respiratory tract infections (rti’s)

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Respiratory Tract Infections (RTI’s) Cassifications: Upper respiratory tract infections(URTI’s). ي و ي حد ا ض م دها دم ض خ ت س ي ا ل ي لت وا ات وس ر ي ف ل ا# ب# ب س# ي ه دا عLower respiratory tract infections(LRTI’s).

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Respiratory Tract Infections (RTI’s). Cassifications : Upper respiratory tract infections(URTI’s ). عاده بسبب الفيروسات والتي لا يستخدم ضدها مضاد حيوي Lower respiratory tract infections(LRTI’s). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Respiratory Tract Infections (RTI’s)

Respiratory Tract Infections(RTI’s)

Cassifications:•Upper respiratory tract infections(URTI’s). بسبب عاده

حيوي مضاد ضدها يستخدم ال والتي الفيروسات•Lower respiratory tract infections(LRTI’s).

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Upper respiratory tract infections include: بسبب غالباحيوي مضاد لها يستخدم ال والفيروسات الفيروسات

العلوي التنفسي الجهاز تصيب التي : االمراضRhinitis – inflammation of the nasal cavity. Sinus infection – inflammation of the sinuses located around the nose. Pharyngitis - Inflammation of the pharynx, uvula and tonsilsLaryngitis – Inflammation of the larynxLaryngotracheitis- Inflammation of the larynx and trachea.Tracheitis – Inflammation of the trachea.Otitis- inflammation of middle ear.

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Lower respiratory tract infections include: امراضه ومن السابق من : اخطر

•Bronchitis انواعها 1-Acute 2- Chronic- الى acute exacerbation of<<تتحولc.bronchitis•Pneumonia انواعها:: Community-acquired Hospital- acquired

** LRTI’s are more costly to treat and generally more serious than URTI’s.

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Causes of upper & lower respiratory tract infections

• Viruses: should not be treated with antibiotics. (Antibiotics are not effective against viruses) Treatment: rest & plenty of fluids, OTC طبيه وصفه تحتاج ال ادويهcold,flu remedies & pain relievers, etc. • Bacteria: should be treated with antibiotics. The type of antibiotic to be used depends on: Type of bacteria Sensitivity test مضادات عده مع البكتيريا فيه توضع اختبار

للعالج ويستخدم البكتيريا على تاثيرا اكثر ايها ويالحظ

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Probable bacteria that causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections

للتفاصيل المايكرو انظر

S. Pneumoniae H. InfluenzaeM. Cattarhalis S. AureusP. Aeruginosae C. DiphtheriaM. Pneumonia L. pneumophilaC. Pneumonia Group A β hemolytic streptococci

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Antibiotics commonly used for upper & lower respiratory tract infections

Amoxicillin/clavulanate(Augmentin) Ampicillin/sulbactamTicarcillin/clavulanate ± aminoglycosideCefuroxime axetilCefaclorCeftazidime ± aminoglycosideMacrolides( Azithromycin or clarithromycin)Ciprofloxacin

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Amoxicillin/ clavulanateTicarcillin / clavulanateAmpicillin/ sulbactam

PENICILLINS (Beta- lactam فيها الن بذلك تسمىالشريحه الرسمه في كما رنق الكتام بيتا(antibiotics القادمه

Broad spectrum التاثير (gm- and gm+ bacteria) واسعه

Act by inhibition of cell wall synthesis.

Bactericidal للبكتريا .قاتل

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Absorption, distribution & metabolism of penicillins

Given orally or parenterally عبر اعطائه عندمهمه ) ( حساسيه اختبار عمل يجب الحقنNot metabolized in human.Relatively lipid insoluble.Excreted mostly unchanged التركيب متغير غيرin urine.Half-life 30-60 min ( increased in renal failure

الكليه عبر الجسم من يخرج .(النه

نوع هناك كان اذامجموعه من واحديحدث البنسلينحساسيه فرطفهذا للمريضكل ان يعنيفي االنواع

تسوي المجموعهسيم سيم

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Adverse effects of penicillins

1.Hypersensitivity مفرطه حساسيه ;reactions ( occur in 1-10% of pts رد fatality occur in 0.002%)البنسلين يسببها اللي الحساسيه نوع immediate )انواع & accelerated ,اخطر

late allergic rxns) ** Cross-reactions القادمه الشريحه في االزرق المربعالمصطلح هذا معنى هو

Urticarial rash Fever Bronchspasm Hypotention Serum sickness Exfoliative dermatitis Stevens- Johnson syndrome Anaphylaxis2. Super infections يقضي البنسلين الن اخرى بكتيريه بعدوى اصابه

البكتيريا ضد الجسم حصانه فتقل فلورا النورمال على3. Diarrhea الدواء يجبوقف حاده كانت اذا4. May cause convulsions الصرع after high doses by i.v or in

renal failure

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Cephalosporin الجراحيه العمليات في يستخدماجيال ثالثه : له

1st : against gram +2nd : few amount of gram –3rd : wider range of gram - Cefuroxime axetil >> 2nd Ceftazidime>>3rd الخطيره للحاالت يستخدمCefactor >> 2nd B-Lactam antibiotics ( similar to penicillins)Broad spectrum التاثير واسعAct by inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis.Bactericidal

من الثانيه المجموعهالحيويه المضادات

امثلته

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Absorption, distribution, and metabolism of cephalosporins

Cephalosporins are given parenterally and orally.

