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RESTRICTEDGENERAL AGREEMENT ON Spec(83)51/Rev.1TARIFFS AND TRADE 9 9 January 1984
PROBLEMS OF TRADE IN CERTAIN NATURAL RESOURCE PRODUCTS
Background Study on Zinc and Zinc Products
Prepared by the Secretariat
Table of Contents
Page
Introduction 3
Section I: Production, consumption and prices 9
Mine production 9Smelting and refining 12Consumption 14Prices and stocks 17
Section II: Foreign trade 21
Exports: Zinc concentrates 21Refined zinc
Imports: Zinc concentrates 23Refined zincDirection of trade 23
Section III: Commercial policy situation 29
The structure of tariffs 29Non-tariff and other measures 39
Section IV: Activities in other international organizations 42
The International Lead and Zinc Study Group 42The International Lead-Zinc Research Organization 42
Summary 43
84-0018
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 2
Table of Contents (cont'd.)
List of Tables
Page
Table 1: World zinc reserves, 1983 estimates 5
Table 2: Principal uses of lead, 1977-1982 8
Table 3: World mine production of zinc, 1960-1982 10
Table 4: Indices of world mine production of the principal 11non-ferrous metals
Table 5: World smelter production of zinc, 1960-1982 13
Table 6: World consumption of zinc, 1960-1982 15
Table 7: Zinc, mine production, smelter production and 16consumption, 1960-1982, and projections,1980-1995
Table 8: Average Prices, 1960-1982 19
Table 9: World exports of zinc ores and concentrates, 221975-1982
Table 10: World exports of refined zinc, 1975-1982 24
Table 11: World imports of zinc ores and concentrates, 251975-1982
Table 12: World imports of refined zinc, 1975-1982 26
Table 13: Imports by Origin, 1981 27, 28
Table 14: Summary of tariff situation affecting zinc and 30 - 36articles thereof
Annex: Tariff and trade flow data at the tariff line 44level
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 3
ZINC'
Introduction
1. This paper provides data on zinc and articles thereof (CCCN No. ex26.01, ex 26.03, 28.19, ex 28.30, ex 28.35, 79.01, 79.02, 79.03, 79.04,79.06). Section I briefly reviews developments with regard to production,consumption and prices. Section II provides data on trade flows. SectionIII examines commercial policy measures applicable to zinc and articlesthereof with reference to tariff concessions made in the Tokyo Round, thepost-Tokyo Round tariff situation and certain non-tariff measures. SectionIV describes activities in some international organizations, notably theInternational Lead and Zinc Study Group.
2. Ztnc stands at third place in world consumption of non-ferrousmetals', surpassed only by aluminium and copper. Zinc was already known inRoman times in combination with copper forming the alloy brass, but theindividual metal was isolated only in the 18th century. Zinc is asilver-blue metal which on exposure to air becomes greyish owing to theformation of a film of oxide which protects the metal from furtheroxidation. High purity zinc is ductile and can be rolled into sheets orcast into shapes.
1 Physical properties of zinc:Symbol: ZnDensity at 2oC g/cm : 7.13Atomic number: 30Atomic weight: 65.37Melting point: 419.60CBoiling point: 907 C 1Electrical conductivity 1s cm : 0.177Frequency ppm: 70
2According to the criterion of use as industrial materials, thetechnically most important non-ferrous metals, excluding the preciousmetals, may be classified as follows:
(a) heavy metals: lead, copper, zinc and tin;(b) light metals: aluminium, magnesium and titanium;(c) steel improving agents (as alloying metals) or special metals
(as base metals): chromium, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum,nickel, vanadium and tungsten;
(d) other alloying or special metals: antimony, cerium, hafnium,cadmium, lanthanum, lithium, niobium, mercury, rhenium, silicon,tantalum, bismuth, yttrium and zirconium.
3There is evidence that in both China and India, metallic zinc wasproduced in quantity prior to the 17th century.
(Source: Non-ferrous metals, Metallgesellschaft AG).
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 4
3. At present, about 90 per cent of zinc is extracted from zinc blend (orsphalerite - ZnS), which is mainly found in association with galena (Pbs),the sulfide of lead, in lead - zinc deposits, and to a lesser extent inassociation with copper or other base metal sulfides. Sphalerite oresusually contain iron as well as cadmium, indium, germanium, gallium,mercury, and thallium.
4. Table 1 indicates that in 1983 world reserves of zinc were estimatedat 255 million tons. The most important zinc deposits are located inCanada (24.3 per cent of total k:own reserves), United States (20.0 percent), Australia (9.4 per cent), the USSR (7.8 per cent), Spain (5.4 percent), Japan (3.5 per cent), Ireland (3.4 per cent), Peru (2.7 per cent),Portugal (2.2 per cent), Brazil, South Africa, Iran, China, P.R., andPoland (each accounting for 1.8 per cent), Iran, and Yugoslavia (both1.4 per cent), India and Mexico (both 1.1 per cent). Zinc or lead and zincreserves are also found in at least 18 other countries (Bolivia, Honduras,Burma, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Zaire, Zambia, Bulgaria, Romania, Italy,Austria, Norway, Sweden, France, Greece and Germany, F.R.).
5. Commercial zinc metal production started only at the beginning of the19th century, after the introduction of indirectly fired reduction andsuitable condensation vessels. As zinc oxide is not reduced by carbonbelow the boiling point of the metal, the conventional equipment forproduction of other major metals could not be used.
6. Zinc is mined by excavation, deep mining and cut-and-fill(intermediate depth) mining. After mining, sphalerite deposits arecrushed, milled and then concentrated. Froth flotation has become themajor concentration process. The zinc oxide resulting from roasting can bereduced to metal either by the pyrometallurgical or the hydrometallurgicalprocesses. The choice of. roasting system depends on subsequent use.Pressure sinter roasting is employed for further processing in the ImperialSmelting shaft furnace and vertical retort plants, while fluidized bedroasting is preliminary to zinc electrolysis. Laborious and costly,pyrometallurgical zinc extraction in the horizontal or vertical retortfurnaces was replaced by the Imperial Smelting (IS) Process, which issuitable for the processing of lead-zinc mixed ores and lead-zinccontaining secondary materials. However, the hydrometallurgical process(by electrolysis), in which zinc is deposited from highly purified zincsulfate solutions, has become the most important zinc recovery process.In 1978-80, production of refined zinc by type of process was as follows:76 per cent by electrolysis, 12 per cent by Imperial Smelting, 6 per centby vertical retorts, 2 per cent by horizontal retorts and 4 per cent byelectrothermic means.
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 5
TABLE 1
WORLD ZINC RESERVES, (1983 estimates)
I I
WORLD
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
BrazilIndia
IranMexico
Peru
SpainYugosLaviaOther
DEVELOPED- COUNTRIES
Australia
Canada
IrelandJapanPortugalSouth Africa (incL. Namibia)United States
Other
CENTRALLY PLANNED ECONOMIES
ChinaPoland
USSR
Other
Million TonsZinc content
255.3
47.34.670 7
3.62.87.013.83.69.2
173.8
24.O
62.0
8.88.95.64.6
51.08.9
34.24.5
4.5
20.0
5.2h I
Source: US Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior,"Zinc - A Chapter from Mineral Facts and Problems,"1983 edition, Washington, D.C.Estimates of the EEC and countries candidates(Spain, Portugal) supplied by the Secretariat ofthe EEC.
Of total
100.0
18.51.81.11.41.12.75.41.43.6
68.0
..9.4
24.33.43.5.2.21.8
'20.03.5
13.41.81.87.82.0
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 6
7. Primary zinc is a term used for zinc produced from newly mined ores.Secondary zinc produced from scrap or residues is classified intoredistilled or remelt zinc depending upon the recovery process. Mostprimary zinc is produced by electrolysis or by distillation (electrolyticor distilled zinc). Refined zinc produced by distillation uses secondarymaterials. Commercially, zinc is traded in slabs cast in various shapesand sizes. Zinc die-casting alloys are zinc base alloys with aluminium orcopper as alloying elements. Brasses are copper-base alloys in which thezinc content ranges from 5 to 40 per cent. Some bronzes, whose principalalloying materials are copper and tin, also contain up to 4.5 per centzinc. Zinc dust, as a semi-manufacture, achieves a purity of between 95and 99.8 per cent zinc. Zinc oxide, produced from ore through oxidation ofthe metal, is used in pigments and rubber.
8. Unlike secondary production of copper, lead or aluminium, secondaryproduction of zinc - i.e. zinc recovered from galvanized steel scrap,zinc-die-casting and residue materials, is less important. The bulk ofzinc scrap, including zinc contained in brass scrap, is recycled byremelting, with probably no more than 30 per cent reprocessed in the formof refined metal. The recovery of secondary zinc materials are limited bythe widespread use of the electrolyting refining process, although thisfactor has become partly overcome by the establishment of specialist plantstreating secondary materials only and by the zinc-lead blast furnace.
9. Zinc is used for manufacturing in the following four main areas:galvanizing, brass and bronze products, die-casting and rolled zinc. Inaddition to metallic applications, significant quantities of zinc areconsumed as pigments or other chemicals. The major use of zinc is forcorrosion protection in electro-galvanizing or hot-dip galvanizing ofrolled-steel products. Brass is used for decorative products as well
Compositions of the commercial grades of zinc metal established bythe American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) are as follows, inper cent:
Grade Lead Iron Cadmium Zinc minimummax. max. (by difference)
1Special High Grade 0.003 0.003 0.003 99.990High Grade .07 .02 .03 99.90Intermediate 2 .20 .03 .40 99.5Brass Special .6 .03 .50 99.0Prime Western 1.6 .05 .50 98.0
'Tin in Special High-Grade zinc does not exceed 0.001 per cent.
2When specified for use in the manufacture of rolled zinc or brass,aluminium shall not exceed 0.0005 per cent.
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 7
as for functional uses in bathrooms and central heating (piping). Zincdie-casting is widely used in the automotive industry, either forfunctional parts (carburettors, pumps etc.) or for fittings and trimmings.The use of zinc die-casting is also important in the manufacture ofhousehold appliances and office machinery, electrical goods and hardware.Rolled zinc is used in building construction for rain-water protection androof drainage systems. Zinc dust is used as a reducing agent in chemicalreactions. Zinc oxide is largely used in manufacture of rubber tyres andhas also wide application as a pigment for both indoor and outdoorapplications. It is also used in ceramics, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals andfloor coverings.
10. Table 2 shows the principal uses of zinc by main consuming countriesfrom 1977 to 1982. As can be seen, galvanizing (the coating of steel toprotect it from rust), continues to be the main outlet for zinc, accountingfor about 45 per cent of total consumption in 1982. Next in importance is?inc used in brass and bronze, and in die-casting alloys, which in the sameyear accounted for about 20 per cent and 15 per cent of total consumptionrespectively. Zinc chemical compounds used mainly in the chemicalindustry, pharmaceuticals, the rubber industry and in paints and ceramicsrepresented about 7 per cent of total consumption. The share of zincpowder used in the manufacture of dyestuffs and as a reducing agent inchemical reactions was 0.4 per cent. About 3 per cent of zinc consumed isused for miscellaneous purposes such as rolled zinc for roofing and drybattery shells, in sacrificial anodes to protect ship hulls and submergedsteelworks and pipes etc.
11, In many of the uses mentioned above, zinc can be replaced by othermetals or materials which may be lighter and less expensive. Aluminium andmagnesium are the major substitutes for zinc in die-casting. Plasticcoatings, paints, electroplated cadmium, and special zinc-aluminiumcoatings can replace zinc in some areas for corrosion protection, andaluminium alloys can be used in place of brass. Aluminium, magnesium,titanium, and zirconium compete with zinc for use in the manufacture ofchemicals and pigments. The demand for zinc oxide, which is mainly used inrubber for motor tyres, might be affected by the introduction of longerlasting radial tyres.
12. Mining production of zinc is spread geographically in over 300 mines,while the number of smelters is much smaller. At the end of 1979, elevengroups and companies were responsible for about half of world smeltingcapacity (Societe Generale de Belgique, Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co.,Societe des Mines et Fonderie de Zinc de la Vieille Montagne, SA,Metallgesellschaft Group, Cominco Ltd., Penarroya Inmetal Group,Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Austrasian Ltd., Canadian Electrolytic Zinc Ltd.,Rio-Tinto Zinc Group, Preussag AG and Asturiana de Zinc). Smeltingproduction, often under state control, has been increasing in developingcountries possessing zinc mines.
Tabl
e2
Prin
cipa
luses
ofZinc,
1977
-19
82
Zinc
Cons
umpt
ion:
Thou
sand
sof
metric
tons
Percentage
ofto
tal
cons
umpt
ion
|1t
977
|1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
Ifl
197
7.8
|IEI
-1-t
,alvanising
1,560
:,727
1,84
31,729
1,70
91,701
39.0
4161
42.4
42.5
43.7
45.2
Zinc
-bas
eal
loys
806
792
787
689
646
581
20.2
18.9
18.1
16.9
16.5
15.4
Brass
and
Bron
ze81
4840
867
849
799
741
20.3
20.0
19.9
20.9
20.4
19.7
Zinc
semi
-man
ufac
ture
s1
299
327
337
344
330
356
7.5
778
.78
8.5
8.5
9.5
Chemicals
363
359
364
327
297
273
9.1
8.5
8.4
8.0
7.6
7.3
Zinc
dust
powder
1920
1916
1615
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
miscellaneous
136
133
130
113
113
9833.4
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.9
2.6
Totally
3,997
4,19
64,
346
4,06
63,
909
3,764
100.
0|1
00.0
j100
.WI100.0
100.0
___
Countries
included:
Aust
rali
a,Be
lgiu
m,Br
azil
,Ca
nada
,Finland,
France,
Germany
F.R.,
India
(197
9on
ward
s),
Italy,
Japan,
Mexico,
Netherlands,
New
Zeal
and,
Nord
icco
untr
ies,
Spain,
Switzerland,
United
Kingdom,
Unit
edStates.
Se-urce:
Prin
cipa
lus
esof
lead
and
zinc
,1977-1982.
International
Lead
and
Zinc
Study
Group.
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 9
SECTION I: PRODTJCTION, CONSUMPTION AND PRICES
Mine production
13. Table 3 indicates that world mine production of zinc almost doubled inthe last twenty years, from 3,506 thousand metric tons in 1960 to6,497 thousand metric tons in 1982. While the share of developed countriesin world mine production remained practically unchanged at about 50 percent, the share of developing countries in the same period decreased byabout 2.7 per cent to 24.6 per cent. On the other hand, zinc mining incentrally-planned economies rose 3.2 per cent, reaching 25.8 per cent ofworld mine production in 1982. Canada ranks first in world zinc mineproduction, followed by the USSR, Australia, Peru and the United States,which together accounted for about 58 per cent of world zinc mineproduction in 1982. Other important mine producing countries are Mexico,Japan, Ireland, Poland, Spain, Sweden, People's Republic of China, People'sRepublic of Korea, Federal Republic of Germany, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria,Brazil and Zaire.
