SPONSORING ORGANIZATIONSQNDE ProgramsAir Force Research LaboratoryArmy Research LaboratoryAmerican Society of Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)AMES Laboratory of the Department of EnergyFederal Aviation Administration (FAA)National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)National Science Foundation (NSF)Industry/University Cooperative Research Centers

CD INCLUDED IN VOLUME 32B

Melville, New York, 2013

AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 1511

EDITORSDonald O. Thompson

Dale E. Chimenti

Iowa State University, Ames, IA

REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN

QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATIONDenver, Colorado, USA 15 – 20 July 2012

VOLUME 32A

Editors

ISBN 978-0-7354-1129-6 (Set) (Original Print)ISBN 978-0-7354-1130-2 (Volume A) (Original Print)ISBN 978-0-7354-1131-9 (Volume B) (Original Print)ISBN 978-0-7354-1132-6 (CD)ISSN 0094-243XPrinted in the United States of America

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Donald O. ThompsonDale E. Chimenti

Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA 50011-3041

E-mail: dothomp@iastate.edu chimenti@iastate.edu

AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 1511The 39th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive

Evaluation

Table of Contents

Preface

PART A

SCOPE OF NDE MEASUREMENTS

NDE measurements for understanding of performance: A few case studies on engineering components, human health and cultural heritage

ADVANCES IN NDE MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY

Advances in digital industrial radiology - New application areas beyond film radiography

Ultrasonic arrays in NDE: Beyond the B-scan

CHAPTER 1

ELASTIC AND INELASTIC WAVES

Section A. Ultrasonic Modeling

Guided wave-based J-integral estimation for dynamic stress intensity factors using 3D scanning laser Doppler vibrometry

Using singularities to detect and describe a notch in a pipe

A study of helical Lamb wave propagation on two hollow cylinders with imperfect contact conditions

A parallel mixed 3D grid/explicit FEM scheme for computing elastic wave propagation on a GPU using an irregular mesh

Unit cell finite element modelling for ultrasonic scattering from periodic surfaces

Forward and backscatter energy field patterns from localized damage sites

Nonlinear interaction of ultrasonic waves with a crack of different orientations

Section B. Guided Waves— Mostly Fundamentals

A novel approach of using the elastodynamic reciprocity for guided wave problems

A boundary element formulation for the computation of damped guided waves

Guided wave signal transport in curved and tapered plates

Scattering of guided waves from complex defects in plates in pipes

Anomalous dispersion of cylindrical longitudinal guided modes

Higher harmonic guided waves in isotropic weakly non-linear elastic plates

Strongly cumulative second harmonic generation in a plate with quadratic nonlinearity: Finite element simulation

Permanently installed guided wave pipeline monitoring

Ultrasonic waves guided by transverse bends in plates subjected to symmetric axial excitation

Studies on the influence of axial bends on ultrasonic guided waves in hollow cylinders (pipes)

Energy and power modeling of multi mode Lamb waves propagating in structure bonded with piezoelectric wafer active sensors

Hybrid modal/FE simulation of guided waves inspections

Section C. Guided Waves— Applications

Guided wave mode pairs for transmissibility in adhesively bonded metal plates

Ultrasonic guided wave inspection of an interface between an anisotropic layer and a metallic half space

Amplitude controlled array transducers for mode selection and beam steering of guided waves in plates

Planar shear horizontal guided wave inspection of a plate using piezoelectric fiber transducers

Field measurement of guided wave modes in rail track

Analysis of guided wave scattering due to defects in rails using a hybrid FE-safe method

Section D. Guided Waves—Structural Health Monitoring

Impact source location of composites using a single sensor and time reversal technique

Planar guided waves for SHM of plate structures using piezoelectric fiber transducers

Efficient baseline gathering and damage detection in guided wave structural health monitoring

Long term stability and expected performance of a guided wave SHM system

Ultrasonic vibration for structural health monitoring

Crack detection on wind turbine blades in an operating environment using vibro-acoustic modulation technique

Delay-and-sum technique for localization of active sources in cylindrical objects

