12

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Maintaining soil fertility as well as sustainability of crop

production, by using different organic manures viz.,

vermicompost, greencompost, farmyard manure,

phosphocompost has attracted the farmers to replace the use of

chemical fertilizers.

Anburani et.al., 2003, reported that readily available nitrogen

from application of FYM and biofertilizer are the prime factor for

the increased fruit weight, length and girth in brinjal.

Ashwini, et.al., 2007, reported that application of organic

manure like vermicompost 500g with Phosphate Solubilizing

Bacteria 25g/pot recorded good growth of dahlia in respect to

height of plant, number of leaves/ plant.

Balakrishnan et.al., 2010, reported that yield parameter such as

number of pods, pod yield, shelling percentage, kernel weight,

fresh and dry weight were increased in compost treated field due

to the supply of essential nutrients by continuous mineralization

of organic manures.

The highest yield of soya bean was recorded with the application

of 7.5 t/ha FYM with half dose of recommended Nitrogen &

Phosphorus, according to Babhullkar et.al., (2000).

Barik and Goswami, 2003, studied the effect of biofertilizers with

Nitrogen levels on growth, productivity and economics of wheat.

13

Seed inoculation by Azospirillum and Azotobacter influenced the

growth attributes, yield attributes and yield of wheat.

Bayu, et.al., 2006, reported that application of FYM @ 5, 10, 15

t/ha has increased total nitrogen level, available Phosphorus,

exchangeable Potassium and organic carbon contents of the soil.

Significant increase in soil nitrogen content was observed with

FYM application.

Boopathi, et.al., 2010, reported that influence of organic and

inorganic sources for the cropping of sorghum+ redgram +

sunflower+ coriander with application of four organic manures

viz., FYM, biogasslurry, composted mushroom spent substrate,

fish pond silt, among these application of biogas slurry @ 5t/ha

enhanced productivity and soil fertility.

Chandrappa, et.al., 2010, reported that application of

Azospirillum with RDF of NPK produced significantly maximum

length of stalk, stalk girth in Anthurium cv.carmen. and

combined application of Azospirillum along with the

recommended dose of NPK recorded maximum plant height,

number of leaves and suckers per plant.

Chand and Somani, 2003, reported that highest seed yield,

stover yield, net returns, iron, Copper, Manganese and Zinc was

observed with the application of 10 t/ ha FYM along with

chemical fertilizers.

14

Davari and Sharma, 2010, reported that different combinations

of organic materials viz., FYM & wheat residue, biofertilizer and

vermicompost along with biofertilizers resulted in grain yields

by 51-58 per cent of basmati rice.

Deshmukh, et.al., 2010, reported that application of 5 t of FYM

in combination with 4 kg each Azotobacter and phosphate

solubilising bacteria resulted in increase in plant height, number

of branches per plant.

Desmukh, 2004, reported that application of RDF of NPK + 10 t

FYM/ha resulted in 19 per cent increased seed yield in soybean

than control.

Deshpande and Devasenapathy, 2011, studied the effect of

different organic sources of nutrients viz., green manure, FYM,

poultry manure and vermicompost. In situ incorporation of green

manure recorded higher values of growth parameters.

De Silva et.al., 2010, reported that organic compost from two

agro industrial wastes increased soil fertility and crop

productivity in wheat.

Dutta, et.al., 2011, reported that different treatments with

organic manures and biofertilizers significantly improved the soil

health, fruit quality, yield, leaf mineral and microbial population

of rhizosphere soil of litchi.

Ghanshyam, et.al., 2010, reported that application of

vermicompost significantly enhanced the total N, P and K uptake

15

in green gram crop over no organic manure. Residual effect of

both FYM and Vermicompost on yield attributes of wheat was

also significant without organic manure.

Ghosh et.al., 2003, studied the effect of different nutrient

combinations viz., 0, 75, 100 per cent Recommended Dose of

Fertilizer along with 75 per cent NPK+ FYM @ 5 t/ha , increased

yields of sorghum.

Ghuge, et.al., 2007, studied the effect of organic and inorganic

sources of nutrients on growth, yield and quality parameters of

cabbage through application of 50 per cent RDF + 50 per cent

vermicompost @2.5 t/ha.

Gopal and Kumutha, 2010, reported that combined inoculation

with Rhizobacteria, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus and

Pseudomonas along with 30 per cent panchkavya increased the

rhizosphere population at different stages of growth.