14. As previously indicated, zinc mine production increased substantiallyin the 1960's and the early 1970's. In 1973 it exceeded the level of6 million tons, mainly as a result of mine expansion in Canada and Peru.The peak of zinc mine production of 6.6 million tons was reached in 1977after the largest European zinc and lead mine was put on stream in Ireland.Subsequently, world mine output fell gradually and in 1981, world zinc mineproduction amounted to 6.1 million tons, the lowest level since 1974. Thisdownward trend in zinc mine production was caused by slower growth indemand for zinc. Operating problems and declining ore grades in some majormines also contributed to this trend. However, in 1982 zinc mineproduction recovered and increased by almost 365 thousand tons as a resultof the settlement of labour disputes (notably in Ireland) and importantmine expansion in Australia and Canada. In'the three trimestres of 1983,mine production decreased again by 140 thousand tons compared to the sameperiod in 1982mainly due to lower mine output in Canada, Peru and theUnited States., For comparative purposes, indices of world mine productionof the principal non-ferrous metals from 1960 to 1981 are shown in Table 4.
Data available only for market economy countries;January-September 1983.
Spec(83)51/ROV.1Page 10
TABLE 3
WorLdMininta Production of Zinc(TotaLs in thousands oa metric tons (zinc content)# regionaL and country data
as a percentage of worLd production)
1960 1965 1970 1975 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
World 3,350.5 4,234.9 5,335 &j103.7 6,441.5 6,333.2 6,206.1 6 132.5 6,496.8
oDvelopin countr23s 23.2 23.5 2 24.2 23.9 24.9 24.6 25.1
Argentina 1.1 0.? 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6loliviail 0.1 o.3 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7IratiL n.a. n.a. 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3ndia 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 o.? o.5 0.6 0.5Korea, Reo.of 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.92eo1tol 8.1 5.3 5.0 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.8Peru 21' 4.7 6.o 5.9 6.o 7.1 7.7 8.5 8.1 8.3laoania n.a. n.a. 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 b.7 0.5Spain 2.6 0.9 1.8 1.4 2.2 2.2 2.9 2.9 Z.7YuJOIL~sl 1.7 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.6S 1.6 1.5 1.5 I1.3Zambia .2±' 1.14 1.04' o0.8 0.94! 0.8j, O.7k' C.6 0.8Zal e 3.3 2.8 2.1 n.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.3Other 4.3 3.6 2.5 4.5 2.5 1.5 2.0 1.9 2.4
bevetloped country" 50.1 55.1 5S.7 50.0 50.1 50.1 49.5 49.5 50.7or which:
Australia 9.6 8.4 9.1 8.2 7.3 8.3 8.0 8.5 10.2Austria 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3Canada 11.0 17.6 21.3 20.2 19.3 19.0 17.0 17.9 18.2gC46 8.3 6.1 6.6 6.9 8.1 8.6 9.0 7.0 7.1
Denmark (Greenland) , _ 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.2France 0.5 .5 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6Germany, Fed.Rep..I7! 3.4 2.6 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.$ 1.9 1.8 1.6Greece 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3Ireland 0.0 0.0 1.8 1.1 2.7 3.3 3.7 1.9 2.6Italy 3.9 2.7 2.1 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6
Finland 1.3 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.9 O.9 0.9 0.8JaIan 4.7 5.2 5.2 4.2 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.7bIway 0.3 o.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5South Africa (inc. Namibia) 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.7 2.0 1.9Sweden 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.9 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.9United States!1.1 11.8 13.1 9.3 7.0 5.2 *4.6 5.6 5.6 5.1
Centrally-planned economies1 22.6 21.7 20.8 26.5 25.7 26.0 2546 25.8 24.2or whiich:
Oulgaria 2.3 .9 '.5 1.4 1.2 1.3 | 1.2 1.1 1.0Votand 4.3 4.4 4.5 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.3 2.8UlSS 11.2. 10.6 10.3 16.6 16.0 16.1 16.0 16.5 15.7Cina, P.R. 2.1 2.1 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.5Korea, P.3.' 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.8Other 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4
YUp to 1970 exports, since 1975 production..!./ecoverable zinc content for year 1960 and 1965.YU to 1970 recovwrale, since 1975 zinc content by assay.'Simetter production; since 1978 mine production.
.!Iecovwrable zinc content, since 197S sine content of assay.±tFor cowarative purposes total figures for the [IC include ten .ebtr States to. the whote per!vd.Zlseginning 1979 without zinc content In pyrites.UlEstimation based on smelter output (recovered netal).^ Estimates I n.a. Not avalLabLe
;ource: MetaL Statistics 1960-1970 and 1972-1982, MetaLLgeseLLschaft AG.
TABLE 4
INDICES OF WORLD MINE PRODUCTIONOF THE PRINCIPAL NO*-FERROlISt4ETALS
Spec (83)51/Rev. 1Page 1 1
Average 1960-62 a 100
2801
260 I-
2401-
220 -
2001-
180
160
140
, N* .
* S* 0
* 0
.I*.
. , -aft
*e.
00 00~*0600
*e* Sg0 *ge@00
I.
-.l I
LJOU
IIA-1 - I - IJ I II I_ ' I -_I I I I,_. I I I
1965 1970 1975 1980
Source: Trends in Production of Lead and Zinc, ApriL 1983Tn mrnn-tmn-l I I .-e -n, 74,:o, P+|A Olsn.
0@
I
555S0
Bauxite
ickel
Copper
Zinc
Lead
120 _
100
Tin
I r%__ 1-1
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 12
Smelting and refining
15. World smelter production of zinc followed the same trend as worldmining production, increasing from 3,151 thousand metric tons in 1960 to5,952 thousand tons in 1982. In some developed countries, includingcertain member States of the EEC (namely Netherlands, Belgium, Italy,Federal Republic of Germany aid France) and Japan, most indigenous mineshave been exhausted and the metal is largely produced from imported ores.Smelter capacity in developing countries has been increasing and in 1982about 60 per cent of developing country mine production was smelteddomestically. This amounted to about 18 per cent of world smelterproduction in 1982. In the period from 1960 to 1982 the share of developedcountries in world smelter production declined from 69 per cent to 55.6 percent while that of centrally-planned economies increased by about 4.2 percent, from 22.6 per cent to 26.8 per cent. In 1982, the largest zincmetal-producing countries were the European Communities (20.6 per cent),the USSR (17.6 per cent), Japan (11.1 per cent), Canada (8.6 per cent), theUnited States (5.1 per cent), and Australia (4.9 per cent). Table 5 showsdata on world smelter production from 1960 to 1982 and the percentage shareof producing countries.
16. In the 1960's zinc metal production was increasing at a lower ratethan zinc mine production. During the period 1970-1974, world smelterproduction grew faster (at 3.5 per cent annually) than zinc mine production(at 2.1 per cent annually), thus restoring the balance between mining andrefining. New investments in smelter capacity continued after 1974 mainlyin the European Communities, Canada and Japan and in 1979, world smelterproduction reached a record level of 6.4 million tons. In the followingyears, world smelter production slowed down as a result of weak demand forzinc, mainly in the EEC, United States and Japan. In 1981 the mostsignificant increase was in Peru which, after putting a new refinery intooperation, doubled its production. However, in the same year, smelterproduction in Japan fell about 9 per cent, to its lowest level since 1968,largely as a result of a rationalization of the lead and zinc industry.
17. In 1982, zinc metal production continued to fall in response to weakdemand in all major consuming areas. Metal production of the United Stateswas down about 90 thousand tons and that of Canada declined by 107 thousandtons due to cut-backs and closures of several smelter plants. Contrary tothis trend, the new refinery of Minero Peru raised the country's output to161 thousand tons. Zinc metal production also decreased in most countriesof the EEC. Total smelter production in 1982 was 5,952 thousand tons,about 237 thousand tons lower than in 1981. In the first three quarters of1983, the zinc smelter production of these countries increased by 240thousand tons. A major increase is expected in Mexico where a newelectrolytic refinery began operation early in 1983.
18. As mentioned before, secondary zinc production is less important thanthat of other non-ferrous metals. However, the output of secondary refinedzinc produced from scrap, residues and waste increased in the late 1970'sand in 1981 represented about 300 thousand tons (developed countries).Secondary recovery of zinc is likely to continue to expand during the1980's as recovery techniques are improved.
Spec (83) S1/Rev.1Page 13
TABLE 5
World Smelter Production of Zinc
(World totals in thousands of metric tons; regional and country data as apercentage of world smelter production)
World
0tvaloingcountries
ArgentinaBratI tIndiaKorea, Rep.ofMexicoPeruRomani aSpaill/
2/Yugostavia-
ZambiaZaire
Other
Devetoed countries-ofwih:Australia.AustriaCanadaEECY S/
Be l91u-Luxembourg.FranceGermany, Fed.Rep.ItaLyNethertandsUnited Kingdom
FinlandJapan,-,Norway
South AfricaUnited States
Centraltt-anned vcannaiaeC? whi ch:Butgaria
Poland
USSR
China, P.R.'
Korea, P.R.-
Other
IYOU
3,150 9
8.6
0.3'n.a.
0.00.01.71.0
n.a.
1.41.11.01.7
0.2
68.8
3.8
0.3
7.524.97.94.76.1
2.71.12.40.05.91.4
25.0
22.6
O.3
5.612.72.21.40.2
1YOS
&,0500.
8.8
0o.60.00.00.01.51.5
n.a.
1.31.1
1.21.40.2
68.6
4.9o.3
8.020.7
S.9
4.7
4.42.01.02.60.09.31.3
24.1
22.6
1.6
4.7
11.7
2.21.70.7
1970
5,085 9
9.8
0.60.2O.5
0.01.71.4
n.a.
1.7
1.31.11.20.1
68.4
5.10.38.2
21.64.74.45.9
2.80.92.91.1
13.31.20.5
17.1
21.8
1.54.1
11.22.01.6
1.4
---~~7 197 197 198 195 1052----, -
5,467.2
13.3
0.70.6
0.50.42.8
1.20.92.5
1.60.91.2
56.2
3.5
0.37.8
19.34.23.3S.4
3.32.11.02.0
12.81.1
1.28.21
30.5
1.7
4.4
18.82.62.6
0.4
6.028.4
14.7
0.4
0.91.01.02.91.00.8
2.91.60.7
0.70.8
57.3
4.8
0.48.2
19.13.93.8
2.9
2.21.22;212.71.21.3
7.3y'28.0
1.5 -* 3.717.52.72.20.4
6,436.4
14.3
0.6
1.01.01.32.51.1
0.72.9
1.50.6
0.70.4
59._
4.70.4
9.020.13.93.95.53.22.41.2
2.3
12.31.21.28.2y
26.3
1.4
3.216.92.5
1.90.4
6,158.M
13.8
0.61.30.71.22.31.00.72.5
1.4
0.50.70.9
59.4
4.9o.49.6
21.64.04.15.9
3.42.81.42.411.91.31.36.03'26.8
1.5
3.5
17.22.5
1.7
0.4.J I I I I IIVleginning 1975 including zinc oxide for iale.
it including zinc dust.
-/Excluding remelted zinc from GSA stock.
i'For comparative purposes total figures for the EEC include ten member Ste
Excluding remetted zinc.
Including redistilled secondary zinc.* Estimates
n.a. Not available
Source: Metal Statistica 1960-1970 and 1972-1982, MetalLgeselLschaft AG.
ites for the whole period.
a,189. 7
15.5
0.41.50.91.3
2.1
2.10.8
2.91.60.50.90.5
58.5
4.80.4
10.021.03.8
4.25.92.9
2.91.32.310.8
1.31.7
6.326.0
1.5
2.7
17.12.5
1.7
0.5
5,952.3
17.6
O.S1.60.91.72.22.70.8
3.1' 1.5
0.71.1
55.6
4.90.38.6
20.6.3.8
4.15.62.7
3.11.32.4
11.1
1.3
1.3
5.1
26.8
1.52.8
17.6
2.91.5O.J
I . -.---n, - A-A- I - I - - - -
_, ., , __ . .
I I
1975 1978 1979 19A1 19821990
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 14
Consumption
19. World consumption of zinc doubled, from 3,072 thousand metric tons in1960 to 5,961 thousand metric tons in 1982 and world per capita consumptionrose from 1.03 kg. in 1960 to 1.30 kg. in 1982. Table 6, showing regionaland country consumption of zinc from 1960 to 1982, indicates that the shareof developed countries in world zinc consumption decreased from 72 per centin 1960 to 53.4 per cent in 1982. In the same period, the shares ofcentrally-planned economies and developing countries rose from 20.5 percent to 28.8 per cent and from 7.6 per cent to 17.8 per cent respectively.In 1982, the principal consuming countries were the member States ofEuropean Communities (20.3 per cent, of which the Federal Republic ofGermany 6.2 per cent, France 4.4 per cent, Italy 3.4 per cent and theUnited Kingdom 3.0 per cent), the USSR (17.6 per cent), the United States(13.4 per cent), and Japan (11.8 per cent).
20. Throughout the 1960's and the beginning of the 1970's, worldconsumption of zinc grew rapidly at almost 6 per cent annually. By 1973,world consumption of zinc had reached 6.2 million tons, twice as high as in1960. Since then, sharp increases in oil prices, affecting the automobileindustry and other economic activities, led to a significant decrease inworld zinc consumption, which dropped to 5 million tons in 1975. After acertain recovery in 1978/79, world zinc consumption declined again to6.1 million tons in 1981. In 1982, the consumption decreased by another116 thousand tons. After 1973, the shares in world consumption of zinc ofthe former leading consumer countries (mainly the United States, theFederal Republic of Germany and the United Kingdom) continued to decrease.Stagnant automobile production, the tendency towards smaller and lightercars and competition of plastics, as well as lower demand for zincgalvanizing and brass, were the causes of the decline of consumption in theUnited States, which decreased from 1.4 million in 1973 to 800 thousandtons in 1982. During the same period, the consumption of the member Statesof the European Communities decreased from 1.5 million to 1.2 million. Themain decrease was recorded by the United Kingdom because of lower demandfor die-casting and brass. The relatively lower decline in zincconsumption of Japan can be attributed to the better performance of itsautomobile industry. Contrary to the downward trend experienced bydeveloped countries, zinc consumption continued to expand incentrally-planned economies and developing countries. Average rates ofgrowth in zinc consumption of centrally-planned economies were 6 per centannually in the 1960's and 4.3 per cent annually in the 1970's. During thelast two decades, the average annual growth rate of zinc consumption ofdeveloping countries was about 7 per cent.
