Also known as Also known as Tooth colored materials ,Tooth colored materials ,

used in the restoration of natural teeth.used in the restoration of natural teeth.

Cast gold & gold foil restorations were the earliest.Cast gold & gold foil restorations were the earliest.

Silicate cementsSilicate cements Glass Ionomer cementsGlass Ionomer cements Unfilled resinsUnfilled resins Composite resinsComposite resins Porcelain (veneers, crowns)Porcelain (veneers, crowns) Porcelain bonded to metal crownsPorcelain bonded to metal crowns

Restorative Resins

TOOTH COLORED RESTORATIVE MATERIALS

RESTORATIVE RESINS ::RESTORATIVE RESINS ::

These are synthetic resins , evolved asThese are synthetic resins , evolved as

restorative materials principally becauserestorative materials principally because

of their of their Esthetic CharacteristicsEsthetic Characteristics..

TYPES –TYPES –

Unfilled = e.g. Acrylic ResinsUnfilled = e.g. Acrylic Resins

Filled = e.g. Composite ResinsFilled = e.g. Composite Resins

UNFILLED ACRYLIC RESINSUNFILLED ACRYLIC RESINS

used late 1960’3 through early 1970’s .used late 1960’3 through early 1970’s .

AdvantagesAdvantages - tooth coloured - tooth coloured

- did not wash out- did not wash out

- highly polishable- highly polishable

- moderately strong- moderately strong

DisadvantagesDisadvantages - not colour stable - not colour stable

- shrinkage/leakage- shrinkage/leakage

COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION

Powder :Powder : Polymethyl MethacrylatePolymethyl Methacrylate Benzoyl PeroxideBenzoyl Peroxide - Initiator - Initiator Color pigmentsColor pigments

Liquid :Liquid : Methyl Methacrylate monomerMethyl Methacrylate monomer Ethylene dimethacrylateEthylene dimethacrylate (5%) – Cross linking (5%) – Cross linking agent . agent . HydroquinoneHydroquinone (0.06%) – Inhibitor . (0.06%) – Inhibitor .

PROPERTIESPROPERTIES

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES –MECHANICAL PROPERTIES –

Less Compressive Strength = 69 MPaLess Compressive Strength = 69 MPa Low Tensile Strength = 24 MPaLow Tensile Strength = 24 MPa Low Proportional limit .Low Proportional limit . Low Hardness = 15 KHNLow Hardness = 15 KHN Low AbrasionLow Abrasion resistance .resistance .

THERMAL PROPERTIES –THERMAL PROPERTIES –

**** Very high Very high Coefficient of ThermalCoefficient of Thermal

expansion expansion - ( 92.8 x 10 - ( 92.8 x 10-6-6 / / 00C )C )

“ “ It is 7-8 times greater than that of the tooth ”It is 7-8 times greater than that of the tooth ”

**** Low Low Thermal ConductivityThermal Conductivity ..

POLYMERIZATION SHRINKAGE –POLYMERIZATION SHRINKAGE –

High 5 to 8 % .High 5 to 8 % .

SOLUBILITY –SOLUBILITY –

Insoluble in water & oral fluids.Insoluble in water & oral fluids.

WATER SORPTION –WATER SORPTION –

Sorb water 1.7 mg / cmSorb water 1.7 mg / cm33

ADHESION –ADHESION –

Does not adhere to Enamel or Dentin.Does not adhere to Enamel or Dentin.

ESTHETICS –ESTHETICS –

Excellent matching with tooth color, but tendsExcellent matching with tooth color, but tends

to discolor.to discolor.

BIOCOMPATIBILITY –BIOCOMPATIBILITY –

Monomer can penetrate dentinal tubules &Monomer can penetrate dentinal tubules &

cause irritation to the pulp.cause irritation to the pulp.

MANIPUPLATIONMANIPUPLATION

Bulk Technique or Pressure TechniqueBulk Technique or Pressure Technique

Incremental or Non-pressure TechniqueIncremental or Non-pressure Technique

Flow Technique Flow Technique

It is a tooth colored restorative material , It is a tooth colored restorative material ,

developed in early 1960’ s .developed in early 1960’ s .

Features ::::Features ::::

** Strengthened by adding Silica particles Strengthened by adding Silica particles

** Acid Etching technique Acid Etching technique

** Bonding technique Bonding technique

A Composite is a system composed of a A Composite is a system composed of a

mixture of 2 or more components , whichmixture of 2 or more components , which

are essentially are essentially insolubleinsoluble in each other and in each other and

differ in form.differ in form.

Major components – Resin Major components – Resin MatrixMatrix

Inorganic Inorganic FillerFiller

AdvantagesAdvantages - tooth colored- tooth colored - stain resistant- stain resistant - polishable - polishable - can be bonded to tooth- can be bonded to tooth - strong- strong - wear resistant- wear resistant

DisadvantagesDisadvantages -- shrinkage (2-5%)shrinkage (2-5%) - longevity ??- longevity ??

