Review of Literature

[51]

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Spinel ferrites of different composition have been studied and used for long time

to get useful products. There does not exist an ideal ferrite, which can take place of

another one in every set of requirements as each one has its own advantages and

disadvantages. Researchers have yet not been able to frame a rigid set of rules for

ferrites about a single property. The search for better product with lowest energy

consumption and optimum performance is going on. Since the research on ferrites is so

vast, it is difficult to collect all of the experimental results and information about all

type of ferrites in each and every aspect. However attempts have been made to present a

systematic review of various experimental and theoretical observations related to this

field of research.

The following synthetic routes have been adopted for the preparation of ferrites:

1. Precursor Method that has attracted the attention of solid state chemists for the

fact that product with high purity and homogeneity is obtained.

2. Solution Combustion Method that has proved to be very safe, economical and

energetic process to produce fine nanoparticles. It does not involve any milling

but requires low temperature and shorter time for the obtention of ferrites.

2.1 Literature on ferrites prepared by precursor method

Owing to their complexing ability, sensitivity towards oxidation state and

exothermic decomposition to oxide phase, metal ferricarboxylates1 have proven to be

the most suitable precursors for the preparation of ferrites. The solid-state thermal

decomposition of simple and complex metal ferricarboxylates using various techniques

under different environmental conditions has been investigated in detail. The

thermolysis of metal ferrioxalates has been studied by several workers2-7

employing

thermoanalytical techniques such as simultaneous TG-DTG-DTA/DSC, XRD and

Mössbauer spectroscopy.

Thermolysis of alkaline earth tris(oxalato)ferrates(III) i.e. M3[Fe(ox)3]2.xH2O

[M=Mg2+

, Ca2+

, Sr2+

, Ba2+

] has been carried out by means of Mössbauer and

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[52]

derivatographic methods8. In case of magnesium and calcium tris(oxalato)ferrates(III),

iron(II) oxalate dihydrate was formed as an intermediate at 500K while for barium and

strontium precursors, the intermediate [FeII(ox)2(H2O)2]

2- was observed. Finally,

alkaline earth metal ferrites were formed at high temperatures.

Bassi et al9 studied the thermal decomposition of iron(III) tricarboxylate

(citrate), where Fe(II)acetone-dicarboxylate was formed as intermediate at 280oC, and

its reoxidation led to the formation of α-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3 at higher temperatures.

Bassi et al10

undertaken the Mössbauer study of thermally decomposed iron(III)

citrate pentahydrate, Fe(C6H5O7)·5H2O, precursor. They reported the reduction of

iron(III) to iron(II) at 553 K and confirmed the formation of α-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3 as the

ultimate products.

Broadbent et al11

investigated the thermal decomposition of ferrous oxalate,

ferric oxalate, potassium, sodium and ammonium tris(oxalato)ferrates(III) using XRD,

TG and DTA techniques and reported the formation of -Fe2O3 as the end product in

case of ferrous and ferric oxalates and ammonium tris(oxalato)ferrate(III) while sodium

and potassium tris(oxalato)ferrates(III) yielded -Fe2O3 during the earlier stages of

decomposition and finally ferrites were formed as a result of solid-state reaction of -

Fe2O3 with alkali metal carbonates.

Barb et al12

highlighted the thermolysis pattern of Li3[Fe(ox)3].5H2O by

employing XRD and Mössbauer spectroscopy. They proved that deaquated complex

underwent decomposition to Li2CO3 and Fe2O3, which finally yielded LiFeO2 upon

solid state reaction.

Randhawa et al13

investigated the thermal decomposition of transition metal

ferriformates (M=Mn, Co, Ni, Cu). After dehydration, these precursors decomposed to

-Fe2O3 and metal oxide. Finally, ferrites of the type, MFe2O4 were formed at 873K as

a result of a solid-state reaction between -Fe2O3 and respective metal oxide.

Randhawa et al14

also reported the thermal decomposition of calcium and

magnesium ferricitrates, M3[Fe(cit)2]2.xH2O [M= Ca, Mg] leading to the formation of

spinel ferrites, MFe2O4 as end products in the temperature range 650-800K.

