Review Exam 1

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2

Assumptions Paradigms

Ontology

Epistemology

Methodology

Positivism

Post-Positivism

Constructivism

Critical Theory

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Testable Research Question (Kerlinger & Lee, 2000)

(a) Asks a Question

(b) About ……

(c) That …………

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Types of Variables

Categorical Discrete groups: gender, depressed diagnosis

Continuous Interval Scale (equal intervals)

Temperature, money, days Continuous Ordinal

Rank ordered – Likert Scales

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Types of Research Questions Descriptive

Describe what a phenomenon is like: Collect/Categorize Information - Survey

Difference Compare: Between-groups Independent variable: categorical and

status or experimental Correlation

Extent to which 2 or more continuous psychological constructs vary together

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Analyses: Descriptive

• Collect/Categorize Information - Survey–Means, SD

• Mean score in standardized Math test by gender groups

–Proportions of populations/groups• Percentage of high school graduates who attend college, by

ethnic group, • Proportion of males vs. females who score above 16 in CDC

Depression Scale (e.g. epidemiological studies)

–Sample must be representative of population

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Stat. Analyses: Difference Questions• Compare means in a continuous variable (DV)

between two or more groups (IV) (hypothesis)

• There is a rational for the comparison – Otherwise it is a descriptive study

• Analysist-test, ANOVA (when IV has more than 2 levels – e.g. , 4 ethnic groups; 3 diagnostic levels) (we check the means and F statistic for significance)

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Stat. Analyses: Difference Questions• Experimental- DV is categorical and

manipulated • Differences in depression between CBT treatment

group, IPT treatment group and wait-list group

• Non-experimental- DV is categorical and status variable (not manipulated)

• Differences in PTSD symptoms between students with and without childhood experiences of abuse

• Descriptive Q. vs. Difference Q. -- Hypothesis8

Difference Questions: Factorial Designs

• Examine the independent and interactive effect (association) of two or more IVs on a DV

• IV – Manipulated Effect vs. Status Association

• Factorial ANOVA ---- (2X2) or (2X3) or (2x2x2) Differences in Means F statistics

2X2 ANOVA with Moderation (Dep at Pre-test)DV- Post-Test Depression score

IVDV

Means in Post Test Parental Skills Scales

F statistic(parameter)

TreatmentCBT vs. IPT

Experimental or Status IV?

Main Effect

Level of Dep. at pre-test

Experimental or Status IV?

Main Effect

Treatment X Dep at Pre-test

compare means Treatment Groups for separately for high versus low pre-T Dep groups

Interaction Effect

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Survey Design Expo-Facto Design

o Document nature or frequency of a variable

o Association of status variable(s) to continuous variable(s)

o Descriptive: No theoretical or logical rational needed

o Provides rational for examining difference

o Test Hypotheses

o Probability (representative) samples required

o More tolerant of convenience samples

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Designs, Variables, Parameters• Experimental

• Between Groups -- Within Groups• Post-test only --- Pre-test/post-test

• Factorial Designs• Experimental or Expo- facto

• Correlational• Variables:

• Manipulated/Status• Categorical Continuous

• Parameters• T test ANOVA: Means F statistic• Regression: Correlation , R2, R2

1. Adolescent who classified mother parenting style as authoritative would report higher levels of satisfaction that those who classified their parents style as authoritarian. They expected no gender differences in levels of satisfaction.

• Design:

• IV(s) Type:

• DV(s) Type:

• Analyses

• Stat. Parameter

1. Adolescents who classified mothers’ parenting style as authoritative would report higher levels of satisfaction that those who classified mothers’ parenting style as authoritarian. No gender differences in satisfaction expected.

• Design: Expo-Facto; Factorial

• IV(s): Parenting Style Type: Categorical; Status Gender Categorical: Status

• DV(s) Satisfaction Type: Continuous

• Analyses: ANOVA (2X2)

• Stat. Parameter: Means, F Statistic

2. Adolescent girls who classified mothers’ parenting style as authoritative would report higher levels of satisfaction that those who classified their mothers as authoritarian. No differences in levels of satisfaction expected for boys.

• Design: Expo-Facto; Factorial

• IV(s): Parenting Style Type: Categorical; Status Gender Categorical; Status

P Style X Gender Categorical

• DV(s) Satisfaction Type: Continuous

• Analyses: ANOVA (2X2)

• Stat. Parameter: Means, F Statistic

3. Researchers examined the unique and combined contribution of extent of experiences of childhood abuse, post-combat PTSD symptoms, and level of conflicts interpersonal relations (CIPR) to suicidal ideation among veterans who had been exposed to combat in active duty.

• Design:

• IV(s) Type:

• DV(s) Type:

• Analyses

• Stat. Parameter

3. Researchers examined the unique and combined contribution of extent of experiences of childhood abuse, post-combat PTSD symptoms, and level of conflicts interpersonal relations (CIPR) to suicidal ideation among veterans who had been exposed to combat in active duty.

• Design: Correlational

• IV(s): Ch. Abuse Type: Continuous; Status PTSD S Continuous; Status CIPR Continuous; Status

• DV(s) Suicidal Id. Type: Continuous

• Analyses: Simultaneous Regression

• Stat. Parameter: , R2

4. Researchers compared effectiveness of CBT to IPT among 20 male and 20 female veterans. They hypothesized that CBT would be more effective for males while IPT would be more effective for females.

• Design:

• IV(s) Type:

• DV(s) Type:

• Analyses

• Stat. Parameter

4. Researchers compared effectiveness of CBT to IPT among 20 male and 20 female veterans. They hypothesized that CBT would be more effective for males while IPT would be more effective for females.

• Design: Experimental; Factorial (1 IV Status): Bw Groups;• Pre-test/Post-test

• IV(s): Treatment Type: Categorical Experimental

Gender Categorical Statutes Treat. X Gender Categorical

• DV(s) Depression Type: Continuous

• Analyses: ANOVA (2X2)

• Stat. Parameter: Means, F Statistic