Review 1

Columbian Exchange

New plants such as tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, and potatoes were introduced to Europeans

3/5 of the crops made today originated from the AmericansEuropeans introduced horses, pigs, cattle to the AmericasDiseases brought by Europeans proved to be the biggest

killer of Native Americans

Jamestown

Joint-Stock companies were charters that received adequate funding by selling shares to investors and sought royal support

The Virginia Company of England received a charter from James I to put a trading post in North America

Most of the people on the trip were unruly and had little experience

All of the traders wanted was gold not farmingJohn Smith helped keep the colony alive by

managing it like a dictator

Maryland

Lord Baltimore was given a charter for territory in what would be called Maryland

He pushed for religious toleration between the Catholics and the Protestants

This colony thrived due to careful planning and supervisionLord Baltimore created the Toleration Act (1649) giving

religious freedom to all Christians

Bacon’s Rebellion

Many people in poverty wanted to move into Indian territoryGovernor Berkeley refused demands to move out the IndiansNathaniel Bacon took his frontiersman without permission

and slaughtered IndiansBacon seized control of the colony and forced an end to the

rule of the wealthy

Plymouth Colony

The Pilgrims created the first American constitution “Mayflower Compact”, which allowed self-rule

Only half of the 102 people to arrive in Plymouth diedThey started a representative government that guaranteed

political rights

Different Puritan beliefs

Roger Williams believed church leaders do not have authority over spiritual lives

Williams was ousted from Massachusetts Bay and set up a colony of his followers on Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson felt that you can’t get to heaven through good deeds

Hutchinson felt that communication should be between God and the individual

Hutchinson was banished from Massachusetts bay because she was a threat

Puritan changes

Many Puritans were upset that the new generation wasn’t as intense on religion

Many members were baptized as youths but did not grow up to become full members therefore limiting the congregation

The Halfway covenant was designed to get more people involved in the church without full conversions

Pennsylvania

William Penn started the colony of Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers

Quakers refused to join the army or pay taxes to support the Church of England

They believed that everyone can be saved with an inner light of understanding

Quakers also believed women should play an important role in the church

Mercantilism

Mercantilism is the state-supported manufacturing and trade

Navigational Acts 1651 stated that goods imported into England or its colonies must be carried on English or colonial ships

New Navigational Acts made all goods pass through England before going to the colonies

African American Resistance

Slave owners tried to get slaves from different parts of Africa so they couldn’t communicate

Some blacks fled into the frontier and some married into tribes

Spain (which owned Florida) encouraged slaves to revolt and go to Florida

The Stono rebellion was the largest slave uprising in the 1700s, trying to make their way to Florida

Enlightenment

Enlightenment was an European movement to change the world through human reason to make it better

In 1687 Isaac Newton explained that the planets revolved around the sun

European Enlightenment applied scientific reasons to all aspects of life

Enlightenment thinkers believed they should try to improve the world

They pushed for: power of human reasoning, natural rights, and progressive improvement

Pietism

A movement known as Pietism pushed for devout behavior striving for a mystical union with God

George Whitefield sparked the “Great Awakening” a religious revival to promote religion

Whitefield toured the colonies and gave speeches from memory

Some people felt compelled to follow in his footsteps, they were called New Lights

Controversy

Many people debated these upheavalsMost colonists paid taxes to support the churchNew Lights and Baptists challenged the churches authority

on taxes and regulation of spiritual affairsChurches founded new colleges to educate their youth and

train ministers

Beginnings of war

The Ohio Company settled new land within Iroquois territory

In 1754 the colonists asked for the Iroquois alliance against the French

To help the colonists defenses Benjamin Franklin came up with the Albany Plan

The Albany Plan called for colonies to get together in a continental assembly, which would be presided over by the crown

This never happened because Britain was afraid of the colonies coordinating together

French and Indian War

French and Indian War spilled into Europe to be known as the Seven Years War

It was Britain and Prussia against France and Austria When Britain mounted offenses in North America and the