** ** Different Composites are available for Different Composites are available for

different purposes .different purposes .

**** They are usually not Interchangeable .They are usually not Interchangeable .

USES

Restoration of Anterior and Posterior teethRestoration of Anterior and Posterior teeth

-- Directly or as Inlays-- Directly or as Inlays

USES ::

To Veneer metal crowns and bridges .To Veneer metal crowns and bridges .

USES ::

Esthetic Laminates Esthetic Laminates

USES ::

To build up Cores (Post & Core).To build up Cores (Post & Core).

USES ::

Pit and Fissure Sealant .Pit and Fissure Sealant .

USES ::

CementationCementation of ,,,of ,,,

Orthodontic brackets Orthodontic brackets

Maryland BridgesMaryland Bridges

Ceramic Crowns , Inlays & OnlaysCeramic Crowns , Inlays & Onlays

Ceramic Laminates .Ceramic Laminates .

USES ::

Cementation of Orthodontic bracketsCementation of Orthodontic brackets – –

SUPPLIED AS –SUPPLIED AS –

In a kit containing ,,,,,In a kit containing ,,,,, Syringes of compositeSyringes of composite

resin pastes in variousresin pastes in various

shades .shades . Etching liquid (37 %Etching liquid (37 %

Phosphoric acid) .Phosphoric acid) . Enamel / Dentin Enamel / Dentin

bonding agent .bonding agent . Shade guide .Shade guide .

COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION

ORGANICORGANIC RESIN MATRIX –RESIN MATRIX –

BIS GMA or Urethane dimethacrylate , TEG DMA as a BIS GMA or Urethane dimethacrylate , TEG DMA as a binder.binder.

INORGANIC FILLER –INORGANIC FILLER –

Quartz , Colloidal silica or heavy metal glasses.Quartz , Colloidal silica or heavy metal glasses.

COUPLING AGENT –COUPLING AGENT –

Organo silanes .Organo silanes .

They also contain ,,,,,They also contain ,,,,,

Hydroquinone – Hydroquinone – inhibitor to prevent prematureinhibitor to prevent premature

polymerization.polymerization.

UV absorbers – UV absorbers – to improve color stability .to improve color stability .

Opacifiers – Opacifiers – titanium oxide & aluminum oxide.titanium oxide & aluminum oxide.

Color Pigments – Color Pigments – to match tooth color.to match tooth color.

RESIN MATRIXRESIN MATRIX

It is ------- 50 % by volumeIt is ------- 50 % by volume

25 % by weight25 % by weight

Most Composite resins utilize Most Composite resins utilize monomersmonomers that are that are

aromatic or Aliphatic diacrylates .aromatic or Aliphatic diacrylates .

Commonly used Commonly used monomersmonomers are ,,,, are ,,,,

BIS-GMABIS-GMA -- Bisphenol A – Glycidyl Methacrylate -- Bisphenol A – Glycidyl Methacrylate

UDMA -- Urethane dimethacrylateUDMA -- Urethane dimethacrylate

Limitation Of Monomers ,,,,,,,Limitation Of Monomers ,,,,,,, Extremely Viscous at room temperature .Extremely Viscous at room temperature .

To make it clinically acceptableTo make it clinically acceptable Diluent monomers are added to the resin matrix to ,,,,,Diluent monomers are added to the resin matrix to ,,,,,

reduce the viscosity of the pastereduce the viscosity of the paste allow more filler particles to be incorporatedallow more filler particles to be incorporated allow cross-linking b/w chainsallow cross-linking b/w chains

Commonly used Diluent monomer isCommonly used Diluent monomer is

TEGDMATEGDMA - - Triethylene Glycol DimethacrylateTriethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate

They form highly cross linked polymer structure.They form highly cross linked polymer structure.

FILLER PARTICLESFILLER PARTICLES

Improves materials properties. Improves materials properties.

It is -------- It is -------- 30 to 70 % by volume30 to 70 % by volume

50 to 85 % by weight50 to 85 % by weight

Advantages :::::Advantages ::::: Curing shrinkage is reduced, as less resin is present Curing shrinkage is reduced, as less resin is present Reduces water sorptionReduces water sorption Reduces Coefficient of Thermal expansionReduces Coefficient of Thermal expansion Improves mechanical properties - like Strength,Improves mechanical properties - like Strength,

Hardness, & Abrasion resistance.Hardness, & Abrasion resistance.