21. Table 7 indicates the supply and demand situation of zinc from 1960 to1982 and projections by the World Bank for world zinc production andconsumption from 1980 to 1995. According to the World Bank's forecast,world zinc consumption should grow 2.1 per cent per annum between 1980 and1985 and 3.2 per cent in the following ten years. This growth is expectedto differ from region to region. While in the period 1980-1995, theconsumption of developed countries and centrally-planned economies should
'Source: World Bank; Price prospects for major commodities.
Spec (83)51/Rev. 1Page 15
TABLE 6
World Consumption of Zinc(WorLd totals in thousands of metric tons; regional and country data
as a percentage of world consumption of zinc)
1960 1965 1970 1975 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Word 3,072.1 4,053.9 4,903.5 4,977.6 6,293.0 6,365.3 6,266.2 6,076.6 Sf960.5
o-eooincounries. 7.3 8.2 10.1 13.4 16.4 16.8 16.1 17.1 17.8
Argentina 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4Brailt 1.0 0.8 1.1 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.9 1.8India 2.0 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7Indonesia n.a . n.. n.. 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.2Korea, Rep.of n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.5 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.6
Mexico 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.5Peru n.m. n.a. n.a. 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2Romania n.a. n.a. n.a. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9Thai land n.a. n.m. n.a. 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 O.5
Spain.1 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5Yugostavia 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2
Other 1.1 2.0 2.6 3.4 4.8 4.6 3.6 4.9 5.3
Devatoped countries 72.2 73.2 68.7 57.4 57.7 57.5 56.8 55.7 53.4
Austria 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4AustraLiall/In 3.0 2.4 2.3 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5Canada 1.6 2.3 2.2' 3.0 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.0EEC2' 31.7 26.6 25.7 20.9 21.6 21.8 22.4 20.8 20.3Delgium-Luxembourg- - 3.4 3.1 2.8 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.1Denmark 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2France 5.6 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.5 5.4 4.5 4.4Germany, F.R. 9.7 8.1 8.1 5.9 6.3 6.6 6.6 6.1. 6.2Greece - . 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2ItaLY 2.8 2.9 3.6 3.0 3.5 3.6 3.9 3.5 3.4NetherLands 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8United Kingdom 9.0 7.0 5.7 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.0 3.1 3.0
Finland 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4Japan 6.2 8.1 13.0 10.9 11.8 12.3 12.2 11.5. 11.8Now Zealand - - _ 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4Norway 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6Portugal 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3South Africa, Rep.of 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.5Sweden 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5Switzerland 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.3 0S4 0.4 0.3United State2 25.7 30.1 21.5 16.7 16.8 15.8 14.3 15.Sy 13.4
Centrally-planned economies 20.5 18.6 21.2 29.2 25.9 25.7 27.1 27.2 28.8of Which:
Sulgaria n.s. n.a. n.a. 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2Czechoslovakla 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1Germany, D.R. 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2Poland 3.0 2.8 2.6 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.4 2.4USSR* 12.1 9.9 10.7 17.9 15.9 15.9 16.7 17.3 17.6China, P.R.* 2.3 2.5 3.1 3.6 3.0 3.0 3.2 2.3 4.4Other 0.8 0.9 1.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.9 0.9
- Including zinc dust.1/Exctuding reselted zinc.3/For comparative purposes total figures for the EEC include ten member States for the whole period.4/Years 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981 including zinc dust.I/Years 1960, 1965, 1970 include Oceania
0 Estimates
Source: Metal Statistics 1960-1970 and 1972-1982, MetaLtgeseLLschaft AG.
Spec(83)51 /Rev.1Page 16
TabLe 7
Zinc, mine production, smelter production and consumption, 1960-19821 -----,~ and projections, 1980-1995
ri. to In My (%J
Sources: International Lead and Zinc Study Group (Actual)World Bank, Economic Analysis Projections Department (Projected)
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 17
increase at an annual average of 2.1 per cent and 2.3 per centrespectively, the average annual rate of growth of developing countries isexpected to continue to be about 5.2 per cent. In the same period, mineproduction is also expected to grow at 2.9 per cent annually. The mostimportant investments into mining capacity are likely to be in Australia,Canada and Latin America (mainly Mexico and Peru), as well as in Asia(principally India). The tendency to shift smelter production fromconsuming regions to zinc-mining countries should continue as thesecountries would continue to implement policies aimed at increasing thevalue-added of their production. The annual average rate of growth ofsmelter production is expected to be 3.1 per cent, in line with worlddemand for refined zinc.
Prices and Stocks
22. There exist three main price quotations for zinc: the US producerprice, the Overseas producer price (also called the European producerprice) and the London Metal Exchange price. The US producer price forPrime Western grade zinc published in "Metals Week", reflects a weightedaverage of prices charged by individual producers. The "European producerprice", in existence since 1964, reflects the attempts to stabilize thefluctuation of zinc prices. Major European2 Canadian and Australianproducers publish a price list for GOB zinc in "Metal Bulletin" on which,depending on the market situation, discounts may be granted or premiums maybe required. The LME price represents only about 10 per cent of total zinctraded outside centrally planned economies but is an important indicator ofcurrent market conditions and has an influence on producers' priceformation.
23. The bulk of world's zinc mine and metal production is sold underdirect supply contracts concluded on an annual basis between producers orsmelters and consumers. Both supply and demand for zinc are not verysensitive in the short run to price changes,3so that relatively large pricevariations are required to clear the market. The LME quotation.is set inpound sterling and reflects any weakness in the value of sterling. On thecontrary, the European producer price is set in US dollars and any increasein the value of the dollar makes European zinc expensive so that manyEuropean metal producers are forced to offer discounts in order to becompetitive in the market.
'Due mainly to the lower growth of the world economy than previouslyexpected, it is likely that these estimates will be revised downwards. Thegrowth of world zinc consumption between 1980-1995 would probably fallwithin the range 2-2.5 per cent per annum.
2"GOB" - good ordinary brand with the purity 98.5 per cent minimumusually debased with lead.
3According to a recent study by the world Bank "Producers' response tovariations in prices in the same year is near zero, while medium term (3-4years) price elasticities of supply have been estimated at between 0.3 to0.6. Price elasticity of demand is negligible for the same year, and ithas been estimated at approximately 0.17 over the average price of theprevious two years. Therefore, prices fluctuate widely, with demandchanges deriving from variations in economic activity and supply changesderived from major strikes, technical problems, and the coming on stream ofnew projects." (Metals and Minerals, World Bank, 1982)
Spec (83)51/Rev. 1Page 18
24. Table 8 indicates current and constant dollar prices of zinc in theperiod 1960 to 1981 on the basis of the three main quotations. Thl graphbelow the table shows the LME cash price (in 1983 constant dollars) andindicates that after the period of relatively stable prices from 1966 to1972, prices of zinc metal increased substantially as a result of supplyshortages and unusually high demand and in 1974 reached a record level of994/lb. Then, due to over-capacity in the zinc industry and weakeneddemand, real prices of zinc metal started to fall and by 1978 theydecreased to 394/lb. (in 1983 constant dollars). Although zinc consumptiondeclined in 1980 and stagnated in 1981, the relatively tight supply of zincconcentrates pushed up prices of refined zinc. Since 1982 demand for zincmetal has weakened and the tight supply situation with respect toconcentrates has eased. These trends have resulted in lower market pricesfor zinc metal despite a steep increase in net exports of zinc metal intocentrally-planned countries, notably the People's Republic of China. Thissituation has changed since the second quarter of 1983. The increase inconsumption in several of the major consuming countries, a certain deficitin metal supplies (mainly high grade metal) and a continuing increase ofexports of zinc metal into the People's Republic of China resulted in theimprovement in zinc prices. Current prices oS zinc quoted in October 1983were at their highest level since nine years.
IUsing the International Price Index (IPI) calculated by the WorldBank. This index reflects the prices of imports of industrial goods bydeveloping countries from industrial countries.
21983 constant dollars were calculated on the basis of historicalprices using US GNP deflator.
Prices for refined zinc in 1982 and 1983 were as follows:Average 1982: LME settlement: 425.5 £/met.tons, US producer price: 38.50/lbMarch 1983: - " - 455.3 £-" - - " - 37.90/lbSept. 1983: - " - 559.1 £ - " - - " - 43.0/lbOct. 1983: - " - 573.8 £-" - - "- 46.10/lb
Spec(83)51/RevulPage 'i1
TABLE 8
Average Prices, 1960-1981 (USS/metric tons)
CURJWCNTSJ9 1 C
_~~~~o us GoSNISUNA~TONkL SIIR
us TRODUCfI PUOD U Ct RODUCZ PacoFICu /A SAIlS /A SZTMMNT IC nzcz RAS
285254256
264299
320320305
298322
337
3355
391'55
792
659
816758
683622
825962
'303285275
269286
306342
391528777
614795720607793
799911
2472141J5212324
282273
262267
295309377
1,239
743
712na391593742
761846
1,00069L908926
1,035
1,0851,060
997
1,0381,114
1,0561,0261,0291,0021,409
1,3341,246
1,066611
674
796962
5SS
1,027944699937990
959966
1,0291,1631,383
1,2641,214
1,013
721643.
911.
UMSUTTLENDI
752.
656
744
1.12l
2,054'134
92
913
993
925893992
1,874
2,205
1,154
1,087631
704769
735
646
lA ¶fElWCS N ZnC. IAST ST. LOUIS. SICINE JANUARY. t971 MVEIRUD CONSUStL PFLANe S2CCIMNG
SZPTZNMEZ 1980 WtCH CRADI. ACCORDINC TO IGNCEMNIC MD MINING JOURNAL TO 1966; NETALS VEE rROM
1967 05. ALSO ETALLCESMLLSCHAF, METAL STATISTICS.
/5 NTALLcrSUc1AFT, MZTAL STATISTICS, AIMD MTAL BULLETIN.
/C MtALS EWtM WDAn TALLGESULU IAW, MZTAL STATISTICS.
Source: MetaLs and MineraLs, WorLd Bank, 1982
5 60 66 70 75 80
Source: MetaLs, AnaLysis and OutLook, No.17 Third Quarter 1983
29601961196219631964
19451966196719642969
1971197219731974
19751976197719761979
l9801981
-
(.
,
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 20
25. Data below show zinc metal stocks from 1978 to 1982 and data availablefor 1983. In 1982, zinc commercial stocks decreased by 73,000 tons, as aresult of reduced output and increased exports to centrally-plannedeconomies. By September 1983, producer stocks of refined zinc went down to308 tons, which was the lowest level since the last ten years, whileconsumer stocks increased only marginally. The total refined metal stocksare estimated to be reduced by about 100 thousand tons by the end of 1983.This trend might affect the upward movement of both the producer and theLME price quotations.
Metal stocks (thousand metric tons)
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983
Commercial stocks
Producers
Consumers
447
209
552
199
499
161
564
163
503 308(Sep)
153 169(June)
Merchants 90 70 40 75 53 32(June)
Comex
TOTAL
70 46
2
818
2
769
86 74 92 112.5(Sep)
1
787
0
876
0 0.1 (Sep)
801
Non-commercial stocks
US stockpiled
Actual inventory
Uncommitted inventory
346
338
Japan Government 145stockpile
346
338
140
342
338
118
341
339
341 341 (Aug)
341 341 (Aug)
86 61 29(Sep)
1The current stockpile objective is 1,292,739 metric tons.
Source: Monthly Bulletin of the International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, November 1983.
LME
. . .
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 21
SECTION II: FOREIGN TRADE
26. Data shown below indicate world imports of zlri concentrates andrefined zinc in the period from 1975 to 1981, ;eiisd information ontrade flows in the same period is given in Tinbkls 4 122
Thousands of 1975 1978 1979 198V' 1981 1982metric tons
Concentrates:(zinc content)
Exports 1,992 2,106 2,032 2,042 1,921 1,913(1,829) (1,829) (1,729) (1,713) (1,671) (1,694)
Refined zinc
Exports 1,400 1,828 1,734 1,794 1,797 1,856(1,171) (1,512) (1,396) (1,433) (1.507) (1,535)
Note: The totals shown above include published data on exports reportedby market economy countries, together with estimates of tradebetween centrally-planned economies and other countries not coveredby official trade statistics. Trade among centrally-plannedeconomies is excluded, intra-EEC trade is included. The figures inbrackets indicate the world total excluding intra-EEC trade.
Exports
27. Table 9 indicates volumes of world exports of zinc concentrates in theperiod 1975 to 1982. Exports have fallen in recent years owing toreductions in supply reflecting the increases in smelting and refiningcapacity in several major producing countries and lower mine production.The main exporters amongst developed countries, which altogether accountedfor about 65 per cent of world exports of concentrates in 1981, were Canada(30.9 per cent), Australia (13.8 per cent) and Sweden (10.7 per cent). Inthe Table 9 same year, developing countries were responsible for 33.2 percent of total exports of concentrates with Peru and Mexico as mainsuppliers (19.2 per cent and.4 per cent respectively). The share ofcentrally-planned economies was 2 per cent (excluding trade amongthemselves).
Statistical data on trade flows are based on information supplied bythe International Lead and Zinc Study Group.
2Total exports for 1982 based on data available by November 1983.
8Deo(8j)5i /Rev. I
(Zinc content; thousands
TABLI 9
WORLD EXPORTS 1975-1g32: ZINC CONCENTRATESof metric tons, regional and country data as a percentage of world exports)
1975
Total trade 1/Total trade CexeL.intra-1C trade)Oiveloolno countries
or which:BoliviaBrazilBurmaChileEcuadorGuatemalaHondurasIranKorea, Rep. ofMexicoMoroccoNicaraguaPeruPhilippinesSpainTupisia 2/TurkeyYugoslaviaOther(Argentina, Congo)
Dveigged countriesotwaich:AustraliaAustriaCanadaEEC
belgius
Dernark(Greenland)
France
Germany, F.R.
Greece
Ireland
Italy
United Kingdom
NorwaySouth AfricaSwedenUnited States
CentrallU plannsd 3economiesOf WiCh:CzechoslovakiaKorea, P.O.R.
1979 1980Volume S Yolume S Volum S Volume
14991. 7(1,828.6)
638.5
49.54.32.03.00.10.323.1
* 70.023.873.613.25.0
322.47.44.11.9
26.03.8
2,106.1100.0 (1,829.3)
34.9.