Lamb wave structural health monitoring using frequency-wavenumber analysis

Investigation of waviness in wind turbine blades: Structural health monitoring

Section E. Laser/Optical Based Ultrasonics

Measurement of depth of surface cracks in concrete by laser ultrasonic technique with multichannel detector

Laser generation and detection for surface wave interaction with different defect geometries

Developments in signal processing and interpretation in laser tapping

Optical generation of high amplitude laser generated surface acoustic waves

Laser shockwave technique for characterization of nuclear fuel plate interfaces

Robotic laser-ultrasonic inspection of composites

Optical detection of ultrasound using an apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy system

Detection of open and partially closed surface defects in plates using ultrasonic enhancement

Optical excitation of narrowband Rayleigh surface waves for second harmonic generation

Section F. Coda Waves

Stress- and damage-induced changes in coda wave velocities in concrete

Influence of small temperature variations on the ultrasonic velocity in concrete

Study of concrete's behavior under 4-point bending load using Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI) analysis

LOCADIFF: Locating a weak change with diffuse ultrasound

Physical relation between coda wave analysis and fabric change in multiphase, granular material

Numerical simulation and analytical solution for plane waves focused by a parabolic reflector

CHAPTER 2

ELECTROMAGNETICS, THERMOGRAPHICS, AND THERMOSONICS

Section A. Eddy Current—Mostly Modeling

Eddy current mapping inside a plane conductor with flaws

Modeling and simulation of crack detection for underwater structures using an ACFM method

BEM modeling for ECT simulation of complex narrow cracks in multilayered structures

Investigation of acoustic fields generated by eddy currents using an atomic force microscope

Role of varying interface conditions on the eddy current response from cracks in multilayer structures

Section B. Eddy Current—Techniques and Probes

Eddy current NDE performance demonstrations using simulation tools

Saturated low frequency eddy current technique applied to phases characterization in duplex stainless steel

Low frequency EC-GMR detection of cracks at ferromagnetic fastener sites in thick layered structure

Development of flexible array eddy current probes for complex geometries and inspection of magnetic parts using magnetic sensors

Finite element modeling of magnetic bias eddy current probe interaction with ferromagnetic materials

Eddy current imager based on bobbin-type Hall sensor arrays for nondestructive evaluation in small-bore piping system

Section C. Thermographics and Thermosonics

The application of finite element analysis to investigate the vibrational response of a turbine blade under thermosonic excitation

Improvements on FEA with a two-step simulation of experimental procedures in turbine blade crack detection in sonic IR NDE

Damage threshold study of sonic IR imaging on carbon-fiber reinforced laminated composite materials

Study the effect of engagement force of ultrasound transducer on crack detectability in sonic IR imaging

Simulations and measurements of artificial cracks and pits in flat stainless steel plates using tone burst eddy-current thermography (TBET)

Prospects of pulse phase thermography for finding disbonds in CFRP-sandwich parts with aluminum honeycomb cores compared to ultrasonic

Passive and active thermography for in situ damage monitoring in woven composites during mechanical testing

A fast lock-in infrared thermography implementation to detect defects in composite structures like wind turbine blades

Transient thermography testing of unpainted thermal barrier coating surfaces

Induction thermography for non-destructive evaluation of adhesive bonds

Real view thermography

Section D. X-Ray CT and Terahertz NDE

High resolution X-ray micro-CT of ultra-thin wall space components

Influence of terahertz waves on the fiber direction of CFRP composite laminates

CHAPTER 3

SIGNAL PROCESSING, DEFECT DETECTION AND SIZING

Section A. Signal Processing

Design of advanced automatic inspection system for turbine blade FPI analysis

Probabilistic fatigue life prediction using ultrasonic inspection data considering equivalent initial flaw size uncertainty

Lamb wave mode decomposition using annular transducers and quadrature signals

Estimation of guided wave scattering matrices from spatially distributed transducer arrays (poster winner)

GPU based numerical modeling for eddy current non-destructive evaluation

Storage strategies of eddy-current FE-BI model for GPU implementation

Pulsed terahertz inspection of non-conducting sandwich composites

Section B. Defect Detection

Detection of plate components defects by surface wave based on transducer arrays

Parametrical study of flaw detection in polycrystalline materials by reducing the multiple scattering contribution