TYPES OF FILLERS –TYPES OF FILLERS –

Composite resins use 3 types of fillers ,,,,Composite resins use 3 types of fillers ,,,, QuartzQuartz Colloidal SilicaColloidal Silica Glasses or Ceramic containing heavy metalsGlasses or Ceramic containing heavy metals

QUARTZ –QUARTZ –

Obtained by grinding or milling quartz.Obtained by grinding or milling quartz.

Particle size = 0.1 to 100 Particle size = 0.1 to 100 μmμm..

Mainly used in Conventional composites .Mainly used in Conventional composites .

They are chemically inert but is very They are chemically inert but is very hardhard . .

COLLOIDAL SILICA –COLLOIDAL SILICA –

Particle Size = 0.02 to 0.04 Particle Size = 0.02 to 0.04 μmμm..

Reffered to asReffered to as microfillers .microfillers .

Obtained by a Pyrolytic or a Precipitation process .Obtained by a Pyrolytic or a Precipitation process .

They are added in small amount (5 wt. %) toThey are added in small amount (5 wt. %) to

modify the paste viscosity .modify the paste viscosity .

Have large surface area (50 to 300 mHave large surface area (50 to 300 m22 / g) . / g) .

Only inorganic filler in Only inorganic filler in microfilled microfilled composites . composites .

GLASSES / CERAMIC CONTAINING HEAVY GLASSES / CERAMIC CONTAINING HEAVY METALS –METALS –

These fillers provide radiopacity to the resin These fillers provide radiopacity to the resin

restoration .restoration .

Have refractory index of about 1.5 Have refractory index of about 1.5

Contain heavy metals such as – barium, strontium Contain heavy metals such as – barium, strontium

& Zirconium .& Zirconium .

Most commonly used is a barium glass .Most commonly used is a barium glass .

Factors that determine the properties & Factors that determine the properties &

clinical application of composites ,,,,,,clinical application of composites ,,,,,,

Amount of filler addedAmount of filler added Size of particles & its distributionSize of particles & its distribution Index of refractionIndex of refraction RadiopacityRadiopacity HardnessHardness

Amount of filler addedAmount of filler added – –

Affected by the relative surface areasAffected by the relative surface areas

large surface area -- small amounts of fillerlarge surface area -- small amounts of filler

e.g. - colloidal silica e.g. - colloidal silica

Size of particles –Size of particles – In order to increase the filler amount in the resin, it isIn order to increase the filler amount in the resin, it is

necessary to add the fillers in a range of particle sizesnecessary to add the fillers in a range of particle sizes. .

Refractive Index –Refractive Index – Filler should have a translucency similar to the toothFiller should have a translucency similar to the tooth

structure.structure. Most glass & quartz fillers have a refractive index Most glass & quartz fillers have a refractive index

of 1.5 .of 1.5 .

Radiopacity –Radiopacity –

Provided by a number of glasses and ceramics Provided by a number of glasses and ceramics

that contain heavy metals such as barium, that contain heavy metals such as barium,

strontium and zirconium .strontium and zirconium .

Most commonly used is a Barium Glass .Most commonly used is a Barium Glass .

COUPLING AGENTS –COUPLING AGENTS –

Bond the filler particles to the resin matrix .Bond the filler particles to the resin matrix .

Most commonly used coupling agents areMost commonly used coupling agents are

organosilanesorganosilanes ( 3-methoxy-propyl-trimethoxy- ( 3-methoxy-propyl-trimethoxy-silane ).silane ).

Zirconates & Titanates can also be used as Zirconates & Titanates can also be used as

coupling agent .coupling agent .

Advantages of Coupling agents –Advantages of Coupling agents –

Bond the filler particles to the resin matrix .Bond the filler particles to the resin matrix .

Improve the physical & mechanical properties ofImprove the physical & mechanical properties of

the resin .the resin .

Provide hydrolytic stability by preventing waterProvide hydrolytic stability by preventing water

from penetrating along the filler – resin interface .from penetrating along the filler – resin interface .

ACCORDING TO POLYMERIZATIONACCORDING TO POLYMERIZATION

REACTIONREACTION :: ::

Chemically / Self Activated Composite ResinsChemically / Self Activated Composite Resins

Light Activated Compostie ResinsLight Activated Compostie Resins

** Ultraviolet (UV) light Ultraviolet (UV) light

wave length = 200 – 400 nmwave length = 200 – 400 nm

* Visible light* Visible light

wave length = 420 – 450 nmwave length = 420 – 450 nm

ACCORDING TO THE FILLER SIZE ::ACCORDING TO THE FILLER SIZE ::

Average Particle sizeAverage Particle size

Conventional / MacrofilledConventional / Macrofilled 8 - 12 8 - 12 μm μm

Small particleSmall particle 1 - 5 1 - 5 μmμm

MicrofilledMicrofilled 0.04 - 0.4 0.04 - 0.4 μmμm

HybridHybrid 1.0 1.0 μmμm

ACCORDING TO THE USE ::ACCORDING TO THE USE ::