2.70.20.10.20.00.01.33.81.34.00.70.3
17.60.10.20.11.40.2
623.0
51.62.82.62.01.00.5
26.1* 40.0
4.956.35.52.0
405.08.13.81.83.41.1
2,032.3100.0 ( ,1729.4)
34.0
2.80.20.10.10.10.01.42.2o.33.10.30.122.1o.40.20.10.20.1
584. 7
53.94.63.01.51.50. 5
21.1* 24.0
61.47.4
368.611.16.33.22.33.3
2,041.9100.0 (1,712.6)
33.8
3.10.30.20.10.10.01.21.4
3.60.4
21.3o.60.40.20.10.2
632.7
46.2
* 3.01.02.00.113.0
* 37.0
67.44.5
409.07.4
25.410.22.14.4
1981 1982S Volume I Volume S
1,921.3100.0 (1,671.3)
36.9
2.7
0.20.10.10.00.82.2
3.9o.3
23.9o.41.50.60.10.3
554. 5
44.7
* 4.01.50.81.0
14.4* 30.0
66.88.4
320.95.9
22.213.09.63.0
100.0 j191 0(1.693.9)
33.2 470.92.7 42.30.2 n.a.0.1 -a.a.0.0 n.a.0.1 n.a.0.9 n.a.1.8 n.a.
4.0 70.20.5 8.8
- n.a.19.2 335.00.4 n.a.1.3 14.00.8 n.a.0.6 n.a.0o2 0.6
S.0 0.3 4.5 0.2 11.0 0,6 . - 8.3 0.5 _
1 320 2d"1;7:1)
177.42.3
718.1240.7(77.6)9.5(0.0)
98.1(66.3)8.7C.)
31.4W-)
14.4(5.0)66.6
(-)5.7(0.8)6.3(5.5)7.4
48.3104.022.0
33.0
5.028.0
63.39.70.139.3
4.2
0.0
3.6
0.3
0.0
0.30.42.65.71.2
1 465.1(I1 88.3)
243.0
689.3344.9(68.1)5.1(-)
83.2(48.0)27.3(0.0)24.5)
22.5(3.5)
180.8(15.1)
C-)1.5
(1.5)6.5
24.7145.711.0
65.013.3
37.7
3.7
2.6
0.0
0.2
0.8
0.10.41.48.00.6
1.81 18.0 1.0
0.3 10.0 0.51.5 8.0 0.4
1 401 6
183.8
598.5398.8(95.9)25.0(4.3)
91.9(45.8)23.3
(-)
34.4(3.8)26.5
(6.8)196.5(34.0)
1.2(1.2)
(.e)
7.2
20.3172.021.0
63.510.6
34.6
5.5
0.2
2.6
o.2
0.4
2.0
0.1
O.41.29.91.2
1 374.2(I1044. 9)
261.6
432.6424.8(95.5).10.4i-)91.4(48.0)22.0(2.4)39.2(3.8)22.4(7.0)
234.3(32.7)
1.6(1.6)3.5(W)
3.722.8174.254.5
61.015.3
25.3
5.6
1 333.8( 1,83.4 8
230.0
516.2328.
(78.2)19.9
(-)
85.22.8 (46.5)
21.60.1 (0.0)
32.00.2 (4M1)
25.80.4 (5.6)
132.51.9 (21.7)
0.30.1 (0.3)
10.9_ C-)
0.2 11.31.3 23.2
10.2 178.43.2 46.5
46.0 2,7 35.0 2.0 33.0
10.0 0.6 5.0 0.3 8.036.0 2.1 30.0 1.7 25.0
64.813.8
30.9
4.7
2.8
0.0
0.2
0.3
1.3
0.0
0.71.4
10.72.8
1 04.1I
457.8356.A(137.2)
8.8tO.O)77.4
(66.9)29.3(1.2)45.5
(3.4)27.7
(17. 7)
163.3(48.0)4.3
(.=
C _ )13.630.5
179.377.3
2.0 38.0
0.5 8.01.5 30.0
/Total trade including intra-EEC trade, figures in brackets indicate totaL tradeTotaL trade for 1982 based on data avaiLabLe by November 1983.
A/Based on imports reported by receiving countries.31Exports by centraLly-pLanned economies to other countries (i.e. excluding tradeare estimates, on imports reported by receiving countries.
TotaL percentages may not add because of roundings.*Estimates
Source: StatisticaL data supplied by the InternationaL Lead and Zinc Study Group.
excluding intra-EEC trade.
among themselves). Figures shown
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 23
28. Since 1979 world exports of refined zinc have remained stagnant due tocontinued depressed demand for slab zinc and shortages of zinc concentrates(see table 10). In 1981, world exports of refined zinc amounted to 1,507thousand tons (total trade, without intra-EEC trade). Developed countriesprovided 70.7 per cent of world exports of refined zinc. The leading worldexporter was Canada with a share of 30.1 per cent 1981, followed by memberStates of the European Communities (13.4 per cent), Australia (11.7 percent), Finland (7.9 per cent), Norway (3.8 per cent) and Japan (3.4 percent). Main suppliers among developing countries, which represented25.4 per cent of world exports of refined zinc were Peru (7.5 per cent),Spain (5.9 per cent), Zaire (4.6 per cent) and Zambia (2.1 per cent). Inthe same year, centrally-planned economies accounted for 3.9 per cent ofworld exports of refined zinc. In 1982 , world exports of refined zincincreased to 1,535 thousand tons mainly due to increased exports by Peru,Australia and Canada. The increase in total exports was partially offsetby lower exports of the EEC, Finland, Japan, Norway and Zaire.
Imports
29. In 1982, world imports of zinc concentrates were 1,812 tons (totaltrade, without intra-EEC trade). The bulk of world imports of zincconcentrates goes to developed countries' markets, notably to the memberstates of the European Communities and Japan (Table 11), which in 1981accounted for 84.4 per cent of world imports. As these countries have, ingeneral, smelting and refining capacity which exceeds their domestic supplycapacity of zinc ores, they rely largely on foreign supplies. Amongdeveloping countries, Republic of Korea, Yugoslavia, Spain, Brazil,Algeria and Romania accounted for 8.5 per cent of world imports of zincconcentrates in 1981. The USSR imported more than half of total imports ifzinc concentrates by centrally-planned economies, the latter accounting for7.2 per cent of world trade.
30. As can be seen from Table 121, imports of refined zinc recoveredslightly in 1981 after a fall in 1980. In 1981 world imports of refinedzinc amounted to 1,481 tons (total trade, without intra-EEC trade). Theleading world importer is the United States which took 40.7 per cent in1981. In the same year developing countries imported 32.9 per cent ofrefined zinc, and centrally-planned economies 7.8 per cent. Majorimporters among developing countries were India, Indonesia, Thailand, HongKong, Brazil, the Philippines, Singapore and Venezuela. In 1982, importsof refined zinc to the People's Republic of China increased substantially.This trend has continued through 1983.
Direction of trade
31. Table 13 indicates the sources of supply in zinc concentrates andrefined zinc in 1981 into main markets. In 1981, the principal supplier ofzinc concentrates into the EEC was Canada, which supplied 38 per cent ofthe Communities' demand. Other main suppliers, in descending order ofimportance, were Peru (19 per cent), Sweden (11.8 per cent), Australia(7.9 per cent) and Mexico (5.4 per cent). Main suppliers of zincconcentrates to Japan were Canada (32.8 per cent), Peru (29.2 per cent) andAustralia (27.7 per cent). United States imports of zinc ores originatedmainly from Canada (45.6 per cent) and to a lesser extent from Peru andMexico. Half of the imports of refined zinc into the United States was
'Data for 1982 were not available for all countries.
Spo8PC3)52 /Rev.1ftgo 24
TABLE 10
WORLD EXPORTS 1975.1982: REPINED ZINC(Thousands of metric tons., regional and country data as a percentage of world exports)
1975
Total trade I1Total trade (exci.intra-EEC. trade)Deeoing countriesAlgeriaArgentinaBrazlIKorea, Rep. ofMexico,PeruSingaporeSpainTurkeyYugoslaviaZaireZIa~fOther
Dee~ed ountries 1
AustraliaAustriaCanadaEEC I/
Belgium 21
Denmark
France
Germany, F.R.
Italy
Netherlands
United Kingdom
FinlandJapanNorwaySouth AfricaSwedenSwitzerlandUnited States
Cetrlly lanned
of which:BulgariaPolandU532China, P.R.Korea, P.0.2.Other
1976 1979 198Volume S Volume % Volume S Volume1,400.4(1,170.8)
343.1
6.5
go.457.6N.A.30.5
51.065.641.3
925.8(695 Z117.70.2
247.2386.7(157.1)180.2(59.0)0.1(0.1)15.0(8.1)66.4(34.1)28.7(25.6)82.9(20.013.4
(10.2)78.1.52.832.83.00.40.66.3
131.5
20.028.5S28.03.0
50.02.0
100.0 (1,511.6)
29.-3 403.4
0.6 17.7
O.0
7.7 103.84.9 49.1
N.A. 8.12.6 81.8
4.4 50.35.6 40.93.5 39.5
- 0.0
1 338.859.5 (TUZ!227T10.0 215.40.0 0.7
21.1 439.3464.8
13.4 (148.7)187.1
5.0 (40.8)0.1
0.0 (0.1)52.0
0.7 (37.8)75.3
2.9 (36.6)27.9
2.2 (17.8)107.4
1.7 (11.6)15.0
0.9 (4.0)6.7 109.84.5 57.92.8 48.20.3 1.70.0 .0.10.1 0.20.5 0.7
11.2
1.72.42.40.3'.50.2
85.5
25.013.56.04.0
35.02.0
1,734.1100.0 (1,396.1)26.7
1.20.40.00.46.93.20.55.4
3.32.72.60.0
67.714.20.0
29.1
9.8
2.7
0.0
2.5
2.4
1.2
0.8
0.37.33.83.20.10.0O..,
0.0
5.7
1.70.90.40.32.30.1
329.9
8.50.50.18.9
77.239.02.9
84.10.5
34.730.842.70.0
1 313.8
198.00.9
429.4461.9(123.9)193.6(3.56)0.2(0.2)44.5
(30.5)82.9(39.9)14.1(8.3)
114.4(8.4)12.2(1.1)
128.837.356.8
0.20.20.3
90.4
20.04.410.04.0
50.0O2.0
1,793.5100.0 (1,433.4)23.6
0.60.00.00.65.52.80.26.00.02.52.23.10.0
69.914.20.1
30.8
8.9
2.5
0.0
2.2
2.9
0.
0.6
0.19.22.74.1
0.00.00.0
6.5
1.40.0.70.33.60.1
292.7
'20.0
0.2
58.332.84.8
93.8
22.9;16.132.20.0
1 404 3(~1T'44
219.11.4
471.7487.1(127.0)168.2(26.4)0.1
(01.1)32.9
(17.4)98.2(39.5)17.6
(12.1)143.1(24.4)27.0(7.1)
120.941.760.31.40.30.10.3
96.5
10.017.511.05.0
50.03.0
1981
I Vol..1982
S Volume %
1,797.3 1,856.4100.0 (1.506.5) 100.0(1,54,6)20.4
1.4
0.00.8
2.30.36.5
1.61.12.20.0
72.815.30.132.9
8.9
1.8
0.0
1.2
2.8
0.8
1.7
0.58.42.94.20.10.00.00.0
6.7
0.71.20.0.33.50.2
383.3
'12.02.12.58.4
28.2112.94.7
88.2
22.269.932.10.1
1 355.21(04:4
176.12.2
453.5493.3(202.5)148.6(38.9)0.0(0.0)56.6(35.7)109.2(63.6)14.3
(12.4)140.4(35.1)24.2(16.8)118.551.357.71.20.90.00.5
58.8
8.07.85.0
10.025.03.0
25.4
0.80.10.10.61.97.50.35.9
1.54.62.10.0
415.7
n.a.n.a.2.56.336.6
151.94.196.0
22.455. 740.00.2
.% 371 170.711.7 232.00.1 2.8
30.1 470.4458.3
13.4 (136.5)151.2
2.6 (45.0)0.1
0.0 (0.0)49.0
2.4 (15.6)86.6
4.2 (31.0)20.7
0.8 (5.7)139.9
2.3 (34.2)
7.9 111.03.4 40.83.8 54.00.1 0.80.1 0.70.0 0.00.0 0.3
3.9
0.50.50.30.71.70.2
69.6
8.012.613.04.030.02.0
I TotaL trade including3! Includes aLLoys.2'1
intra-EEC trade, figures in brackets indicate total trade excluding intra.EEC trade.
Export by centratly-ptanned eCO~noies to other Countries (i.e. excluding trade amng themselves). Figures shown areestimates, except for Poland, based on imports reported by receiving countries.
Total percentages may not add because of rounding. 'Estimates N.A. Not availableSource: Statistical data supplied by the International Lead and Zinc Study Group.
TABLE II
WRLD IPORTS 1975.1982: ZINC CONCENTRATES(Zinc content; thousands of metric tons)
Spec(83SM1/Re.l1Page 25
1975 1978 1979 1980
Volume S Volume S Volume S Volume
1981S Vole
1982
S Volume S
Total trade I/Total trade (cxcl.intra-EEC trade)Oevetoinq countries
Algeria 2/BrazilIndia 2/Korea, Rep. ofMexicoSpainYugoslaviaRomania
Developed countriesof which:AustriaCanada 3/EEC 1/
Belgium
France
Germany, F.R.
Italy
Netherlands
United Kingdom
FinlandJapanNorwaySouth AfricaSwedenSwitzerlandUnited States
Centrally planned 4/economiesof which:BulgariaGermany, O.R.Poland
USSRChina, P.R.Korea, P.D.R.Other
1,930.6(1,760.5)
2,096.8100.0 (1,837.3)
2,234.4'0w (1,965.4)
2,202.1100.0 (1,867.2)
2,051.0 2,046.6100.0 (1,814.2) 100.0 1,811.7)
110.3 6.3 155.9 8.5 165.7 8.4 142.9 7.7 153.5 8.5 148.0
* - 14.0 0.8 27,7 1.' 14.3 0.8 19.6 1.1 n.e.0.0 0.0 * - 0,0 0.0 18.1 1.0 24.8 1.4 27.95.5 0.3 48.6 2.6 14.5 0.7 22.6 1.2 .n.a.
