review artikel tinjauan pustaka

Review ARticle (tinjAuAn PustAkA)

Isnani Azizah Salim Suryono

FKUI Histologi/Med J Indones

6-Oktober-2009

Why Write/Not Write?1

Reasons why we write• Gain intellectual stimulation• Share ideas• Report research/case• Express an opinion• Generate discussion• Advance one’s discipline• Assert “ownership”• Attain promotion/tenure• Enhance personal reputation• Achieve some immortality• Earn income

Reasons given for not writing• Not enough time• Nothing to write about• No one to work with • Lack of secretarial support• Lack of knowledge how to

research info• No mentor for writing• No motivation• No self confidence• Don’t know how to start• Hate writing!

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Tinjauan Pustaka T.O.R.

• Apa itu article review? (What?)• Apa kegunaan menulis Article Review? (Why?)• Who? Siapa yang menulis review article?• Bagaimana mencari topik untuk article

review? (How?)• Cara membuat article review untuk jurnal? – Bagian-bagian – Purpose, Source, Principal findings, Conclusion– Reference: the Vancouver system


What?

• = an essay: – Has a topic,– A beginning, – Development of theme in a logical manner,– Has an ending.

• Original in that they bring new thinking to the literature.

• Provide us with practical insights & offer new approaches to old problems innovative & expand medical understanding.


What?

• Bukan artikel asli/hasil penelitian sendiri.• Merupakan sinopsis/rangkuman berupa

evaluasi kritis atas kepustakaan & menghasilkan simpulan penting sebagai jawaban, berdasarkan kajian kritis tersebut.3

• Umumnya ditulis atas permintaan dari jurnal yang khusus untuk review..


Introduction: why?1

• Compared to original articles, review articles get no respect..

• Though, many respected academicians write it to:– Assert their claims.– Mark their territory.

• Have to be very well written to be able to hold reader’s attention should be peer reviewed for content & carefully edited, so can be easy to read.


Why

• Literatur kedokteran saat ini telah berkembang pesat & berjumlah amat banyak sehingga para praktisi & peneliti kewalahan mengikuti perkembangan suatu bidang ilmu kedokteran.2

• Merupakan jenis artikel yang paling banyak dibaca agar tidak tertinggal dalam topik / masalah tertentu info harus lengkap & mutakhir!


Siapa saja Penulis Review Article?5

• Invited Writers...• An expert in the chosen field.• Usually from the Academic rank.• Should be a person with ability to be away

from the normal/routine working environment, not subject to interruption frome colleagues, telephoone calls, etc; more likely with academic position rather than a busy clinician.

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Where to send?4

• Ke mana suatu Tinjauan Pustaka dikirim?• TP merupakan gagasan & tinjauan dari hasil

karya temuan penelitian yang dimuat dalam jurnal primer, maka tulisan yang ditujukan bagi kalangan terpelajar namun bukan ahli atau spesialis di bidang tulisan tsb, jurnal sekunder.


Jurnal sekunder, apa saja?

• Abstracting Journal Berkala penyari: memuat ringkasan atau abstrak jurnal primer.

• Review Journal Berkala tinjauan: memuat pembahasan berbagai artikel ilmiah sejenis yang mutakhir, untuk memberi gambaran kemajuan menyeluruh suatu topik (state or the art)3

• Berkala ilmiah yang menerima berbagai jenis artikel: artikel asli, pilot study, short communications, laporan kasus, & TP, BMJ, MJI, MKI d.l.l.


Ciri-ciri TP: sesuaikan denga IA.3,4

• Panjang, 10-50 halaman cetak.• Subyek lebih bersifat umum.• Umumnya memakai banyak pustaka acuan.• Penyajian bersifat padat & memuat istilah

teknis ilmiah dalam jumlah terbatas & dilengkapi dengan penjelasan artinya.

• Uraian bersifat panjang-lebar, tidak telegrafik.


Jenis-jenis TP: Periksa IA!

Sesuaikan dengan “Instruction to Authors”:• Kajian kritis kepustakaan?• Kelengkapan pustaka yang dibahas?• Susunan, gaya, fokus kajian?• Kumpulan bahan & komentarnya, tanpa perlu

mengevaluasi artikel2 yang terbit mengenai subyek.

• Pengertian terbaru dalam bidang yang berkembang pesat (state of the art).


Special types of Review Article:

1. Literature ReviewWritten to discuss the state of the art. Title often use the

word: literature/review/state of the art of... Absence of: study of/surveillance of/effects of..Long list of reference (up to 100 check I.A!).Purpose:– Summarize a topic as bridge to applied use latest info

for good patient care.– Synthesize knowledge as springboard for future research.– Support academic rigor in a field.– Database for health policy decisions.


Literature Review, examples1

• “Diabetic Retinopathy” (N Eng J Med 2004; 350: 48-59)

• “Neuroprotection in Parkinson Disease: Mysteries, Myths, & Misconceptions.” (JAMA 2004; 291: 358-64)

• “Detection, Evaluation, & Treatment of Eating Disorders: The Role of Primary Care Physician.” (JGIM 2000; 15 (8): 577-82)



2. Meta-AnalysisCombining results of several studies into a summary

conclusion, using quantitative strategies that will allow consideration of data in diverse res repo.

= a special type of systematic review to answer focused clinical question (Siwek, 2002 from 1)

= a research study on research studies, calls for knowledge of statistical methods >> clinician authors Needs collaboration with co-author trained in statistical analysis.


