RESPIRATORY RESPIRATORY DISORDERSDISORDERS

TonsillitisTonsillitis

LaryngitisLaryngitis Common coldCommon cold BronchitisBronchitis PneumoniaPneumonia

PleurisyPleurisy EmphysemaEmphysema Cystic fibrosisCystic fibrosis AsthmaAsthma Lung cancerLung cancer

TONSILLITISTONSILLITIS

Tonsillitis is an Tonsillitis is an infection (usually infection (usually viral) of the tonsilsviral) of the tonsils

If a child has many If a child has many infections, the infections, the tonsils are tonsils are surgically removedsurgically removed

TONSILLITISTONSILLITIS

It is believed the It is believed the tonsils help prevent tonsils help prevent bacteria and other bacteria and other pathogens from pathogens from entering the body – entering the body – therefore a removal therefore a removal may increase the may increase the number of illnesses number of illnesses later in lifelater in life

LARYNGITISLARYNGITIS

Laryngitis is an Laryngitis is an inflammation of the inflammation of the larynx (vocal cords)larynx (vocal cords)

CAUSES: virusCAUSES: virus

allergiesallergies

strainingstraining

of voiceof voice

LARYNGITISLARYNGITIS

When the larynx When the larynx is inflamed, the is inflamed, the vocal cords can’t vocal cords can’t vibrate properly – vibrate properly – therefore the therefore the voice is hoarse or voice is hoarse or even non-existenteven non-existent

TREATMENT – TREATMENT – rest, fluids, no rest, fluids, no talking!!talking!!

Upper Respiratory Tract Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: Common Cold Infections: Common Cold

(Infectious Rhinitis)(Infectious Rhinitis) Viral (rhinovirus)Viral (rhinovirus) Spread through respiratory dropletsSpread through respiratory droplets Highly contagiousHighly contagious Initially mucous membranes of nose, Initially mucous membranes of nose,

pharynx swollen, increased secretionspharynx swollen, increased secretions SignsSigns

Nasal congestion and watery dischargeNasal congestion and watery discharge Mouth breathingMouth breathing Change in tone of voiceChange in tone of voice Sore throat, headache, slight feverSore throat, headache, slight fever Cough Cough

COMMON COLDCOMMON COLD

Treatment – rest, Treatment – rest, fluids – NOT fluids – NOT antibiotics – it is antibiotics – it is a virus a virus

Presently, there Presently, there is no cure or is no cure or vaccinevaccine

COMMON COLDCOMMON COLD The cold virus is The cold virus is

spread either spread either through droplets through droplets in the air or direct in the air or direct contact with an contact with an infected person infected person or contaminated or contaminated surface (1 day surface (1 day before symptoms before symptoms appear and up to appear and up to 5 days after)5 days after)

The best way to reduce the The best way to reduce the chances of getting a cold…chances of getting a cold…

WASH HANDS!WASH HANDS!

BRONCHITISBRONCHITIS

An infection of An infection of the bronchithe bronchi

2 types:2 types:

1. 1. AcuteAcute – caused – caused by a bacteriaby a bacteria

- treated with - treated with antibioticsantibiotics

BRONCHITISBRONCHITIS

2. 2. ChronicChronic – long – long termterm

- usually caused - usually caused by an irritant – ie by an irritant – ie smokingsmoking

- cilia become - cilia become damaged and damaged and can’t clear debris can’t clear debris

- treatment – quit - treatment – quit smokingsmoking

PNEUMONIAPNEUMONIA

The alveoli The alveoli become inflamed become inflamed and fill with and fill with liquidliquid

Gas exchange is Gas exchange is impaired and the impaired and the body becomes body becomes starved for starved for oxygenoxygen

X-RAY OF PNEUMONIAX-RAY OF PNEUMONIA

Patient has Patient has pneumonia in the pneumonia in the right lung (note – right lung (note – white mass = fluid)white mass = fluid)

Lungs should Lungs should appear black on an appear black on an x-rayx-ray

"Pneumonia" encompasses many different diseases that involve infection or inflammation of the lungs. Pneumonia is caused by a variety of agents such as bacteria, viruses, and mycoplasmas, among others. Pneumonia remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States; in 1996 there were an estimated 4.8 million cases of pneumonia.Pneumonia affects the lungs in two ways. Lobar pneumonia affects a lobe of the lungs, and bronchial pneumonia can affect patches throughout both lungs.

Lobular pneumoniaLobular pneumonia

Lobar Lobar pneumonia pneumonia affects a lobe affects a lobe of the lungs of the lungs (see x-ray), (see x-ray), and bronchial and bronchial pneumonia pneumonia can affect can affect patches patches throughout throughout both lungs.both lungs.

