review of programming languages

8/2/2019 Review of Programming Languages

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Midterm Period



C Overview

Java Overview

PERL Overview

ML Overview



C is a language developed in 1972 by DennisRitchie and Ken Thompson of AT&T BellTelephone Laboratories.

It is related to ALGOL and Pascal in style,with attributes of PL/I thrown in.

A general-purpose programming language butbecame popular as systems programming

language. It was first used to write the kernel of the

UNIX operating system.



The C language which is relatively small witha limited number of control structures andfeatures.

The C preprocessor which includes the # preprocessor statements.

The C interface assumptions.

ex: #include “myfcn.h”

The C library includes many functions such asprintf, getchar, malloc, fork and exec



A C module consists of global declarationsand a sequence of functions.

C has pointers and there is an equivalencebetween arrays and pointers.

C has a large set of arithmetic operators.

C has a flexible type definition facility.

C has always been closely tied to operatingsystem functionality.

The C compiler executes by invoking thepreprocessor first.

Comments may appear wherever a blank isused in the program.



Java development began in 1991 at SunMicrosystems, where James Gosling led theGreen Team in a project to develop a

language for use on consumer digital devices. In 1993, the Mosaic Web Browser was

released, leading the way to the usage ofJava applets (small application program)

with the following requirements:Architectural independence and Security.

In 1994, Sun developed the HotJava browserthat contained the Java virtual machine.



Java is a smaller language than C++; it hasthe clean design of C++ without someclumsiness of C

Pointers are implicit in the language throughthe use of the new operator.

To create a Java program, a file name.java iscreated. The name of the file should be thesame as the class created by the Java

program. A Java compiler is called and a fileof bytecodes is produced as name.class. Thisfile may be executed by the Java interpreter(Java virtual machine).



Practical Extraction and Report Language wasdeveloped by Larry Wall in 1986 in responseto need for a configuration management

system to control several computers on anetwork.

The growth of WWW has led to Perl being alanguage well suited for Web interaction to

process information that is entered on a Webpage.



Perl is an interpreted language designed forefficient text-processing applications.

It has syntax patterned after C and was

originally designed to operate as a shellscript on UNIX.

Variables in Perl are either integers or stringsand begin with the symbol $.

Associative arrays are also called ContentAddressable Arrays

ex: print “The user of this program is:$ENV{„USER‟} \n”;



ML (MetaLanguage) is an applicative languagewith programs written in the style of C orPascal.

ML supports polymorphism and supports dataabstractions.

ML was developed by Robin Milner, alongwith others, as mechanism for machine-

assisted formal proofs in the Edinburgh Logicfor Computable Functions system developedin the mid-1970s.



ML is a language with static types, strongtyping, and applicative execution ofprograms, however, that types need not be

specified by the programmer.ML program consists of several function

definitions. Each function is statically typedand may return values of any type.

Storage is handled differently, there is only alimited form of assignment.

Comments in ML use the notation (*…*)



Elementary Data Types

1. Properties of Types and Objects

Data Objects, Variables, and Constants

Data Types Declarations

Type Checking and type Conversion

2. Scalar Data Types

Numeric Data Types Enumerations

Booleans

Characters



3. Composite Data Types

Character Strings

Pointers and Programmer-Constructed DataObjects

Files and Input-Output

4. FORTRAN Overview

review of programming languages

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