*- 16.8 0.9 21.3 1.1 21.9 1.2 45.2 2.5 39.6* . . * - . - *
75.8 4.3 44.6 2.4 SS.9 2.; 20.i 1.1 25.5 1.4 3V.29.0 1.6 21.9 1.2 31.3 1.6 35.9 1.9 28.4 1.6 29.3
- 10.0 0.5 15.0 0.8 10.0 o.5 10.0 0.6 12.01 743.1 1 750.0 1 869.7 18967 1 767 5 1,736(1573.0) 89.3 (1TU490.5 81.1- (L'50067 81.4 (175T 8 3.6 1; 84.4 fy M7
0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.1 4.3 0.2 3.9 0.2 4.* - 6.1 0.3 9.9 0.5 59.5 3.2 71.3 3.9 40.2
1,066.4 1,024.4 1,063.9 1,146.7 1,011.7 1 086.2(896.3) 50.9 (764.9) 41.6 (794.9) 40.4 (811.8) 43.5 (774.9) 42.7 1851.3)252.3 219.9 228.9 177.6 201.8 202.9
(218.2) 12.4 (166.1) 9.0 (176.0) 9.0 (134.2) 7.2 (176.1) 9.7 (157.0)233.2 230.2 246.9 235.1 231.0 238.3
(171.8) 9.8 (177.0) 9.6 (188.3) 9.6 (177.9) 9.5 (176.5) 9.7 (186.7)263.1 214.9 207.2 265.6 200.0 221.3(233.4) 13.3 (173.7) 9.5 (155.9) 7.9 (205.8) 11.0 (148.7) 8-2 (171.4)106.7 113.6 127.9 196.4 145.5 129.2(86.0) 4.9 (56.2) 3.1 (85.9) 4.4 (130.6) 7.0 (105.3) 5.8 (123.0)166.0 170.6 154.6 190.3 181.3 234.3
(146.8) 8.3 (135.3) 7.4 (113.1) 5.8 (104.9) 5.6 (132.8) 7.3 (171.2)45.1 75.2 98.4 81.7 52.1 60.2(40.1) 2.3 (56.6) 3.1 (75O7) 3.9 (51.4) 3.1 (35,5) 2.0 C4.0).56.6 3.2 96.7 5.3 72.8 3.7 100.3 5.4 74.0 4.1 113.6
446.6 25.4 385.2 21.0 456.2 23.2 410.0 22.0 430.4 23.7 403.831.0 1.8 35.2 1.9 36.6 1.9 40.9 2.2 55.0 3.0 53.310.4 0.6 2.1 0.1 . - . -
* ~ 9.1 0.5 . _ *9 OO.0 0.0 3.8 0.2 2.5 0.1 S.1 0.3 3.5 0.2 2.5
131.5 7.5 187.4 10.2 225.0 11.4 129.9 7.0 117.7 6.5 49,3
77.2 4.4 190,9 1iO.4 199.0 10.14.0 0.2
65.2 3.7
8.0 O.S.
25.0 1.412.0 0.713.9 0.8
130.0
. .
7.1
O.5
25.0 1.315.0 0.814.0 0.7
125.0
20.0
6.4
1.0
162.5 8.7 130.0 7.2 .145.0
1s.0 08 30.0 1.7 30.030.0 1.6 5.0 0.3 22.013.5 0.7O90.0 4.8
14.0 0.7
80.05.010.0
4.40.30.6
72.015.0.5.01O
1 Total trade including intra-EEC trade, figures in brackets indI/ Totals shown are based on reported exports to these countries.
Includes yine in scrap.I'
fcate total trade excluding Intra-EEC trade.
L- lxorts by centratly-planned economies from other countries (i.e. excluding trade among themselves). Figures shownexcept those for Poland, include reported exports to these countries, plus estimates of tonnges not covered by published
trade data.Totalpercentages may not add because of roundings
Source: Statistical data supplied by the InternationatLoad and Zinc Study Group.
Spec (83)51/Rev. 1Page 26
1975
TABLE 12
IRLD IMPORTS 1975-1982: REFINED ZINC(Thousands of metric tons)
1978 1979
Volume S Volume S Volume S Volume S Volume 5 Volt" I
Total trade IfTotal trade Celct.lntra49C trade)aiveloicp countriesO f WnCh:ArgentinaBrazil
ChileColombia
Egypt
In9 att
IndonesiaIvory CoastKorea, Rep. ofNa-lysia
NoroccoN1i1geriaPhilippinesSin apore
Thai land
TunisiaTurkey
Venezuela
YugoslaviaOahea
Devouped countries
AustriaCanadj
EEC S
Belgium 21
Ogiwaric
France
Germany, f.R.
Greece 2
Ireland 2/
Italy
Retherlands
United Kingdom
Finland
JapanNew Zealand
oray
Portugal
South AfricaSweden
Switzerland
limited States
4=010es
Czechoslovakia
Ie4anyt D.R.
lb"Agry
thiuas, P.R.
Other
1,266.3(1,045.6)
100.0 1,839.1(1,552.3)
100.0 1,812.2(1,483.8)
290.2 27.8 469.0 30.2
4.1
1.27.310.16.838.1
20.10.93.15. 9
1.110.19.48.7
0.117.61.0
12.18.3
18.548.47.0
916.1(59.4)
7.6
0.7450.0(229.3)23.9(20.0)11.0(4.4)62.2(25.5)
82.3(22.8)11.7(2.9)2.4
(N.A.)
39.2(21.5)25.1(S.6)
192.2(126.6)
1.922.214.84.18.01.9
42.916.9
345.1
0.4 0.5
4.8 67.30.1 6.10.7 12.1
1.0 *10.00.7 25.83.4 53.41.9 41.00.1 3.80.3 11.90.6 10.60.1 2.81.0 9.70.9 27.10.8 11.20.0 1.0
1.7 33.40.1 1.0
1.2 1.60.8 16.31.8 4.14.6 111.30.7 7.0
1 262.1
66.5 1179.310.7 4.1
0. 2.4
513.621.9 (226.8)
24.91.9 (11.3)
13.60.4 (9.2)
82.52.4 (20.6)
30.92.2 (36.1)
15.90.3 (4.7)
2.2N.A. (0.6)
43.12.1 (18.5)
19.00.5 (2.0)
181.512.1 (123.8)0.2 0.12.1 32.11.4 12.90.4 0.70.8 17.00.2 -4.1 35.51.6 25.9
33.0 617.8
0.0
4.30.40.7
0.6
1.7
3.42.60.20.80.70.2
0.6
1.70.70.12.20.10.11.10.37.20.5
62.8
0.3
0.2
14.6
0.7
0.6
1.3
2.3
0.3
0.0
1.2
0.1
8.0
0.0
2.10.80.01.1
2.31.7
39.8
459.8.
2.460.15.2
1U.4*10.027.354.045.05.22.8
11.3
2.89.1
26.517.40.833.80.90.614.94.8
104.58.0
1 219.4
4.52.6
554.8(226.4)
51.5(22.4)16.0
(11.6)79.9
(13.3)142.4(45.8)20.9(N.A.)
2.8(0.7)44.8(17.0)20.3(4.7)
176.2(110.9)
1.136.719.70.414.5
36.421.6
527.1
100.0 1,651.2(1,323.5)
100.0 1,762.2(1,481.4)
100.0 1 356.5 100.0(1 008.5)
i1.U 469.3 MLL 487 A .6L 91.4
0.24.10.40.8O.7
1.83.63.00.40.20.8
0.2
0.6
1.8
1.80.12.30.10.01.00.37.00.5
60.00.3
0.2
15.3
1.5
0.8
0.9
3.1
N.A.
0.0
1.1
0.3
7.5
0.12.51.30.01.0
2.51.5
35.5
3.059.55.8
11.2*11.029.449.851.44.11.3
10.73.0
19.516.216.61.8
33.31.50.7
23.67.8
100.18.0
1 075.911748.2)
4.10.7
523.3(195.6)
45.6(18.9)
13.0(9.7)OS. 2(17.9)
141.2(38.7)
18.8(N.A.)2.4(0.7)46.6(13.8)20.2(10.2)130.3(85.7)
1.141.918.9
1.016.81.8
30.425.3
410.6
o.2
4.50.40.80.8
2.23.83.90.3
0.10.80.21.51.21.30.12.50.10.11.80.67.60.6
56.5
0.3
0.1
1..4
O.7
1.4
2.9
N.A.
0.1
1.0
0.8
6.50.13.21.40.11.30.12.31.9
31.0
1.627.47.1
13.1'12.035.666.765.45.1
1.118.32.316.719.516.7
37.50. 55.2
16.99.1
101.88.0
1158.6
4.58.1
431.0(150.2)45.6(9.7)
12.0
(9.3)61.8(8 1)
118.1(37.1)18.3(7.6)2.1(0.5)46.0(10.7)14.4(2.0)
112.7(65.2)0.530.413.60.311.78.326.221.3
602.7
60.0 6.4 108.0 7.0 133.0 9.o 106.0 a LW
32.0 3.2 39.0 2.5 . 30.0 2.0 30.0 2.3 40.010.0 1.0 8.0 0.5 13.0 0.9 15.0 1.1 3.0
10.0 1.0 10.0 0.6 14.0 0.9 10.0 0.8 12.0
5.0
3.00.5
0.3
40.0 2.66.0 0.45.0 0.3
60.0 4.012.0 0.8
4.0 0.3
50.0 3.81.0 0.1
0.1 n.a.1.8 7.6
0.5 n.a.
0.9 n.a.
0.8 n.a.
2.4 23.04.5 21.74.4 n.a.
0.3 n.a.0.1 1.3
1.2 n.a.0.2 n.a.1.1 n.a.1.3 nsa.1.1 20.4
_ n.a.
2.5 n.e.
0.0 n.a.
0.4 n.a.11 n.a.
0.6 9.46.9 -
8.01 027.0
59.3 1679-,0(.3 4.10.5 4R 7
10.1 (126.7)
42.60.7 (4.0)
10.20.6 (n.a.)
58.40.5 (6.2)
141.42.5 (44.5)
114.00.5 (8.0)*
1.8'0.0 (0.7)
70.7.
0.7 (18.4)
15.7
0.1 (3.9)119.9
4.4 (41 0)*
2.1 44.30.90.0 0.6
0.80.6 3.9
1.8 33.11.4 18.2
40.7 447.3
7.8 .2 1.2
2.7 25.00.2 28.00.8 10.0
50.0115.010.1
50.0 3.410.0 0.71.0 0.1
T*otal trade including
!2glsud alLevs
intro-CEC trade, figures in brackets indicate totaL trade excluding intra-ECt trade.
N tZorts by centralLy-planned economies from other countries (i.e. excluding trade among themoleves). figures shown includereported exports to these countries plus estimates of tonnages not covered by pubLished trade data.
fltalt percentages may not add because of roundings. *Estimates N.A. Not available
:Suces Statistical date supplied by the InternatiofnL Lead and Zinc Study Group
1980 1981 1982
141e
13in
esuJr
CrEat.
2Hi2
(lac
cseteat.
theu
dsatmetric
teel
)
1iac
isacaffmee
iARE
dJIlL
iSds lalt
e:
Austia-
&I
tcI-
F.1
.i-
I...I...,
-51tw
s"Int
llsi
dsWIfoa.SI.
@190A
tat
ISpdia
IY
t.
Iy1-
I11sdg
Im
L...
aa.
IeaII
((C
1.L
Ciehos
1.1
teeolals
13.
Isll
0.1
EEC
3.?
toulawls
6.31
Selgenla
4.3
tell0nl1d1
3.1
USA
hElt
Afri
ca
japo
U. O.1
31.3
3.62
[IL
LI
EELC
'4.
Pari
3.1
ku
U.
hifl
l1
Mal,
AsstralsIa
aut
SedlAfri
caLa
llet
a
twal
tels
i
olena
Ioeagal
Arteallt
C8echoe-
leva43
Iellan
Assi
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Brai
lIh
al1e
d
Fila
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Zaira
WIS Pare
Seal
sol
.14
aego
"l4th3.
3
bas
alge
iSria
Ot.n
.
ILI
41.1
61.3
61.4
41.5
20.6
16.1
15.1
13.1
11.6
113.
13.2I'.5
n.1
LS L.S
S.O
2L 1.3
0.1
5.I
*I. 1.1
2.5
S.2
'.4
5.2
1.1
3.5U LZ 3.5
3.5
0.4
VA 3.1
3.1
seades
22.1 LI
Is14
1141
-01Pe
r12
1.3
Anut
rall
s119.3
es,
11.S.
F.1.
Bolela
L.I
WA6.6
fbllleelmes
4.1
lhah
law
1.5
Sootb
4.4
Africa
P.0.I
Km%.L
1.1
Chle
.1.M
.3.3
Per
3.2
k4
3.1
MA
5.3
IM
I
Told1~
Seals
Austria
Tefd
3.1
*.4
31
catel
1XI
Caaa
53.1
Paer
23.3
Macxic
e20.0
[EC
L.1
leejenga
4.2
neatrala
S.2
chll.
A.
alefore
1are
Austrela
chl'a.PA
Afri
caTwisslaule
Alga
ria
folvS
ladl
e
Chit
.
55.6
S5.1
4.3
".2
21.1
25.6 12.l
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.0
U 6.4 1.5
Pare
12.1
Ca4ada
11.1
Gtber
3.4
Maci
c6.6
loire
3.at
LI(eC
r.1
itheLI
ueM461lla
34.6
W1A
5.4
ML.O
hm
I"w
tPr
14.1
((C
13.6
Lal
total
Pare
fares,
(IC
Mlacices
CAre
dles
Idal
UC-
linrbe.
1".3
eantria
1153
6.4
6.6
5.6
4.0
32 1.0
1.6
3.0
1.I
1.1
1.6
3.2
3.1
Cae
1.6
two
*.4
MA4.
6Im
iatl
auta
LO(I
C1.
2Gibr
(3.51
Other
(64
filb
1.6
tota
Iram
Fte
Sal
Ote_
$PIS
tEC ICd Iwre
like
"W
m.1
23.11L 4.2
L.s
Cu." 503a
W.5I
LCLI
1.2
/~fl
rews
foth
e((Cscl.
tatr4LCIn
Ad.
Z/be
eert
edta
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adt
oem
tra-edifd
isfrpd
wmtrooets
soco
ed11eah
ttadta
()ette.F
tie
W:W
tdtW
dsU
aof,
1sl6.131M
Ihltueeledla
sItol
gSs
ep.
A;
_.
_
I"
_e
lo.
fwiq
al3u
de(ioIt
ICeteehl
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ldle
lade
mel
eleg
ale
ftlllgelaee
slog
grti
Zied
leM.!'&
hwLf
bd
imld
Ilila
W'I(i
lWbi
1ia
iLIl
dILillaidIuldu
mlWd
w111
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IlIuid
ILI
ri"'l
0jl
uatrel
tu
cnit
M5(ICl.S
10.t
IE1e
S.0
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6.1
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11.1Cm&
10.0
treake
lls21
.6Idirn
10.0
Asetnile
5.lAeglnige
LIJim
10.1
Cad6.bC
..tal*2n
2.lu
leds
12.3
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all6.1Cae&
5.1C
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*.S
Idn
2.0Ja.