Meta Analysis, examples

• “Arterial Puncture Closing Devices compared with Standard Manual Compression after Cardiac Catherization: Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis” (JAMA 2004;291:350-357)

• “Meta-Analysis of Vascular and Neoplastic Events Associated with Tamoxifen” (J Gen Intern Med 2003;18: 937-947)



• Evidence-Based Clinical Review


Who Publishes & Reads them?

• Publisher:– NEJM Review article– BMJ-USA Reviews– JAMA Clinician’s corner: Contempo Updates–

Linking Evidence & Experience – The Lancet.

• Reader: – Almost all clinicians physicians, scientists, med

students, residents, fellows.– Health policy experts & attorney.– Busy physicians: relax evenings, long plane rides etc


“Planning a review article”.1

• Getting started: – Begin with daily job what intrigued us most?• What have I learned in my years of practice, that I

would like to share with m colleagues?

• 2 phases:– Search PubMed, MDConsult, Google, favorite Web

searching site.– Research phase learn more about topic, decide

whether to write on that topic..


Mencari/Memilih topik:

• Atas permintaan Pemesan.• Atas tawaran Penulis– Apa yang sedang menarik perhatian ilmiah kita?– Atau bila belum ada ‘wangsit’ search, browsing,

“mendem” di perpustakaan, diskusi dengan sesama ilmiawan, selevel atau di atas kita.

– Tentukan ‘rencana’ judul tulisan kita! Mulai mengumpulkan informasi buat catatan2 dengan key words, sumber & halamannya.

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Title

• Represents the contents of the article• Fewest possible words adequately describing

the content ( ± 12 kataan!), how?– Omit unnessary words

• Preferably written in “positive” sentences• A label rather than a complete sentence• Avoid abbreviations & acronyms!

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Abstrak

Amat berbeda dari artikel penelitian, • tidak selalu ada, kecuali atas permintaan jurnal

tujuan Gaya terstruktur (250 kata) atau bebas (150 kata)– Obyektif: tujuan primer TP & penekanannya (apakah

Penyebab? Diagnosis? Atau prognosis?)– Sumber data: ringkasan sumber, waktu pengambilan

& keterbatasan.– Ekstraksi data: peraturan untuk abstraksi data,

penilaian kualitas & validitas data, & penerapannya.


The review contents: logical order

1. What is the problem?

2. Historical background

3. Basic science

4. Methodology

5. Animal studies

6. Human studies

7. Discussion

8. Conclusions

9. Recommendations

10. The future

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Kerangka TP: Abstrak

– Sintesis data: hasil utama dari tinjauan & metoda yang digunakan dalam mendapatka hasil ybs.

– Simpulan: simpulan utama, termasuk kemungkinan penerapan klinis (hindarkan generalisasi berlebihan) & anjuran mengenai penelitian tambahan bila perlu.


Kerangka TP: Pendahuluan

Menjawab suatu / sejumlah pertanyaan, misalkan: – “apa yang kita ketahui & tidak kita ketahui

mengenai ......... (suatu subyek)” atau: – “ apa yang disebut ...........” atau – “Bagaimana mengobati ......... Yang diakibatkan

oleh.........?”

Kalimat-kalimat pertama pada paragraf pertama harus dibuat sejelas & semenarik mungkin.


The ideal review

Should be:

• Topical• Up to date• Balanced• Accurate• Authoritative• Quotable• Provocative• A good read

Should not be:

• Old hat• A 12 th review out of 11

others• A personal view only• Anecdotal• Superficial• Out of context• Boring

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References

• Each investigation has as its foundation Work of predecessors in the field.

• Back ground knowledge of the published work is critical for the success & soundness of study, also credibility of the paper.

• Need to have key references!!• Reference should have right balance:

Comprehensive ∼ Relevant


Search: Index Medicus / Medline

List of printed indexes• Index Medicus• Excerpta Medica• Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts etc• Science Citation Index• Jounal’s cumulative indexes

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List of computer databases: > 700

• Biosis – Biology, incl clinical & experimental med, immunology, pharmacology, biophysics, & biochemistry

• EMBASE (Excerpta Medica)—excludes nursing, veterinary med, & dentistry, is particularly strong on drug related literature

• Health—non clinical, administration• IPA—drug development• Toxline—toxicology, including terratgens,

mutagens, carcinogens, pollutants, & pesticides; adverse drug reactions

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Penulisan Kutipan & Daftar Pustaka

Citation & list of Reference Vancouver syst,

Keuntungan:

1. Nas lebih ringkas

2. Penulisan daftar pustaka > ringkas & sederhana

3. Kemungkinan ketidaksesuaian sitasi > sedikit

4. Memudahkan penelusuran pembaca

Kekurangan: bila hendak menyisipkan sitasi baru artikel yang baru ditemukan..

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Cara menuliskan referens sistem Vancouver

• Bisa dilihat di Instruction for Authors Med J Indones

• Download website:

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References

1. Taylor RB. How to write a review article. In: the clinician’s guide to Medical Writing. Portland, Oregon; Springer. 2005. p.127-41.

2. Huth EJ. How to write & publish papers in the medical sciences, 2nd ed. Baltimore. Williams Wilkins. 1990

3. Day RA. How to write & publish a scientific paper, 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. 1989

4. Rifai MA. Perencanaan Naskah. Dalam: Pegangan gaya penulisan, penyuntingan & penerbitan karya-ilmiah-Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press. 1995

5. Strunin L. How to write a review. In: Hall GM (ed). How to write a paper. London; BMJ Publishing Group: 1994. 71-7


review artikel tinjauan pustaka

Education

so can be easy to read

usually from the academic

1compared to original

hasil karya temuan penelitian

menulis review article

08where to send

penulis review article

2009why writenot write