TYPES OF PNEUMONIATYPES OF PNEUMONIA

LOBULAR LOBULAR BRONCHIALBRONCHIAL

TREATMENTTREATMENT

BACTERIALBACTERIAL Caused by the Caused by the

bacteriumbacterium

Streptococcus Streptococcus pneumoniaepneumoniae

Treated with Treated with antibiotics antibiotics

Can be somewhat Can be somewhat prevented with the prevented with the pneumococcal pneumococcal vaccinevaccine

VIRALVIRAL Caused by a virusCaused by a virus Can be treated with Can be treated with

anti-viral medicationanti-viral medication They are usually less They are usually less

severe – however a severe – however a secondary bacterial secondary bacterial infection can follow – infection can follow – which is then treated which is then treated with antibioticswith antibiotics

PLEURISYPLEURISY The The pleurapleura is a sac is a sac

surrounding the lungs.  It surrounding the lungs.  It consists of two layers, one consists of two layers, one covering the lung covering the lung ((visceralvisceral), while the other ), while the other covers the inside of the covers the inside of the chest wall or rib cage chest wall or rib cage ((parietalparietal).  Between the ).  Between the two layers is a space in two layers is a space in which a small amount of which a small amount of fluid circulates to lubricate fluid circulates to lubricate the two surfaces as they the two surfaces as they slide over one another slide over one another during breathing.during breathing.

PLEURISYPLEURISY Pleurisy refers to the Pleurisy refers to the

inflammation inflammation (irritation, swelling, (irritation, swelling, stickiness) of the stickiness) of the pleura.  pleura. 

Pleurisy is not a Pleurisy is not a disease, but a disease, but a symptom of another symptom of another condition (e.g. virus or condition (e.g. virus or bacterial infection). bacterial infection).

SYMPTOMS & SYMPTOMS & TREATMENTTREATMENT

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS Sharp, stabbing Sharp, stabbing

pain in chest – pain in chest – usually localized usually localized in one areain one area

TREATMENTTREATMENT Treat the cause – Treat the cause –

ie virus or ie virus or bacteria causing bacteria causing the pleurisy the pleurisy

EMPHYSEMAEMPHYSEMA A chronic A chronic

respiratory respiratory disorderdisorder

The alveolar walls The alveolar walls break down & lose break down & lose their elasticitytheir elasticity

Surface area is Surface area is greatly reduced – greatly reduced – breathing is breathing is difficultdifficult

EMPHYSEMAEMPHYSEMA

CAUSE: usually CAUSE: usually from many years from many years of smokingof smoking

Effects are Effects are permanent and permanent and incurableincurable

EMPHYSEMA - EMPHYSEMA - treatmentstreatments Low-flow oxygen Low-flow oxygen

tank – delivers a tank – delivers a higher oxygen higher oxygen concentrationconcentration

Lung volume Lung volume reduction surgery reduction surgery (LVR) – removal of (LVR) – removal of damaged tissue damaged tissue to let healthy to let healthy tissue work more tissue work more efficientlyefficiently

CYSTIC FIBROSISCYSTIC FIBROSIS Genetic conditionGenetic condition An abnormal An abnormal

gene causes the gene causes the cells lining the cells lining the alveoli to secrete alveoli to secrete a thick, sticky a thick, sticky mucusmucus

Mucus attracts Mucus attracts bacteria and bacteria and numerous numerous infections resultinfections result

CYSTIC FIBROSIS - CYSTIC FIBROSIS - treatmentstreatments

There is no cure – There is no cure – life expectancy is life expectancy is usually low – early usually low – early 30s30s

Medicines are Medicines are used to thin the used to thin the mucusmucus

Antibiotics are Antibiotics are given for given for infectionsinfections

CYSTIC FIBROSIS CYSTIC FIBROSIS

New treatments New treatments include gene include gene therapytherapy

An inhaler is used An inhaler is used to spray healthy to spray healthy versions of the versions of the abnormal gene – abnormal gene – the healthy genes the healthy genes can then make can then make proper mucusproper mucus

ASTHMAASTHMA Asthma is a Asthma is a

chronic respiratory chronic respiratory disorderdisorder

Bronchi and Bronchi and bronchioles are bronchioles are affected – affected – bronchiole bronchiole muscles tighten, muscles tighten, mucus is produced mucus is produced – breathing is – breathing is difficultdifficult

ASTHMA - causesASTHMA - causes

Generally it is Generally it is thought that thought that asthma is asthma is somewhat somewhat inheritedinherited

TRIGGERS – TRIGGERS – include pollen, include pollen, dust, smoke, dust, smoke, pets, exercisepets, exercise