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[53]

Gallaghar and Kurkjian15

applied Mössbauer technique to study the thermal

decomposition of some complex oxalates of iron(III) i.e. Ba3[Fe(C2O4)3]2.8H2O, and

Sr3[Fe(C2O4)3]2.2H2O. In all three precursors, iron (III) is initially reduced to iron(II) at

about 250˚. The next step involved the formation of iron(III) oxide having a very small

particle size and consequently exhibiting superparamagnetism. As the temperature was

increased, the crystallites grew and superparamagnetism disappeared. The end product

of thermolysis was reported to be M3Fe2O7-x.

Suresh et al16

prepared γ-Fe2O3 and Mn-Zn ferrites from thermal decomposition

of hydrazine precursors i.e. N2H5CoXFe1-X(N2H3COO)3.H2O and

(N2H5)3MnXZn1-XFe2(N2H3COO)9.3H2O. Simultaneous TG-DTG-DTA and X-ray

diffraction confirmed the formation of oxide materials. Both the precursors decomposed

in single step at ~170˚C to give corresponding oxides. BET analyser was used to

measure the surface area as-synthesized ferrites i.e. in the range (70-75 m2/g) for γ-

Fe2O3 and (110-130 m2/g) for Mn-Zn ferrites.

Randhawa et al17

reported the physico-chemical studies on sodium

ferricarboxylates (formates, acetates, propionates). Mössbauer, Infra-red spectroscopy

and simultaneous TG/ DTG /DTA were employed to explain the nature and mode of

decomposition of these precursors. These precursors decomposed directly into Fe2O3

and Na2CO3 without undergoing reduction to iron(II) species. The particle size

increased with the heating temperature. The following thermal stability order was

observed:

acetate> propionate>formate

Suresh and Patil18

compared the properties of nickel-zinc ferrites,

NiXZn1-XFe2O4 where x=0.2-0.8, obtained both by the thermal decomposition of

(N2H5)3.NiXZn1-XFe2(N2H3COO)9.3H2O precursor and combustion method. Precursor

method involves low temperature initiation and exothermic decomposition while

combustion process is a solution pyrolysis that carries its own oxygen from metal

nitrates. X-ray diffraction confirms the formation of fine particle nature of the spinel

ferrites. TEM micrographs revealed the platelets type morphology with size in the range

of 60-70 nm. Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) showed inherent nature of

Review of Literature

[54]

combustion process with pores and voids created as the gases escaped. Magnetization

curves (M-H) indicated the superparamagnetic nature of the ferrites.

Ravindranathan and Patil19

prepared the ultrafine ferrite particles, MFe2O4

where M=Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn by combustion and decomposition of the

precursor, {N2H5M}.{3Fe2} {3(N2H3COO)}3.{H2O}. The precursor decomposed at low

temperature (75-200°) with the evolution of large amount of gases. Ferrites formed

were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, particle size analyzer

and surface area measurements.

Porob et al20

synthesized Ni-Mn ferrites from nickel manganese succinato-

hydrazinate, NiMn2(C4H4O4)3.6N2H4 by precursor method and characterized them by

simultaneous TG/DSC, IR, AAS and X-ray diffraction techniques. Thermal

decomposition of the precursor was studied from room temperature to 800°C involving

two steps of decomposition i.e. dehydrazination followed by decarboxylation. The

precursor also decomposed autocatalytically once ignited to form NiMn2O4 at 400°C.

This method, thus, gives an efficient way of preparing NiMn2O4 nanoparticles at lower

temperature. Semiconductive magnetic nature of these nanoparticles have numerous

biological and many other applications including the drug delivery, tumour detection,

contaminated land cleaning and polluted water purification.

Prasad et al21

synthesized the ultrafine cobalt ferrite particles using citrate

precursor technique through thermal decomposition of citrate precursor,

Co2Fe6O4(C6H6O7)8.6H2O. Simultaneous TG/DTA/DTG were employed to study the

mode of decomposition and found that decomposition occured in two steps depending

on the heating rate in static/flowing air atmosphere. Dehydration involving the removal

of coordinated water molecules occured at low temperature (120˚ to 220˚C) followed by

complete decomposition of citrate network (220˚ to 330˚C). Finally cobalt ferrite

obtained through thermal decomposition was characterized by IR, NMR, X-ray

diffraction, SEM and surface area measurements.

