Restoration and the Eighteenth Century

1660-1800

In the Shadow of Elizabeth After James I, his weak son Charles I came

to throne, but the Puritans and their parliamentary party had gained power.

By 1642 England was embroiled in civil war between the parliamentary party and the Royalists.

Charles I was Beheaded by Parliament as they took over England under the rule of Oliver Cromwell—not royalty but a military and political strategist who eventually tore up the constitution and became a dictator.

The PlayersElizabeth I James I Charles I

Oliver Cromwell

Charles II

The Growth of the United States

People poured from England and Europe to North America

Freedom of Religion Ambition—money to be made in

furs, tobacco, logging for the building of ships

Transporting Africans for use as slave labor.

Defeated and Exhausted By 1660 England

was utterly exhausted by 20 years of civil war.

By 1700 it had lived through a devastating plague and a fire that had left more than 2/3 of Londoners homeless.

Not England

By the end of the 18th century, England had transformed itself.

Some say they had nowhere to go but up.

Again there was a return to classical learning and a restoration of order.

What is meant by Restoration?

In 1660 the Anglican Church was restored as the official Church of England and King Charles II was restored to power (after having been exiled to France, restoring the monarchy.)

They dug up Cromwell, beheaded him, then reburied him.

The monarchy was restored without shedding a drop of blood.

The Age of Reason and Enlightenment

Asking the How? People were changing their ways of viewing themselves and the world.

Natural phenomena were increasingly explained by scientific observation as people began to ask how things happened in the natural world.

Birth of Modern Prose Under the influence of the Royal

Society and John Dryden, English prose became more precise, exact, and plain.

Fewer metaphors, flowery language, etc.

Changes in Religion The new science influenced religion:

A movement called Deism viewed the universe as a perfect mechanism, which God had built and left to run on its own.

Pope’s Essay on Man Sir Isaac Newton Christianity but asking more and

more scientific questions

Religion and Politics Religion determined

people’s politics. King Charles II

outlawed and persecuted all the various Puritan and Independent sects—dozens of them who all disagreed among themselves.

Bloodless Revolution

Charles II had no legal heir. When he died in 1685 he was succeeded

by his brother James II, a practicing Roman Catholic. Pressure was so great that he fled to France with his family in 1688.

James II was succeeded by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William of Orange. Ever since, the rulers of England have been, at least in name, Anglicans.

The New Players

James II William and Mary

After the Restoration Writers drew on “New Classical” style

of Roman, Greek, and Latin models Thinkers of this Age of Reason

emphasized logic, scientific observation, factual explanation. These rational explanations affected some people’s religious views.

Literary tastes turned to wit and satire to expose excesses and moral corruption.

After the Restoration In journalism, the periodical essay

developed, commenting on public manners and values.

To satisfy the reading tastes of a developing middle class, writers began to experiment with long fictional narratives called novels.

Theaters closed by the Puritans reopened, and female actors were now included on the stage; drama during the Restoration period was witty, bawdy, and cynical.

After the Restoration By the end of the period, the

excesses of the rich and the onset of industrialization turned people’s tastes to an appreciation for nature and simplicity.

Major Ideas of the Era Rationalism>>logical reasoning based on fact Cosmology>>new world view based on Newtonian

physics>analysis of natural phenomena as systems Secularism>>application of scientific theories to

religion and society Scientific method>>experimentation, observation,

hypothesis Optimism>>anything is possible Tolerance>>a greater acceptance of different societies

and cultures Mass education Freedom Reform

Fashion of the Period

The Seven Groups of English Society during this time

1. The Great, who live profusely2. The Rich, who live very plentifully3. The Middle Sort, who live well4. The Working Trades, who labor hard, but

feel no want5. The Country People, farmers, etc., who

fare indefferently6. The Poor, that fare hard7. The Miserable, that really pinch and

suffer want. ---Daniel Defoe

Debtor’s Prison

The Age of Satire Alexander Pope and Jonathon Swift (of

aristocratic values) both used satire to expose the moral corruption and crass commercialism of the eighteenth-century England.