3!hates
6.3
(c1.
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3.1
Case
d.1.
0Aatrall
3.6
gnerm.
I.t
JVe
4681t8eI
GAZdre
L3F1
usd
1.1(C
LI2.
ln
1.S
hate
s02
1ae
2.1
Caad
10.S
fet
1.3
Idru
,L.
SFg
L.S
L..L
aC5.
1two
3A-
(aua
ay*
5.2IL
thE0.61
F..L
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1.4RC
0.2
far
0.1
ebe
q54
(EC
1.3
0tt
.l1adie
I.5
Lo.1
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1.6
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3.5
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5.6lue
3.3
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5.6
Jag.
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beLe
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sI3
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5L.0I
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0.1be
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Siqagwes
0.1
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5.1
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Leada
IlseSt
v6mu.
?I :: as
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 29
supplied by Canada. United States imports of refined zinc amounted to15.9 per cent from the EEC, from Peru 7.2 per cent, from Finland 4.8 percent and from both Spain and Zaire 4.7 per cent. Canada provided 38.6 percent of refined zinc imported by the EEC, followed by Finland (32 per cent)and Norway (18.9 per cent). The EEC was the main supplier of both zincconcentrates and refined zinc to Austria, Finland and Switzerland and ofrefined zinc to Canada and Portugal. Most of the refined zinc imported byNew Zealand, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailandoriginated in Australia.
SECTION III: COMMERCIAL POLICY SITUATION232. Table 14 shows the pre- and post-Tokyo Round tariff situation in
eleven developed country markets and some of the main importing developingcountries. More detailed information is contained in the Annex, whichprovides fuller data on both pre- and post-Tokyo Round tariff rates as wellas preferential rates at the tariff line level, together with correspondingtrade flow data for 1980 (1978 for New Zealand and 1981 for Australia) withrespect to zinc and products thereof.
The structure of tariffs
Post-MTN tariff situation
33. As can be seen from the Table 14, developed countries madeconsiderable tariff concessions on several zinc products in the TokyoRound, but main importing countries made only modest or no tariffreductions for unwrought forms (notably refined zinc and zinc alloys, andzinc dust, powders and flakes), which, along with ores and concentrates,account for the bulk of world trade in zinc. Post-Tokyo m.f.n. duty rateson zinc tend to vary according to the stage of processing.
34. (a) Raw materials
At the primary products stage, m.f.n. rates are usually zero or low inmost developed markets. (Zinc ores and concentrates CCCN ex 26.01; ashand residues CCCN ex 26.03). Positive rates on zinc ores and concentratesof 0.4 per cent and 1.5 per cent are applied by Canada and theUnited States, respectively. (For Canada, the applied rate is free.) TheUnited States also applies m.f.n. duties on imports of ash and residues ofzinc.
'This section deals basically with tariff and certain non-tariffmeasures. A number of other measures affecting the lead and zinc industry(governmental grants and loans, fiscal measures, research assistance, etc.)are referred to in the study on governmental measures published by theInternational Lead and Zinc Study Group in December 1978.
2Pre-Tokyo Round rates indicate rates applied in 1973 for Australiaand 1976 for other countries. Post-Tokyo rates indicate final rates in1987 upon total implementation of concessions. For Australia rates in thepost MTN column represent applied rates in 1983. l It means MTN ratesfully implemented. GSP rates are rates in force in 1983.
Spec(83)51/Rev. 1Page 30 TABLE 14
8umry of'_tartft utuationarfecting- ine ad aticles thereot
Zinc ores and concentrates
Ash and residues of sinc
Zinc oide
Zinc peroxide
Chlorides of zinc
Sulphidos of zinc
Unvrought zinc
Waste and scrap of zinc
Wrought ban, rods, angles,shapes ad sections or sine;
size ire
Wrought plates, sbeet$
and strips or zinc;.zinc fail;size powder and flaes;
zinc dust
Tubes, pipes and blanks
therefor of sinc;hollow bars; tube sndpipe fittings of zinc
AU8TRAtAY 3/4---tA//ASA4Product description ASRAU4 AA&
Pre-MN Post-wiN* Pro-MTN Post-MTN Pro-MTN Post-MTN_ _ ~~~~ASTAA.1 _ i1AA._. _ _~
Free
7.5%
7.5S
25S
7.5%
20% and
A6.616per ton
20% and
$A6.61 I
per ton
12.5S%
55% (
7.5%
2X08s: Free
2%
0SP1 Free
2%
CSP: Free
GSP: Free
20%
SP: Free
2%0SP: Free
Free
ee.
2S
110%
we (
?sp: Free USP: Free(.100-Zinc dust)
27.5%
sh5eets ..
C.900-
5S%
2e
DSP: Free
there)
Free
Free
Free
8128.-/1(11.1%)
0sp: S641.00
Free
4% +850. 40/1(6.5%)CSP: 2%S25.20/k
8.8%
08p: 4.14
2%
08p: 1%
free
10%
08?:
13%08P: 6.5(.100-P
18%
08?P 9%
(.200 -
12%CSP: 6%
LMu
Tree B
0O0kgs 889.60/l00kgs.(7.8%) u
,, I 08CSP: l1.5%,uai
'kgo. 85h.40/lO0kgs.
Jee B
3% ,
OOkgs S35.30/lookgs.(4.5%) B
+ (applied rate:,g. Free) C
6% B% 08P: 3.7%
2S BasP: 1%
Free B
( 6% a081: 11%
C
7% a
% asP: 5%lates, sheets )
8% a0sP: 6.5%
Powders and flakes)
7% aasp8 4.7%
OS not bound- 0.1% Cc5/GSP: Free G8P: Free
1% ~(ex 32900-1)(Xex 33501-1) iPge
Free rp ..
asP: Free coP: Free(ex 34500-1)
12.5S 10.5% BG8s: Free GSP: Free
(92819-1)
15% 12.5S CG8P: Pree G8P: Free
(92819-2)
15% 12.5% *GSP: Free G8P: Free
(ex 92830-1, 92830-6applied rate-free)
15%Gap:
Free BFree C8P: Free
(ex 92835-1)
Free Free I8Ps: Free GSP: Free
It-__ ^el^ _ 2r%ex j3uwanodes,
blocks,
I-L, *ex 3M-L -Lam, slabs,
Lust or granules)
17.5% 17.5% D
(34600-2 - unvrought zinc,
Free Pree081S Free 08P: Free
(ex 34500-1)
Free FeeC8P: Free C8P: Free(34610-1 - Rods, shapesalloyed)
12.5% 8 8
C8P: 6.5%
(ex 40121-2)17.5S ' 10.2% 5
C8Ps 11.5% 08s: 9%(ex 34600-1 Other)
Free free0SP1 Free G8P: Free
(ex 34505-1 - Zinc dust)Free Free
081: asp 08 : Fretex 3411-1 - Stris adsh teet) r p n
7.5% 5.5 aCSP1 5% 08P: 4%(ex 3h60s-1 - Foil, strip..)17.5% 20.2% B
81P: 1.S5% 0s1: 9%
Cox 34600-1 - Other, n.e.s.)
17.5% 10.2% B
G8aP 11.5S 081P 9S
(ex 34600-1, ex 71100-1 -Fittings) GSM: 8X
CCCN
@a 2601
ox 2603
2819
Ix 2830
ox 2835
ae 7901
e" 7901
7902
7903
79.011
Spec (83)51/Rev. 1Page 31
TABLI 14 (cont'd
- Pre-Tokyo Round rates indicate ratesrates applied in 1983.
A/The figures in parenthesis represent
3The figures in parenthesis representCCCN indicated by the Canadian authorities.
appLied in 1973, rates in the post-MTN coLumn represent m.f.n. and GSP
ad vaLorem incidence based on 1980 import prices.
Canadian nomenclature tariff Lines, based on the concordance with the
4/Pre-Tokyo Round rates indicate rates appLied in 1976, rates in the post-MTN coLumn indicate final m.f.n.rates in 1987 upon totaL implementation of concessions. GSP rates are rates in force in 1983. Austria and Canadaare reducing their GSP rates by stages in step with m.f.n. tariff reductions, resulting from the Tokyo Round.
5/AppLied rate is free.
P Bound rates.C CeiLing binding.
"-" Indicates MTN rates fuLLy implemented.
AUSTRAULA !AUSTIAY24 CANADA 34CCCH Product description
Pre-HT Post-MT Pre-Mn Post-MT Pre-UT Post-WmN
7906 Other artieles or sine 55% 20% 17% 8% a0s51 10% 0s51 8.5% OSP: 6.2%(.100 Anodes .101 - Cast srtioles)of ince; alloy25%(from 24.9. 12% 7% J 7.5% 5.5a583''24i9.84) G8p: 6% 05P: 4.7% 08P: 4%
20%(trou (.200 - Gutters ...) (ex 3W605-1 - Dises or slues)'2b69.816)P:100(both) 16% 8% 3 17.5% 10.2$8
(.200-Drill OSPs 9% 05Ps 6.5% Gaps 11.5% G8ap 9Sbit stands) (.901 - Other) (ox 34600-1 - Other, n.e.s.)20%' 8700.-/100k4S. 8b90.-/lOOkgs.08?: 10% W8:s 8350.-/ GSP: 297.50/(.900-Gutters lOOkp. lOOus.a
other) (811vered sine articles forthe 1sautfaoture of vire sets)
X
Spec (83) 51/Rev. 1Page 32 TALS 14 (cont'd)
J EEC 2! PINL~I*Di' JAI'Di 2.'CC31 __iProduct description ,EI.C Y FN N PsHUYjJe PAN u-
Pr-N Post-MSN Pro-MN I Poot-tMt Pro-MTN I Post-HTN
2819 Zine oxide and
SziB peroxide
ex 2830 I Chlorides of zinc
Sulphides of sine
Unvrought sine
Waste and scrap of sins
Wrought bars, rods,angles, shapes mad sectionsof sinc;
Wrought plates, sheets madstris o szins;sinse rou;fakes, sine dust
Tubes, pipes and blanksthoereor of since;bolles bas, and tubs adpipe fittings of sins
Other articles of sins
Free B
lree B
)us I)Qsp: Free
6% 3caps
6.9%as?:
ies
Frei
3.5% B
Fres B
)8B)W)as:Fe
8% a
hG8s0"2 ."0
8% aCap: TMe
res~alt
(.100 - cutters, rnogappings ...)8S 7% I(.900 - Other, n.s.B.1CaP: ft"(11) asP: T3
Free
lies
,16Sa8p: free
?no
Free
lies
liss
2i5e7*
)S
1%
2.SS
7.5%asP: l
&M B
DM B
as'10% a
preaWI
) les Bon's: free
fIti
MCfst, a
cap: lies
5.1sI08P: lis
lres
Free
12%051s Free5%0P1: lree
10%08s: lree
5%a8p: ?ie
Free a
lree B
6.5% B05Ps Free3.7% B05P: Free
5.8S Basp: les
3.7% B05p: ?ies
Vs/kg. VS/kg.+ V70 minus the value forcustos duty x I (B.&.)valued under Vt0/kg.Vs/kg(4.5%) YS/kg0.(4 5S)valued over VTO/kg.(.111 - Unalloyed, over97% b weight of zine)2.5% 2.1% 3(.112 - Unalloyed minin$95% but not over 97% byeight of sine)lise lree(.119 - Unalloyed, n.u.)VlO/kg.(4.9%) V7.8/kg.(3.8%)(.121 - Alloyed over 3% byeight of aluminiuu)BVlO/kg.(5.8%) V7.2/kg.(4.2%j(.129 - Allyed, n.e.s.)B8OP:lne (all)
2.5%as1: lies
7.5%
as8:Free (al',
1.9% BG8P: lres
4.2% B
10% 4.8% BW81:Fr(all) I w8tee(all)
15%
10%10%
10%
lo iGap: ftee
- wx - I
10%200-other n.'
7.2% B
5.6% B5.8s B0P:lssre(all)
U.8% Jasp0: les
..9% B'Utters
5.8X B01.5
caps ?ies (all
I/Pre-Tokyo Round rates indicate rates appLied in 1976; post-Tokyo rates indicate finaL rates in 1987 upontotal implementation of concessions. GSP rates in post-MTN coLumn represent rates in force in 1983.
The figures in parenthesis represent ad vaLorem incidence based on 1980 import prices.Bound rates, Geneva (1979) ProtocoL to the GATT.Partially bound at a ceiLing rate.Cei king binding.Indicates rates fuLLy implemented.
ex 2601
5x 2603
Zine oncs and concentrates
Ash and residues of isne
Free
lies
)12.8%)GsP: lies
9.6%a8P: Fne
12%
3.5%
Fre
)lo%)u~p: lies
10%
6%G8Pas so
I0%GOl: ?ies
ex 2835
ex7901
en 7901
7902
7903
7906
PC.I-".
Spec(83)51/Rev. 1Page 33
I MM I py".11,8t. .4.K.2-Im~n. I NZ-MW ZRALANDYI/ NORRWAYY2 r 8WDE
Zinc ores and concentrates
Ash and residues of zin0
Zinc oide and
Zinc peroxide
Chlorides ct zine
Sulphidus of zinc
Unvrougbt zinc
Waste eand serap of zinc
Wrought bar, rods, anglesshapes and sections of zinc;
Zinc vire
Wroughtplateu, oheetiand strips of zinc;line foil;
Iiae powder and flakes;
zinc dust
Tubes, pipes and blankstherefor of zinc;bollov barsand tube snd pipefittings of zinc
Other aticales'of zinc
_PreIm j Post-W IPre-I
Free
Free
Free
Lra'
Free
Free Free
Free Free a
10% 5% 5'GSP0 Freo
(.001-bar. and rods)
Free Free 3
(other than bars and rod
Free Free B-.009
10% 5S BGSP: Free SP8: Free
(.001-bars snd rods)50% 55aG8OP 25% G8P: Free(.002-Angles ,shapes and
auctions )5S 5%GOS? Free GSM Free
7.5% 7.5%081: Free -SP: Free(.001-01 Plates un-
vorked)5% 5P0SP1 Free G8Ps Free
(.001-02 Plates unmorkedunperforated)
50% 553081: 25% C8P: Free(.009-Plates ... worked)
10% 5% B8aP: Free
-zinc foil)Free Free
( -Powders, flakes,dust)
qf I -.
50M
b)
50S C(applied ratein 1983035S)
081: 25%
Free
Fre*
lNkrO.19d(h. 4£).Gp8: Fs
Free
Free
FreeFree
r,..