Multi-level damage detection with nonlinear ultrasonic methods (poster winner)

Section C. Imaging, Tomography, and Reconstruction

Evolution of image processing methods for pulsed thermal imaging

Enhanced image processing methods for GMR array inspections of multilayer metallic structures

Multi-path guided wave imaging for in situ monitoring of complex structures

Ultrasonic quantitative imaging with limited view arrays

Ultrasonic multi-skip tomography for pipe inspection

High resolution guided wave tomography

Guided wave travel time tomography for bends

Annular plate inspection using guided wave tomography

Inversion of tone burst eddy current thermography data for defect sizing - A simulation study

Numerical analysis of angular defects in bent plates using tone burst eddy-current thermography (TBET)

Progress in defect quantification in multi-layered structures using ultrasonic inspection

GPU implementation of simultaneous iterative reconstruction techniques for computed tomograpy

Amplitude-independent flaw length determination using differential eddy current

CHAPTER 4

ULTRASONIC PHASED ARRAYS AND ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS

Section A. Phased Arrays

New designs of ultrasonic 2D array probes

Design by simulation of the UT array inspection of a nozzle with a flexible probe: Definition of 3D trajectories and focusing parameters

Surface-Adaptive Ultrasound (SAUL) for phased-array inspection of composite specimens with curved edges and complex geometry

NDT process using Lamb waves generated/detected by ultrasonic phased array probes for the defect detection in metallic and composite plates

Comparison of ultrasonic array imaging algorithms for non-destructive evaluation

Phased array ultrasonic processing for enhanced and affordable diagnosis

Defects detection in thin components using two-dimensional ultrasonic arrays

Characterization of inhomogeneous and anisotropic steel welds by ultrasonic array measurements

Noise filtering in the total focusing method by decomposition of the time reversal operator and the virtual array approach

A new speckle noise suppression technique using cross-correlation of array sub-apertures in ultrasonic NDE of coarse grain materials

Forming non-diffracting beams using a 2D matrix phased array probe

Root crack sizing using phased array inspections and autoregressive spectral extrapolation signal processing

Rail weld inspection using phased array ultrasonics

Equivalent flaw time-of-flight diffraction sizing with ultrasonic phased arrays

Section B. Ultrasonic Transducers

New developments in EMAT techniques for surface inspection

Mode conversion of torsional waves generated by electromagnetic acoustic transducer

Design and some practical applications of ultrasonic transducers with axicon lenses

Pencil beam generation from a focused tranducer

Transducer pressure waveform and signal on screen simulation: Part 1

Transducer pressure waveform and signal on screen simulation: Part 2

PART B

CHAPTER 5

ENGINEERED MATERIALS

Section A. Fibrous Composites

Microcracking in composite laminates: Simulation of crack-induced ultrasound attenuation

Modeling the effects of beam size and flaw morphology on ultrasonic pulse/echo sizing of delaminations in carbon composites

Local guided wavefield analysis for characterization of delaminations in composites

Micro-crack ultrasound scattering in anisotropic composite laminates

Computational modeling of micro-crack induced attenuation in CFRP composites

Damage characterization of carbon/epoxy laminates using compression-after-impact (CAI) and ultrasonic NDE

Ultrasonic assessment of bonding integrity in foam-based hybrid composite materials

Impact damage detection in sandwich composite structures using Lamb waves and laser vibrometry

Characterization of delaminations and transverse matrix cracks in composite laminates using multiple-angle ultrasonic inspection

Effective dynamic moduli and density of fiber-reinforced composites

Quantitative ultrasonic guided wave testing of composites

Inspection and evaluation of dry fibers in thick composites

Section B. NDE for Welds

A comparative study of ray tracing and CIVA simulation for ultrasonic examination of anisotropic inhomogeneous austenitic welds

Ultrasonic imaging of welds using boundary reflections

A new application of laser vibrometric wave field propagation measurements: Grain structure visualization

Inspection of laser welds with array eddy current technique

Evaluation of ray-based methods for the simulation of UT welds inspection

Ultrasonic beam focusing on a defect in anisotropic inhomogeneous media

Sensitivity analysis of an ultasonic inspection of a weld structure simulated with the finite element code ATHENA2D