Ravindranathan and Patil22

prepared the ultrafine mixed Ni-Zn ferrites,

Ni x Zn1-x Fe204 by thermal decomposition and combustion of solid solution precursor,

(N2H5)3N1-x Zn1-xFe2(N2H3C00)9·3H20 where x = 0.2 to 0.8. Simultaneous TG/DTG/

Review of Literature

[55]

DTA, XRD, TEM and BET analyser were applied to study the mode of decomposition

and microstructure of the final product.

Gajbhiye and Prasad23

used citrate precursor method to thermally decompose

citrate precursor, Ni3Fe6O4(C6H6O7)8.6H2O. Decomposition mainly occured in three

major steps i.e. dehydration, decomposition and removal of gases to yield the pure and

stoichiometric NiFe2O4. XRD confirmed the formation of nickel ferrite with crystallite

size of 5.93 nm and a surface area of 120 m2g

-1. The formation of final product occured

at a low temperature (above 250˚C).

Gajbhiye and Vijaylakshmi24

also synthesized ultrafine particles of strontium

hexaferrite, SrFe12O19, which showed interesting magnetic properties different from

conventional particles.

Candeia et al25

synthesized barium ferrite, BaFe2O4, by the polymeric precursor

method. After calcination at different temperatures, characterizations were done by X-

ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, SEM, UV–visible spectroscopy and colorimetric

analysis. They applied it as a ceramic pigment, with iron as the chromophore ion and

barium as net modifier.

Gimenes et al26

investigated the microstructural and magnetic properties of Mn-

Zn (MnxZn1 − xFe2O4) ferrite powders obtained by citrate precursor method. Mn–Zn

powders were calcined at 950°C for 150 min under inert (N2 and rarefied) atmospheres.

Thermal analysis of the precursor and microstructure of Mn–Zn ferrite powders

obtained were carried out TG, DTA, XRD and SEM techniques. The powders calcined

under rarefied atmosphere showed spinel cubic structure and contamination of α-Fe2O3,

while powders calcined under N2 presents only the spinel cubic structure. Particle size

observed by SEM ranged from 80 to 150 nm. It was found that saturation magnetization

increased with Mn content.

Kaur et al27

studied the thermolysis of magnesium zinc bis(citrato) ferrate(III)

pentahydrate precursor, MgZn2[Fe(C6H5O7)2]25H2O, from ambient to 600°C employing

various physico-chemical techniques viz. TG–DTG–DSC, IR, XRD and Mössbauer

spectroscopy for the characterization of intermediates and final products. After

dehydration of the precursor and exothermic decomposition of the intermediates, a solid

Review of Literature

[56]

state reaction between the oxides resulted in the formation of spinel ferrite

Mg0.3Zn0.7Fe2O4 as the final product. Monodispersed and nanosized nature of ferrite

with average particle diameter of 35 nm was confirmed from TEM analysis. The room

temperature Mössbauer spectrum of the final thermolysis product displayed a doublet

owing to the presence of superparamagnetism.

Randhawa et al28

studied the thermal decomposition of nickel tris(malonato)

ferrate(III) heptahydrate precursor, Ni3[Fe(CH2C2O4)3]2·7H2O from ambient

temperature to 1073 K in static air atmosphere using various physico-chemical

techniques, i.e. TG–DTG–DSC, XRD, Mossbauer and IR spectroscopy. The precursor

underwent dehydration and decomposition simultaneously followed by a solid state

reaction to result in nickel ferrite. X-ray diffraction confirmed the spinel cubic phase of

the final product. SEM analysis of the final thermolysis product revealed the formation

of nickel ferrite nanoparticles with an average particle size of 40 nm. Magnetic studies

showed that these particles possessed a saturation magnetization and Curie temperature

of 2970 G and 843 K respectively.

Kaur et al29

carried out the thermolysis of alkaline earth metal tris(succinato)

ferrate(III) precursors, M3[Fe(C4H4O4)3]2.xH2O (M=Sr, Ba) employing various physico-

chemical techniques viz. simultaneous TG-DTG-DSC, XRD, Mössbauer spectroscopy,

VSM, and TEM to characterize the intermediates/end products. X-ray diffraction

confirmed the formation of Sr2Fe2O5 and BaFe2O4. TEM studies revealed the formation

of ferrite nanoparticles with average grain size of 25–30 nm.