ASTHMA - symptomsASTHMA - symptoms

Chest tightnessChest tightness WheezingWheezing Night-time coughNight-time cough Restricted Restricted

breathingbreathing

ASTHMA - treatmentsASTHMA - treatments IMMEDIATEIMMEDIATE – –

bronchodilators – bronchodilators – give immediate give immediate relief to tightened relief to tightened bronchiolesbronchioles

Inhalers can be Inhalers can be metered metered - ie - ie medicine is forced medicine is forced out by a chemical out by a chemical propellantpropellant

powdered powdered - no - no propellantpropellant

ASTHMA - treatmentsASTHMA - treatments LONG-TERM LONG-TERM – some – some

patients use a patients use a corticosteroid corticosteroid treatment to treatment to control spasms in control spasms in the bronchioles (eg the bronchioles (eg – QVAR inhaler)– QVAR inhaler)

Patients with Patients with severe asthma may severe asthma may even take stronger even take stronger medications such medications such as Prednisoneas Prednisone

Obstructive Lung Disease: Obstructive Lung Disease: Lung CancerLung Cancer

Primary or secondary; benign rarePrimary or secondary; benign rare Primary is major cause of deathPrimary is major cause of death

Linked with cigarette smokingLinked with cigarette smoking Metastases develop frequently in lung Metastases develop frequently in lung

b/c:b/c: Venous return and lymph vessels bring tumor Venous return and lymph vessels bring tumor

cells from distant site in body cells from distant site in body heart heart lung lung Poor prognosisPoor prognosis

Normal Lung vs. Cancerous Normal Lung vs. Cancerous LungLung

LUNG CANCERLUNG CANCER

Abnormal cells Abnormal cells multiply and form multiply and form malignant malignant tumours called tumours called carcinomascarcinomas

Carcinomas Carcinomas impede healthy impede healthy lung tissue – lung tissue – making breathing making breathing difficultdifficult

LUNG CANCER - causesLUNG CANCER - causes Carcinogens Carcinogens (cancer-(cancer-

causing agents) in causing agents) in cigarette smoke are cigarette smoke are the leading cause of the leading cause of lung cancerlung cancer

Exposure to Exposure to radonradon – a – a heavy gaseous heavy gaseous radioactive element – radioactive element – found in rocks, soil and found in rocks, soil and some buildingssome buildings

Exposure to Exposure to asbestosasbestos – – found in some found in some insulation & ceiling insulation & ceiling tilestiles

LUNG CANCER - LUNG CANCER - diagnosisdiagnosis

X-rayX-ray CT scan (computed CT scan (computed

tomography – a tomography – a cross-section of cross-section of the lungs is taken)the lungs is taken)

Helical low-dose Helical low-dose CT scan can detect CT scan can detect very small very small tumours (see tumours (see right) right)

Lung Cancer—treatment Lung Cancer—treatment

Surgery on Surgery on localized lesionslocalized lesions

Chemotherapy Chemotherapy and radiationand radiation

Poor prognosis Poor prognosis unless tumor in unless tumor in early stages of early stages of developmentdevelopment

TRADITIONAL HEALINGTRADITIONAL HEALING

Many cultures, Many cultures, including native including native Canadians have Canadians have used natural used natural treatments for a treatments for a wide variety of wide variety of illnesses for illnesses for many yearsmany years

TRADITIONAL HEALINGTRADITIONAL HEALING

White willow White willow – – tea made from tea made from the bark the bark contains contains salicinsalicin – – reduces fever reduces fever (acetyl salicylic (acetyl salicylic acid – ASA = acid – ASA = Aspirin )Aspirin )

TRADITIONAL HEALINGTRADITIONAL HEALING

Boswellia Boswellia – sap – sap from this tree is from this tree is used as an anti-used as an anti-inflammatoryinflammatory

Used in the Used in the manufacturing of manufacturing of non-steroidal non-steroidal anti-inflammatory anti-inflammatory drugs for arthritisdrugs for arthritis

TRADITIONAL HEALINGTRADITIONAL HEALING

Seneca snakeroot Seneca snakeroot – contains a milky – contains a milky liquid used for liquid used for treating treating snakebitessnakebites

Also used as a Also used as a decongestant to decongestant to loosen mucus in loosen mucus in the lungsthe lungs

TRADITIONAL HEALINGTRADITIONAL HEALING

Pleurisy root Pleurisy root – – treats colds, treats colds, coughs, coughs, bronchitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pneumonia, and pleurisypleurisy

TRADITIONAL HEALINGTRADITIONAL HEALING

Licorice root Licorice root – believed to help – believed to help relieve symptoms of common relieve symptoms of common coldcold

Rat root Rat root – helps clear mucus – helps clear mucus from lungsfrom lungs