For Anterior teeth restorationFor Anterior teeth restoration

e.g. - Microfillede.g. - Microfilled

For Posterior teeth restorationFor Posterior teeth restoration

e.g. - Conventional & Hybride.g. - Conventional & Hybrid

TYPE OF COMPOSITESTYPE OF COMPOSITES

ACCORDING TO ACCORDING TO POLYMERIZATION POLYMERIZATION

REACTIONREACTION

CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED RESINSRESINS

Two Paste system –Two Paste system –

* * Base Paste contains ,,,,Base Paste contains ,,,,

Benzoyl peroxide - initiatorBenzoyl peroxide - initiator

* * Catalyst Paste contains ,,,,Catalyst Paste contains ,,,,

Tertiary amine - activatorTertiary amine - activator

(N-N dimethyl - p - toluidine(N-N dimethyl - p - toluidine))

Setting Reaction ---Setting Reaction ---

When 2 pastes are spatulated , the amine reacts with When 2 pastes are spatulated , the amine reacts with

the Benzoyl peroxide to form the free radicals whichthe Benzoyl peroxide to form the free radicals which

starts the polymerizationstarts the polymerization . .

LIGHT ACTIVATED RESINSLIGHT ACTIVATED RESINS

UV - Light activated systems :::UV - Light activated systems ::: It is the first light activated system to activate the It is the first light activated system to activate the

free radicals.free radicals.

Limitations ,,,,,Limitations ,,,,, Limited penetration of the light into the resin. ThusLimited penetration of the light into the resin. Thus

difficult to polymerize thick sections.difficult to polymerize thick sections.

Lack of penetration through tooth structure.Lack of penetration through tooth structure.

Visible - Light activated systems :::Visible - Light activated systems :::

Ability to polymerize thicker sections .Ability to polymerize thicker sections . Totally replaced the UV light system .Totally replaced the UV light system . Most widely used than the chemically activated system.Most widely used than the chemically activated system.

Supplied as ,,,,,,,Supplied as ,,,,,,,

Single paste systemSingle paste system , containing – , containing –

PhotoinitiatorPhotoinitiator ----- Camphoroquinone 0.25 wt. % ----- Camphoroquinone 0.25 wt. %

Amine acceleratorAmine accelerator ----- DEAEMA 0.15 wt. % ----- DEAEMA 0.15 wt. %

((Diethyl-amino-ethyl-methacrylate)Diethyl-amino-ethyl-methacrylate)

Setting reaction ,,,,,Setting reaction ,,,,,

When exposed to light of the correct wave length When exposed to light of the correct wave length

( 400 -500 nm ) the photoinitiator is activated and ( 400 -500 nm ) the photoinitiator is activated and

reacts with the amine to form the Free radicals .reacts with the amine to form the Free radicals .

LIGHT DEVICES / LIGHT CURING UNITS –LIGHT DEVICES / LIGHT CURING UNITS –

Transmit light of the proper wavelength to the site Transmit light of the proper wavelength to the site

of the restoration , by means of light guide composedof the restoration , by means of light guide composed

of fiberoptic bundles .of fiberoptic bundles .

ARGON LASER

L E D

CORDLESS LASER

Light source is usually a Tungsten Halogen Light source is usually a Tungsten Halogen

light bulb .light bulb .

White light is generated by the bulb passes White light is generated by the bulb passes

through the filter that removes the infrared &through the filter that removes the infrared &

visible spectrum for wavelength greater than visible spectrum for wavelength greater than

about 500 nm .about 500 nm .

DEGREE OF CONVERSION / POLYMERIZATIONDEGREE OF CONVERSION / POLYMERIZATION – –

Conversion of monomer to polymer (polymerization)Conversion of monomer to polymer (polymerization)

depends on –depends on –

Transmission of light through the material --Transmission of light through the material -- Controlled Controlled

by absorption & scattering of light by Filler particles by absorption & scattering of light by Filler particles

Amount of Photoinitiator & Inhibitor presentAmount of Photoinitiator & Inhibitor present

Time of exposure – Time of exposure – Low intensity light = 80 to 240 sec.Low intensity light = 80 to 240 sec.

High intensity light = 20 to 60 sec.High intensity light = 20 to 60 sec.