Angermann and Töpfer30

synthesized mixed Mn-Zn ferrites by thermal

decomposition of oxalate precursors i.e. α-monoclinic and β-orthorhombic-(Mn, Zn,

Fe)3(C2O4)3·6H2O. Nanosized Mn–Zn ferrite powders were formed at 500°C. The

thermal decomposition of the mixed oxalate precursor was monitored by thermal

analysis, XRD and IR-spectroscopy Recently, Karpova et al34

have synthesized the

nickel ferrite nanocrystalline powders by thermal decomposition of citrate precursors.

2.2 Literature on ferrites prepared by Solution-Combustion Method

Suresh and Patil31

prepared Li-Zn ferrites by the solution-combustion process

using oxalyl-dihydrazide (ODH) as a fuel and reported their basic properties such as

Review of Literature

[57]

structure, morphology and magnetic parameters by using XRD, IR, AAS, VSM and

SEM techniques.

The structural, magnetic, and electronic properties of non-stoichiometric iron

oxide nanocrystals prepared by decomposition of iron precursors in the presence of

organic solvents and capping agents have been investigated in detail32-35

. The highly

uniform, crystalline and monodisperse nanocrystals obtained were characterized by

using electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The metastable behaviour of

nonstoichiometric iron oxide (wustite) at the nanoscale was investigated by a

combination of Mössbauer and magnetic studies.

Suresh et al36

utilized the novel combustion approach for the instant synthesis of

spinel ferrites, orthoferrites and garnets (YIG). Tetra formal trisazine (C2H16N6O2) and

oxalyl dihydrazide (C2H6N4O2) were used as fuels for this synthetic process. X-ray

diffraction was employed for confirmation of their single phase and evaluation of the

lattice constant and crystallite size of the products obtained. Thermogravmetric analysis

was also utilized to measure the mass loss at different temperatures. It was concluded

from this investigation that fuel rich combustion mixtures resulted in ferrites with

carbon impurities whereas stoichiometric compositions gave ferrites without such

impurities. It was concluded that combustion process had all the advantages of wet

chemical methods.

Chen and Zhang37

studied the superparamagnetic properties of MgFe2O4 spinel

ferrite nanoparticles and reported that the blocking temperature is a function of particle

size and increases with increasing particle size.

Patil et al38

reported the synthesis of magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) material by a

simple, inexpensive combustion route using glycine as a fuel. The structural and

morphology of the ferrites was explained on the basis of X-ray diffraction and Scanning

electron microscopy (SEM). Single phase spinel type structure gave the average lattice

parameters which are consistent with the JCPDS data for structure elucidation. SEM

explained the decrease in porous morphology due to grain growth as the sintering

temperature is increased. Transmission electron Microscopy (TEM) reveals the

formation of agglomerated nanoparticles with electron diffraction pattern showing the

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[58]

presence of weal rings corresponding to different spinel planes. The effect of sintering

temperature on gas sensing properties of these materials was also studied and it was

found that selectivity towards LPG increases as sintering temperature rises.

Fu and Lin39

were successful in synthesizing and characterizing the Mg-

substituted lithium ferrite powder i.e. Li0.5Fe2.5-xMgxO4 (0< x < 1.0). X-ray diffraction

revealed a nonlinear increase in lattice constant with the Mg content. TEM results

indicated that Mg-substituted lithium ferrite powders are distributed in the nano-range

from 50 to 80 nm with well-defined crystallinity. Magnetic properties were also seen to

be affected by the Mg content. It was found that with increase in Mg concentration,

saturation magnetization (MS) and remanent magnetization (Mr) values decreased as A-

O-B interactions become weaker than B-O-B interactions (A and B represent tetrahedral

and octahedral sites in ferrite of the spinel type).

Gee et al40

synthesized the nanosized Li0.5xFe0.5xZn1-x.Fe2O4 particles using

energetic ball milling technique and reported high magnetic saturation and low

coercivity. Particle size of lithium zinc ferrite determined was in the range 20-50 nm.

