
7. these herbal drugs have shown the ability to maintain the normal functioning of liver with
or without fever side effects.[2]
C. Pathophysiology
The normal liver contains resident and migratory Lymphocytes macrophages and leukocytes
that provide immunity foreign antigen. the cell of liver primary targets for the oxidative stress
and toxicity induced by Variety of agents this is because the liver is the major site for drug
metabolism coupled with the proliferative response to hepatocytes. liver injury is one of the
major health challenges in the world.[3]
liver play an astonishing array of pointer function in
the maintenance performance and regulation of homeostasis of the body it is also handling
the metabolism and biochemical pathway to growth fight against the deceased nutrient supply
energy provision and reproduction. excretion of drugs and other xenobiotic from body
thereby providing protection against foreign substance by detoxifying and climating them,
bile secreted by liver has among other things play an important role of digestion and has a
liquid for oxidation during metabolism of Ethanol made developed the result of hepatitis
leading to cirrhosis.[4]
The Indian traditional medicine like Ayurvedic Siddha Unani are
predominantly based upon use of plant material. herbal drugs have gained important and
popularity in recent year because of their safety efficiency and cost effectiveness.[5]
dictionary of Indian folk medicine and cotton include 2532 plants India has about 45000 plant
species and many them have been studied for their medicinal properties about 2000 figure are
available in the literature and commonly 500 spaces are used in the indigenous system even
though early for 500 to 1500 BC origin find long history of uages in the last two countries the
Ayurveda had received very little official support and attention were Notice from good
material partitioner and researcher a large extent work now being done on botany
Pharamacognocy biotechnology chemistry and Pharmacology of herbal medicine.
Recent work in drug development released to spacies of
1. commiphora (used in hypolipidermic agent)
2. picrohiza (which is hepatoprotective|)
3. Bacopa (used in brain tonic).[6]
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Liver disease remains serious health problem and are caused among other by drug chemical
alcohol chronic liver disease caused by morbidity and mortality throughout the world
conventional medicine therapeutics for many, liver disorder include non-alcoholic fatty liver
disease and viral hepatitis has Limited efficiency and potentially life-threatening side effects.
The most commonly medicinal plant and herbal preparation used for the management of liver
disease include
1. Phylanthus sp. (Euphorbeaceae)
2. Silubum marianum (L)
3. Gaettn (milk thistle) (Astereceae)
4. Glycyrrhizin (Licorice root extract)
5. LIV52 (mixture of herb).[7]
Liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animal and is typically the largest
visceral organ liver liver are the play role of transforming and clearing Chemicals and is
susceptible to the toxicity form this agent some medicinal agent when taken in overdose and
sometimes even when introduced within therapeutic Rangers Mein injured the organ
Chemicals that cause the liver injury are called hepatotoxin.[8]
DIFFERENT HERBS USED AS HEPATOPROTECTIVES
A. Punernava
Punarnava, a potent ayurvedic has immense health benefits and has been in use since ancient
times in treating a host of health anomalies. Commonly known as Hogweed, Sterling, Tarvine
in English, Mukarati Kirei in Tamil, Raktakunda, and Shothaghni in Sanskrit, it goes by the
botanical name Boerhavia diffusa.
The herb is used as a diuretic and an expectorant, stomachic and is prescribed in the treatment
of jaundice. It is also given in the loss of digestive power, enlargement of spleen and for
abdominal pains. The roots are used by a large number of tribes in India for the treatment of
various hepatic disorders.[10]
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Fig no. 2 – Punarnava.
Punarnava which literally translates into ‘something that renews or replenishes the body’ i.e.
a reviver, is an herb belonging to the 4 o'clock Nyctaginaceae family that are characterized by
their unique type of fruit called anthocarp. Quite like its name, Punarnava is a traditional
ayurvedic plant that is used to rejuvenate the whole body. The plant as a whole is used in the
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, fever, edema, eye problems, stomach issues, and liver
disorders.[9]
B. Arjuna
Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna Rob, family Combretaceae) consists of dried stem bark of the
plant, it grows in most parts of India. It apparently has a diuretic and a general tonic effect in
cases of cirrhosis of the liver.[11]
Arjuna is a potential cardioprotective agent belonging to the
Combretaceae family. It is an ayurvedic remedy that has been mentioned since vedic period
in many ancient Indian medicinal texts including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and
Astang Hridayam. It was Vagabhatta who, for the first time, advocated the use of stem bark
powder in heart ailments.[12]
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Fig. no. 3 – Arjuna tree with dried bark.