OPTICAL MODIFIERS –OPTICAL MODIFIERS –

To simulate tooth structure ,Translucency or To simulate tooth structure ,Translucency or Opacity is provided by adding minute amount ofOpacity is provided by adding minute amount of

Optical modifiers , such as ,,,,,,,,Optical modifiers , such as ,,,,,,,,

Titanium dioxide Titanium dioxide

& & = .001 to .007 wt. %= .001 to .007 wt. %

Aluminu oxideAluminu oxide

SELF ACTIVATEDSELF ACTIVATED LIGHT ACTIVATEDLIGHT ACTIVATED

Activated by peroxide - Requires light of correctActivated by peroxide - Requires light of correct amine system. wavelength.amine system. wavelength. Bulk placement. Layer by layer placement.Bulk placement. Layer by layer placement. Cures throughout its Cures only where light isCures throughout its Cures only where light is bulk. received.bulk. received. More porosity. Less porosity.More porosity. Less porosity. Requires mixing. No mixing.Requires mixing. No mixing. Less Working time. More Working time.Less Working time. More Working time. Discolored fast. Resistant to Discoloration.Discolored fast. Resistant to Discoloration. More Wastage. Less Wastage.More Wastage. Less Wastage. Short Shelf life. Long Shelf life.Short Shelf life. Long Shelf life. Requires waiting period Can be finished immediatelyRequires waiting period Can be finished immediately for finishing. after curing.for finishing. after curing.

TYPE OF COMPOSITESTYPE OF COMPOSITES

ACCORDING TO FILLER ACCORDING TO FILLER SIZESIZE

CONVENTIONAL COMPOSITESCONVENTIONAL COMPOSITES

Also known as -----Also known as ----- TRADITIONAL COMPOSITESTRADITIONAL COMPOSITES

OR OR MACROFILLED COMPOSITES MACROFILLED COMPOSITES

COMPOSITION COMPOSITION ––

Ground Quartz is most commonly used as filler.Ground Quartz is most commonly used as filler.

Wide distribution of particle sizeWide distribution of particle size..

Particle SizeParticle Size = = 8 to 12 μm 8 to 12 μm

But may be as large as 50 to 100 μm .But may be as large as 50 to 100 μm .

Filler loadingFiller loading = 70 to 80 wt. % = 70 to 80 wt. %

oror

50 to 60 vol. %50 to 60 vol. %

PROPERTIES –PROPERTIES –

Compressive strength --Compressive strength -- 250 to 300 MPa250 to 300 MPa

4 to 5 times greater than unfilled resin.4 to 5 times greater than unfilled resin.

Tensile strength --Tensile strength -- 50 to 65 MPa50 to 65 MPa

Double that of Unfilled resin.Double that of Unfilled resin.

Elastic modulus --Elastic modulus -- 8 to 15 GPa8 to 15 GPa

4 to 6 times greater than Unfilled resin.4 to 6 times greater than Unfilled resin.

Hardness --Hardness -- 55 KHN55 KHN

3 to 4 times greater than Unfilled resin .3 to 4 times greater than Unfilled resin .

Water sorption --Water sorption -- 0.5 to 0.7 mg/cm0.5 to 0.7 mg/cm22

3 times Less than that of Unfilled resin .3 times Less than that of Unfilled resin .

Co-Efficient of thermal expansion --Co-Efficient of thermal expansion -- 25 to 35 x 1025 to 35 x 10-6 -6 / / 00CC

3 to 4 times less than Unfilled resin .3 to 4 times less than Unfilled resin .

Esthetics -- Esthetics --

* * Polishing of Conventional composite results inPolishing of Conventional composite results in

a rough surface .a rough surface .

** Tendency to stain over a period of time . Tendency to stain over a period of time .

Radiopacity --Radiopacity --

* * Composites using Quartz as a filler are radioluscent.Composites using Quartz as a filler are radioluscent.

** Radiopacity is less than dentin . Radiopacity is less than dentin .

CLINICAL CONSIDERATION –CLINICAL CONSIDERATION –

Rough surface develops as a result of abrasive Rough surface develops as a result of abrasive wear of the soft resin matrix , due to tooth wear of the soft resin matrix , due to tooth brushing and mastication .brushing and mastication .

Poor resistance to Occlusal wear .Poor resistance to Occlusal wear .

Tendency to Discolor , due to rough surface .Tendency to Discolor , due to rough surface .

Resin matrix does not bond to tooth structureResin matrix does not bond to tooth structure . .

MICROFILLED COMPOSITESMICROFILLED COMPOSITES

Also known as Nanofilled Composites .Also known as Nanofilled Composites .

Developed to overcome the problems of Developed to overcome the problems of surface roughness of Conventional surface roughness of Conventional Composites.Composites.

Smoother surface , due to incorporation of Smoother surface , due to incorporation of microfillers .microfillers .

COMPOSITION --COMPOSITION --

Colloidal Silica used as a microfillers (inorganic filler) Colloidal Silica used as a microfillers (inorganic filler)

Particle size of Colloidal silica ,,,,,Particle size of Colloidal silica ,,,,,

0.02 to 0.040.02 to 0.04 μmμm

200 to 300200 to 300 times smaller than the quartz fillers times smaller than the quartz fillers

of Conventional composites .of Conventional composites .