Tree
I Free
8.Ss(.150 ----;. ..... ...
coated)
2.5% j 2.2S 5(.109-Plates, shets ...
not coated)
Free I freee(.300-Povder and flakes)(.900-Dust)
C8P: Free GCP: Free(a) (al1)
'N Post-WIN
ZQD
'kg. NlrO.14/1kg.(3.35)5
Ers,0 GNFree5
Era'(unallc red)
rree 3(alloyed)
Free a
)))
5.6% aPlzt~s *h--ts
Free
?re
5S
CGP$
(.0ol-nalu )
3.8%S.009-Othern.e.s.)
Fre G8Pt Free
ZI Pro-M Post-MM_ ._ _ .. _
Free
Free
Free
Free
Free
FMe
Free
Free
Free
Froe
Free
Free
Free
a
a
free a
Free s
FMe 3Free a
(Unalloyed)
Free 5(all10yed)
TMe
Fre a
.Fr a
Free 5
Free I Free a
( .00-aUs,bolts ,guttenr..)k5 3.25 5
(.009-"thero.e.s.)
081: Free GM Fe
I/Pre-Tokyo Round 1'ates indicate rates appLied in 1976; post-Tokyo rates indicate finaL rates in 1987 uponl totaL
impLementation of concessions. GSP rates in post-NTN coLumn represent rates in force in 1983.
B Bound rates, Geneva (1979) Protocol 'to the GATT.C Ceiling binding."-" Indicates ratps fulLy implemented.
ex 2601
as 2603
2819
ex 2830
ex 2835
ex 7901
ex 7901
7902
79.03
79.06
____ I ------- ------I----
I
Time
... a
Spec(S3M51/Rev.1Page 34 TABL 11 (contd)
cr oe IlProdulc t'Se-A"CCC ~description IPre-MU sot-MT Pro-MTN I Post-Mn
2819 !inc oxide and
2i1e peroxide
ex 2530 I Chlorides of sine
ex 2835 I Sulphides of sine
ex 7901 I Unvrougbt sine
Wasto and scrapof sine
Wrought baen, rods,angles, shapes andsections of sine;Zins vire
Freo
Free
SvF 1.-/10Okas(0.6s)GSPt FreeSwF T.50/l00kgs(1.3S)GSP: Free
SvF 0.50/100kgo(o.5S)8PS ree
SvP 0.50/10kgo(0.1$)asp2: Free
SvF 0.l0/100kgs(0.1$)82Ps Free
8vF 0.20/100lks(0.1%)08PS Free
9vF 1h.-/lOOp.(0.4S)C8oP Free
Brought plates, sheets, Svo 1h.-/agsand strips of sine; MAP2.1sine ftoil, 08P Free
8vF 0.25/lOOk
(0.1s)0:Pt Fre
rreES
Lm a
8vP II-4°O0kao
082: Free
SvF 7.-/lO0kgs
(1.2$)
GSP: Free
0wr2.50/100kas
082: Free
08P: tree
082s Free
fVT0.20 lk51a
8vP .10/%) z
G8Ps Free
08?: Free
svF 1..-/lOdkgs(s:
(2.1%)082:
8vF 0.25/100kgo
(0.1$)
G8Ps Free
0.67M/lb on siLnOsP: Free
Icontent (3.2S) 0.31/lb onc0p: free
(602.20)
inLc content (t.5S) I
FrQe Free(603.20 - Flue dust)
0.751/lb (I..5$) 0.60/lb (3.6$) 8(630.30 - Dross and skiasings)
Free Free(603.65 - Other metal-bearing materials)
ld/lb on copper content 0.71/lb on copper content B40.751/lb on lead content 40.51/lb on lead content40.671/lb on zinc content(O.4%) *0.51/lb on sine content(O.3%)
(603.9 - Other metal-boaring materials)0.80/lb OAn copper content 0.321/lb on copper contents+0.751/lb on lead content .0.31/lb on lead content.0.671/lb on sine content(I.2%) 40.3i/lb oq sine content(O.SS)
(603.50 - Other).&11/lb on copper content 0.60/lb on copper content B.0.751/lb on lead content +0.bi/lb on lead content.0.671/lb oeasinc content(O.l%) +0.hj/lb on sine content(O.l%)
(603.51 - Other)9.5S 5S
(603.51. Other)G082 Free (all) 0SPs Free (all)
0.61/lb (1.6%)
IO/lb (1.S)
UP: Free (1l1)
0.51/lb (1.9%)
0s8: Free
1.21/lb (3.6$)
8as: Free
0.71/lb tZS)
19S
0.751/lb (5.2%)
9.5%
0srs Free
9.5S
p0.50/lb (1.02
0.561/lb (S.C
9.5S
965$
i2
0.3/lb (0.71
9.5$
08? free W
Free J(173.76)
1.3% 5(173.78)
G8P: Free (all)
1.6$ a(422.72)
082: Free
2.8% 5(473.80)
0sP8 Free
1.5% a(626.02 - Unalloyed)
19$(626.04 - Alloyed)
2.1% B(626.10)
5.7% a(626.15, 20, 22, 35)
U8PI ?n4.2% 3
(626.30. 31 - Coated and not coated)
Plates, sheets and strips; not clad5.7% a
(626.15 - Rolled in one direction)0.9% a
(626.1U - Not coated or plated vith metal)OS) .2% 8
(626.18 - Coated or plated vitb metal)5.7% B *
(626.20 - Cut to non-rectangular shapes)5.7% 3
(626.22 - Alloys or sine)6.5$ s
(626.21 - Clad)0.31/lb (0.7%)
(626.10 - Zinc dust)9.5S
(626.M2 - Other than sinw'dust)5.7$ s
(64b.30 - Zine toil)11) 8Ps: Free (alu)
ex 2601
ex 2603
Zinc ore andconcotrates
Ash and residues ofsine
ex 790
7902
7903
sine povdare andflakes
SpecC83)S1/Rev. 1Page 33
CCCl
7901
Preduetdescription
nTbes, pipes andblanks therefor ofsine; hollov bars,and tube and pipefittings oa sine
7906 1Other articles of since
V=lSRWLUD
Pre-M I Post-t
I
4 4
svr 4.-/lOOkgs(0.2%)GSP: Free
(0.2OS r-W8s Free
8vF 20.-/lOOkgo 8vF 17.-/1OOkguD(0.4%) (0.30)(100 - Vats, tanks and containers)Owl 18.-/lOOkgs Sw? 15.-/1004kgs(OAtS) (0.3%)(.310 - Gutters' roo cappinss
etc., not survace- resteSvF 35.-/lOOkgs 8vF 28.-/lOOkpB(2.2%) (1.7%)(.150 - Same as above but
surtuee-teated)Iv? 200-/lOOkgs 8v? l8.-/100kgsS(0.8%; 0.2%) (0.7%; 0.2%)(.200, .220 - Other s.,
unvorked or machined)SvO 80.-/lOOkgs "vP 66.-/100kgsJ(2.8%) (2.3%)(.310 - Other, n.e.s., gilt or
silvered)Bv? 50.-/100kgs Iv? 43.- lOOkgsI(2.5%) (2.2%)(.330 - Other n.*.s., otherwise
surface-treated)COPS Free Cll) OsP: Free (all)
UUMD BTATU
Pr*-W*
9.5%copsFree
5Sasp: Free(640.30 -
9.5%aOpI Free(657.80 -
Post-M
3.8s 5aOSs Free
(6C6.45)
Free aoSps Free
Containers at base metals other thansnd aluminiua)
Zinc aricles, n.es.,
precious metal)
5.7% aUSP: F
not coated or
2./Pre-Tokyo Round rates indicate rates appLied in 1976; post-Tokyb rates indicate final ratesimplementation of concessions. GSP rates in post-MTN coLutn represent rates in force in 1983.
in 1987 upon totaL
* The figures in parenthesis represent ad vaLore. incidence on 1980 prices.** The figures in parenthesis below tariff rates of the USA indicate TSUS concordance with the CCCN."-" Indicates rates fuLly implemented.
603.50 - Chile excLuded from the US GSP.
stainless steel
Plated vith
I'
Spec (83)51/Rev. 1Page 36
TABLE 114 (cont'd)
_NIodutesciptoBRAZIL EGYPT INDIA KOREA ROMDAJ YUGOSLAVIAQ:QI Product description 1982 1981/1982 1982/1983 1982/1983 1976/1977 1980/1981
2830 1 Chlorides of zinc
ex 28351 Sulphides of zinc
790. I Unwrought zinc
Waste and scrap ofsinc
Wrought bars, rods,angles, shapes andsections of zinc
Wrought plates, sheetsand strips of zinc;zinc toil; zinepovders and flakes
Tubes, pipes andblanks therefor ofzinc; hollow bars,and tube and pipefittings of zinc
7906 1Other articles of zine
40%
60%
60%
60%
60%(unalloyed;and otherDe.O..)
60%
60%
40%
60%
60%
Free
20$
)30S
25%
25%
20%
20%
20%
20% (plates,sheets androil)30% (powdersand flakes)
30%
30%
Free
5%
Free
10%
Free
Free
Free
Free
3%
5%
* _________________ &
7%
5%
) 8%
10%
7%(unrefined;refined andelectrolytic)10% eatinggand xtrusionalloys)
5%
12%
12%
12%
Socew: National Tariffs of Brazil, Edition 1982; and of India, Edition 1982/83.
Publications of the International Custom Tariffs Bureau, Brussels:
E&pt 1981/1982Korea 1982/1983Romnia 1976/1977Yugoslayia 1980/1983
ez 26011 Zinc ores and concentrated
ex 26031 Ash and residues of zinc
2819 Zinc oxide andZinc peroxide
2%
2%
) 5%
5%
5%
2%
2%
3.0%
3.5%
40%
50%
*Z 7901
7902
7903
7904
Free
Free
45%30%
30%
30%
30%
30%
20% (plates,sheets andstrips)40% (powdersand flakes)145% (other)
45% (tubes,pipes, blanksand hollowbars)37% (tubesand pipefittings)
55% (nails,tacks, boltsand rivets)60%(tubularcontainers)70(otherarticlesfor householdandindustrialapplications)
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 37
34. (b) Semi-manufactures
Beyond the mining stage, there is no tariff protection on smelting andrefining in Finland, Norway and Sweden and tariffs applied by Austria andSwitzerland are relatively low. (CCCN 79.01 - unwrought zinc). Post-MTNduties on imports of unwrought zinc into Japan range from 2.1 to 4.5 percent (1980 ad valorem incidence). The post-MTN duty on unwrought zinc is3.5 per cent in the EEC, zero (unalloyed) and 17.5 per cent (alloyed) inCanada and 1.5 per cent (unalloyed) and 19 per cent (alloyed) in the USA.With the exception of Japan, Switzerland and the United States, imports ofwaste and scrap of zinc are m.f.n. duty-free (CCCN 79.01 - waste and scrapof zinc).
35. Post-MTN rates of duty on zinc semi-fabricated products (CCCN79.02-04) range from zero to 10.2 per cent, in most cases increasing asvalue-added increases. Imports of semi-manufactures into Finland andSweden were bound in the Tokyo Round at zero. Australian tariffs appliedin 1983 have been duty-free or 2 per cent (10.0 per cent on zinc dust).Reduced post-MTN rates on semi-manufactures of zinc applied by Austriarange from 6 to 8 per cent and those of Canada from duty-free to 10.2 percent. The EEC and Japan also reduced their m.f.n. rates in the Tokyo Roundwhich range from 4.4 to 8 per cent and 4.2 to 7.2 per cent respectively.In the Tokyo Round, Norway bound most m.f.n. duties on semi-manufactures atzero and duty rates on zinc plates and sheets were reduced to 2.2 and5.6 per cent. Ad valorem incidence (in 1980 import prices) of dutiesapplied to zinc semi-manufacturers by Switzerland range from 0.1 to2.1 per cent. The post-MTN rates of the United States on zincsemi-manufactures are ad valorem (previously specific rates were used).They range from 0.9 per cent to 9.5 per cent.
36. Post-MTN duty rates applied to imports of chemical compounds of zinc(CCCN 28.19, ex 28.30, ex 28.55), are with some exceptions (Finland,New Zealand, Norway and Sweden which bound their m.f.n. duties at zero inthe Tokyo Round), relatively higher in most developed countries. Theyrange from 2 to 20 per cent in Australia, zero to 7.8 per cent in Austria,10.5 to 12.5 per cent in Canada, 6 to 11 per cent in the EEC, 3.7 to6.5 per cent in Japan. Lower rates are applied by Switzerland (ad valoremincidence in 1980 prices is between 0.1 and 1.2 per cent) and the UnitedStates (zero to 2.8 per cent).
37. (c) Finished manufactures
From eleven developed markets, only Australia and New Zealand maintainm.f.n. rates on manufactures of zinc above 20 per cent (20 - 25 per centand 50 per cent, respectively). Most of the post-MTN rates applied tozinc manufactures (CCCN 79.06) are not higher than those applied tosemi-manufactures and they range from 4.9 per cent to 10.2 per cent.Finland, Norway and Sweden, which apply duty-free treatment to almost allzinc products, maintain nominal duties on certain articles of zinc.Reduced post-MTN rates of Switzerland and the USA on zinc manufacturesrange from 0.3 to 2.3 percent (ad valorem incidence in 1980 prices) andzero to 5.7 per cent, respectively.
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 38
38. (d) GSP treatment in 1983
The 1983 GSP schemes of Finland, Norway,-Sweden, Switzerland and theUSA afford unlimited access at duty-free rates to all imports of zinc andzinc products from developing countries subject to positive m.f.n. duties.Australia grants duty-free treatment to zinc and all zinc products underits GSP scheme, except with respect to CCCN Nos. 79.01 and 79.06.Australia grants preferential treatment to developing countries for importsof zinc manufactures. Under the Austrian GSP scheme, m.f.n. rates arereduced by 20 to 40 per cent. Canada grants duty-free treatment to importsof primary products and chemical compounds from developing countries withthe exception of unwrought zinc alloys which are subject to a preferentialrate of 11.5 per cent. Preferential duties are also granted to imports ofzinc semi-manufactures and manufactures. The EEC grants duty-freetreatment under the GSP to the majority of zinc products (no GSP is grantedto CCCN 79.01). The GSP scheme of Japan gives duty-free treatment to allzinc and zinc products imported from developing countries. New Zealandadmits all imports of zinc and zinc products from developing countriesduty-free under its GSP scheme with the exception of other articles of zinc(CCCN 79.06). Austria, Canada and Finland also grant duty-free treatmentto imports from least-developed countries.