New international Program to Assess the Reliability of Emerging Nondestructive Techniques (PARENT)

The software application and classification algorithms for welds radiograms analysis

New requirements for digital radiographic testing of welds according to ISO standards

Ultrasonic C-scan evaluation of Ti-alloy/Al brazed joint

Section C. Coatings

Non-destructive evaluation of degradation in EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings by infrared reflectance spectroscopy

CHAPTER 6

MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION

Section A. Properties and Microstructure

Focused acoustic beam imaging of grain structure and local Young’s modulus with Rayleigh and surface skimming longitudinal waves

Measurement of elastic constants of a thin metal sheet with guided waves based EMAT system

Quantitative assessment of thermal diffusion using NDE

Modeling ultrasonic noise and attenuation in elongated duplex polycrystalline materials

Characterization and modeling of ultrasonic structural noise in the multiple scattering regime

Reconstruction of temperature distribution in a steel block using an ultrasonic sensor array

Simple measurement of electromagnetic properties of steel in the Rayleigh domain

Characterization of the magnetic micro- and nanostructure in unalloyed steels by magnetic force microscopy

Evaluation of microstructural damage and alteration of polytypes to determine the aging of silicon carbide

Section B. Plastic Deformation and Fatigue Damage

Regulation of residual stress in elastic solid component with high-energy acoustic field

Detecting plastic strain distribution by a nonlinear wave mixing method

Improving practical nonlinear measurements by modeling of the ultrasonic field

Effects of cold work on near-surface conductivity profiles in laser shock peened and shot peened nickel-base superalloy

Noncontact nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy to evaluate creep damage in an austenitic stainless steel

Nonlinear acoustic measurements ahead of a notch during fatigue

Pre-crack fatigue life assessment of relevant aircraft materials using fractal analysis of eddy current test data

Ultrasonic absortion in fatigued materials

Section C. Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking

Computational modeling to enhance NDE experimental assessment of high temperature corrosion damage of near surface furnace/reactor structural material

NDE evaluation of the intergranular corrosion susceptibility of a 2205 duplex stainless steel using thermoelectric power and double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation methods

Could non-destructive methodologies enhance the microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) in pipeline systems?

Eddy current measurement system evaluation for corrosion depth determination on cast aluminum aircraft structure

Characterization of damage due to stress corrosion cracking in carbon steel using nonlinear surface acoustic waves (poster winner)

Section D. Civil Materials and Structures—Mostly Concrete

Air-coupled detection of the S1-ZGV lamb mode in a concrete plate based on backward wave propagation

Nondestructive evaluation of the complex modulus master curve of asphalt concrete specimens

Evaluation of near surface material degradation in concrete using nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves

Ultrasonic slow dynamics to probe concrete aging and damage

A chemo-mechanical model for the acoustic nonlinearity change in concrete with alkali-silica reactions

Understanding the impulse response method applied to concrete bridge decks

Ground penetrating radar applied to rebar corrosion inspection

Eddy current inspection of concrete embedded steel elements

Electromagnetic evaluation of reinforced concrete structure

Development of seismology-based acoustic emission methods for civil infrastructure applications

Evaluation of eddy current and magnetic techniques for inspecting rebars in bridge barrier rails

Acoustic emission source mechanisms for steel bridge material

Non-invasive means of detecting subterranean border crossing tunnels

CHAPTER 7

NEW TECHNIQUES, SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND SYSTEMS

FOR NUCLEAR REACTORS

Section A. New Techniques

Models for process compensated resonant testing (PCRT) of silicon nitride balls

Graphics processing unit (GPU)-based computation of heat conduction in thermally anisotropic solids

Ultrasonic NDE of titanium diffusion bonds using signal phase

Guided wave propagation study in an ACSR cable with artificial damage

Inspection of helicopter rotor blades with the help of guided waves and "turning modes": Experimental and finite element analysis

Ultrasonic monitoring of pitting corrosion

Real time monitoring of electroless nickel plating

Ultrasonic measurements of velocity for modulus assessment of a material using a delay line approach