Sung et al41

synthesized LiFe5O8 powders by sol-gel process and observed that

the powder annealed above 1173K had a single spinel phase but the powder annealed at

973 and 1073K showed typical spinel structure with small amount of hematite

(α–Fe2O3) phase. The saturation magnetization (MS) was found to be 64.4 emu/g at

room temperature under an applied magnetic field of 10 kOe after annealing at 1273K

for 6h in air atmosphere.

Wang et al42

synthesized ultrafine β-LiFe5O8 nanoparticles through a

hydrothermal method at a temperature of 140˚C. The electrochemical and magnetic

properties were examined via a variety of techniques. The average particle size

determined was about 5 nm. The saturation magnetization (Ms), remanent magnetization

(Mr), and coercivity (Hc) values were found to be 25.23 emu/g, 3.95 emu/g, and 301 Oe,

respectively.

Watawe et al43

synthesized Li-Cd ferrites with general formula

Li0.5-x/2CdxFe2.5-x/2O4 (where x=0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7) using microwave-induced

Review of Literature

[59]

combustion process in a modified microwave oven. XRD and IR revealed the formation

of a single phase spinel structure. They also studied the dielectric properties of these

ferrites and found a decrease in the dielectric constant with frequency for all the

samples. The samples with x=0.5 and 0.55 exhibited higher values of dielectric

constant.

Verma et al44

studied the dielectric and magnetic properties of Ti and Zn

substituted lithium ferrite with general formulae Li0.5ZnxTixMn0.05Fe2.45-2xO4, x=0.0 to

0.30 in steps of 0.05. Electrical conductivity and dielectric measurements at different

temperatures from 300 K to 700 K in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 2 MHz were

analyzed. The variation of the real part of dielectric constant (ε') and tangent loss (tan δ)

with frequency and temperature has been studied. It was also observed that the

dielectric transition temperature (Td) depends on the concentration of Ti and Zn in

Li0.5ZnxTixMn0.05Fe2.45-2xO4 and saturation magnetization and Curie temperature both

showed a decrease with increase in the concentration of Ti and Zn in the ferrite system.

Hankare et al45

synthesized nanocrystalline manganese substituted lithium

ferrites Li0.5Fe2.5-xMnxO4 (2.5 ≤x≥ 0) by sol-gel auto-combustion method. X-ray

diffraction patterns revealed that with increase in the concentration of manganese, the

cubic phase changed to tetragonal. It was also observed that the substitution of

manganese ions in the lattice affected the structural as well as magnetic properties of the

spinels.

Patton et al46

studied the magnetic properties of Li-Zn, Li0.5-X/2ZnXFe2.5-X/2O4,

with X=0 to X=1.0 over the temperature range 4-950 K and for the fields up to 90 kOe.

Magnetization vs temperature study was undertaken and results were quite reminiscent

of micromagnetism. Large Zn substitution led to noncolinear spin arrangements in Li-

Zn ferrite and values of Curie temperature for all the synthesized samples decreased

with composition. The decrease was linear up to x=0.7 but it falls sharply beyond x=0.8.

Temme et al47

synthesized microwave lithium ferrites with properties

comparable to the more expensive garnets. Square hysteresis loop, remanence ratios

greater than 0.70 and coercive force can be controlled by Zn additions. Magnetic and

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[60]

dielectric losses were also studied to judge the suitability of these materials for latching

phasers and circulators.

Ibetombi et al48

prepared cobalt substituted lithium-zinc ferrites using citrate

precursor method. XRD pattern confirmed the single spinel phase while Mössbauer

study was carried out to see the effect of cobalt concentration on various hyperfine

interactions.

Jovic et al49

successfully sunthesized lithium ferrite (Li0.5Fe2.5O4) at very low

temperature using modified combustion method. The crystal structure and

microstructure were explained using X-ray diffractrograms. Phase transitions in these

materials were studied by means of DTA.

Gracia et al50

synthesized lithium-manganese ferrite (LiFeMnO4) using two

different methods viz. a conventional ceramic high temperature solid-state reaction

technique and solution combustion of metal nitrate salts followed by characterization of

ferrites obtained using SEM/EDX, XRD, XPS, XANES and Mössbauer spectroscopic

techniques.