Effective for chest pain, angina, heart disease, diabetes, heart failure, high levels of
cholesterol or other fats, osteoarthritis, HIV infection, lung condition, diarrhoea, urinary
problems, water retention. In the present study, whole lipid profile changed favourably after 1
month therapy of T. arjuna. Dwivedi reports that a study described in a thesis by S. Khalil in
2005 found that Arjuna bark powder along with statin for 3 months resulted in a 15%
decrease in total cholesterol, 11% decrease in serum triglyceride level and 16% decrease in
LDL cholesterol. There was a minimal decline in lipoprotein and nitrite levels. The result
suggests that Arjuna may work synergistically with statin in hyperlipidaemia.[13]
C. Bhringaraja
Eclipta alba (Bhringaraja), belonging to family Composite is a perennial shrub which grows
widely in moist tropical countries. It is used as alterative, anthelmintic, expectorant,
antipyretic, antiasthmatic, tonic, deobstruent in hepatic and spleen enlargement and
significant anti-inflammatory activity. It has been reported to be useful in liver ailments &
has been shown to possess hepatoprotective activity against carbon- tetrachloride induced
liver cell damage in animals.
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Fig. no. 4 – Bhringraja.
The effect of Eclipta alba extract was studied on paracetamol induced hepatic damage in
Mice. Treatment with ethanol extract of E. alba was found to protect the mice from
hepatotoxic action of paracetamol as evidenced by significant reduction in the elevated serum
transaminase levels Eclipta alba (Bhringaraja), belonging to family Composite is a perennial
shrub which grows widely in moist tropical countries. It is used as alterative, anthelmintic,
expectorant, antipyretic, antiasthmatic, tonic, deobstruent in hepatic and spleen enlargement
and significant anti-inflammatory activity.
It has been reported to be useful in liver ailments & has been shown to possess
hepatoprotective activity against carbon- tetrachloride induced liver cell damage in animals.
The effect of Eclipta alba extract was studied on paracetamol induced hepatic damage in
Mice. Treatment with ethanol extract of E. alba was found to protect the mice from
hepatotoxic action of paracetamol as evidenced by significant reduction in the elevated serum
transaminase levels.
D. Mangoteen
Garcinia mangostana Linn. commonly known as " mangos teen", is a tropical evergreen tree
and is an emerging category of novel functional foods sometimes called "super fruits"
presumed to have a combination of appealing subjective characteristics, such as taste,
fragrance and visual qualities, nutrient richness, antioxidant strength and potential impact for
lowering risk of human diseases. Mangosteen trees have a weak root system and prefer deep,
well drained soils with high moisture content, often growing on riverbanks.[12]
The
mangosteen is not adapted to limestone soils, sandy, alluvial soils or sandy soils with low
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organic matter content.[13][14]
Mangosteen trees need a well distributed rainfall over the year
(<40 mm/month) and a 3–5 week dry season.[13]
Fig. no. 5 – Mangoteen Fruits.
Mangosteen trees are sensitive to water availability and application of fertilizer input which is
increased with the age of trees, regardless of region.[14]
Maturation of mangosteen fruits takes
5–6 months, with harvest occurring when the pericarps are purple.[15]
Mangosteen is usually propagated by seedlings. Vegetative propagation is difficult and
seedlings are more robust and reach fruiting earlier than vegetative propagated plants.
E. Kutki
Picrorhiza kurroa is one of the major income generating non-timber forest products found in
the Nepalese Himalayas. It is one of the oldest medicinal plants traded from the Karnali zone.
Known as Kutki, it is a perennial herb and is used as a substitute for Indian gentian (Gentiana
kurroo).[16]
It is found in the Himalayan region from Kashmir to Sikkim at an elevation of 2700-4500
m and in Nepal, found abundantly between 3500 and 4800 m.
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Fig. no. 6 – Kutki plant with Rhizomes.
The rhizome has a long history of use in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of
digestive problems. Other uses have been proposed (e.g. for asthma, liver damage, wound
healing, vitiligo) but the medical evidence is not yet conclusive. It appears to be relatively
safe based on its long history of traditional use. Kutki has hepato-protective properties and
thus supports the liver and spleen. It is used in all forms of liver damage, cirrhosis and
inflammation of the liver. It protects the liver against damage from the hepatitis C virus.
F. Amla
Liver toxins, high blood cholesterol, and age-related kidney disorders have all been
scientifically proven to be corrected with the antioxidant properties contained in amla berries.