Other preferential treatment
39. Australia grants duty-free treatment to zinc products subject topositive m.f.n. duties when imported from New Zealand, Papua New Guinea andCanada. Austria, Finland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland grantpreferential duty-free treatment to zinc products dutiable under the m.f.n.when imported from EFTA countries and the EEC. Imports of zinc products 1subject to positive m.f.n. rates from certain centrally planned economiesinto Finland are duty-free under the provisions of agreements on thereciprocal removal of obstacles to trade. The EEC grants preferentialduty-free treatment to zinc products when imported from ACP countries,Mediterranean countries, EFTA countries and associated countries.Preferential rates, 60 per cent lower than the post-MTN rates are appliedto imports of zinc products from Spain. The preferential duty-freetreatment is granted to imports from Yugoslavia with the exception of CCCNex 79.01 / unwrought zinc (duty rate applied is 0.7%). This position aswell as CCCN 79.03 are subject to ceiling limitations. Imports of somezinc products from non-GSP British Commonwealth countries other than theUnited Kingdom into Canada attract duty-free or reduced rates. Imports ofzinc products subject to positive m.f.n. rates in New Zealand are duty-freewhen imported from Australia. For cases where imports of zinc products aresubject to positive m.f.n. or GSP rates or excluded from GSP schemes; bothdeveloped and developing countries which do not benefit from thesepreferential treatment face negative tariff rates on the products inquestion.
'This includes the USSR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, German DemocraticRepublic, Hungary and Poland. The agreements are fully implemented on1 January 1985.
Spec(83)51/Rev. 1Page 39
40. The present study does not attempt to analyse effective protection inthe zinc industry. As pointed out previously in document TAR/W/29,COM.TD/W/369, of 8 June 1982, a number of serious difficulties arise in anyattempt to measure effective tariff rates. These involve the lack ofaccurate information on input/output values in specific industries, as wellas other factors such as the estimation of the relative importance of tradeflows under m.f.n. and GSP rates, the calculation of ad valorem tariffequivalents, the establishment of appropriate weighting patterns, andaccounting for the technological change in industries. As in the case oflead, the basic data on value added in the zinc industry is lacking.Consequently, it has been considered preferable to indicate above only thenominal tariff rates and their escalation along the chains of processing.
41. Table 14 also indicates duties on zinc and zinc products applied bysome major importing developing countries. The protective role of thedeveloping countries' tariff cannot be disassociated from its fiscalfunction. In some cases, the latter tariffs also includebalance-of-payment surcharges.
Non-tariff and other measures
42. Imports of zinc and zinc products into Australia are free ofnon-tariff restrictions. Under Regulation 9 of the Customs Regulation(Prohibited Exports), exports of zinc concentrate are subject to exportcontrol to ensure that domestic requirements are met and that the price tothe Australian producer is reasonable. While Austria does not maintain anyrestrictions on imports of zinc and zinc products, individual licenses are,necessary for exports of zinc ores and concentrates, ash and residues ofzinc, unwrought zinc and waste and scrap of zinc (CCCN ex 26.01, ex 26.03and 79.01) in order to ensure supplies to the local market.
43. In Canada, zinc is not subject to any import or export control.However, under the Export and Import Permits Act, the Federal Governmentcan place any commodity on the Export Control List for security reasons, inorder to ensure adequate domestic supplies and to implementintergovernmental arrangements or commitments. Moreover, the Governmentwants to ensure the promotion of further processing of natural resources inCanada and to keep under surveillance exports when market conditions aredepressed.
44. Imports and exports of zinc into the EEC are free of non-tariffmeasures. Quantitative restrictions on imports of some zinc products fromthe centrally-planned economies can be applied by some MemberStates under a Council Decision concerning import quotas in respect ofstate-trading countries. In 1981 quantitative restrictions applied tothese countries were as follows:
See the Office Journal L/387 of 31 December 1982.
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 40
ex 28.19 - Zinc oxides
Benelux - Quota of 147 tons for imports fromCzechoslovakia and Germany, D.R., discretionarylicensing towards other countries.Italy - Quota of 945 tons for imports from the USSR,discretionary licensing towards other countries.
ex 79.01A - Unwrought zinc, excluding secondary zinc and alloys
Germany, P.R. - Quota of 5,500 tons for imports fromBulgaria, 8,000 tons for imports from Poland, 4,000tons for Romania, 17,700 tons for the USSR, 7,300 tonsfor Korea, P.R., discretionary licensing is applied toother countries.
ex 79.0LA - Zinc alloys
Italy - Quota of 1,875 tons for imports for importsfrom Poland.
79.01 - Unwrought zinc
Benelux - Quota of 5,350 tons for imports fromBulgaria, 800 tons for imports from Poland, 1,893 tonsfor Romania, 1,470 tons for the USSR, 2,575 tons forChina, P.R., 3,850 tons for Korea, P.R., discretionarylicensing is applied towards imports from othercountries.
Italy - Quota of 15,150 tons for imports from Bulgaria,970 tons for Romania, 2,520 tons for the USSR,discretionary licensing is applied towards othercountries.
ex 79.02 - Bars, shapes and sections, zinc wire
Italy - discretionary licensing is applied towardsimports from all centrally planned economies.
ex 79.03A - Wrought plates
Germany, P.R., - Quota of 1,000 tons for imports fromPoland.
ex 79.03A - Wrought plates, sheets and strips of zinc in square orrectangular forms
Benelux - discretionary licensing is applied towardsimports from all centrally planned economies.
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 41
ex 79.03A - Wrought plates, sheets and strips
Germany, P.R. and Italy - discretionary licensing isapplied towards imports from all centrally plannedeconomies.
ex 79.03B - Powder and flakes
79.04 - Tubes and piping
ex 79.06 - Other products of zinc
Discretionary licensing is applied by Italy towardsimports from all centrally planned economies
45. Imports from Korea, D.P.R., Vietnam, S.R, Mongolia, P.R., into Finlandare subject to licensing. An import licence is also needed if the countryof purchase is a so called "multilateral country" and the country of originis a so-called "bilateral country" or "other country" (see Import System ofFinland). Export licenses are required for exports of zinc scrap andresidues. Applications are considered on an individual basis.
46. Trade in zinc in Japan is not subject to any controls or legislation.In 1976, the Japanese Government introduced a government stockpileprogramme of four non-ferrous metals, namely copper, lead, zinc andaluminium, which is designed to stabilize imports of these metals by meansof adjusting the stockpile level corresponding to the imbalance betweendemand and supply. There are no restrictions on trade in zinc in Norway;however, in accordance with acts Nos. 29 and 30 of December 1946 and theRoyal Decree of December 1947, the Ministry of Commerce and Shipping isauthorized to impose controls and regulations on exports and imports of alltypes of products and commodities. Under the Import and Export ControlAct, No. 45 of 1963, the Ministry of Economic Affairs in South Africa, hasauthority to control trade in zinc. Licenses are required for imports ofzinc. An export permit is necessary for exports of zinc and certain zincproducts in order to ensure adequate supplies to the domestic market.
47. Sweden maintains no control on trade in zinc. Imports of zinc andzinc products into Switzerland are free of restrictions. Exportrestrictions are applied to exports of waste and scrap of zinc (CCCN79.01.20). The United States does not apply any control on trade in zinc.Similar to lead, zinc also belongs to strategic and critical materials forwhich the National Stockpile Policy applies. Contracts are negotiatedbetween General Services Administration (G.S.A.) and primary domestic zincproducers. The maximum of G.S.A. stock is set at 1,293 million tons.
48. Imports of zinc to India are regulated under Open General Licences bythe state agency, the Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation of India,Ltd. Exports of zinc from India are prohibited. For imports of unwroughtzinc and zinc waste and scrap (CCCN 79.01.0200, 0301, 0302, 0309) intoKorea, a recommendation of the Korea Non-ferrous Metals Smelting and
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 42
Refining Association is required. Exports of zinc ores and concentratesas well as of unwrought zinc and zinc waste and scrap are subject to asimilar recommendation of the Korea Non-ferrous Metals Smelting andRefining Association. Peru applies licenses for imports and exports ofzinc. Imports of zinc alloys, powder and oxides of zinc are prohibited.Imports of zinc to Spain are free, and only a declaration from theimporters carrying out the transaction is necessary. Export licenses aregranted automatically.
49. Imports of zinc ores and concentrates and refined zinc into Yugoslaviaare subject to foreign exchange quotas (RK). However, imports of mostproducts of zinc are free. In addition to customs duties there is a tax of1 per cent for customs evidencing, a special equalization tax and a specialtax of 10 per cent. Some other developing countries also apply temporarymeasures, such as surcharges and prior import deposits forbalance-of-payments purposes.
SECTION IV: Activities in other International Organizations
50. The International Lead and Zinc Study Group is an intergovernmentalconsultative organization which was set up udder the auspices of theEconomic and Social Council. At present, 33 governments of producing andconsuming countries are members. Its main function is, with theco-operation of producers and consumers, to establish transparency inworldwide supply and demand conditions in lead and zinc in order to helpcountries and companies to define their policies. For this purpose, theStudy Group organizes regular intergovernmental consultations ondevelopments in world production and consumption and on international tradein lead and zinc and makes studies of the world current and prospectivesituation. It publishes special reports dealing with technical andeconomic subjects of concern to the lead and zinc industry. The StudyGroup also provides regular statistical data on supply and demand of leadand zinc including forecasts. Although the member governments of the StudyGroup have never taken any co-ordinated direct economic measure tostabilize the market for lead and zinc, Study Group activities have beenhelping to solve problems encountered in international trade in lead andzinc and to reduce the instability of markets. The main function of theInternational Lead-Zinc Research Organization is to promote, sponsor andorganize research into the uses of lead and zinc.
51. Besides these two international organizations, some developedcountries have their own lead-zinc industry organizations principallyinvolved in developing and promoting the uses of zinc and zinc products andcollecting statistical information on production and trade (the EuropeanZinc Institute, Zinc Institute of the United States, the Zinc DevelopmentAssociation).
1Member countries of the International Lead and Zinc Study Group are
as follows: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic ofGermany, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Morocco,Netherlands, Norway, Peru, Poland, Republic of South Africa, Spain, Sweden,Tunisia, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom, United Statesof America, Yugoslavia, Zambia.
Spec(83)51/Rev.1Page 43
Summary
52. World zinc consumption has been largely influenced by depressedeconomic activities, mainly in developed countries which are principalconsumers of zinc. Zinc consumption depends primarily on developments inthe capital goods sector : e.g. building, mechanical engineering, theautomobile industry and infrastructure. In many of its uses, zinc has beenincreasingly replaced by other competitive metals and materials such asaluminium, magnesium and plastics.
53. At present, zinc is mainly mined in developed countries, notably inCanada and Australia, which will continue to be major suppliers of zincconcentrates in the future. Among developing countries, importantinvestments in mining are expected in Latin America, mainly Peru andMexico, as well as in Asia (India). The tendency for a shift in thelocation of zinc smelters from consuming regions, which are presentlyresponsible for the bulk of zinc refining production, to zinc miningregions continue as the latter implement their policy of further processingores mined in the country. In recent years, low prices of zinc, highenergy costs and strict anti -pollution regulations have led to closing downor production cut-backs of uneconomic smelting plants situated in somedeveloped countries, including the United States, the European Communityand Japan.
54. The impact of the world recession has been reflected in lower growthrates of consumption of zinc in all its uses. The consumption of developedcountries has fallen at a faster rate than that of centrally-plannedeconomies and developing countries which are expected to maintain higherrates of growth for the future. A number of technological factorsincluding marketing of new zinc coatings, the application of new zinccasting alloys and improvements of zinc-die casting technology may alsoinfluence the consumption of zinc. The zinc price level is influenced byproduction costs depending on mining methods, the size of the operation,ore grades and by-products. Higher price levels of zinc may have anegative impact on zinc consumption if competitive materials remainrelatively cheaper. Due to changes in the patterns of zinc mine andsmelter production, exports of zinc concentrates are expected to grow at alower rate than those of zinc metal. As the degree of vertical integrationin zinc-mining developing countries increases, and the growth of smeltingcapacity in developed countries shows signs of levelling off, the share ofzinc ores in world zinc trade is likely to decrease. However, theavailability of ores for custom smelters hinges, in principle, upon therelative balance between the volume of distributable ores and smeltingcapacity of custom smelters. Based on the assessment that in most casesthe product of newly exploited mines in developed countries will beexported in the form of ores, and that the capacity of custom smelters indeveloped countries will not show a sharp increase, it could be concludedthat the availability of ores for custom smelters in developed countrieswill decrease. As a result world imports of refined zinc are expected togrow faster than imports of zinc concentrates.
Spec (83)51/Rev. 1Page 44
ANNEX
Tariff and Trade Flow Data at the Tariff Line Level
Explanatory Notes
The Annex provides information at the tariff line level on differenttariff treatment (m.f.n., GSP, LDC etc.) and the corresponding trade flows,as well as imports from individual main suppliers of zinc and productsthereof.
TARIFFS
Column TYPE OF DUTY
MTN-B: Base rate for the Tokyo Round (pre-Tokyo Round m.f.n.rate)
MTN-F: Final rate (post-Tokyo round m.f.n. rate)MFN 80: M.f.n. rate applicable in 1980GSP-B: GSP rate in 1981 or 1982GSP-F: GSP rate related to post-MTN final rate (Austria,
Canada, Japan and Switzerland)PTA: Rate applying to countries signatory to free-trade area
agreement, e.g. EFTAZONE: Rate applying to countries signatory to inter-zone free
trade agreement (e.g. between EEC and EFTA)
Column RATE
Percentage ad valorem or ad valorem equivalent of specific,mixed or compound rate is indicated with one decimal point. Advalorem equivalent is based on imports in the year recorded.
Trade flow data
Import figures refer to the year 1980 (1978 for Austria,Canada, Finland and New Zealand).
IMPORTS FROM (i) WORLD (- all sources) and (ii) GSP ORIGIN(u GSP beneficiary countries) are each sub-divided by TOT (utotal imports irrespective of tariff treatment), MFN (- importsentitled to m.f.n. treatment), GSP (imports covered by GSP), LDC(imports entitled to LDC preference) and FTA, ZONE, PREP (-imports entitled to free trade area or other preferentialagreements). It may be noted that "imports covered by GSP" donot take into account quantitative and origin rule limitationsand non-utilization of GSP and that actual imports under GSP are
aller than imports recorded as GSP.
With respect to Imports from world and imports according todifferent tariff treatment, names of the main suppliers appear incolumn MAIN SUPPLIERS and imports from four main suppliers areindicated at the bottom. See next page for country nameabbreviations.
SHARE for the percentage share of GSP beneficiaries in importsfrom world
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