Artist William Hogarth shared many of their attitudes and ideas and expressed his satire through art.

Daniel Defoe stood for values that we think of as middle class—no interest in polished manners and social poise.

The Satirists

The Age of Journalism As the middle class grew, journalists

such as Defoe, Joseph Addison, and Richard Steele followed this new profession.

Saw themselves as “reformers of public manners and morals.”

Popular Taste Like journalists of the day, writers

like Pope and Swift aimed at reforming and educating their readers.

Pope in particular, however, was much too formal and classical in his style to draw a wide readership. These readers instead flocked to the novel.

First English Novels Something new Development of the middle class Often broad and comical Robinson Crusoe, by Defoe Women were among the eager

readers

Public Poetry Poetry of the period was not private,

intimate, or spontaneous; rather it was highly artificial and carefully crafted for public occasions.

Forms included: elegies for grand people, satire, odes.

The End of the Age At the end of the century, as

industrialization mushroomed, writers returned to nature and folk themes for inspiration.

Quiz – 10 Points Total1. During this period, how was the United

States beginning to grow?2. What was the new movement that

influenced religion in England?3. What did literary tastes turn to during

this time period?4. Name AND explain one of the major

ideas of the era that you took notes on yesterday.

5. What were the characteristics of the first English novel?

Types of Appeals Logical Appeal: evidence such as

facts or statistics to support a position.

Emotional Appeal: passages that use words that arouse strong feelings.

Ethical Appeal: passages that establish the writer’s qualifications and sincerity.

What is SATIRE?

A literary work that ridicules its subject through the use of techniques such as exaggeration, reversal, incongruity, and/or parody in order to make a comment or criticism about it.

Four Techniques of Satire

Exaggeration -To enlarge, increase, or represent something beyond normal bounds so that it becomes ridiculous and its faults can be seen.

Incongruity -To present things that are out of place or are absurd in relation to its surroundings.

Four Techniques Continued

Reversal -To present the opposite of the normal order (e.g., the order of events, hierarchical order).

Parody -To imitate the techniques and/or style of some person, place, or thing.

The Romantic Period1798-1832

British Literature

Why “Romantic”? The word romantic comes from the

term romance, one of the most popular genres of Medieval Literature.

In this time period, writers went back to characteristics of romantic literature, because they thought it was more genuine.

The Industrial Revolution England was the first nation in the

world to experience the effects of industry. – Production switched to factories – City populations increased, which

resulted in poor living conditions. – This led to rebellion by some,

particularly the Romantics.

The Romantics These individuals, writers and poets

for our purposes, believed a change was necessary for England.

They believed in the powerful force of literature

Frustrated by England’s resistance to social and political change, the Romantics turned to private, spontaneous, lyrical poetry.

What does “Romantic” mean?

The term “romantic” comes from the romance genre of the Middle Ages (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight)

The Romantics saw this type of literature as more genuine and sincere

Characteristics of Romantic Lit.

A Child’s Sense of Wonder – fascination with youth and innocence.

Social Idealism – question tradition and authority to imagine better, fairer, and healthier ways to live (Idealism).

Adaptation to Change – acceptance to change rather than a rigid rejection of it.

Innocence vs. Experience William Blake (1757-1827) Published Songs of Innocence and Songs of

Experience – while they were separate collections, they were published in one volume.

These collections were meant to show the “two contrary states of the human soul” – Innocence: a state of genuine love and naïve

trust towards all humans accompanied by an unquestioning belief in Christian doctrine.

– Experience: a profound disillusionment with human nature and society. One only sees cruelty and hypocrisy and is unable to imagine a way out.

What is Symbolism?

Comparing “Tyger” and “Lamb”

Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare sieze the fire?

And what shoulder, & what art. Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand? & what dread feet?

What the hammer? what the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? what dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp?

When the stars threw down their spears, And watered heaven with their tears, Did he smile his work to see? Did he who made the Lamb make thee?

Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?

Little Lamb, I'll tell thee, Little Lamb, I'll tell thee. He is called by thy name, For He calls Himself a Lamb. He is meek, and He is mild; He became a little child. I a child, and thou a lamb, We are called by His name. Little Lamb, God bless thee! Little Lamb, God bless thee!

Little Lamb, who made thee? Dost thou know who made thee? Gave thee life, and bid thee feed, By the stream and o'er the mead; Gave thee clothing of delight, Softest clothing, woolly, bright; Gave thee such a tender voice, Making all the vales rejoice? Little Lamb, who made thee? Dost thou know who made thee?

Compare and Contrast Pre-Writing

What is the poem about? How is the poem structured? How many

stanzas are there? What is the rhyme scheme? Is repetition used?

What are some things or ideas that are symbolized in the poem?

Are there any other items that stand out in the poem? Alliteration? Simile? Metaphor?

What mood do you think the poet was in when he wrote the poem?

What are some unique ideas or parts of the poem?

William WordsworthItalian Sonnet Study

Italian Sonnet Form Also known as the Petrarchan sonnet… Divided into two sections: One octave and

one sestet. Octave Rhyme Scheme: abbaabba Sestet Rhyme Scheme: has two or three

rhyming schemes arranged several ways: c d c d c d

c d d c d cc d e c d ec d e c e dc d c e d c

Italian Sonnet Continued… A change from one rhyme group

to another signifies a change in subject matter

At line 9 in an Italian sonnet, the change is called a VOLTA.

It is in the volta that the second idea of the sonnet is expressed.

Composed Upon the Westminster Bridge

Earth has not anything to show more fair:Dull would he be of soul who could pass byA sight so touching in its majesty:This City now doth, like a garment, wearThe beauty of the morning; silent, bare,Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lieOpen unto the fields, and to the sky;All bright and glittering in the smokeless air.Never did sun more beautifully steepIn his first splendour, valley, rock, or hill;Ne'er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep!The river glideth at his own sweet will:Dear God! the very houses seem asleep;And all that mighty heart is lying still!

The World Is Too Much With Us

THE world is too much with us; late and soon, Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers: Little we see in Nature that is ours; We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon! The Sea that bares her bosom to the moon; The winds that will be howling at all hours, And are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers; For this, for everything, we are out of tune; It moves us not.--Great God! I'd rather be A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn; So might I, standing on this pleasant lea, Have glimpses that would make me less forlorn; Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea; Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge A leader of the

British Romantic movement

Known for concocting bizarre, unsettling stories full of fantastic imagery and magic

Coleridge is mostly known for the poems he wrote during his twenties – this is due to his declining health as he aged.

Literary Ballad A songlike poem that tells a story, is

written in imitation of the folk ballad, which springs from oral tradition. – Blends real with supernatural events. – Although archaic, it includes simple

language.– Repetition– Strong patterns of rhythm and rhyme– Alliteration – repetition of consonant

sounds– Assonance – repetition of vowel sounds.

“Tis sweeter far to me”

3 Levels of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

The Literal Level – enjoyed simply as a suspenseful adventure story.

The Moral Level – the poem as a fable about sin, penance, and redemption.

The Allegorical Level – here, the Mariner (main character) is seen as an “everyman” figure, who must come to grips with his isolation from society.

Rime of the Ancient Mariner Project

Individually, or with a partner, you are to choose one of the following literary elements (on the board) and create a visual. *Find three quotes from R.A.M to support your literary element – include them on your poster. *Include illustrations of each quotation.*Write your literary element somewhere on the poster.

“Rime of the Ancient Mariner”Parts V-VII

In Part V, how is the Mariner’s dryness finally removed?

What happens to all the sailors again in Part VI? How is it different this time?

Why does the Mariner think that the Hermit can shrive him?

Eventually, why does the ship also “sink like lead”?

At the end of the literary ballad, why is the wedding guest both “sadder and wiser”?