Gopinath and Mina, 2011, reported that application of FYM @10

t/ ha, poultry manure with vermi compost each @ 1.5 t/ha with

biofertilizers recorded significantly superior pod yields in garden

pea.

Hati et.al., 2001, reported that yield parameters in Sorghum due

to application of organics was attributed to the supply of

essential nutrients by continuous mineralization of organic

manures.

16

Hundekar et.al., 1997, reported that application of crop residues

or green manure @ 5 t/ha in combination with inorganic

fertilizers significantly increased the concentration of Nitrogen,

Phosphorus and Potassium contents of the sorghum plant over

applied fertilizers.

Jana and Talukdar, 2009, reported that dual inoculation with

phosphate solubilising bacteria and VAM increased Green chilli

fruit yield, residual soil fertility.

Janaki, 2003, reported that application of Phosphorus, SSP and

RP in combination with green manure gave higher productivity

in rice and after application of RP with green manure.

Jatav et.al., 2011, reported that seed inoculation with

Azotobacter and PSB in potato showed higher yields of tubers,

total tuber yield and nutrient uptake.

Application of sewage sludge @ 40t/ha along with 100 per cent

RDF has shown effective increase yield and quality of edible

parts in tomato and cabbage reported by Kavitha et.al. (2010).

Khan,et.al.,2009,reported that phosphorus solubilising bacteria

mainly Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Enterobacter were effective in

increasing the plant available P in soil growth and yield of crops.

Phosphorus solubilising bacteria has enormous potential for

increased fixed P in the soil.

17

Khanda and Mohapatra 2003, studied the uptake of N,P and K

increased progressively with the increase in rate of application of

FYM due to sustained availability of nutrients.

Kumawat and Jat, 2005, reported that application of organic

manure improved yield attributes of barley. Application of

vermicompost @ 4.5 t/ha resulted in highest grain yield over

without organic manure.

Lal, et.al., 2011, reported that application of vermicompost @

25kg/plant showed maximum number of fruits in litchi plant.

Lalita Kumari, 2010, reported that incorporation of green

manure (Vigna radiata) in soil increased soil nutrients and yield

in chilli.

Leithy, et.al., 2010, reported that use of peanut compost

increased plant fresh and dry weight of Geranium grown under

saline conditions. The highest values were recorded from half

dose of peanut compost along with biofertilizer application.

Mandal and Pal, 2009, reported that green manuring had

increased root length, root volume, root dry weight of rice.

Marimuthu et.al.,2003, recorded enhancement of yield

parameters due to soil application of organic manures enriched

bio-digested slurry and biofertilizer (phosphobacteria).

18

Meena, et.al., 2007, reported that significant higher grain yield ,

nutrient and protein content of maize were recorded through the

application of 1.5 t vermi compost /ha.

Meena,et.al., 2010, reported that FYM @ 5 t/hectare increased

higher seed yield of cotton.

Mohite., et.al., 2011, reported that the number of pods/ plant

and pod weight was influenced by the combined application of

organic manures and chemical fertilizers. Rhizobium inoculation

+ RDF recorded more number of pods per plant.

Mulani,et.al., 2008, reported that organic manures and

biofertilizers had influenced the growth, yield and quality of

bitter gourd.

Nag and Singha Roy, 2008, reported that vermicompost

application along with biofertilizers (Azotobacter & Phosphate

Solubilizing Bacteria) significantly enhanced yield of wheat.

Okur, et.al., 2006, reported that soil microbial biomass and

enzyme activity viz., protease, urease, phosphatase and

dehydrogenase activities were increased due to the application of

FYM and poultry manure. Poultry manure had a long term effect

on enzyme activity.

Pal, et.al., 2010, studied the effect of EDTA, FYM, Vermicompost

and bioinoculants on mercury contaminated soil. The study

revealed that FYM, vermicompost and bioinoculants significantly

19

increased Mercury content in soil by solubilising Mercury into

other fractions for availability in plants.

Panwar and Singh, 2003, reported that the seed inoculation with

Rhizobium and phosphate solubilising microorganism with 5 t of

FYM and 1.5 t of neem cake/hectare significantly increased pod

yield of Groundnut.

Patel,et.al., 2010, reported that different organic treatments has

significantly influenced the physico-chemical properties and

nutrient availability in soil after harvest of banana.

Pattanashetti, 2002, reported that application of FYM @ 7.5 t/ha

and 100 per cent recommended dose of NPK + 10 per cent

recommended dose of Sulphur recorded higher yield.