Problem with Colloidal Silica ,,,,,Problem with Colloidal Silica ,,,,,

It has a It has a large surface arealarge surface area that could not be that could not be

adequately wetted by the resin matrix .adequately wetted by the resin matrix .

Inorganic Filler content / loading ,,,,,,Inorganic Filler content / loading ,,,,,,

only only 50 %50 % by by wt.wt.

( ( Conventional composite has 70-80 wt. % Conventional composite has 70-80 wt. % ))

Methods to increase Filler loadingMethods to increase Filler loading :: ::

Sinter the colloidal silicaSinter the colloidal silica ,,,,,,

thereby forming larger agglomeratethereby forming larger agglomerate which results in which results in

reduced surface area .reduced surface area .

Addition of Prepolymerized fillers ,,, Addition of Prepolymerized fillers ,,,

Also known as Organic fillers . Also known as Organic fillers .

This is most common method . This is most common method .

Prepared by adding 60 -70 wt.% of silane Prepared by adding 60 -70 wt.% of silane

coated colloidal silica to the monomer, which coated colloidal silica to the monomer, which

is held at slight high temp. to reduce the is held at slight high temp. to reduce the

viscosity .viscosity .

It is then heat cured & ground .It is then heat cured & ground .

Inorganic filler content after inclusion of Inorganic filler content after inclusion of

Prepolymerized fillers ,,,,,Prepolymerized fillers ,,,,,

80 % by wt.80 % by wt.

70 % by vol.70 % by vol.

PROPERTIES –PROPERTIES –

Except Except Compressive strengthCompressive strength , all other physical & , all other physical &

mechanical properties are inferior to the other mechanical properties are inferior to the other

composite resins.composite resins.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ::COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ::

250 to 350 MPa250 to 350 MPa . .

Similar to Conventional compositesSimilar to Conventional composites . .

TENSILE STRENGTH ::TENSILE STRENGTH ::

30 to 50 MPa .30 to 50 MPa .

Lowest among composites .Lowest among composites .

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY ::MODULUS OF ELASTICITY ::

3 to 6 MPa3 to 6 MPa

Lowest .Lowest .

HARDNESS ::HARDNESS ::

25 to 30 KHN25 to 30 KHN

Lowest .Lowest .

THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT ::THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT ::

50 to 60 x 1050 to 60 x 10-6 -6 / / 00CC

Highest among the composite resins .Highest among the composite resins .

WATER SORPTION ::WATER SORPTION ::

1.4 to 1.7 mg / cm2 1.4 to 1.7 mg / cm2

Highest Highest

ESTHETICS ::ESTHETICS ::

Provide Smooth finished surface desired for Provide Smooth finished surface desired for

esthetics .esthetics .

CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS –CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS –

Resin of choiceResin of choice for esthetic restorationfor esthetic restoration of anterior of anterior

teeth , especially in non – stress bearing area .teeth , especially in non – stress bearing area .

Potential for greater fracture in Class IV & II Potential for greater fracture in Class IV & II

restorations .restorations .

SMALL PARTICLE COMPOSTIESMALL PARTICLE COMPOSTIE

Introduced in an attempt to have good Introduced in an attempt to have good

surface smoothness with improved surface smoothness with improved

Physical & Mechanical properties .Physical & Mechanical properties .

COMPOSTION –COMPOSTION –

Inorganic fillers are ground to smaller size than theInorganic fillers are ground to smaller size than the

Conventional composites .Conventional composites .

Average Filler Size ,,,,Average Filler Size ,,,,

1 – 5 μm but broad distribution .1 – 5 μm but broad distribution .

Filler content / loading ,,,,Filler content / loading ,,,,

80 % by wt.80 % by wt.

70 % by vol.70 % by vol.

**** Primary filler is silane - coated ground particles.Primary filler is silane - coated ground particles.

Fillers utilize ,,,,Fillers utilize ,,,,

Glasses containing heavy metal. Ground quartzGlasses containing heavy metal. Ground quartz is also used.is also used.

Colloidal silica is also added in small amounts Colloidal silica is also added in small amounts i.e. 5 wt.% to adjust the paste viscosity .i.e. 5 wt.% to adjust the paste viscosity .

PROPERTIES –PROPERTIES –

Best physical & mechanical properties , due to higher Best physical & mechanical properties , due to higher filler content .filler content .

Compressive Strength :: Compressive Strength :: 350 to 400 MPa350 to 400 MPa

Highest Highest

Tensile Strength :: Tensile Strength :: 75 to 90 MPa75 to 90 MPa

Double than Microfilled & 50% greater than Double than Microfilled & 50% greater than

that of Conventional composite .that of Conventional composite .