Fine particle strontium substituted lanthanum ferrites La1-xSrxFeO3, where x =

0–1, have been synthesized by the solution combustion method51

using corresponding

metal nitrates and oxalyl dihydrazide (ODH). Formation of La1-xSrxFeO3 was confirmed

by XRD powder data and the fine particle nature of the ferrites was investigated using

SEM.

Deraz and Alarifi52

synthesized nanocrystalline Zn substituted cobalt ferrite

powders (Co1-XZnXFe2O4) where X varies from 0 to 1 by combustion route and

explained their structural, morphological and magnetic properties using different

techniques. The nano-crystallinity and high saturation magnetization of these materials

suggested that the method adopted was a promising route for preparing high quality

mixed spinel ferrites, suitable for many practical applications such as magnetic drug

delivery, hyperthermia and nano-catalysis.

Fu and Hsu53

synthesized Li0.5Fe2.5-xMnxO4, (0≤x≤1.0) ferrite powders by

microwave induced combustion route that took only a few minutes to obtain the ferrites.

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[61]

Different studies such as thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), X-

ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample

magnetometry (VSM), and thermomagnetic analysis (TMA) were performed to

characterize these ferrites. The results revealed that the Mn content strongly influenced

the magnetic properties and Curie temperature of the ferrite powders. Moreover, the Mn

content also strongly affected the saturation magnetization, the coercive force, and the

remanent magnetization of Mn-substituted lithium ferrites. The permeability and

tangent loss also improved on substituting the appropriate amount of Mn for Fe ions.

Syue et al54

studied electromagnetic and microstructural properties of

nanocrystalline spinel ferrites, MnXZn1-XFe2O4 (X= 0→1.0), prepared by novel

combustion route. Morphology and microstructure were characterized by X-ray

diffraction and SEM. Magnetic properties were also measured that showed an

increasing trend with manganese content. They tried to correlate their results with

electromagnetic device applications.

Gopalan et al55

studied the impact of Zn substitution on the structural and

magnetic properties of nanosized Mn-Zn mixed ferrite, (Mn1-XZnXFe2O4) using

different physico-chemical techniques i.e. XRD, TEM and high-resolution transmission

electron microscopy (HRTEM). Elemental analysis and magnetic studies were also

performed.

Sharma et al56

synthesized nanosized Ni-Zn spinel ferrites having the chemical

formula Ni(1−x)ZnxFe2O4 for 0≤x≤1, by citrate precursor method and densified at a

temperature of 850 ˚C. They studied the influence of Zn on the structural,

microstructural and dielectric properties of as synthesized nickel ferrites.

Kim et al57

explained the cubic spinel structure of Cu doped Ni-Zn ferrites

(Ni0.65Zn0.35CuXFe2-XO4) where X varies from 0-0.3 using X-ray diffraction. Mössbauer

spectra were also recorded at various temperatures i.e. from 12K to 725K to confirm the

presence of Fe3+

ions at tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites. Various Mössbauer

parameters such as isomer shift, quadrupole moment and magnetic hyperfine field were

also calculated. Magnetic properties such as magnetic moment and coercivity decreased

with increasing Cu content.

Review of Literature

[62]

Singh et al58

studied the dielectric relaxation, conductivity behavior and

magnetic properties of magnesium substituted lithium-zinc ferrites with composition

Zn0.5Li1-2xMgxFe2O4 (0≤x≤0.5) synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion technique. The

effect of temperature, frequency and composition on dielectric constant (ε΄), dielectric

loss (tan δ) and conductivity (s) have been described in terms of hopping of charge

carriers (Fe2+

↔Fe3+

). The absence of hysteresis and non-attainment of saturation

magnetization (even at 8 kOe) suggested the super paramagnetic behavior of these

ferrites.

Kaur et al59

synthesized cadmium doped magnesium ferrite

Mg(1−x) Cdx Fe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) nanoparticles by solution combustion route.

Ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) were analyzed by various physico-chemical techniques viz.

X-ray diffraction, SEM, TEM and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were

employed to study effect of doping on the magnetic parameters of ferrite. Combustion

method proved a low temperature route for preparation of monodisperse ferrite

nanoparticles with average particle diameter of 22–34 nm. They also observed that

saturation magnetization and remanant magnetization of the ferrites increased with

cadmium content up to x = 0.4, thus exploring its potentiality as soft magnetic material.

Review of Literature

[63]

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