Patil, 1995, reported that maximum yield of tomato, potato and

onion was obtained with application of vermicompost @ 4 t/ha

along with 50 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer.

Patil et.al., 1997, reported that application of vermi compost @ of

2 t/ hectare along with 50 per cent Recommended Dose of

Fertilizer recorded maximum yield of potato.

Application of Farm Yard Manure @ 15 t/ha along with

Nitrogen, Phosphorus pentaoxide and Potassium oxide

improved the uptake of nutrients in soyabean (Patiram, 1991,

Singh et.al., 1995).

20

Paudel and Upasena, 1996, reported that application of green

manure combined with Nitrogen at 120kg/ hectare of both

Leucaena and Gliricidia increased yield of rice. Green leaf

manure completely substituted urea and could be used in the

form of top dressing. According to them significant increase in

yields of rice was observed due to use of green leaf manure.

Prabhakar Reddy, et.al., 2011, reported that application of

vermicompost @ 10t/ha recorded highest yield in onion and

raddish.

Ramesh et.al., 2007, recorded that banana waste compost @2.5

t/ha produced significant green fruit yield (19.66t/ha).

Rana and Korla, 2010, reported that organic manure and

biofertilizer yielded quality of ginger.

Ranwa and Singh, 1999, reported that application of organic

manures improved grain yield a and straw of wheat.

Sahu and Singh, 2009, reported that highest grain yield in

chickpea was recorded with micronutrient treatment and

protein content in grain was higher in biofertilizer treated

plants.

Saket, et.al., 2010, reported that application FYM @5t/ha along

with Azotobacter and PSB obtained superior growth of coriander.

Satish, et.al., 2010, studied various combinations of FYM, green

manure , paddy straw followed by only inorganic fertilizers.

21

Highest maize grain yield obtained in 50 per cent NPK + 50 per

cent FYM followed by 50 per cent NPK + 50 per cent paddy straw

and 50 per cent NPK + 50 per cent green manure (Gliricidia leaf).

Satisha,et.al., 2011, reported that application of 150 per cent

nitrogen along with zinc sulphate and zinc enriched compost

@15 kg/ha have improved the growth, yield and uptake of

nutrients increased the yield of rice.

Sarma,et.al., 2011, reported that combined application of

Azotobacter @ 1 t/hectare, cowdung @ 3 t/hectares, rock

phosphate 375 t/hectare and phosphate solubilising bacteria

yielded maximum cabbage head.

Selviranganathan,et.al., 1997, reported that application of

organic manures showed significant nutrient uptake of potato at

different stages of growth. Application of FYM and mushroom

spent compost (MSC) appreciably enhanced the uptake of

Nitrogen, Iron and Zinc.

Sendur et.al., 1998, reported that Farm Yard Manure + Nitrogen,

Phosphorus, Potassium @ 150: 100: 50 kg + Azospirillum +

Phospho bacteria produced higher number of tomatoes.

Shanwad, 1999, studied the uptake of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and

Potassium and recorded highest with the combination of

organics and inorganic fertilizers in sunflower and pigeon pea.

The grain yield of soya bean was maximum at P level of 75 kg/ha

with biofertilizer than P alone. The combined application of

22

Rhizobium + FarmYard Manure + Phosphate Solubilising

bacteria proved to be most beneficial among all the treatments,

Sharma and Namdeo, (1999).

Sharma, 2003, reported that application of North Carolina rock

phosphate (NCRP) along with FYM @ 5 t/ha enhanced the soya

bean seed yield and P uptake significantly over the control.

Sharma and Namdeo, 1999, reported that grain yield of

soyabean was found to be maximum at P level of 75 kg /h with

than P alone. Combined application of Rhizobium + Farm Yard

Manure + Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria proved to be most

beneficial.

Shwetha and Narayana, 2011, reported that vermicompost is the

best organic manure than farm yard manure and is a low cost

technology system for wastes utilization.

Singh and Rai, 2003, studied the effect of combined inoculation

of Pseudomonas striata + Aspergillus awamori in wheat. The

growth parameters like dry matter production, root dry weight,

yield and Nitrogen & Phosphorus uptake.

Singh and Mukherjee, 2004, recorded that maximum seed and

straw yield with combined application of Rhizobium and VAM in

chickpea.

Singh and Singh, 2006, reported that dual inoculation of

Azotobacter & Azospirillum with 60 kg N/ha in conjunction with

23

100 ppm GA proved most effective in increasing fruit set and

early flowering.