Modulus of Elastisity :: Modulus of Elastisity :: 15 to 20 GPa 15 to 20 GPa

Stiffest of allStiffest of all

Hardness :: Hardness :: 50 to 60 KHN50 to 60 KHN

Similar to ConventionalSimilar to Conventional

Thermal Expansion Coefficient :: Thermal Expansion Coefficient :: 19 to 26 x19 to 26 x 1010-6 -6 / / 00CC

Lower than other Composites , but twice that of Lower than other Composites , but twice that of

tooth structure .tooth structure .

Water Sorption :: Water Sorption :: 0.5 to 0.6 mg / cm0.5 to 0.6 mg / cm22

similar to Conventional .similar to Conventional .

Esthetics :: Esthetics :: Better than conventional .Better than conventional .

Polymerization Shrinkage :: Polymerization Shrinkage :: Less than conventional .Less than conventional .

Radiopacity :: Radiopacity :: Contains heavy metal glasses as Contains heavy metal glasses as

fillers , which are radiopaque. fillers , which are radiopaque.

Important property for material used Important property for material used

in posterior teeth .in posterior teeth .

CLINICAL CONSIDERATION –CLINICAL CONSIDERATION –

Can be used in areas of stress , such as Class IV & IICan be used in areas of stress , such as Class IV & II

restoration . restoration .

Provides smooth surfaces for anterior teeth , but are Provides smooth surfaces for anterior teeth , but are

still not as good as Microfilled & Hybrid composites .still not as good as Microfilled & Hybrid composites .

HYBRID HYBRID COMPOSITESCOMPOSITES

Latest category of composite material .Latest category of composite material .

Developed to obtain better surface smoothness than Developed to obtain better surface smoothness than

the Small particles , yet maintaining the properties .the Small particles , yet maintaining the properties .

Have surface smoothness & esthetics competitive withHave surface smoothness & esthetics competitive with

Microfilled composites for anterior restorations. Microfilled composites for anterior restorations.

COMPOSITION –COMPOSITION –

Filler content –Filler content –

75 to 80 % by wt.75 to 80 % by wt.

60 to 65 % by Vol60 to 65 % by Vol..

Two kinds of filler particles are employed ,,,,Two kinds of filler particles are employed ,,,,

Colloidal Silica –Colloidal Silica –

Present in a higher concentration 10 to 20 wt % Present in a higher concentration 10 to 20 wt %

Ground particles of Glasses containing heavy metals –Ground particles of Glasses containing heavy metals –

** Average particle size = 0.6 to 1 Average particle size = 0.6 to 1 μmμm ** 75 % of the ground particles are smaller 75 % of the ground particles are smaller

than 1.0 than 1.0 μm .μm .

PROPERTIES –PROPERTIES –

Range between Conventional & Small particleRange between Conventional & Small particle

composites , but generally superior to Microfilled .composites , but generally superior to Microfilled .

Compressive Strength ::Compressive Strength :: 300 to 350 MPa 300 to 350 MPa

Slightly less than the Small particle composite .Slightly less than the Small particle composite .

Tensile Strength ::Tensile Strength :: 70 to 90 MPa 70 to 90 MPa

Comparable to Small particle composite .Comparable to Small particle composite .

Elastic Modulus ::Elastic Modulus :: 7 to 12 GPa 7 to 12 GPa

Ranges b/w Conventional & Microfilled composites .Ranges b/w Conventional & Microfilled composites .

Hardness ::Hardness :: 50 to 60 KHN 50 to 60 KHN

Similar to Small particle composites .Similar to Small particle composites .

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion ::Coefficient of Thermal Expansion :: 30 to 40 x 30 to 40 x 1010-6 -6 / / 00CC

Less than the Microfilled .Less than the Microfilled .

Water Sorption ::Water Sorption :: 0.5 to 0. 7 mg / cm 0.5 to 0. 7 mg / cm22

Similar to Conventional & Small partilce , but less Similar to Conventional & Small partilce , but less

than Microfilled composites .than Microfilled composites .

Esthetics ::Esthetics ::

Competitive to Microfilled composite for anteriorCompetitive to Microfilled composite for anterior

teeth .teeth .

Radiopacity :: Radiopacity ::

Presence of heavy metal glasses makes it more Presence of heavy metal glasses makes it more

radio – opaque than Enamel .radio – opaque than Enamel .

CLINICAL CONSIDERATION –CLINICAL CONSIDERATION –

Widely used for Anterior restoration , including Widely used for Anterior restoration , including

Class IV .Class IV .

Also used in stress – bearing area , even though its Also used in stress – bearing area , even though its

mechanical properties are inferior to Small particle mechanical properties are inferior to Small particle

composties .composties .

COMPOSITE RESINS COMPOSITE RESINS FOR FOR

POSTERIOR POSTERIOR RESTORATIONSRESTORATIONS

All types of Composites are used for posterior All types of Composites are used for posterior

restorations.restorations.