Amla fruits are used as a diuretic, refrigerant and laxative. Dried fruits are given in diabetes
and dysentery. They are also administered in jaundice, dyspepsia and anemia along with iron
compound. It is reported that fixed oil from fruits possess the property of promoting hair
growth. Seeds of the fruits are used in treatment of asthma and bronchitis. The leaves are
used as fodder. Alcoholic extract of the fruit is anti–viral. It is a popular ingredient of
“Triphala” and “Chyawanprash”. There fruits they are rich in Vitamin C (Lascorbic acid)
content, ranging from 0.1 to 0.7% in fresh pericarp.[17]
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Fig. no. 7 – Amla tree.
Fig. no. 8 – Amla growing on tree.
Amla, being rich source of vitamin C, is considered to be effective in slowing down the
ageing process. Ageing is a cumulative result of damage to various cells and tissues, mainly
by oxygen free radicals. Vitamin C is a scavenger of free radicals which breaks them down; it
has an antioxidant synergism with vitamin E which prevents pre-oxidation of lipids.
Hepatoprotective activity of Emblicaofficinalis (EO) and chyawanprash (CHY)extracts was
studied using Carbontetrachloride induced liver injury model inrats. Emblica officinalis and
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CHY extractswere found to inhibit the hepatotoxicityproduced by acute and
chronicadministration as seen from the decreasedlevels of serum and liver lipid
peroxides(LPO), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase(GPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).
Chronic CCI (4) administration was alsofound to produce liver fibrosis as seen fromthe
increased levels of collagen hydroxylproline and pathological
analysis. Emblicaofficinalis and CHY extracts were found toreduce the elevated levels
significantly, indicating that the extract could inhibit theinduction of fibrosis in rats.[18]
Fig. no. 9 – Saffron plant.
G. Saffron
Saffron is a plant. The dried stigmas (thread-like parts of the flower) are used to make saffron
spice. It can take 75,000 saffron blossoms to produce a single pound of saffron spice. Saffron is
largely cultivated and harvested by hand. Due to the amount of labor involved in harvesting,
saffron is considered one of the world's most expensive spices. The stigmas, and sometimes the
petals, are also used to make medicine.
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Fig. no. 10 – Dried stigma of Saffron.
Saffron is used for depression and Alzheimer disease. Women use saffron for menstrual
cramps and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Men use it to for early orgasm (premature
ejaculation) and infertility. Saffron is used for many other conditions, but there is no good
scientific evidence to support many of these uses. Saffron is LIKELY SAFE in food amounts.
Saffron is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth as a medicine for up to 26 weeks. Some
possible side effects include dry mouth, anxiety, agitation, drowsiness, low mood, sweating,
nausea or vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, change in appetite, flushing, and headache.
Allergic reactions can occur in some people.
H. Jatamanasi
Fig. no. 11 – Jatanamasi.
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Fig. no. 12 – Rhizomes of Jatamanasi.
Nardostachys jatamansi DC. (Valerianaceae) and Selinum vaginatum C.B. Clarke
(Umbelliferae) are two important indigenous drugs found in Himalayan region. The roots and
the rhizomes of N. jatamansi, as mentioned in Ayurveda, have been used in various herbal
formulations including dietary supplements. This important traditional drug is also used to
treat epilepsy, hysteria, syncope, convulsions, and mental weakness.
The decoction of the drug is also used in neurological disorders, insomnia, and disorders of
cardiovascular system. It has been reported to exhibit antidepressant, anticonvulsant and
antiarrhythmic activities as well as to possess antioxidant and lipid peroxidation
activities.[19,20]
Consuming jatamansi in excess may cause adverse effects on the body. As it has laxative
properties, consuming in large quantities may cause loose stool. The dosage should always
be regulated and as per prescriptions.
Nausea and vomiting is often accompanied with having more than prescribed dose of the
herb and its products. Frequent urination and abdominal cramps can also occur. Some people
may be allergic to the constituent chemicals of jatamansi. It is extremely important to go
through the constituent list of the herb before consuming it. If an allergic person consumes
even a minimal quantity of the product, he may have reaction. Pregnant and lactating women
should avoid consumption of jatamansi and products containing it as it induces menstrual
discharge.
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CONCLUSION
From the review study, it is clear that the herbal plant play a significant role against on
various diseases. Different medicinal herbs extracts have potent hepatoprotective actibvities.
The hepatoprotective activity is probably due to the presence of flavonoids, phenolic
compounds, polyphenols, etc. in all few herbal plants.
the result of this study indicate that extract of leaves and plant of some medicinal herbal
plants have good potential for use in hepatic diseases. The present review study give
evidential explore mechanism o action medicinal plant against experimently indiced
hepatotoxicity. Hene this reviw study is concluded that the herbal drug posses
hepatoprotective activity.
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