Singh, et.al., 2009, reported that dual inoculation with

biofertilizers viz., Rhizobium + Azotobacter + PSB + FYM and

application of FYM has significantly increased plant growth,

grain yield and total N,P,K uptake in soyabean.

Singh, et.al., 2010, reported that different organic manures

significantly influenced the growth and yield of Aloe vera.

Sinha, et.al., 2010, reported that plants grown in vermicompost

pretreated soil exhibited maximum increase in morphological

parameters such as root length, shoot length, number of root

branches, stem branches, leaves, flowers, pods , root nodules

in Cicer and Pisum plants.

Suja and Sree Kumar, 2003, reported that three organic

manures FYM, coir pith compost and green manuring has

influenced the nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency.

Sukumar, et.al., 2001, reported that microbial inoculations of P-

solubilizing Bacillus megaterium and Azospirillum brasilense

significantly increased the leaf yield and uptake of nutrients.

Sunith. et.al. 2010, reported that uptake of nutrients were

significantly influenced by the application of manures, FYM and

biofertilizers to soil, either alone or in combination.

24

Sushila and Gajendragiri 2000, reported that application of FYM

has saved 45 kg Nitrogen/h where as biofertilizers viz.,

Azospirillum and Azotobacter proved effective in enhancing the

growth and yield of wheat.

The application of vermicompost with Azotobacter recorded

highest fruit and seed yield of tomato, Thakur, et.al., 2012.

Thenmozhi et.al., 2010, reported that application of biofertilizers

and biomanures increased growth and biomass production of

leafy vegetables.

Thenua, et.al., 2010, reported that seed inoculation with

Rhizobium recorded higher growth yield and grain yield of

soyabean.

Thukkaiyannan, et.al., 2008, reported the effect of in situ green

manuring (sunhemp) and different phosphorus sources under

irrigated condition increased and kappa yield in cotton.

Grain yield of rabi sorghum was highest when 50 per cent of

green manure and recommended dose of Nitrogen was applied

reported by Tolanur (2009).

Tomar, 1998, reported that combined inoculation with Farm

Yard Manure and phosphate solubilizers recorded maximum

grain and straw yields in black gram.

Tyagi and Ramamoorthy, 2007, reported that growth attributes

viz., plant height, leaf area index, crop growth rate, dry matter

25

production and number of tillers were significantly influenced by

the application of 12.5 t/hectare of FYM in the finger millet and

pigeon pea intercropping.

UshaKumari, et.al., 1996, reported that 26 per cent increase in

yield of Bhendi with application of vermi compost @ 12 t/ha.

Vijayakumari et.al., 2009, reported that maximum plant height

was recorded in vermi composted parthenium followed by vermi

composted poultry droppings in raddish.

Yadav, et.al., 2006, reported that application of FYM,

neemcake, crop residue along with biofertilizers viz., Azospirillum

and phosphate solubilising bacteria enhanced highest tuber

yield in potato.

Yadav, et.al., 2009, reported that the use of two organic manures

viz., FYM (2.5 t/ha) and neem cake (0.5 t/ ha) and two micro

nutrients zinc sulphate and ferrous sulphate recorded

significantly higher growth and seed yield in sesame ( Sesamum

indicum).

Yadav and Yadav, 2011, reported that Pseudomonas aeruginosa,

P.putida, Burkholderia cepacia, Bacillus megaterium,

Phenibacillus polymyxa and Azotobacter chroococcum were

considered as very effective plant growth promoting bacteria.

Among the plant growth promoting fungi, Aspergillus niger and

Trichoderma harzianum were very good.

26

Yadegeri et.al., 2010, reported that co-inoculation with

Rhizobium and PGPR has resulted in higher nodulation, shoot

dry weight and nitrogen fixation and there by produced greater

seed yield.

Amaranthus cruentus L. :

Geethakumari, et.al., 2009, reported that combined inoculation

with poultry manure @ 250 kg N/ha and seedling dip of

Azospirillum, foliar application of 2 per cent Pseudomonas and

urine spray increased the productivity of Amaranthus.

Ogbomo, et.al., 2011, reported that application of palm oil mill

effluents @ 5 t/ha increased total dry matter, relative yield,

relative agronomic effectiveness and chlorophyll content.

Preetha, et.al., 2005, reported that application of vermicompost

@ 5 t / ha together with 50:50:50 Nitrogen, Phosphorus

pentaoxide and Potassium oxide kg/ha recorded highest

vegetative yield as well as nutrient uptake in Amaranthus.