Cavity preparation should be Conservative Cavity preparation should be Conservative

and should use adequate manipulation and should use adequate manipulation

technique .technique .

INDICATIONS OF COMPOSITE INDICATIONS OF COMPOSITE FOR POSTERIOR TEETH –FOR POSTERIOR TEETH –

When Esthetics is necessary .When Esthetics is necessary .

When pt. is Allergic to mercuryWhen pt. is Allergic to mercury . .

PROBLEMS IN USE OF PROBLEMS IN USE OF COMPOSITES FOR POSTERIOR COMPOSITES FOR POSTERIOR

RESTORATIONSRESTORATIONS ––

In Class V restoration , In Class V restoration ,

when gingival margin is located in cementum orwhen gingival margin is located in cementum or

dentin , the material shrinks away from the margindentin , the material shrinks away from the margin

leading to a gap .leading to a gap .

Placement technique is more time consumingPlacement technique is more time consuming . .

Composites wear faster than Amalgam .Composites wear faster than Amalgam .

Newer materials like Small particle & Hybrid Newer materials like Small particle & Hybrid

have less wear ( 20 um per year ) which have less wear ( 20 um per year ) which

approaches that of Amalgam ( 10 um per year ) .approaches that of Amalgam ( 10 um per year ) .

MANIPULATION OF MANIPULATION OF COMPOSITE COMPOSITE

RESINSRESINS OROR

TECHNIQUES OF TECHNIQUES OF INSERTION INSERTION

CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED COMPOSITESCHEMICALLY ACTIVATED COMPOSITES

2 paste systems .2 paste systems .

Equal amount of paste are dispensed onto a mixing pad .Equal amount of paste are dispensed onto a mixing pad .

Mixing by rapid spatulation for 30 sec. withMixing by rapid spatulation for 30 sec. with PlasticPlastic instrument .instrument .

Inserted with plastic instrument or syringe .Inserted with plastic instrument or syringe .

Matrix strip may be used to apply pressure for 15 min.Matrix strip may be used to apply pressure for 15 min.

LIGHT ACTIVATED COMPOSITESLIGHT ACTIVATED COMPOSITES

Single component pastes .Single component pastes .

Require no mixing .Require no mixing .

Working time is under the control of operator .Working time is under the control of operator .

Exposure to curing light initiate polymerization .Exposure to curing light initiate polymerization .

Exposure time is b/w 40 to 60 sec.Exposure time is b/w 40 to 60 sec.

Depth of cure is limited .Depth of cure is limited .

Resin thickness should not be greater than 2.5 mm .Resin thickness should not be greater than 2.5 mm .

ACID ETCHING TECHNIQUE –ACID ETCHING TECHNIQUE –

Most effective ways of improving the marginal seal &Most effective ways of improving the marginal seal & mechanical bonding b/w Resin and Enamel .mechanical bonding b/w Resin and Enamel .

Mode Of Action ::Mode Of Action :: It creates micro-porosities by etching of the enamel .It creates micro-porosities by etching of the enamel .

Etching increase the surface area .Etching increase the surface area .

Etched enamel has a high surface energy and allows a Etched enamel has a high surface energy and allows a resin to wet the surface & penetrate into micro-porositiesresin to wet the surface & penetrate into micro-porosities

Acid Used ::Acid Used ::

37 % Phosphoric acid37 % Phosphoric acid is most commonly used acid . is most commonly used acid .

Supplied in gel form .Supplied in gel form .

Brush or Syringe is used for application on the Brush or Syringe is used for application on the

enamel .enamel .

Procedure ::Procedure ::

Dry the enamel surface completely .Dry the enamel surface completely .

Length of application = 60 sec.Length of application = 60 sec.

but may be 15 sec.but may be 15 sec.

After etching , dried enamel shows white , frostedAfter etching , dried enamel shows white , frosted

appearance .appearance .

If enamel surface is contaminated , re-etching for 10 sec .If enamel surface is contaminated , re-etching for 10 sec .

BOND AGENTS –BOND AGENTS –

ENAMEL BOND AGENTS :: ENAMEL BOND AGENTS :: Unfilled resinUnfilled resin

DENTIN BOND AGENTS :: DENTIN BOND AGENTS ::

First generationFirst generation

Second generationSecond generation

Third generationThird generation

Forth generationForth generation

Fifth generationFifth generation

Primers / Conditioners

Bonding liquid

SANDWICH TECHNIQUE --SANDWICH TECHNIQUE --

Tooth surface + GIC + CompositeTooth surface + GIC + Composite

PIT & FISSURE SEALANTS --PIT & FISSURE SEALANTS --

CyanoacrylateCyanoacrylate PolyurethenesPolyurethenes BIS - GMABIS - GMA