Ultrasonic scatterer detection in a pipe under operating conditions using singular value decomposition

Nonlinear acoustic effects in multilayer ceramic capacitors

High resolution mechano-optical method for acoustic field measurements in air

Moisture content monitoring in a high-pressure gasket material using an RF method

Hall coefficient measurement for nondestructive materials characterization

Faraday induction effect applied to the detection of defects in a moving plate

Magnetic flux leakage: Experimental and numerical study of the influence of induced currents

Nondestructive thermoelectric evaluation of the grit blasting induced effects in metallic biomaterials

Section B. New Sensors

A plate waveguide design for ultrasonic flow measurements in hostile environments

Ultrasonic waveguide transducer for high temperature testing of ceramic honeycomb

Development of a novel ultrasonic temperature probe for long-term monitoring of dry cask storage systems

Ferroelectret transducers for air-coupled ultrasonic testing of fiber-reinforced polymers

A resonance-free nano-film airborne ultrasound emitter

Electromagnetic characterization of metallic sensory alloy

Evaluation of an electric field sensor for nondestructive material inspection

GMR sensing array technique validation study for the inspection of multi-layer metallic structures

Pressure effects on the temperature sensitivity of fiber Bragg gratings

An interdigital capacitive sensor for quantitative characterization of wire insulation

Design and characterization of planar capacitive imaging probe based on the measurement sensitivity distribution

Design of interdigital spiral and concentric capacitive sensors for materials evaluation

Bio-inspired sensory membrane: Fabrication processes for full-scale implementation

Section C. New NDE Systems

A wireless data acquisition system for acoustic emission testing

Ultrasonic inspection of rocket fuel model using laminated transducer and multi-channel step pulser

Instrumentation development for electrical conductivity imaging in polycrystalline diamond cutters

Portable automated imaging in complex ceramics with a microwave interference scanning system

Vector magnetic field camera for permanent magnets inspection

Evaluation of an automatic system for detection and positioning of small pore defects using digital radiography

Advances in inspection automation

Section D. New NDE Systems for Nuclear Reactors

Qualification requirements of guided ultrasonic waves for inspection of piping in light water reactors

Performance test of a plate-type ultrasonic waveguide sensor in sodium

Selecting a radiation tolerant piezoelectric material for nuclear reactor applications

Fabrication and modeling of bismuth titanate-PZT ceramic transducers for high temperature applications

Simplified modeling of liquid sodium medium with temperature and velocity gradient using real thermal-hydraulic data. Application to ultrasonic thermometry in sodium fast reactor

Optical fiber technique for in-reactor mechanical properties measurement

Use of first order reversal curve measurements to understand Barkhausen noise emission in nuclear steel

A Bayesian quantitative nondestructive evaluation (QNDE) approach to estimating remaining life of aging pressure vessels and piping

CHAPTER 8

POD AND RELIABILITY, BENCHMARKING, AND CHALLENGES

Section A. POD and Reliability

Methods for planning a statistical POD study

Bayesian methods in probability of detection estimation and model-assisted probability of detection evaluation

A Bayesian approach for the determination of POD curves from empirical data merged with simulation results

A new approach of confidence in POD determination using simulation

Stochastic collocation method for higher dimensional NDE problems with tensor product grids

Stochastic-integral models for propagation-of-uncertainty problems in nondestructive evaluation

Data registration for automated non-destructive inspection with multiple data sets

Data fusion for improving the reliability of automated non-destructive inspection

Metamaterial-inspired miniaturized microwave edge coupled surface scanning probe

False call rate estimation

Thermo-mechanical reliability evaluation for microelectronic packaging using C-mode scanning acoustic microscopy

Probability of detection (POD) is not NDT/E reliability

Section B. NDE Benchmarking

Ultrasonic flaw sizing - An overview

Numerical results for the WFNDEC 2012 eddy current benchmark problem

2012 eddy current benchmark modeling of impedance variation in coil due to a thin longitudinal through-wall notch in an inconel 600 tube

Section C. NDE Challenges

USAF perspective on foundational challenges for enhanced damage sensing

Attendees List

Author Index 7

Subject Index 7