Uma and Malathi, 2009, reported that application of

vermicompost to Amaranthus plant considerably increased the

net production rate, chlorophyll and carotenoid content.

Dehydrogenase activity were increased with the application of

vermicompost.

27

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) L. :

Ahmad and Jabeen, 2009, reported that application of biogas

slurry and vermicompost enhanced various parameters of

vegetative and reproductive growth of sunflower under saline

conditions.

Devidayal and Agarwal, 1998, studied the effect of vermicompost

and Farm Yard Manure on growth and yield of sunflower.

Jagadev, et.al., 1998, reported that application of FYM @ 5 and

10 t/ha significantly increased the growth, Nitrogen and

Phosphorus contents and yield of sunflower over no Farm Yard

Manure and Azotobacter inoculation.

Kalaiyarasan and Vaiyapuri, 2007, reported that application of

recommended Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium along with

vermicompost @ 5 t/ha + Azospirillum @ 2kg/ha(soil application)

recorded maximum seed yield of sunflower.

Kavitha and Lakshmi, 2002, reported that vermicompost

combined with Farm Yard Manure and Azospirillum increased

seed yield. The oil and protein contents were significantly

increased with application of manure and biofertilizer.

Madhurendra, et.al., 2009, reported that application of 50 per

cent Nitrogen + Azospirillum recorded seed yield.

Rajavel, 2002, recorded combined application of organic

manures with inorganic Nitrogen improved the available N status

28

in soil along with improvement in soil organic carbon after the

harvest of sunflower.

Rathika, et.al., 2009, reported that Farm Yard Manure, cattle,

goat and sheep manure were effectively integrated with inorganic

fertilizer for sustaining the crop productivity, besides

maintaining the soil health.

Reddy and Ahmed, 2009, studied the effect of organic fertilizers

viz., Farm Yard Manure, biofertilizers , vermicompost, bioagents,

poultry manure, castor cake, Trichoderma viride and

Pseudomonas flurorescens increased yield and oil content of

sunflower.

Reddy,et.al., 2005, reported that recommended Nitrogen,

Phosphorus and Potassium + Azospirillum + phosphobacterium

recorded highest seed and stalk yield in sunflower.

Reddy and Sharanappa, 2003, reported that application of

composted poultry waste recorded highest seed yield.

Reddy and Reddy, 2001, studied the effect of bioagrorich

compost and soil application of Azospirillum and Azotobacter in

sunflower increased in highest seed yield.

Shanwad, 1999, reported that application of 100 per cent

Recommended Dose of Fertilizer + vermicompost or 100 per cent

Recommended Dose of Fertilizer + poultry manure significantly

increased yield components of sunflower.

29

Shanwad and Agasimani, 2001, reported that Farm Yard

Manure, vermicompost and poultry manure with 100 per cent

Recommended Dose of Fertilizer to both sunflower and pigeon

pea in sunflower-pigeon pea inter cropping increased highest

yield.

Singh and Bansal, 1999, observed that application of biogas

slurry @ 1.66 t/ha + 80 kg N/ha resulted in higher seed yield,

protein content in sunflower.

Combined application of poultry manure @ 2t/ha + 75 per cent

Recommended Dose of Fertilizer Nitrogen recorded the highest

seed yield, nutrient uptake and oil yield of sunflower reported by

Vanaja & Sreenivasa Raja, (2004).

Trigonella foenum-graceum L.:

Ahmed,et.al., 2010, reported that application of phosphorene as

bio-Phosphatic fertilizer improved plant growth of fenugreek.

Ali, et.al., 2009, reported that dual inoculation with Rhizobium +

PSB recorded significantly higher growth and yield of Trigonella.

The highest net returns and benefit:cost ratio was significantly

higher in combined application of biofertilizer.

Bhunia, et.al., 2006, reported that higher yield attributes, seed

(8.14q/ha) and stover yields (17.36 q/ha) were recorded with

Rhizobium inoculation in Trigonella.

30

Choudhar, et.al., 2011, rerorded that in fenugreek, higher

growth attributes viz., plant stand/m row length, plant height,

branches/plant , dry matter accumulation/ m row length,

nodules/ plant, yield attributes viz., pods/plant, seeds/pod and

test weight, seed yield along with 50 per cent Recommended

Dose of Nitrogen increased plant growth and yield of fenugreek.