West Indies it became the Great War for the Empire Britain was determined to crush France After the war Britain is going to abandon salutary neglect

to get payment for troops sent during the war

Pontiac’s Uprising

In 1763 the Ottawa chief Pontiac led a major uprising against the British

The tribes were upset because the British were occupying French forts and British merchants were defrauding them

The tribes took over many of the new British forts before they came and took them back over

The British made a deal with tribes promising no more settlements west of the Appalachian Mts. Known as the Proclamation Line of 1763

Uprisings

The Scots-Irish wanted Indians out of PennsylvaniaThe Paxton Boys massacred 20 members of the Conestoga

tribeGovernor John Penn tried to send them to jail250 armed Scot-Irish advanced on Pennsylvania but Ben

Franklin talked them out of it

The Stamp Act

The Stamp Act was created to cover the cost of having the extra 10,000 troops in America

The Stamp Act was a new tax by requiring stamps on important court documents

Land titles, contracts, playing cards, newspapersBenjamin Franklin proposed to allow the colonists to have

representation in Parliament but they refused

New Ways

The Quartering Act must contribute to the cost of troops by giving them barracks and food stationed in America

These new acts showed that Parliament could have direct control over the colonies

By placing British officials in control over taxation, legal proceedings, and military finances. This deprived the American assemblies of their authority

The first acts of Rebellion

Patrick Henry addressed the House of Burgesses and said there needed to be an uprising

In New York a mob called the Sons of Liberty called for the resignation of tax collectors

The Sons of Liberty beheaded tax collector Andrew OliverElsewhere in the colonies mobs intimidated royal officials

Friction

In retaliation to taunting by the colonists British troops tore down a liberty pole

This incident sent of a week of street fighting known as the Golden Hill riots in NY

4,000 British soldiers occupied BostonIn 1770 a patrol of soldiers in Boston fired into a crowd and

killed five men known as the Boston Massacre

Boston Tea Party

Massachusetts was the leader in the anti-imperial movement

On December 16, 1773 Patriots raided the merchant ship the Dartmouth

They disguised themselves as Indians and threw 45 tons of tea into the harbor

It would be worth $800,000 todayThis was the final spark between the British and the

Colonies

First Continental Congress

They brought representatives from all the colonies except Georgia

They passed a Declaration of Rights and Grievances and condemned the Coercive Acts and demanded their repeal

The Congress began nonimportation and non consumption agreements

Meaning they wouldn’t buy or sell anything to Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies

Concord and Lexington

Minutemen were created to stand at a minutes notice in case of alarm

700 soldiers were dispatched to capture colonial leaders and supplies and Concord

Paul Revere and others warned the Patriots Local militiamen met the British at Lexington, 8 were killed As the British retreated from Concord they were

confronted by 1,000 militiamen British 73 dead, 174 wounded, 26 MIA Patriots 49 dead, 39 wounded

Congress vs. King

Led by John Dickenson Congress passed the Olive Branch Petition

The Olive Branch Petition was sent by congress to King George III and asked for repeals of Parliaments Legislations

Patriot forces tried to lead an uprising in Canada by taking over Montreal but they failed to take Quebec

King George issued the Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition, which stated that the Americans were traitors

Tis Time to Part

Most colonists condemned the tax legislation by Parliament not the king

But by 1775 Patriots felt that George ordered military force against them

Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense, reject the powers of king and Parliament and create a new government

Declaration of Independence

July 4, 1776 Congress approved a Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson was the one primarily responsible for writing it

First argument that All men have rights defined by laws of nature (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness)

Second argument was a list of laws and actions that oppressed the colonists to persuade critics and foreign observers

Victory at Saratoga

British General Burgoyne pushed to take Albany and be reinforced by Howe’s troops

Howe instead took his troops to attack and take over Philadelphia, home to the Continental Congress

Burgoyne’s supplies were cut off from Patriot General Gates

Therefore at the Battle of Saratoga the Patriots defeated the British

Significance- This battle convinced the French to join the war against the British

Diplomatic Triumph

It took two years after Yorktown to get a treatyTreaty of Paris 1783 gave America its independenceBritain made separate treaties with Spain and FranceSpain got FloridaFrance reduced Britain's power in North America but only

got small island of TobagoFrance quadrupled its national debt