Relatively lipid insoluble ( like penicillins )

excreted Mostly unchanged in the urine .

Half-life 30-90 min(increased in renal failure)

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Adverse effects of cephalosporins1. Hypersensitivity reactions هناك كان اذا البنسلين مثل

الكل ضد حساسيه هناك يكون واحد ضد - حساسيهmost common

Anaphylaxis, bronchspasm, urticaria Maculopapular rash- more common

2. Thrombophlebitis للتخثر المسبب الوريد i.v ) التهابadmin. )

4. Superinfections

5. Diarrhea- بسبب oral cephalosporinsتحدث

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AMINOGLYCOSIDESPrototype: Streptomycin Gentamicin

Antibacterial SpectrumBactericidal ( exclusive فقط و ( for aerobic G- bacteria فقط

Not effective against G+ & anaerobesمهمه

المجموعه الثالثه

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AMINOGLYCOSIDES ( Cont. )PharmacokineticsPolycations ( highly charged عبر تمتص ال

الهضمي ( الجهازPoorly absorbed from GIT ( parenteral or topical )No distribution to most cells , including CNSOnly 10 % bind of the drug bind to plasma proteinNo significant metabolic breakdownExcreted unchanged in urine ( glomerular filtration) Half- life 2-3 hrs

امانه نسبه الن نسبته عن للكشف دم تحليل له يعمل الذي الوحيد هو المضاد من النوع هذايؤدي ) ( مما بالدم نسبته تزيد كلوي فشل هناك كان فاذا الكليه عبر يخرج والنه جدا ضعيفه

خطيره لمضاعفات

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AMINOGLYCOSIDES ( Cont. )

Mechanism of actionInhibit protein synthesis ( 30 s subunit )BactericidalInhibition of cell wall synthesis increases their entrance

into cells ( synergism ) eg.:Piperacillin or ceftazidime + gentamicin against

P.aeruginosaeهذا الخلوي الجدار تدمير على قادر اخر مضاد مع يستخدم

هذا ضد مقاومه حدوث لمنع االخر والسبب سبب المضاد

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Adverse EffectsOtotoxicity االذن تسمم nephrotoxicity & تسمم

الكليه ( directly related to serum conc. الدواء تركيز

( بالدم

Special problems with AGS use:Narrow toxic- therapeutic ratioMonitoring of serum levels قبل من شرح كما

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MACROLIDES Erythromycin Clarithromycin AzithromycinPrototype: انواعه Azithromycin اهم

Mechanism of actionInhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50 s subunit

المجموعه الرابعه

Macrolides : has long half time

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MACROLIDES ( cont. )

AzithromycinPharmacokineticsRapidly absorbed from GITFood delays absorptionWidely distributed ( extensive tissue distribution ), except CSFProtein binding 51%Undergo some hepatic metabolism ( inactive )Biliary route is the major route of elimination البراز عبرOnly 10-15% excreted unchanged in the urineHalf- life approx. 3 daysAdvantage over erythromycin & clarithromycinOnce daily dosingNo inhibition of cytochrome P- 450 : اي عمل على يؤثر ال انه هذه معنى

معه استخدمت حال في االخري االدويه من

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Side effects of macrolidesNausea, vomiting, abdominal pain & diarrhea( AAC : antibiotics

associated colds )Allergic reactions- urticaria, mild skin rashesSore mouth الفم تقرح

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FLUOROQUINOLONES

Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, gatifloxacinPrototype: Ciprofloxacin وافضل نوع اهم

لالسهال دواء

Mechanism of actionInhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA gyrase.

المجموعه الخامسه

ضد المجموعه هذهالسالبه قرام

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CIPROFLOXACIN ( CONT. )

Antibacterial spectrumMainly effective against G – bacteria :Enterobacteriacae H. influenzae M. catarrhalisCampylobacter Pseudomonas N. gonorrheae

Intracellular pathogensM. Tuberculosis Mycoplasma ChlamydiaLegionella Brucella

** Not effective against G+ and anaerobes

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Ciprofloxacin ( Cont. )Pharmacokinetics Well absorbed orally ( available i.v ) Di & tri- valent cations : الحليب بعضمشتقات في توجد مواد

امتصاصه وتمنع الدواء هذا مع interfere with its ترتبطabsorption Concentrates in many tissues, esp. kidney, prostate, lung & bones/ joints Do not cross BBB Excreted mainly through the kidney Accumulate in renal insufficiency مشكله وجود عند بالدم يتراكمبالكليه Upto 20% metabolized by liver T ½ = 3.3 hrs

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CIPROFLOXACIN ( CONT. )

Side effectsNausea , vomiting & diarrheaCNS effects – confusion, insomnia, headache, dizziness &anxiety.May damage growing cartilagePhototoxicity – avoid excessive sunlight

ContraindicationsChildren / adolescents (under 18), pregnancy and lactation