Chaudhury, 1999, reported that inoculation with Rhizobium in

Trigonella recorded significant increase in number of

branches/plant, pod length and test weight and improved yield

over control with maximum net return.

Jat and Shaktawat, 2002, reported that seed treatment with

Rhizobium and Rhizobium + PSB recorded significant gain and N

status after harvest of fenugreek crop.

Jat,et.al., 2006, reported that application of 100 per cent

inorganic + Rhizobium @ 1.5kg/ha + 5 t Farm Yard Manure/ha

resulted in highest straw yield, Nitrogen and Phosphorus uptake

in Trigonella.

Patel,et.al., 2010, reported that application of Phosphate

Solubilising Bacteria @ 5 kg/ha along with Recommended Dose

of Fertilizer influenced the growth and yield attributes in

fenugreek. Azotobacter @ 5kg/ha + 5 t Farm Yard Manure/ha

has recorded good yield.

31

Patil, 2009, reported that in Glomus fasciculatum treated

fenugreek plant showed increased fresh weight, shoot length,

root length, nodules and leaves .

Sharma, et.al., 2007, studied the effect of microbial fertilization

along with Rhizobium, Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria and

organic fertilizer PROM ( Phosphorus rich organic manure) in

Trigonella and found promising to improve soil health, crop

production and biochemical quality.

Singh, et.al., 2010, reported that dual inoculation with

Rhizobium and Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria showed

superioirity by retaining higher available Nitrogen and

Phosphorus in soil, higher yield.

Antioxidants:

Anson, et.al., 2008, studied the antioxidants from wheat grain.

Isabelle, et.al., 2010, studied the hydrophilic oxygen radical

absorbance capacity (H-ORAC), total phenolic content (TPC),

ascorbic acid (AA) and various lipophilic antioxidants. Their

study showed that antioxidant composition and concentration

varied widely across different vegetables.

Jablonska-Rys, et.al., 2009, studied the antioxidant activity and

assay of Vitamin C. The phenolic content of fruits were

significantly enhanced.

32

Liu and Beta, 2010, studied and evaluated antioxidant

capacities from six wheat varieties and found that red wheat

variety had a remarkable antioxidant activity.

Plant derived products (edible and non-edible) contains a wide

range of phytochemicals and phenolic compounds that possess

substantial antioxidant and antiradical properties (Shahidi and

Naczk, 2004).

Srivastava et.al., 2010, isolated low and high molecular weight

phenolic fractions from three black berry cultivars.

Tulipani, et.al., 2008, studied the phytochemical and antioxidant

profiles from nine different genotypes of strawberry by

measuring the total flavonoid, anthocyanin, Vitamin C and folete

contents and found a significant difference between genotypes

and total antioxidant capacity were recorded.

Zilic et.al., 2012, studied and evaluated the total phenolics,

flavonoids, anthocyanins, -carotene and leutin.

Ziogas, et.al., 2010, studied the antioxidant and free radical

scavenging activities of phenolic extracts of olive fruits

Fatty Acids:

Marjolaine, and Terry., 2008, determined fatty acids and sugars

from avocado mesocarp tissue.

33

Plaza, et.al., 2009, studied the fatty acids, sterols and

antioxidant activity in Avocado. The main fatty acid identified

and quantified was oleic acid.

Rao, 2008, studied the fatty acids from the germplasm lines of

field bean.

Sathe, et.al., 2007, recorded fatty acid composition from

almonds.

Organic Acids:

Arnetoli, et.al., 2008, studied the organic acids by HPLC

analysis in plants of Silene paradoxa.

Ciganek,et.al., 2007, reported that emissions of volatile organic

compounds from crude and heat treated Amaranthus.

Falade, et.al., 2003, recorded that ascorbic, citric and total

organic acid content in some local fruits of Nigeria, Amaranthus

vegetable and cow pea.

Saponins:

Bialy, et.al., 2006, isolated fourteen triterpene saponins from the

roots of Medicago hybrida.

Chungkuo, et.al., 2010, studied a saponin mixture composed of

camellia saponin B (3) from the methanolic extract of tea seed

pomaceae. The saponin mixture has the potential as a new

34

plant derive pesticide to control Rhizoctonia damping off

vegetable seedlings.

Saha, et.al., 2010, studied the effect of saponins from

Diploknema butyracea and Sapindus mukorossi in controlling

pest.

Tava, et.al., 2009, investigated and identified new natural

compound of saponins from the aerial parts of Medicago arabica

L.Huds.